Biodiversity
type: Collection
notation: biodiversity
has part: Abundance
has part: Biogeographical Regions 2007
has part: Biogeographical regions
has part: Data quality (Natura 2000 SDF)
has part: Emerald species list
has part: eunishabitats
has part: motivation
has part: n2000 populationUnits
has part: n2000birds
has part: n2000habitats
has part: n2000sites
has part: n2000sitetypes
has part: n2000species
has part: NatureDirectivesSpeciesList
has part: redlistcategories
has part: speciesgroup

Abundance
type: ConceptScheme
notation: abundance
is part of: Biodiversity
registration status: Released
user modified: roug
date modified: 2013-12-17 09:56:28.0
vocabulary type: Common
is numeric concept identifiers: false
is notations equal identifiers: true

Common
type: Concept
notation: C
status: valid
status modified: 2013-12-17
accepted date: 2013-12-17
in scheme: Abundance

Rare
type: Concept
notation: R
status: valid
status modified: 2013-12-17
accepted date: 2013-12-17
in scheme: Abundance

Very rare
type: Concept
notation: V
status: valid
status modified: 2013-12-17
accepted date: 2013-12-17
in scheme: Abundance

Present
type: Concept
notation: P
status: valid
status modified: 2013-12-17
accepted date: 2013-12-17
in scheme: Abundance

Biogeographical Regions 2007
type: ConceptScheme
notation: biogeographic-regions2007
is part of: Biodiversity
registration status: Released
user modified: stamojoh
date modified: 2026-06-24 11:20:57.0
vocabulary type: Common
is numeric concept identifiers: false
is notations equal identifiers: false

Alpine
type: Concept
notation: ALP
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Alpine

Anatolian
type: Concept
notation: ANA
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Anatolian

Arctic
type: Concept
notation: ARC
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Arctic

Atlantic
type: Concept
notation: ATL
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Atlantic

Black Sea
type: Concept
notation: BLS
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Black Sea

Boreal
type: Concept
notation: BOR
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Boreal

Continental
type: Concept
notation: CON
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Continental

Macaronesian
type: Concept
notation: MAC
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Macaronesian

Arctic ocean
type: Concept
notation: MARC
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
scope note: Marine

North-east Atlantic ocean
type: Concept
notation: MATL
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
scope note: Marine
is replaced by: Marine Atlantic

Baltic sea
type: Concept
notation: MBAL
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
scope note: Marine
is replaced by: Marine Baltic

Black sea
type: Concept
notation: MBLS
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
scope note: Marine
is replaced by: Marine Black Sea

Caspian sea
type: Concept
notation: MCAS
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
scope note: Marine

Mediterranean
type: Concept
notation: MED
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Mediterranean

Macaronesian/Atlantic ocean
type: Concept
notation: MMAC
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
scope note: Marine
is replaced by: Marine Macaronesian

Mediterranean sea
type: Concept
notation: MMED
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
scope note: Marine
is replaced by: Marine Mediterranean

North Sea
type: Concept
notation: MNOS
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007

Pannonian
type: Concept
notation: PAN
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Pannonian

Steppic
type: Concept
notation: STE
status: valid
status modified: 2013-03-22
accepted date: 2013-03-22
in scheme: Biogeographical Regions 2007
is replaced by: Steppic

Biogeographical regions
type: ConceptScheme
notation: biogeographic-regions2011
is part of: Biodiversity
registration status: Released
user modified: palitmet
date modified: 2019-06-12 07:19:57.0
vocabulary type: Common
is numeric concept identifiers: false
is notations equal identifiers: false

Alpine
type: Concept
notation: alpine
definition: Alpine Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Alpine

Anatolian
type: Concept
notation: anatolian
definition: Anatolian Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Anatolian

Arctic
type: Concept
notation: arctic
definition: Arctic Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Arctic

Atlantic
type: Concept
notation: atlantic
definition: Atlantic Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Atlantic

Black Sea
type: Concept
notation: blackSea
definition: Black Sea Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Black Sea

Boreal
type: Concept
notation: boreal
definition: Boreal Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Boreal

Continental
type: Concept
notation: continental
definition: Continental Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Continental

Macaronesian
type: Concept
notation: macaronesian
definition: Macaronesian Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Macaronesian

Marine Atlantic
type: Concept
notation: marineAtlantic
definition: Marine Atlantic Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: North-east Atlantic ocean

Marine Baltic
type: Concept
notation: marineBaltic
definition: Marine Baltic Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Baltic sea

Marine Black Sea
type: Concept
notation: marineBlackSea
definition: Marine Black Sea Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Black sea

Marine Macaronesian
type: Concept
notation: marineMacaronesian
definition: Marine Macaronesian Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Macaronesian/Atlantic ocean

Marine Mediterranean
type: Concept
notation: marineMediterranean
definition: Marine Mediterranean Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Mediterranean sea

Mediterranean
type: Concept
notation: mediterranean
definition: Mediterranean Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Mediterranean

Pannonian
type: Concept
notation: pannonian
definition: Pannonian Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Pannonian

Steppic
type: Concept
notation: steppic
definition: Steppic Bio-geographical Region
status: valid
status modified: 2013-04-19
accepted date: 2013-04-19
in scheme: Biogeographical regions
replaces: Steppic

Data quality (Natura 2000 SDF)
type: ConceptScheme
notation: dataquality
is part of: Biodiversity
registration status: Released
user modified: roug
date modified: 2013-12-17 10:01:53.0
vocabulary type: Common
is numeric concept identifiers: false
is notations equal identifiers: true

Data Deficient
type: Concept
notation: DD
definition: use this category only, if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made, in this case the fields for population size can remain empty, but the field "Abundance categories" has to be filled in
status: valid
status modified: 2013-12-17
accepted date: 2013-12-17
in scheme: Data quality (Natura 2000 SDF)

Good
type: Concept
notation: G
definition: e.g. based on surveys
status: valid
status modified: 2013-12-17
accepted date: 2013-12-17
in scheme: Data quality (Natura 2000 SDF)

Moderate
type: Concept
notation: M
definition: e.g. based on partial data with some extrapolation
status: valid
status modified: 2013-12-17
accepted date: 2013-12-17
in scheme: Data quality (Natura 2000 SDF)

Poor
type: Concept
notation: P
definition: e.g. rough estimation
status: valid
status modified: 2013-12-17
accepted date: 2013-12-17
in scheme: Data quality (Natura 2000 SDF)

Emerald species list
type: ConceptScheme
notation: EmeraldSpeciesList
is part of: Biodiversity
registration status: Released
user modified: palitmet
date modified: 2022-11-08 08:50:22.0
vocabulary type: Common
is numeric concept identifiers: false
is notations equal identifiers: false

Corallium rubrum
type: Concept
notation: 1001
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discula tabellata
type: Concept
notation: 1002
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discula testudinalis
type: Concept
notation: 1003
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discula leacockiana
type: Concept
notation: 1004
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discula turricula
type: Concept
notation: 1005
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Geomitra moniziana
type: Concept
notation: 1006
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elona quimperiana
type: Concept
notation: 1007
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centrostephanus longispinus
type: Concept
notation: 1008
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caseolus sphaerula
type: Concept
notation: 1009
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caseolus commixta
type: Concept
notation: 1010
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caseolus calculus
type: Concept
notation: 1011
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Patella ferruginea
type: Concept
notation: 1012
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vertigo geyeri
type: Concept
notation: 1013
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vertigo angustior
type: Concept
notation: 1014
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vertigo genesii
type: Concept
notation: 1015
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vertigo moulinsiana
type: Concept
notation: 1016
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leiostyla abbreviata
type: Concept
notation: 1017
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leiostyla cassida
type: Concept
notation: 1018
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leiostyla corneocostata
type: Concept
notation: 1019
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leiostyla gibba
type: Concept
notation: 1020
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leiostyla lamellosa
type: Concept
notation: 1021
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discus defloratus
type: Concept
notation: 1022
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discus guerinianus
type: Concept
notation: 1023
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Geomalacus maculosus
type: Concept
notation: 1024
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Idiomela subplicata
type: Concept
notation: 1025
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helix pomatia
type: Concept
notation: 1026
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lithophaga lithophaga
type: Concept
notation: 1027
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pinna nobilis
type: Concept
notation: 1028
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Margaritifera margaritifera
type: Concept
notation: 1029
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Margaritifera auricularia
type: Concept
notation: 1030
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microcondylaea compressa
type: Concept
notation: 1031
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Unio crassus
type: Concept
notation: 1032
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Unio elongatulus
type: Concept
notation: 1033
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hirudo medicinalis
type: Concept
notation: 1034
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leucorrhinia caudalis
type: Concept
notation: 1035
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Macromia splendens
type: Concept
notation: 1036
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophiogomphus cecilia
type: Concept
notation: 1037
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leucorrhinia albifrons
type: Concept
notation: 1038
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sympecma braueri
type: Concept
notation: 1039
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stylurus flavipes
type: Concept
notation: 1040
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oxygastra curtisii
type: Concept
notation: 1041
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leucorrhinia pectoralis
type: Concept
notation: 1042
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lindenia tetraphylla
type: Concept
notation: 1043
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coenagrion mercuriale
type: Concept
notation: 1044
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coenagrion hylas
type: Concept
notation: 1045
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gomphus graslinii
type: Concept
notation: 1046
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cordulegaster trinacriae
type: Concept
notation: 1047
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aeshna viridis
type: Concept
notation: 1048
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Baetica ustulata
type: Concept
notation: 1049
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saga pedo
type: Concept
notation: 1050
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apteromantis aptera
type: Concept
notation: 1051
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hypodryas maturna
type: Concept
notation: 1052
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zerynthia polyxena
type: Concept
notation: 1053
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Papilio alexanor
type: Concept
notation: 1054
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Papilio hospiton
type: Concept
notation: 1055
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parnassius mnemosyne
type: Concept
notation: 1056
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parnassius apollo
type: Concept
notation: 1057
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Maculinea arion
type: Concept
notation: 1058
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Maculinea teleius
type: Concept
notation: 1059
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycaena dispar
type: Concept
notation: 1060
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Maculinea nausithous
type: Concept
notation: 1061
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanargia arge
type: Concept
notation: 1062
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plebicula golgus
type: Concept
notation: 1063
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fabriciana elisa
type: Concept
notation: 1064
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphydryas aurinia
type: Concept
notation: 1065
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apatura metis
type: Concept
notation: 1066
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lopinga achine
type: Concept
notation: 1067
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erebia sudetica
type: Concept
notation: 1069
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coenonympha hero
type: Concept
notation: 1070
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coenonympha oedippus
type: Concept
notation: 1071
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erebia calcaria
type: Concept
notation: 1072
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erebia christi
type: Concept
notation: 1073
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eriogaster catax
type: Concept
notation: 1074
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Graellsia isabellae
type: Concept
notation: 1075
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Proserpinus proserpina
type: Concept
notation: 1076
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyles hippophaes
type: Concept
notation: 1077
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Callimorpha quadripunctaria
type: Concept
notation: 1078
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limoniscus violaceus
type: Concept
notation: 1079
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carabus olympiae
type: Concept
notation: 1080
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dytiscus latissimus
type: Concept
notation: 1081
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Graphoderus bilineatus
type: Concept
notation: 1082
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lucanus cervus
type: Concept
notation: 1083
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Osmoderma eremita
type: Concept
notation: 1084
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Buprestis splendens
type: Concept
notation: 1085
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cucujus cinnaberinus
type: Concept
notation: 1086
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rosalia alpina
type: Concept
notation: 1087
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cerambyx cerdo
type: Concept
notation: 1088
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Morimus funereus
type: Concept
notation: 1089
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scyllarides latus
type: Concept
notation: 1090
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astacus astacus
type: Concept
notation: 1091
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Austropotamobius pallipes
type: Concept
notation: 1092
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Austropotamobius torrentium
type: Concept
notation: 1093
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Macrothele calpeiana
type: Concept
notation: 1094
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petromyzon marinus
type: Concept
notation: 1095
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lampetra planeri
type: Concept
notation: 1096
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lethenteron zanandreai
type: Concept
notation: 1097
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eudontomyzon spp.
type: Concept
notation: 1098
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lampetra fluviatilis
type: Concept
notation: 1099
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acipenser naccarii
type: Concept
notation: 1100
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acipenser sturio
type: Concept
notation: 1101
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa alosa
type: Concept
notation: 1102
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa fallax
type: Concept
notation: 1103
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hucho hucho
type: Concept
notation: 1105
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo salar
type: Concept
notation: 1106
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo marmoratus
type: Concept
notation: 1107
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo macrostigma
type: Concept
notation: 1108
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thymallus thymallus
type: Concept
notation: 1109
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus fera
type: Concept
notation: 1110
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus nasus
type: Concept
notation: 1111
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus oxyrhynchus
type: Concept
notation: 1113
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus pigus
type: Concept
notation: 1114
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma genei
type: Concept
notation: 1115
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma polylepis
type: Concept
notation: 1116
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ladigesocypris ghigii
type: Concept
notation: 1117
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberocypris palaciosi
type: Concept
notation: 1118
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus albidus
type: Concept
notation: 1120
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scardinius graecus
type: Concept
notation: 1121
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobio uranoscopus
type: Concept
notation: 1122
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus alburnoides
type: Concept
notation: 1123
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobio albipinnatus
type: Concept
notation: 1124
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus lemmingii
type: Concept
notation: 1125
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma toxostoma
type: Concept
notation: 1126
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus arcasii
type: Concept
notation: 1127
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma lusitanicum
type: Concept
notation: 1128
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoxinellus spp.
type: Concept
notation: 1129
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aspius aspius
type: Concept
notation: 1130
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus souffia
type: Concept
notation: 1131
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus lucumonis
type: Concept
notation: 1132
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anaecypris hispanica
type: Concept
notation: 1133
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhodeus sericeus amarus
type: Concept
notation: 1134
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus macrolepidotus
type: Concept
notation: 1135
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus rubilio
type: Concept
notation: 1136
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus plebejus
type: Concept
notation: 1137
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus meridionalis
type: Concept
notation: 1138
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus frisii meidingeri
type: Concept
notation: 1139
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma soetta
type: Concept
notation: 1140
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcalburnus chalcoides
type: Concept
notation: 1141
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus comizo
type: Concept
notation: 1142
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus capito
type: Concept
notation: 1143
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis trichonica
type: Concept
notation: 1144
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Misgurnus fossilis
type: Concept
notation: 1145
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sabanejewia aurata
type: Concept
notation: 1146
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis conspersa
type: Concept
notation: 1147
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis larvata
type: Concept
notation: 1148
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis taenia
type: Concept
notation: 1149
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silurus aristotelis
type: Concept
notation: 1150
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aphanius iberus
type: Concept
notation: 1151
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aphanius fasciatus
type: Concept
notation: 1152
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Valencia hispanica
type: Concept
notation: 1153
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pomatoschistus canestrinii
type: Concept
notation: 1154
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Knipowitschia panizzae
type: Concept
notation: 1155
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Padogobius nigricans
type: Concept
notation: 1156
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gymnocephalus schraetzer
type: Concept
notation: 1157
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zingel asper
type: Concept
notation: 1158
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zingel zingel
type: Concept
notation: 1159
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zingel streber
type: Concept
notation: 1160
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus petiti
type: Concept
notation: 1162
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus gobio
type: Concept
notation: 1163
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euproctus montanus
type: Concept
notation: 1164
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euproctus platycephalus
type: Concept
notation: 1165
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus cristatus
type: Concept
notation: 1166
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus carnifex
type: Concept
notation: 1167
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus italicus
type: Concept
notation: 1168
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandra aurorae
type: Concept
notation: 1169
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus karelinii
type: Concept
notation: 1171
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chioglossa lusitanica
type: Concept
notation: 1172
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euproctus asper
type: Concept
notation: 1173
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus marmoratus
type: Concept
notation: 1174
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandrina terdigitata
type: Concept
notation: 1175
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mertensiella luschani
type: Concept
notation: 1176
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandra atra
type: Concept
notation: 1177
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandra atra aurorae
type: Concept
notation: 1178
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandra lanzai
type: Concept
notation: 1179
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydromantes genei
type: Concept
notation: 1180
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydromantes ambrosii
type: Concept
notation: 1181
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydromantes flavus
type: Concept
notation: 1182
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydromantes supramontis
type: Concept
notation: 1183
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydromantes imperialis
type: Concept
notation: 1184
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Speleomantes italicus
type: Concept
notation: 1185
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Proteus anguinus
type: Concept
notation: 1186
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alytes muletensis
type: Concept
notation: 1187
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bombina bombina
type: Concept
notation: 1188
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discoglossus pictus
type: Concept
notation: 1189
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discoglossus sardus
type: Concept
notation: 1190
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alytes obstetricans
type: Concept
notation: 1191
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alytes cisternasii
type: Concept
notation: 1192
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bombina variegata
type: Concept
notation: 1193
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discoglossus galganoi
type: Concept
notation: 1194
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discoglossus jeanneae
type: Concept
notation: 1195
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discoglossus montalentii
type: Concept
notation: 1196
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelobates fuscus
type: Concept
notation: 1197
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelobates cultripes
type: Concept
notation: 1198
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelobates fuscus insubricus
type: Concept
notation: 1199
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelobates syriacus
type: Concept
notation: 1200
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufo viridis
type: Concept
notation: 1201
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufo calamita
type: Concept
notation: 1202
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyla arborea
type: Concept
notation: 1203
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyla sarda
type: Concept
notation: 1204
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyla meridionalis
type: Concept
notation: 1205
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana italica
type: Concept
notation: 1206
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana lessonae
type: Concept
notation: 1207
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana graeca
type: Concept
notation: 1208
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana dalmatina
type: Concept
notation: 1209
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana esculenta
type: Concept
notation: 1210
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana perezi
type: Concept
notation: 1211
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana ridibunda
type: Concept
notation: 1212
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana temporaria
type: Concept
notation: 1213
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana arvalis
type: Concept
notation: 1214
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana latastei
type: Concept
notation: 1215
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana iberica
type: Concept
notation: 1216
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Testudo hermanni
type: Concept
notation: 1217
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Testudo marginata
type: Concept
notation: 1218
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Testudo graeca
type: Concept
notation: 1219
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emys orbicularis
type: Concept
notation: 1220
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mauremys leprosa
type: Concept
notation: 1221
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mauremys caspica
type: Concept
notation: 1222
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dermochelys coriacea
type: Concept
notation: 1223
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caretta caretta
type: Concept
notation: 1224
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eretmochelys imbricata
type: Concept
notation: 1225
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepidochelys kempii
type: Concept
notation: 1226
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chelonia mydas
type: Concept
notation: 1227
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyrtopodion kotschyi
type: Concept
notation: 1228
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phyllodactylus europaeus
type: Concept
notation: 1229
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tarentola angustimentalis
type: Concept
notation: 1230
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tarentola boettgeri
type: Concept
notation: 1231
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tarentola delalandii
type: Concept
notation: 1232
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tarentola gomerensis
type: Concept
notation: 1233
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stellio stellio
type: Concept
notation: 1234
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chamaeleo chamaeleon
type: Concept
notation: 1235
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta graeca
type: Concept
notation: 1236
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis filfolensis
type: Concept
notation: 1237
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis erhardii
type: Concept
notation: 1238
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis milensis
type: Concept
notation: 1239
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Algyroides fitzingeri
type: Concept
notation: 1240
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis melisellensis
type: Concept
notation: 1241
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallotia simonyi
type: Concept
notation: 1242
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Algyroides nigropunctatus
type: Concept
notation: 1243
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis waglerianus
type: Concept
notation: 1244
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta bedriagae
type: Concept
notation: 1245
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis tiliguerta
type: Concept
notation: 1246
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta dugesii
type: Concept
notation: 1247
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis taurica
type: Concept
notation: 1248
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta monticola
type: Concept
notation: 1249
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis siculus
type: Concept
notation: 1250
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta trilineata
type: Concept
notation: 1251
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis pityusensis
type: Concept
notation: 1252
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallotia atlantica
type: Concept
notation: 1253
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis peloponnesiaca
type: Concept
notation: 1254
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallotia galloti insulanagae
type: Concept
notation: 1255
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis muralis
type: Concept
notation: 1256
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta danfordi
type: Concept
notation: 1257
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Algyroides moreoticus
type: Concept
notation: 1258
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta schreiberi
type: Concept
notation: 1259
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallotia galloti
type: Concept
notation: 1260
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta agilis
type: Concept
notation: 1261
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta horvathi
type: Concept
notation: 1262
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta viridis
type: Concept
notation: 1263
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Algyroides marchi
type: Concept
notation: 1264
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis lilfordi
type: Concept
notation: 1265
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis hispanica atrata
type: Concept
notation: 1266
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallotia stehlini
type: Concept
notation: 1267
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophisops elegans
type: Concept
notation: 1268
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophisaurus apodus
type: Concept
notation: 1269
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides viridanus
type: Concept
notation: 1270
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophiomorus punctatissimus
type: Concept
notation: 1271
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides bedriagai
type: Concept
notation: 1272
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides simonyi
type: Concept
notation: 1273
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides ocellatus
type: Concept
notation: 1274
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides sexlineatus
type: Concept
notation: 1275
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ablepharus kitaibelii
type: Concept
notation: 1276
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eryx jaculus
type: Concept
notation: 1277
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber caspius
type: Concept
notation: 1278
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elaphe quatuorlineata
type: Concept
notation: 1279
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber jugularis
type: Concept
notation: 1280
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elaphe longissima
type: Concept
notation: 1281
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eirenis modesta
type: Concept
notation: 1282
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coronella austriaca
type: Concept
notation: 1283
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber viridiflavus
type: Concept
notation: 1284
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber nummifer
type: Concept
notation: 1285
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber najadum
type: Concept
notation: 1286
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber laurenti
type: Concept
notation: 1287
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber hippocrepis
type: Concept
notation: 1288
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telescopus fallax
type: Concept
notation: 1289
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix natrix cetti
type: Concept
notation: 1290
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix natrix corsa
type: Concept
notation: 1291
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix tessellata
type: Concept
notation: 1292
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elaphe situla
type: Concept
notation: 1293
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera xanthina
type: Concept
notation: 1294
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera ammodytes
type: Concept
notation: 1295
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Macrovipera schweizeri
type: Concept
notation: 1296
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera seoanei
type: Concept
notation: 1297
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera ursinii
type: Concept
notation: 1298
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura canariensis
type: Concept
notation: 1300
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galemys pyrenaicus
type: Concept
notation: 1301
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhinolophus mehelyi
type: Concept
notation: 1302
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhinolophus hipposideros
type: Concept
notation: 1303
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
type: Concept
notation: 1304
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhinolophus euryale
type: Concept
notation: 1305
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhinolophus blasii
type: Concept
notation: 1306
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis blythii
type: Concept
notation: 1307
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbastella barbastellus
type: Concept
notation: 1308
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pipistrellus pipistrellus
type: Concept
notation: 1309
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Miniopterus schreibersii
type: Concept
notation: 1310
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pipistrellus savii
type: Concept
notation: 1311
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nyctalus noctula
type: Concept
notation: 1312
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eptesicus nilssonii
type: Concept
notation: 1313
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis daubentonii
type: Concept
notation: 1314
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis capaccinii
type: Concept
notation: 1316
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pipistrellus nathusii
type: Concept
notation: 1317
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis dasycneme
type: Concept
notation: 1318
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis brandtii
type: Concept
notation: 1320
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis emarginatus
type: Concept
notation: 1321
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis nattereri
type: Concept
notation: 1322
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis bechsteinii
type: Concept
notation: 1323
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis myotis
type: Concept
notation: 1324
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plecotus auritus
type: Concept
notation: 1326
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eptesicus serotinus
type: Concept
notation: 1327
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nyctalus lasiopterus
type: Concept
notation: 1328
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plecotus austriacus
type: Concept
notation: 1329
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis mystacinus
type: Concept
notation: 1330
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nyctalus leisleri
type: Concept
notation: 1331
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vespertilio murinus
type: Concept
notation: 1332
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tadarida teniotis
type: Concept
notation: 1333
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus timidus
type: Concept
notation: 1334
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spermophilus citellus
type: Concept
notation: 1335
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sciurus anomalus
type: Concept
notation: 1336
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Castor fiber
type: Concept
notation: 1337
definition: HD: II,IV,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus cabrerae
type: Concept
notation: 1338
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cricetus cricetus
type: Concept
notation: 1339
definition: HD: IV,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus oeconomus arenicola
type: Concept
notation: 1340
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Muscardinus avellanarius
type: Concept
notation: 1341
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dryomys nitedula
type: Concept
notation: 1342
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sicista betulina
type: Concept
notation: 1343
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hystrix cristata
type: Concept
notation: 1344
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Megaptera novaeangliae
type: Concept
notation: 1345
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sibbaldus musculus
type: Concept
notation: 1346
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eubalaena glacialis
type: Concept
notation: 1348
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tursiops truncatus
type: Concept
notation: 1349
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delphinus delphis
type: Concept
notation: 1350
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phocoena phocoena
type: Concept
notation: 1351
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Canis lupus
type: Concept
notation: 1352
definition: HD: II,IV,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Canis aureus
type: Concept
notation: 1353
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ursus arctos
type: Concept
notation: 1354
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lutra lutra
type: Concept
notation: 1355
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela lutreola
type: Concept
notation: 1356
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Martes martes
type: Concept
notation: 1357
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela putorius
type: Concept
notation: 1358
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Herpestes ichneumon
type: Concept
notation: 1359
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Genetta genetta
type: Concept
notation: 1360
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lynx lynx
type: Concept
notation: 1361
definition: HD: II,IV,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lynx pardinus
type: Concept
notation: 1362
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Felis silvestris
type: Concept
notation: 1363
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Halichoerus grypus
type: Concept
notation: 1364
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoca vitulina
type: Concept
notation: 1365
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Monachus monachus
type: Concept
notation: 1366
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cervus elaphus corsicanus
type: Concept
notation: 1367
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra pyrenaica
type: Concept
notation: 1368
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rupicapra rupicapra
type: Concept
notation: 1369
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
type: Concept
notation: 1370
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica
type: Concept
notation: 1371
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra aegagrus
type: Concept
notation: 1372
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ovis gmelini musimon
type: Concept
notation: 1373
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata
type: Concept
notation: 1374
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra ibex
type: Concept
notation: 1375
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lithothamnium coralloides
type: Concept
notation: 1376
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phymatholithon calcareum
type: Concept
notation: 1377
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia (Cladina) subsp.
type: Concept
notation: 1378
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mannia triandra
type: Concept
notation: 1379
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Distichophyllum carinatum
type: Concept
notation: 1380
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dicranum viride
type: Concept
notation: 1381
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thamnobryum fernandesii
type: Concept
notation: 1382
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dichelyma capillaceum
type: Concept
notation: 1383
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Riccia breidleri
type: Concept
notation: 1384
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bruchia vogesiaca
type: Concept
notation: 1385
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Buxbaumia viridis
type: Concept
notation: 1386
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Orthotrichum rogeri
type: Concept
notation: 1387
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bryoerythrophyllum campylocarpum
type: Concept
notation: 1388
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Meesia longiseta
type: Concept
notation: 1389
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marsupella profunda
type: Concept
notation: 1390
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Riella helicophylla
type: Concept
notation: 1391
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jungermannia handelii
type: Concept
notation: 1392
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Drepanocladus vernicosus
type: Concept
notation: 1393
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scapania massalongii
type: Concept
notation: 1394
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petalophyllum ralfsii
type: Concept
notation: 1395
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Notothylas orbicularis
type: Concept
notation: 1396
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Echinodium spinosum
type: Concept
notation: 1397
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum pylaesii
type: Concept
notation: 1398
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tayloria rudolphiana
type: Concept
notation: 1399
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leucobryum glaucum
type: Concept
notation: 1400
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum spp.
type: Concept
notation: 1409
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Polystichum drepanum
type: Concept
notation: 1412
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycopodium spp.
type: Concept
notation: 1413
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isoetes malinverniana
type: Concept
notation: 1415
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isoetes boryana
type: Concept
notation: 1416
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isoetes azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1417
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophioglossum polyphyllum
type: Concept
notation: 1418
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Botrychium simplex
type: Concept
notation: 1419
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Culcita macrocarpa
type: Concept
notation: 1420
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trichomanes speciosum
type: Concept
notation: 1421
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hymenophyllum maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 1422
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Asplenium jahandiezii
type: Concept
notation: 1423
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Asplenium hemionitis
type: Concept
notation: 1424
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dryopteris corleyi
type: Concept
notation: 1425
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Woodwardia radicans
type: Concept
notation: 1426
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marsilea batardae
type: Concept
notation: 1427
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marsilea quadrifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1428
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marsilea strigosa
type: Concept
notation: 1429
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marsilea azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1430
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Abies nebrodensis
type: Concept
notation: 1431
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Globularia stygia
type: Concept
notation: 1432
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hypericum aciferum
type: Concept
notation: 1433
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salix salvifolia subsp. australis
type: Concept
notation: 1434
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myrica rivas-martinezii
type: Concept
notation: 1435
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zelkova abelicea
type: Concept
notation: 1436
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thesium ebracteatum
type: Concept
notation: 1437
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Kunkeliella subsucculenta
type: Concept
notation: 1438
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arceuthobium azoricum
type: Concept
notation: 1439
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Polygonum praelongum
type: Concept
notation: 1440
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rumex rupestris
type: Concept
notation: 1441
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rumex azoricus
type: Concept
notation: 1442
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salicornia veneta
type: Concept
notation: 1443
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bassia saxicola
type: Concept
notation: 1445
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Beta patula
type: Concept
notation: 1446
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus cintranus subsp. cintranus
type: Concept
notation: 1447
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Herniaria algarvica
type: Concept
notation: 1448
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Herniaria lusitanica subsp. berlengiana
type: Concept
notation: 1449
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petrocoptis pseudoviscosa
type: Concept
notation: 1451
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene rothmaleri
type: Concept
notation: 1452
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arenaria provincialis
type: Concept
notation: 1453
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petrocoptis montsicciana
type: Concept
notation: 1454
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene mariana
type: Concept
notation: 1455
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petrocoptis grandiflora
type: Concept
notation: 1456
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene longicilia
type: Concept
notation: 1457
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Moehringia tommasinii
type: Concept
notation: 1458
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene holzmannii
type: Concept
notation: 1459
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Moehringia fontqueri
type: Concept
notation: 1460
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene hicesiae
type: Concept
notation: 1461
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Herniaria maritima
type: Concept
notation: 1462
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene orphanidis
type: Concept
notation: 1463
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene hifacensis
type: Concept
notation: 1464
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene velutina
type: Concept
notation: 1465
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Herniaria latifolia subsp. litardierei
type: Concept
notation: 1466
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gypsophila papillosa
type: Concept
notation: 1467
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus rupicola
type: Concept
notation: 1468
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus marizii
type: Concept
notation: 1469
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arenaria nevadensis
type: Concept
notation: 1470
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spergularia azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1471
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquilegia pyrenaica subsp. cazorlensis
type: Concept
notation: 1472
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquilegia kitaibelii
type: Concept
notation: 1473
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquilegia bertolonii
type: Concept
notation: 1474
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aconitum corsicum
type: Concept
notation: 1475
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ranunculus weyleri
type: Concept
notation: 1476
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pulsatilla patens
type: Concept
notation: 1477
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Consolida samia
type: Concept
notation: 1478
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Adonis distorta
type: Concept
notation: 1479
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquilegia alpina
type: Concept
notation: 1480
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Paeonia clusii subsp. rhodia
type: Concept
notation: 1481
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Paeonia parnassica
type: Concept
notation: 1482
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Paeonia cambessedesii
type: Concept
notation: 1483
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Berberis maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 1484
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplotaxis siettiana
type: Concept
notation: 1485
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplotaxis ibicensis
type: Concept
notation: 1486
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jonopsidium acaule
type: Concept
notation: 1487
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coronopus navasii
type: Concept
notation: 1488
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Malcolmia lacera subsp. gracilima
type: Concept
notation: 1489
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coincya rupestris
type: Concept
notation: 1490
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Murbeckiella sousae
type: Concept
notation: 1491
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhynchosinapis erucastrum subsp. cintrana
type: Concept
notation: 1492
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sisymbrium supinum
type: Concept
notation: 1493
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Brassica macrocarpa
type: Concept
notation: 1494
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberis arbuscula
type: Concept
notation: 1495
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Brassica insularis
type: Concept
notation: 1496
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplotaxis vicentina
type: Concept
notation: 1497
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Brassica glabrescens
type: Concept
notation: 1498
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jonopsidium savianum
type: Concept
notation: 1499
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Boleum asperum
type: Concept
notation: 1500
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sisymbrium cavanillesianum
type: Concept
notation: 1501
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erucastrum palustre
type: Concept
notation: 1502
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberis procumbens subsp. microcarpa
type: Concept
notation: 1503
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Murbeckiella pinnatifida subsp. herminii
type: Concept
notation: 1504
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Biscutella vincentina
type: Concept
notation: 1505
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Biscutella neustriaca
type: Concept
notation: 1506
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arabis sadina
type: Concept
notation: 1507
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alyssum pyrenaicum
type: Concept
notation: 1508
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alyssum pintodasilvae
type: Concept
notation: 1509
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crambe laevigata
type: Concept
notation: 1510
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crambe arborea
type: Concept
notation: 1511
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sinapidendron rupestre
type: Concept
notation: 1512
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crambe sventenii
type: Concept
notation: 1513
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parolinia schizogynoides
type: Concept
notation: 1514
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Reseda decursiva
type: Concept
notation: 1515
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aldrovanda vesiculosa
type: Concept
notation: 1516
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aeonium gomerense
type: Concept
notation: 1517
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aeonium saundersii
type: Concept
notation: 1518
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aichryson dumosum
type: Concept
notation: 1519
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Monanthes wildpretii
type: Concept
notation: 1520
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sedum brissemoretii
type: Concept
notation: 1521
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga valdensis
type: Concept
notation: 1522
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga cintrana
type: Concept
notation: 1523
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga tombeanensis
type: Concept
notation: 1524
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga berica
type: Concept
notation: 1525
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga vayredana
type: Concept
notation: 1526
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga florulenta
type: Concept
notation: 1527
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga hirculus
type: Concept
notation: 1528
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga portosanctana
type: Concept
notation: 1529
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga presolanensis
type: Concept
notation: 1530
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ribes sardoum
type: Concept
notation: 1531
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pittosporum coriaceum
type: Concept
notation: 1532
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rubus genevierii subsp. herminicus
type: Concept
notation: 1533
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Potentilla delphinensis
type: Concept
notation: 1534
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bencomia brachystachya
type: Concept
notation: 1535
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bencomia sphaerocarpa
type: Concept
notation: 1536
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chamaemeles coriacea
type: Concept
notation: 1537
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendriopoterium pulidoi
type: Concept
notation: 1538
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marcetella maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 1539
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Prunus lusitanica subsp. azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1540
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorbus maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 1541
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dorycnium pentaphyllum subsp. transmontanum
type: Concept
notation: 1542
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus algarbiensis
type: Concept
notation: 1543
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus tremolsianus
type: Concept
notation: 1544
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trifolium saxatile
type: Concept
notation: 1545
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cytisus aeolicus
type: Concept
notation: 1546
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Genista holopetala
type: Concept
notation: 1547
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus maritimus
type: Concept
notation: 1548
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ononis hackelii
type: Concept
notation: 1549
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Genista dorycnifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1550
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ulex densus
type: Concept
notation: 1551
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vicia bifoliolata
type: Concept
notation: 1552
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthyllis hystrix
type: Concept
notation: 1553
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthyllis lusitanica
type: Concept
notation: 1554
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus verrucosus
type: Concept
notation: 1555
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melilotus segetalis subsp. fallax
type: Concept
notation: 1556
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus centralpinus
type: Concept
notation: 1557
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus aquilanus
type: Concept
notation: 1558
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anagyris latifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1559
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthyllis lemanniana
type: Concept
notation: 1560
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dorycnium spectabile
type: Concept
notation: 1561
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lotus azoricus
type: Concept
notation: 1562
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lotus callis-viridis
type: Concept
notation: 1563
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lotus kunkelii
type: Concept
notation: 1564
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teline rosmarinifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1565
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teline salsoloides
type: Concept
notation: 1566
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vicia dennesiana
type: Concept
notation: 1567
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erodium rupicola
type: Concept
notation: 1568
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erodium paularense
type: Concept
notation: 1569
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erodium astragaloides
type: Concept
notation: 1570
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Geranium maderense
type: Concept
notation: 1571
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linum mulleri
type: Concept
notation: 1572
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphorbia transtagana
type: Concept
notation: 1573
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphorbia nevadensis
type: Concept
notation: 1574
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphorbia margalidiana
type: Concept
notation: 1575
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphorbia lambii
type: Concept
notation: 1576
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphorbia stygiana
type: Concept
notation: 1577
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphorbia handiensis
type: Concept
notation: 1578
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Maytenus umbellata
type: Concept
notation: 1579
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Frangula azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1580
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Kosteletzkya pentacarpos
type: Concept
notation: 1581
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thymelaea broteriana
type: Concept
notation: 1582
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Daphne petraea
type: Concept
notation: 1583
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Daphne rodriguezii
type: Concept
notation: 1584
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Viola hispida
type: Concept
notation: 1585
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Viola paradoxa
type: Concept
notation: 1586
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Viola cazorlensis
type: Concept
notation: 1587
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Viola athois
type: Concept
notation: 1588
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Viola jaubertiana
type: Concept
notation: 1589
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Viola delphinantha
type: Concept
notation: 1590
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helianthemum caput-felis
type: Concept
notation: 1591
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cistus palhinhae
type: Concept
notation: 1592
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Halimium verticillatum
type: Concept
notation: 1593
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helianthemum alypoides
type: Concept
notation: 1594
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tuberaria major
type: Concept
notation: 1595
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cistus chinamadensis
type: Concept
notation: 1596
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helianthemum bystropogophyllum
type: Concept
notation: 1597
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lythrum flexuosum
type: Concept
notation: 1598
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Laserpitium longiradium
type: Concept
notation: 1599
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Naufraga balearica
type: Concept
notation: 1600
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe conioides
type: Concept
notation: 1601
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petagnia saniculifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1602
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eryngium viviparum
type: Concept
notation: 1603
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eryngium alpinum
type: Concept
notation: 1604
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bupleurum capillare
type: Concept
notation: 1605
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bupleurum kakiskalae
type: Concept
notation: 1606
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Angelica heterocarpa
type: Concept
notation: 1607
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rouya polygama
type: Concept
notation: 1608
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chaerophyllum azoricum
type: Concept
notation: 1609
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ferula latipinna
type: Concept
notation: 1610
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Seseli intricatum
type: Concept
notation: 1611
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanoselinum decipiens
type: Concept
notation: 1612
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Athamanta cortiana
type: Concept
notation: 1613
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apium repens
type: Concept
notation: 1614
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ammi trifoliatum
type: Concept
notation: 1615
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bupleurum handiense
type: Concept
notation: 1616
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Angelica palustris
type: Concept
notation: 1617
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thorella verticillatinundata
type: Concept
notation: 1618
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apium bermejoi
type: Concept
notation: 1619
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Monizia edulis
type: Concept
notation: 1620
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe divaricata
type: Concept
notation: 1621
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sanicula azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1622
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bunium brevifolium
type: Concept
notation: 1623
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erica scoparia subsp. azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1624
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Soldanella villosa
type: Concept
notation: 1625
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Primula spectabilis
type: Concept
notation: 1626
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Primula apennina
type: Concept
notation: 1627
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Primula palinuri
type: Concept
notation: 1628
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Primula glaucescens
type: Concept
notation: 1629
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Androsace mathildae
type: Concept
notation: 1630
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Androsace cylindrica
type: Concept
notation: 1631
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Androsace pyrenaica
type: Concept
notation: 1632
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium dodartii subsp. lusitanicum
type: Concept
notation: 1633
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium insulare
type: Concept
notation: 1634
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armeria velutina
type: Concept
notation: 1635
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armeria soleirolii
type: Concept
notation: 1636
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armeria neglecta
type: Concept
notation: 1637
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armeria pseudoarmeria
type: Concept
notation: 1638
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium lanceolatum
type: Concept
notation: 1639
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium multiflorum
type: Concept
notation: 1640
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armeria sampaioi
type: Concept
notation: 1641
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium pseudolaetum
type: Concept
notation: 1642
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium strictissimum
type: Concept
notation: 1643
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armeria rouyana
type: Concept
notation: 1644
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armeria berlengensis
type: Concept
notation: 1645
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armeria helodes
type: Concept
notation: 1646
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium spectabile
type: Concept
notation: 1647
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium sventenii
type: Concept
notation: 1648
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium arborescens
type: Concept
notation: 1649
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium dendroides
type: Concept
notation: 1650
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideroxylon marmulano
type: Concept
notation: 1651
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jasminum azoricum
type: Concept
notation: 1652
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Picconia azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1653
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gentianella anglica
type: Concept
notation: 1654
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurium rigualii
type: Concept
notation: 1655
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gentiana ligustica
type: Concept
notation: 1656
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gentiana lutea
type: Concept
notation: 1657
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurium somedanum
type: Concept
notation: 1658
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caralluma burchardii
type: Concept
notation: 1659
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ceropegia chrysantha
type: Concept
notation: 1660
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galium litorale
type: Concept
notation: 1661
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galium viridiflorum
type: Concept
notation: 1662
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Convolvulus argyrothamnus
type: Concept
notation: 1663
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Convolvulus fernandesii
type: Concept
notation: 1664
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Convolvulus massonii
type: Concept
notation: 1665
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Convolvulus caput-medusae
type: Concept
notation: 1666
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Convolvulus lopezsocasi
type: Concept
notation: 1667
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lithodora nitida
type: Concept
notation: 1668
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myosotis lusitanica
type: Concept
notation: 1669
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myosotis rehsteineri
type: Concept
notation: 1670
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Solenanthus albanicus
type: Concept
notation: 1671
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Symphytum cycladense
type: Concept
notation: 1672
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myosotis retusifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1673
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anchusa crispa
type: Concept
notation: 1674
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Omphalodes kuzinskyanae
type: Concept
notation: 1675
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Omphalodes littoralis
type: Concept
notation: 1676
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Echium gentianoides
type: Concept
notation: 1677
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myosotis azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1678
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myosotis maritima
type: Concept
notation: 1679
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Echium candicans
type: Concept
notation: 1680
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thymus carnosus
type: Concept
notation: 1681
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thymus lotocephalus
type: Concept
notation: 1682
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nepeta dirphya
type: Concept
notation: 1683
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nepeta sphaciotica
type: Concept
notation: 1684
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Origanum dictamnus
type: Concept
notation: 1685
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rosmarinus tomentosus
type: Concept
notation: 1686
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideritis javalambrensis
type: Concept
notation: 1687
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideritis incana subsp. glauca
type: Concept
notation: 1688
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dracocephalum austriacum
type: Concept
notation: 1689
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teucrium charidemi
type: Concept
notation: 1690
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teucrium salviastrum subsp. salviastrum
type: Concept
notation: 1691
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideritis serrata
type: Concept
notation: 1692
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teucrium lepicephalum
type: Concept
notation: 1693
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teucrium turredanum
type: Concept
notation: 1694
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thymus camphoratus
type: Concept
notation: 1695
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thymus capitellatus
type: Concept
notation: 1696
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Micromeria taygetea
type: Concept
notation: 1697
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thymus villosus subsp. villosus
type: Concept
notation: 1698
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideritis discolor
type: Concept
notation: 1699
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideritis infernalis
type: Concept
notation: 1700
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teucrium abutiloides
type: Concept
notation: 1701
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teucrium betonicum
type: Concept
notation: 1702
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideritis cystosiphon
type: Concept
notation: 1703
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideritis marmorea
type: Concept
notation: 1704
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Solanum lidii
type: Concept
notation: 1705
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mandragora officinarum
type: Concept
notation: 1706
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Atropa baetica
type: Concept
notation: 1707
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scrophularia grandiflora subsp. grandiflora
type: Concept
notation: 1708
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Odontites granatensis
type: Concept
notation: 1709
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria tonzigii
type: Concept
notation: 1710
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scrophularia herminii
type: Concept
notation: 1711
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphrasia mendoncae
type: Concept
notation: 1712
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria ricardoi
type: Concept
notation: 1713
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphrasia marchesettii
type: Concept
notation: 1714
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria flava
type: Concept
notation: 1715
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria coutinhoi
type: Concept
notation: 1716
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria tursica
type: Concept
notation: 1717
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria hellenica
type: Concept
notation: 1718
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria ficalhoana
type: Concept
notation: 1719
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphrasia genargentea
type: Concept
notation: 1720
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chaenorhinum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum
type: Concept
notation: 1721
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Antirrhinum lopesianum
type: Concept
notation: 1722
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Antirrhinum charidemi
type: Concept
notation: 1723
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anarrhinum longipedicellatum
type: Concept
notation: 1724
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lindernia procumbens
type: Concept
notation: 1725
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria algarviana
type: Concept
notation: 1726
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isoplexis chalcantha
type: Concept
notation: 1727
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isoplexis isabelliana
type: Concept
notation: 1728
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Odontites holliana
type: Concept
notation: 1729
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sibthorpia peregrina
type: Concept
notation: 1730
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Verbascum litigiosum
type: Concept
notation: 1731
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Veronica oetaea
type: Concept
notation: 1732
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Veronica micrantha
type: Concept
notation: 1733
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphrasia grandiflora
type: Concept
notation: 1734
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scrophularia sublyrata
type: Concept
notation: 1735
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphrasia azorica
type: Concept
notation: 1736
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Globularia ascanii
type: Concept
notation: 1737
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Globularia sarcophylla
type: Concept
notation: 1738
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ramonda serbica
type: Concept
notation: 1739
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jankaea heldreichii
type: Concept
notation: 1740
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pinguicula nevadensis
type: Concept
notation: 1741
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plantago algarbiensis
type: Concept
notation: 1742
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plantago almogravensis
type: Concept
notation: 1743
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plantago malato-belizii
type: Concept
notation: 1744
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sambucus palmensis
type: Concept
notation: 1745
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centranthus trinervis
type: Concept
notation: 1746
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scabiosa nitens
type: Concept
notation: 1747
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Asyneuma giganteum
type: Concept
notation: 1748
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Physoplexis comosa
type: Concept
notation: 1749
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula morettiana
type: Concept
notation: 1750
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula sabatia
type: Concept
notation: 1751
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jasione crispa subsp. serpentinica
type: Concept
notation: 1752
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jasione lusitanica
type: Concept
notation: 1753
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Musschia aurea
type: Concept
notation: 1754
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Azorina vidalii
type: Concept
notation: 1755
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Musschia wollastonii
type: Concept
notation: 1756
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aster sorrentinii
type: Concept
notation: 1757
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ligularia sibirica
type: Concept
notation: 1758
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leontodon microcephalus
type: Concept
notation: 1759
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduus myriacanthus
type: Concept
notation: 1760
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp. succulentum
type: Concept
notation: 1761
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arnica montana
type: Concept
notation: 1762
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Artemisia eriantha
type: Concept
notation: 1763
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Artemisia genipi
type: Concept
notation: 1764
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Artemisia granatensis
type: Concept
notation: 1765
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthemis glaberrima
type: Concept
notation: 1766
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Wagenitzia lancifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1767
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lamyropsis microcephala
type: Concept
notation: 1768
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Senecio lagascanus subsp. lusitanicus
type: Concept
notation: 1769
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea alba subsp. heldreichii
type: Concept
notation: 1770
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helichrysum sibthorpii
type: Concept
notation: 1771
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea citricolor
type: Concept
notation: 1772
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Senecio caespitosus
type: Concept
notation: 1773
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea gadorensis
type: Concept
notation: 1774
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Santolina semidentata
type: Concept
notation: 1775
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea kalambakensis
type: Concept
notation: 1776
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Santolina impressa
type: Concept
notation: 1777
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea lactiflora
type: Concept
notation: 1778
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hymenostemma pseudanthemis
type: Concept
notation: 1779
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea niederi
type: Concept
notation: 1780
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Santolina elegans
type: Concept
notation: 1781
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea pinnata
type: Concept
notation: 1782
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Picris willkommii
type: Concept
notation: 1783
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea rothmalerana
type: Concept
notation: 1784
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea vicentina
type: Concept
notation: 1785
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crepis crocifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1786
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crepis granatensis
type: Concept
notation: 1787
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuzea longifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1788
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erigeron frigidus
type: Concept
notation: 1789
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leontodon siculus
type: Concept
notation: 1790
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea horrida
type: Concept
notation: 1791
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leontodon boryi
type: Concept
notation: 1792
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea micrantha subsp. herminii
type: Concept
notation: 1793
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea balearica
type: Concept
notation: 1794
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea pulvinata
type: Concept
notation: 1795
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea borjae
type: Concept
notation: 1796
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Doronicum plantagineum subsp. tournefortii
type: Concept
notation: 1797
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea kartschiana
type: Concept
notation: 1798
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea peucedanifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1799
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jurinea fontqueri
type: Concept
notation: 1800
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea corymbosa
type: Concept
notation: 1801
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aster pyrenaeus
type: Concept
notation: 1802
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Senecio nevadensis
type: Concept
notation: 1803
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Senecio elodes
type: Concept
notation: 1804
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jurinea cyanoides
type: Concept
notation: 1805
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea attica subsp. megarensis
type: Concept
notation: 1806
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Andryala crithmifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1807
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cheirolophus junonianus
type: Concept
notation: 1808
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cheirolophus massonianus
type: Concept
notation: 1809
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calendula maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 1810
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Atractylis preauxiana
type: Concept
notation: 1811
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Argyranthemum lidii
type: Concept
notation: 1812
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuzea rhaponticoides
type: Concept
notation: 1813
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cheirolophus duranii
type: Concept
notation: 1814
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Onopordum carduelium
type: Concept
notation: 1815
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pericallis hadrosoma
type: Concept
notation: 1816
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phagnalon benettii
type: Concept
notation: 1817
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stemmacantha cynaroides
type: Concept
notation: 1818
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sventenia bupleuroides
type: Concept
notation: 1819
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum
type: Concept
notation: 1820
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Onopordum nogalesii
type: Concept
notation: 1821
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Atractylis arbuscula
type: Concept
notation: 1822
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Argyranthemum winteri
type: Concept
notation: 1823
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Argyranthemum thalassophilum
type: Concept
notation: 1824
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lactuca watsoniana
type: Concept
notation: 1825
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cirsium latifolium
type: Concept
notation: 1826
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helichrysum gossypinum
type: Concept
notation: 1827
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cheirolophus ghomerytus
type: Concept
notation: 1828
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helichrysum monogynum
type: Concept
notation: 1829
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea alba subsp. princeps
type: Concept
notation: 1830
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luronium natans
type: Concept
notation: 1831
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caldesia parnassifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1832
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Najas flexilis
type: Concept
notation: 1833
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fritillaria conica
type: Concept
notation: 1834
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Colchicum cousturieri
type: Concept
notation: 1835
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Colchicum corsicum
type: Concept
notation: 1836
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scilla beirana
type: Concept
notation: 1837
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bellevalia hackelii
type: Concept
notation: 1838
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ornithogalum reverchonii
type: Concept
notation: 1839
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Asphodelus bento-rainhae
type: Concept
notation: 1840
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lilium rubrum
type: Concept
notation: 1841
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Androcymbium rechingeri
type: Concept
notation: 1842
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fritillaria rhodocanakis
type: Concept
notation: 1843
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Androcymbium europaeum
type: Concept
notation: 1844
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fritillaria gussichiae
type: Concept
notation: 1845
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fritillaria drenovskii
type: Concept
notation: 1846
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Allium grosii
type: Concept
notation: 1847
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scilla odorata
type: Concept
notation: 1848
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ruscus aculeatus
type: Concept
notation: 1849
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Muscari gussonei
type: Concept
notation: 1850
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyacinthoides vincentina
type: Concept
notation: 1851
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fritillaria obliqua
type: Concept
notation: 1852
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Semele maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 1853
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scilla maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 1854
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Androcymbium psammophilum
type: Concept
notation: 1855
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dracaena draco
type: Concept
notation: 1856
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. nobilis
type: Concept
notation: 1857
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus nevadensis
type: Concept
notation: 1858
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus humilis
type: Concept
notation: 1859
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus fernandesii
type: Concept
notation: 1860
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus cyclamineus
type: Concept
notation: 1862
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus calcicola
type: Concept
notation: 1863
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus bulbocodium
type: Concept
notation: 1864
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus asturiensis
type: Concept
notation: 1865
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galanthus nivalis
type: Concept
notation: 1866
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus longispathus
type: Concept
notation: 1867
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus triandrus subsp. capax
type: Concept
notation: 1868
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus viridiflorus
type: Concept
notation: 1869
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus scaberulus
type: Concept
notation: 1870
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leucojum nicaeense
type: Concept
notation: 1871
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Borderea chouardii
type: Concept
notation: 1872
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocus etruscus
type: Concept
notation: 1873
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iris boissieri
type: Concept
notation: 1874
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iris lusitanica
type: Concept
notation: 1875
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iris marsica
type: Concept
notation: 1876
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Juncus valvatus
type: Concept
notation: 1877
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudarrhenatherum pallens
type: Concept
notation: 1878
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Micropyropsis tuberosa
type: Concept
notation: 1879
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stipa veneta
type: Concept
notation: 1880
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stipa bavarica
type: Concept
notation: 1881
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bromus grossus
type: Concept
notation: 1882
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stipa austroitalica
type: Concept
notation: 1883
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Festuca brigantina
type: Concept
notation: 1884
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Festuca elegans
type: Concept
notation: 1885
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Avenula hackelii
type: Concept
notation: 1886
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coleanthus subtilis
type: Concept
notation: 1887
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Festuca duriotagana
type: Concept
notation: 1888
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puccinellia pungens
type: Concept
notation: 1889
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Festuca henriquesii
type: Concept
notation: 1890
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Festuca summilusitana
type: Concept
notation: 1891
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Holcus setiglumis subsp. duriensis
type: Concept
notation: 1892
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gaudinia hispanica
type: Concept
notation: 1893
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalaris maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 1894
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Deschampsia maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 1895
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoenix theophrasti
type: Concept
notation: 1896
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carex panormitana
type: Concept
notation: 1897
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eleocharis carniolica
type: Concept
notation: 1898
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carex malato-belizii
type: Concept
notation: 1899
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spiranthes aestivalis
type: Concept
notation: 1900
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cephalanthera cucullata
type: Concept
notation: 1901
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cypripedium calceolus
type: Concept
notation: 1902
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Liparis loeselii
type: Concept
notation: 1903
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophrys argolica
type: Concept
notation: 1904
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophrys lunulata
type: Concept
notation: 1905
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Orchis scopulorum
type: Concept
notation: 1906
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Goodyera macrophylla
type: Concept
notation: 1907
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pteromys volans
type: Concept
notation: 1910
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alopex lagopus
type: Concept
notation: 1911
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gulo gulo
type: Concept
notation: 1912
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoca hispida saimensis
type: Concept
notation: 1913
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carabus menetriesi pacholei
type: Concept
notation: 1914
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helicopsis striata austriaca
type: Concept
notation: 1915
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Artemisia laciniata
type: Concept
notation: 1916
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Artemisia pancicii
type: Concept
notation: 1917
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stipa styriaca
type: Concept
notation: 1918
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Agathidium pulchellum
type: Concept
notation: 1919
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Boros schneideri
type: Concept
notation: 1920
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Corticaria planula
type: Concept
notation: 1921
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Macroplea pubipennis
type: Concept
notation: 1922
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mesosa myops
type: Concept
notation: 1923
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oxyporus mannerheimii
type: Concept
notation: 1924
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pytho kolwensis
type: Concept
notation: 1925
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stephanopachys linearis
type: Concept
notation: 1926
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stephanopachys substriatus
type: Concept
notation: 1927
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Xyletinus tremulicola
type: Concept
notation: 1928
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aradus angularis
type: Concept
notation: 1929
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Agriades glandon aquilo
type: Concept
notation: 1930
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Clossiana improba
type: Concept
notation: 1931
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erebia medusa polaris
type: Concept
notation: 1932
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hesperia comma catena
type: Concept
notation: 1933
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Xestia borealis
type: Concept
notation: 1934
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Xestia brunneopicta
type: Concept
notation: 1935
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthrenochernes stellae
type: Concept
notation: 1936
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rangifer tarandus fennicus
type: Concept
notation: 1937
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoca hispida botnica
type: Concept
notation: 1938
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Agrimonia pilosa
type: Concept
notation: 1939
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alisma wahlenbergii
type: Concept
notation: 1940
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arctagrostis latifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1941
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arctophila fulva
type: Concept
notation: 1942
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arenaria ciliata subsp. pseudofrigida
type: Concept
notation: 1943
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arenaria humifusa
type: Concept
notation: 1944
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Artemisia campestris subsp. bottnica
type: Concept
notation: 1945
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Artemisia oelandica
type: Concept
notation: 1946
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Braya linearis
type: Concept
notation: 1947
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calamagrostis chalybaea
type: Concept
notation: 1948
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calypso bulbosa
type: Concept
notation: 1949
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carex holostoma
type: Concept
notation: 1950
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cinna latifolia
type: Concept
notation: 1951
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Corydalis gotlandica
type: Concept
notation: 1952
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crepis tectorum subsp. nigrescens
type: Concept
notation: 1953
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus arenarius subsp. arenarius
type: Concept
notation: 1954
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplazium sibiricum
type: Concept
notation: 1955
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Draba cacuminum
type: Concept
notation: 1956
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Draba cinerea
type: Concept
notation: 1957
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dryopteris fragans
type: Concept
notation: 1958
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gymnigritella runei
type: Concept
notation: 1959
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hippuris tetraphylla
type: Concept
notation: 1960
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luzula arctica
type: Concept
notation: 1961
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Moehringia lateriflora
type: Concept
notation: 1962
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Najas tenuissima
type: Concept
notation: 1963
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Papaver laestadianum
type: Concept
notation: 1964
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Papaver radicatum subsp. hyperboreum
type: Concept
notation: 1965
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Persicaria foliosa
type: Concept
notation: 1966
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Platanthera obtusata subsp. oligantha
type: Concept
notation: 1967
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Primula nutans
type: Concept
notation: 1968
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Primula scandinavica
type: Concept
notation: 1969
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pulsatilla vulgaris subsp. gotlandica
type: Concept
notation: 1970
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puccinellia phryganodes
type: Concept
notation: 1971
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ranunculus lapponicus
type: Concept
notation: 1972
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxifraga osloensis
type: Concept
notation: 1973
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Senecio jacobaea subsp. gotlandicus
type: Concept
notation: 1974
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene furcata subsp. angustiflora
type: Concept
notation: 1975
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorbus teodori
type: Concept
notation: 1976
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trisetum subalpestre
type: Concept
notation: 1977
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Viola rupestris subsp. relicta
type: Concept
notation: 1978
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bryhnia novae-angliae
type: Concept
notation: 1979
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cephalozia macounii
type: Concept
notation: 1980
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cynodontium suecicum
type: Concept
notation: 1981
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Encalypta mutica
type: Concept
notation: 1982
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hamatocaulis lapponicus
type: Concept
notation: 1983
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Herzogiella turfacea
type: Concept
notation: 1984
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hygrohypnum montanum
type: Concept
notation: 1985
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Orthothecium lapponicum
type: Concept
notation: 1986
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plagiomnium drummondii
type: Concept
notation: 1987
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tortella rigens
type: Concept
notation: 1988
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa caspia vistonica
type: Concept
notation: 1989
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Margaritifera durrovensis
type: Concept
notation: 1990
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sabanejewia larvata
type: Concept
notation: 1991
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Valencia letourneuxi
type: Concept
notation: 1992
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus dobrogicus
type: Concept
notation: 1993
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydromantes strinatii
type: Concept
notation: 1994
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta bonnali
type: Concept
notation: 1995
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus triandrus
type: Concept
notation: 1996
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Romanichthys valsanicola
type: Concept
notation: 1998
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus montandoni
type: Concept
notation: 2001
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta lepida
type: Concept
notation: 2004
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber gemonensis
type: Concept
notation: 2007
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera kaznakovi
type: Concept
notation: 2008
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Umbra krameri
type: Concept
notation: 2011
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nyctalus azoreum
type: Concept
notation: 2015
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pipistrellus kuhlii
type: Concept
notation: 2016
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pipistrellus maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 2017
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sicista subtilis
type: Concept
notation: 2021
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ursus maritimus
type: Concept
notation: 2022
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Panthera pardus
type: Concept
notation: 2023
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Odobenus rosmarus
type: Concept
notation: 2025
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Orcinus orca
type: Concept
notation: 2027
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudorca crassidens
type: Concept
notation: 2028
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Globicephala melas
type: Concept
notation: 2029
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Grampus griseus
type: Concept
notation: 2030
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagenorhynchus acutus
type: Concept
notation: 2031
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagenorhynchus albirostris
type: Concept
notation: 2032
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Steno bredanensis
type: Concept
notation: 2033
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stenella coeruleoalba
type: Concept
notation: 2034
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ziphius cavirostris
type: Concept
notation: 2035
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyperoodon rostratus
type: Concept
notation: 2036
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mesoplodon mirus
type: Concept
notation: 2037
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mesoplodon bidens
type: Concept
notation: 2038
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasium madeirense
type: Concept
notation: 2054
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aristolochia samsunensis
type: Concept
notation: 2063
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rheum rhaponticum
type: Concept
notation: 2064
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Beta trojana
type: Concept
notation: 2066
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microcnemum coralloides subsp. anatolicum
type: Concept
notation: 2068
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Suaeda cucullata
type: Concept
notation: 2070
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cerastium alsinifolium
type: Concept
notation: 2071
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus hypanicus
type: Concept
notation: 2073
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus nitidus
type: Concept
notation: 2074
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus serotinus
type: Concept
notation: 2075
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus urumoffii
type: Concept
notation: 2076
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Minuartia smejkalii
type: Concept
notation: 2077
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Moehringia hypanica
type: Concept
notation: 2078
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Moehringia jankae
type: Concept
notation: 2079
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saponaria halophila
type: Concept
notation: 2080
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene salsuginea
type: Concept
notation: 2085
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene sangaria
type: Concept
notation: 2086
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aconitum flerovii
type: Concept
notation: 2087
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anemone uralensis
type: Concept
notation: 2090
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delphinium caseyi
type: Concept
notation: 2092
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pulsatilla grandis
type: Concept
notation: 2093
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pulsatilla slavica
type: Concept
notation: 2094
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ranunculus kykkoensis
type: Concept
notation: 2096
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Paeonia officinalis subsp. banatica
type: Concept
notation: 2097
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arabis kennedyae
type: Concept
notation: 2103
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armoracia macrocarpa
type: Concept
notation: 2104
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Brassica hilarionis
type: Concept
notation: 2106
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Brassica sylvestris subsp. taurica
type: Concept
notation: 2107
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cochlearia polonica
type: Concept
notation: 2109
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crambe koktebelica
type: Concept
notation: 2110
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Draba dorneri
type: Concept
notation: 2113
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erysimum pieninicum
type: Concept
notation: 2114
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepidium turczaninowii
type: Concept
notation: 2115
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Schivereckia podolica
type: Concept
notation: 2116
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thlaspi cariense
type: Concept
notation: 2119
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thlaspi jankae
type: Concept
notation: 2120
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Potentilla emilii-popii
type: Concept
notation: 2125
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Potentilla silesiaca
type: Concept
notation: 2126
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pyrus anatolica
type: Concept
notation: 2127
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus aitosensis
type: Concept
notation: 2129
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus kungurensis
type: Concept
notation: 2130
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus macrocarpus subsp. lefkarensis
type: Concept
notation: 2131
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus peterfii
type: Concept
notation: 2132
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus physocalyx
type: Concept
notation: 2133
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus setosulus
type: Concept
notation: 2135
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus tanaiticus
type: Concept
notation: 2136
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Genista tetragona
type: Concept
notation: 2139
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Glycyrrhiza iconica
type: Concept
notation: 2140
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hedysarum razoumowianum
type: Concept
notation: 2141
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphaerophysa kotschyana
type: Concept
notation: 2147
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thermopsis turcica
type: Concept
notation: 2149
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trifolium banaticum
type: Concept
notation: 2150
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trifolium pachycalyx
type: Concept
notation: 2151
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trigonella arenicola
type: Concept
notation: 2152
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trigonella halophila
type: Concept
notation: 2153
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trigonella polycarpa
type: Concept
notation: 2154
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linum dolomiticum
type: Concept
notation: 2156
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Daphne arbuscula
type: Concept
notation: 2159
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hypericum salsugineum
type: Concept
notation: 2160
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helianthemum arcticum
type: Concept
notation: 2162
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ferula halophila
type: Concept
notation: 2168
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ferula sadleriana
type: Concept
notation: 2170
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vaccinium arctostaphylos
type: Concept
notation: 2172
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyclamen kuznetzovii
type: Concept
notation: 2174
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyclamen mirabile
type: Concept
notation: 2175
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium anatolicum
type: Concept
notation: 2181
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium tamaricoides
type: Concept
notation: 2185
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syringa josikaea
type: Concept
notation: 2186
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vincetoxicum pannonicum
type: Concept
notation: 2188
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galium cracoviense
type: Concept
notation: 2189
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galium globuliferum
type: Concept
notation: 2190
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galium moldavicum
type: Concept
notation: 2191
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Convolvulus pulvinatus
type: Concept
notation: 2194
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Onosma halophilum
type: Concept
notation: 2200
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Onosma polyphyllum
type: Concept
notation: 2201
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Onosma proponticum
type: Concept
notation: 2202
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Onosma tornensis
type: Concept
notation: 2203
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phlomis brevibracteata
type: Concept
notation: 2209
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phlomis cypria
type: Concept
notation: 2210
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideritis cypria
type: Concept
notation: 2213
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria loeselii
type: Concept
notation: 2216
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pedicularis sudetica
type: Concept
notation: 2217
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Verbascum basivelatum
type: Concept
notation: 2219
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Verbascum degenii
type: Concept
notation: 2221
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Verbascum purpureum
type: Concept
notation: 2222
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Verbascum stepporum
type: Concept
notation: 2223
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Veronica euxina
type: Concept
notation: 2224
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Veronica turrilliana
type: Concept
notation: 2225
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pinguicula crystallina
type: Concept
notation: 2227
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centranthus kellererii
type: Concept
notation: 2229
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dipsacus cephalarioides
type: Concept
notation: 2230
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula damboldtiana
type: Concept
notation: 2232
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula gelida
type: Concept
notation: 2233
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula lycica
type: Concept
notation: 2235
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula romanica
type: Concept
notation: 2236
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Achillea glaberrima
type: Concept
notation: 2238
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Achillea thracica
type: Concept
notation: 2239
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anacyclus latealatus
type: Concept
notation: 2240
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Andryala laevitomentosa
type: Concept
notation: 2241
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthemis halophila
type: Concept
notation: 2242
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carlina onopordifolia
type: Concept
notation: 2249
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea akamantis
type: Concept
notation: 2250
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea dubjanskyi
type: Concept
notation: 2251
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea hermannii
type: Concept
notation: 2252
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea jankae
type: Concept
notation: 2253
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea pineticola
type: Concept
notation: 2254
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea pontica
type: Concept
notation: 2255
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea tchihatcheffii
type: Concept
notation: 2257
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendranthema zawadskii
type: Concept
notation: 2264
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hypochaeris oligocephala
type: Concept
notation: 2266
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagoseris purpurea
type: Concept
notation: 2267
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Serratula tanaitica
type: Concept
notation: 2271
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sonchus erzincanicus
type: Concept
notation: 2272
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Allium vuralii
type: Concept
notation: 2281
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Asparagus lycaonicus
type: Concept
notation: 2282
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chionodoxa lochiae
type: Concept
notation: 2283
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Colchicum arenarium
type: Concept
notation: 2285
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Colchicum davidovii
type: Concept
notation: 2286
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Colchicum micranthum
type: Concept
notation: 2288
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fritillaria montana
type: Concept
notation: 2292
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lilium jankae
type: Concept
notation: 2294
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lilium rhodopeum
type: Concept
notation: 2295
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scilla morrisii
type: Concept
notation: 2296
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tulipa cypria
type: Concept
notation: 2298
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tulipa hungarica
type: Concept
notation: 2300
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus angustifolius
type: Concept
notation: 2303
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sternbergia candida
type: Concept
notation: 2304
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocus abantensis
type: Concept
notation: 2305
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocus cyprius
type: Concept
notation: 2306
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocus hartmannianus
type: Concept
notation: 2307
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bromus psammophilus
type: Concept
notation: 2314
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eremopoa mardinensis
type: Concept
notation: 2315
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Poa granitica
type: Concept
notation: 2316
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Poa riphaea
type: Concept
notation: 2317
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stipa danubialis
type: Concept
notation: 2318
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dactylorhiza chuhensis
type: Concept
notation: 2326
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Himantoglossum caprinum
type: Concept
notation: 2327
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophrys isaura
type: Concept
notation: 2328
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophrys kotschyi
type: Concept
notation: 2329
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophrys lycia
type: Concept
notation: 2330
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Steveniella satyrioides
type: Concept
notation: 2333
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trogonophis wiegmanni
type: Concept
notation: 2346
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pleurodeles waltl
type: Concept
notation: 2349
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandra salamandra
type: Concept
notation: 2351
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus alpestris
type: Concept
notation: 2353
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus boscai
type: Concept
notation: 2354
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus helveticus
type: Concept
notation: 2355
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neurergus crocatus
type: Concept
notation: 2358
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neurergus strauchi
type: Concept
notation: 2359
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelodytes punctatus
type: Concept
notation: 2360
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufo bufo
type: Concept
notation: 2361
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyla savignyi
type: Concept
notation: 2362
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana holtzi
type: Concept
notation: 2366
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mauremys rivulata
type: Concept
notation: 2373
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rafetus euphraticus
type: Concept
notation: 2374
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trionyx triunguis
type: Concept
notation: 2375
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hemidactylus turcicus
type: Concept
notation: 2382
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tarentola bischoffi
type: Concept
notation: 2385
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tarentola mauritanica
type: Concept
notation: 2386
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eremias arguta
type: Concept
notation: 2390
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta anatolica
type: Concept
notation: 2395
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta armeniaca
type: Concept
notation: 2396
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta cappadocica
type: Concept
notation: 2399
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta caucasica
type: Concept
notation: 2400
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta clarkorum
type: Concept
notation: 2402
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta derjugini
type: Concept
notation: 2404
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta laevis
type: Concept
notation: 2405
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta media
type: Concept
notation: 2406
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta mehelyi
type: Concept
notation: 2407
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta mixta
type: Concept
notation: 2408
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta mosorensis
type: Concept
notation: 2409
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta oertzeni
type: Concept
notation: 2410
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta oxycephala
type: Concept
notation: 2411
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta pamphylica
type: Concept
notation: 2412
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta parvula
type: Concept
notation: 2413
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta portschinskii
type: Concept
notation: 2414
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta praticola
type: Concept
notation: 2415
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta raddei
type: Concept
notation: 2416
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta rostombekovi
type: Concept
notation: 2417
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta rudis
type: Concept
notation: 2418
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta saxicola
type: Concept
notation: 2419
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta strigata
type: Concept
notation: 2420
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta unisexualis
type: Concept
notation: 2421
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta uzzelli
type: Concept
notation: 2422
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta valentini
type: Concept
notation: 2423
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta vivipara
type: Concept
notation: 2424
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis bocagei
type: Concept
notation: 2425
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis hispanica
type: Concept
notation: 2428
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Psammodromus algirus
type: Concept
notation: 2430
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Psammodromus hispanicus
type: Concept
notation: 2431
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anguis fragilis
type: Concept
notation: 2432
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acanthodactylus erythrurus
type: Concept
notation: 2436
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides chalcides
type: Concept
notation: 2437
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eumeces schneideri
type: Concept
notation: 2439
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mabuya vittata
type: Concept
notation: 2441
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Blanus cinereus
type: Concept
notation: 2442
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Typhlops vermicularis
type: Concept
notation: 2444
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber cypriensis
type: Concept
notation: 2447
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coronella girondica
type: Concept
notation: 2452
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elaphe scalaris
type: Concept
notation: 2464
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Macroprotodon cucullatus
type: Concept
notation: 2465
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Malpolon monspessulanus
type: Concept
notation: 2466
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix maura
type: Concept
notation: 2467
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix natrix
type: Concept
notation: 2469
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera albizona
type: Concept
notation: 2470
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera aspis
type: Concept
notation: 2471
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera barani
type: Concept
notation: 2472
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera berus
type: Concept
notation: 2473
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera pontica
type: Concept
notation: 2479
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera wagneri
type: Concept
notation: 2482
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eudontomyzon hellenicus
type: Concept
notation: 2483
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eudontomyzon mariae
type: Concept
notation: 2484
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eudontomyzon vladykovi
type: Concept
notation: 2485
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carcharodon carcharias
type: Concept
notation: 2486
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acipenser ruthenus
type: Concept
notation: 2487
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acipenser stellatus
type: Concept
notation: 2488
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Huso huso
type: Concept
notation: 2489
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa macedonica
type: Concept
notation: 2490
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa pontica
type: Concept
notation: 2491
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus albula
type: Concept
notation: 2492
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus autumnalis
type: Concept
notation: 2493
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus lavaretus
type: Concept
notation: 2494
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus peled
type: Concept
notation: 2495
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus pidschian
type: Concept
notation: 2496
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Abramis ballerus
type: Concept
notation: 2497
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Abramis sapa
type: Concept
notation: 2498
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnoides bipunctatus
type: Concept
notation: 2500
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus bocagei
type: Concept
notation: 2501
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus microcephalus
type: Concept
notation: 2502
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus peloponensis
type: Concept
notation: 2503
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus sclateri
type: Concept
notation: 2504
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus steindachneri
type: Concept
notation: 2505
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma nasus
type: Concept
notation: 2508
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma willkommii
type: Concept
notation: 2510
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobio kessleri
type: Concept
notation: 2511
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelecus cultratus
type: Concept
notation: 2522
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoxinellus stymphalicus
type: Concept
notation: 2525
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudophoxinus stymphalicus
type: Concept
notation: 2527
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhodeus sericeus
type: Concept
notation: 2528
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus frisii
type: Concept
notation: 2529
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis elongata
type: Concept
notation: 2533
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silurus glanis
type: Concept
notation: 2537
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hippocampus hippocampus
type: Concept
notation: 2538
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syngnathus abaster
type: Concept
notation: 2540
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pomatoschistus microps
type: Concept
notation: 2550
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pomatoschistus minutus
type: Concept
notation: 2551
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Proterorhinus marmoratus
type: Concept
notation: 2553
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gymnocephalus baloni
type: Concept
notation: 2555
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus poecilopus
type: Concept
notation: 2557
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pungitius hellenicus
type: Concept
notation: 2559
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gibbula nivosa
type: Concept
notation: 2578
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erinaceus europaeus
type: Concept
notation: 2590
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura leucodon
type: Concept
notation: 2591
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura russula
type: Concept
notation: 2592
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura suaveolens
type: Concept
notation: 2593
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neomys anomalus
type: Concept
notation: 2595
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neomys fodiens
type: Concept
notation: 2597
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorex alpinus
type: Concept
notation: 2598
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorex araneus
type: Concept
notation: 2599
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorex granarius
type: Concept
notation: 2600
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorex minutus
type: Concept
notation: 2601
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Suncus etruscus
type: Concept
notation: 2603
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Desmana moschata
type: Concept
notation: 2604
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus capensis
type: Concept
notation: 2605
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marmota marmota
type: Concept
notation: 2606
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sciurus vulgaris
type: Concept
notation: 2607
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spermophilus suslicus
type: Concept
notation: 2608
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mesocricetus newtoni
type: Concept
notation: 2609
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus oeconomus
type: Concept
notation: 2611
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus tatricus
type: Concept
notation: 2612
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spalax graecus
type: Concept
notation: 2613
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eliomys quercinus
type: Concept
notation: 2615
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Glis glis
type: Concept
notation: 2616
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myomimus roachi
type: Concept
notation: 2617
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Balaenoptera acutorostrata
type: Concept
notation: 2618
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Balaenoptera borealis
type: Concept
notation: 2619
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Balaenoptera edeni
type: Concept
notation: 2620
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Balaenoptera physalus
type: Concept
notation: 2621
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Kogia breviceps
type: Concept
notation: 2622
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Kogia sima
type: Concept
notation: 2623
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Physeter macrocephalus
type: Concept
notation: 2624
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mesoplodon densirostris
type: Concept
notation: 2625
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Monodon monoceros
type: Concept
notation: 2626
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Globicephala macrorhynchus
type: Concept
notation: 2627
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stenella frontalis
type: Concept
notation: 2628
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cuon alpinus
type: Concept
notation: 2629
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Martes foina
type: Concept
notation: 2630
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Meles meles
type: Concept
notation: 2631
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela erminea
type: Concept
notation: 2632
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela eversmanii
type: Concept
notation: 2633
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela nivalis
type: Concept
notation: 2634
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vormela peregusna
type: Concept
notation: 2635
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caracal caracal
type: Concept
notation: 2636
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cystophora cristata
type: Concept
notation: 2637
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erignathus barbatus
type: Concept
notation: 2638
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pagophilus groenlandicus
type: Concept
notation: 2639
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoca hispida
type: Concept
notation: 2640
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoca hispida ladogensis
type: Concept
notation: 2641
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sus scrofa meridionalis
type: Concept
notation: 2642
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alces alces
type: Concept
notation: 2643
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capreolus capreolus
type: Concept
notation: 2644
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cervus elaphus
type: Concept
notation: 2645
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dama dama
type: Concept
notation: 2646
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bison bonasus
type: Concept
notation: 2647
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gazella dorcas
type: Concept
notation: 2648
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gazella subgutturosa
type: Concept
notation: 2649
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Atelerix algirus
type: Concept
notation: 2650
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eptesicus bottae
type: Concept
notation: 2651
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anguilla anguilla
type: Concept
notation: 3019
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cetorhinus maximus
type: Concept
notation: 3020
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Epinephelus marginatus
type: Concept
notation: 3021
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isurus oxyrinchus
type: Concept
notation: 3022
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lamna nasus
type: Concept
notation: 3023
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mobula mobular
type: Concept
notation: 3024
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Prionace glauca
type: Concept
notation: 3025
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sciaena umbra
type: Concept
notation: 3027
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squatina squatina
type: Concept
notation: 3028
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thunnus thynnus
type: Concept
notation: 3029
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Umbrina cirrosa
type: Concept
notation: 3030
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Xiphias gladius
type: Concept
notation: 3031
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura sicula
type: Concept
notation: 4001
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rousettus aegyptiacus
type: Concept
notation: 4002
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marmota marmota latirostris
type: Concept
notation: 4003
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus oeconomus mehelyi
type: Concept
notation: 4004
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ovis orientalis ophion
type: Concept
notation: 4005
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica
type: Concept
notation: 4006
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix natrix cypriaca
type: Concept
notation: 4007
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus vulgaris ampelensis
type: Concept
notation: 4008
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoxinus percnurus
type: Concept
notation: 4009
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armadillidium ghardalamensis
type: Concept
notation: 4010
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bolbelasmus unicornis
type: Concept
notation: 4011
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carabus hampei
type: Concept
notation: 4012
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carabus hungaricus
type: Concept
notation: 4013
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carabus variolosus
type: Concept
notation: 4014
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carabus zawadzkii
type: Concept
notation: 4015
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dorcadion fulvum cervae
type: Concept
notation: 4016
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Duvalius gebhardti
type: Concept
notation: 4017
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Duvalius hungaricus
type: Concept
notation: 4018
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leptodirus hochenwartii
type: Concept
notation: 4019
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pilemia tigrina
type: Concept
notation: 4020
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phryganophilus ruficollis
type: Concept
notation: 4021
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Probaticus subrugosus
type: Concept
notation: 4022
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Propomacrus cypriacus
type: Concept
notation: 4023
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudogaurotina excellens
type: Concept
notation: 4024
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudoseriscius cameroni
type: Concept
notation: 4025
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhysodes sulcatus
type: Concept
notation: 4026
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arytrura musculus
type: Concept
notation: 4027
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Catopta thrips
type: Concept
notation: 4028
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrosoma fiduciarium
type: Concept
notation: 4029
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Colias myrmidone
type: Concept
notation: 4030
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cucullia mixta
type: Concept
notation: 4031
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dioszeghyana schmidtii
type: Concept
notation: 4032
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erannis ankeraria
type: Concept
notation: 4033
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Glyphipterix loricatella
type: Concept
notation: 4034
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gortyna borelii lunata
type: Concept
notation: 4035
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leptidea morsei
type: Concept
notation: 4036
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lignyoptera fumidaria
type: Concept
notation: 4037
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycaena helle
type: Concept
notation: 4038
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nymphalis vaualbum
type: Concept
notation: 4039
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phyllometra culminaria
type: Concept
notation: 4040
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Polymixis rufocincta isolata
type: Concept
notation: 4041
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Polyommatus eroides
type: Concept
notation: 4042
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudophilotes bavius
type: Concept
notation: 4043
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Xylomoia strix
type: Concept
notation: 4044
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coenagrion ornatum
type: Concept
notation: 4045
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cordulegaster heros
type: Concept
notation: 4046
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Brachytrupes megacephalus
type: Concept
notation: 4047
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isophya costata
type: Concept
notation: 4048
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isophya harzi
type: Concept
notation: 4049
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isophya stysi
type: Concept
notation: 4050
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myrmecophilus baronii
type: Concept
notation: 4051
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Odontopodisma rubripes
type: Concept
notation: 4052
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Paracaloptenus caloptenoides
type: Concept
notation: 4053
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pholidoptera transsylvanica
type: Concept
notation: 4054
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stenobothrus eurasius
type: Concept
notation: 4055
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anisus vorticulus
type: Concept
notation: 4056
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chilostoma banaticum
type: Concept
notation: 4057
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hygromia kovacsi
type: Concept
notation: 4059
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lampedusa imitatrix
type: Concept
notation: 4060
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lampedusa melitensis
type: Concept
notation: 4061
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Paladilhia hungarica
type: Concept
notation: 4062
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sadleriana pannonica
type: Concept
notation: 4063
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Theodoxus transversalis
type: Concept
notation: 4064
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Congeria kusceri
type: Concept
notation: 4065
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Asplenium adulterinum
type: Concept
notation: 4066
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Echium russicum
type: Concept
notation: 4067
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Adenophora lilifolia
type: Concept
notation: 4068
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula bohemica
type: Concept
notation: 4069
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula serrata
type: Concept
notation: 4070
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula zoysii
type: Concept
notation: 4071
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cerastium dinaricum
type: Concept
notation: 4072
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus arenarius subsp. bohemicus
type: Concept
notation: 4073
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus diutinus
type: Concept
notation: 4074
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus lumnitzeri
type: Concept
notation: 4075
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus moravicus
type: Concept
notation: 4076
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus plumarius subsp. regis-stephani
type: Concept
notation: 4077
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Moehringia villosa
type: Concept
notation: 4078
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cremnophyton lanfrancoi
type: Concept
notation: 4079
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea immanuelis-loewii
type: Concept
notation: 4080
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cirsium brachycephalum
type: Concept
notation: 4081
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crepis pusilla
type: Concept
notation: 4082
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helichrysum melitense
type: Concept
notation: 4083
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyoseris frutescens
type: Concept
notation: 4084
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Palaeocyanus crassifolius
type: Concept
notation: 4085
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saussurea alpina subsp. esthonica
type: Concept
notation: 4086
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Serratula lycopifolia
type: Concept
notation: 4087
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tephroseris longifolia subsp. moravica
type: Concept
notation: 4088
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arabis scopoliana
type: Concept
notation: 4089
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cochlearia tatrae
type: Concept
notation: 4090
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crambe tataria
type: Concept
notation: 4091
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elatine gussonei
type: Concept
notation: 4092
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhododendron luteum
type: Concept
notation: 4093
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gentianella bohemica
type: Concept
notation: 4094
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stipa zalesskii
type: Concept
notation: 4095
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gladiolus palustris
type: Concept
notation: 4096
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica
type: Concept
notation: 4097
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iris humilis subsp. arenaria
type: Concept
notation: 4098
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salvia veneris
type: Concept
notation: 4099
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scilla litardierei
type: Concept
notation: 4101
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anacamptis urvilleana
type: Concept
notation: 4102
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dactylorhiza kalopissii
type: Concept
notation: 4103
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Himantoglossum adriaticum
type: Concept
notation: 4104
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophrys melitensis
type: Concept
notation: 4105
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Orobanche densiflora
type: Concept
notation: 4106
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyclamen fatrense
type: Concept
notation: 4107
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Primula carniolica
type: Concept
notation: 4108
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aconitum firmum subsp. moravicum
type: Concept
notation: 4109
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. hungarica
type: Concept
notation: 4110
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pulsatilla subslavica
type: Concept
notation: 4111
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pyrus magyarica
type: Concept
notation: 4112
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galium sudeticum
type: Concept
notation: 4113
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria pseudolaxiflora
type: Concept
notation: 4114
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhinanthus osiliensis
type: Concept
notation: 4115
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tozzia carpathica
type: Concept
notation: 4116
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hladnikia pastinacifolia
type: Concept
notation: 4117
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Seseli leucospermum
type: Concept
notation: 4118
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ochyraea tatrensis
type: Concept
notation: 4119
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera ursinii rakosiensis
type: Concept
notation: 4121
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Poa granitica subsp. disparilis
type: Concept
notation: 4122
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eudontomyzon danfordi
type: Concept
notation: 4123
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa agone
type: Concept
notation: 4124
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa immaculata
type: Concept
notation: 4125
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa maeotica
type: Concept
notation: 4126
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa tanaica
type: Concept
notation: 4127
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis alcathoe
type: Concept
notation: 5003
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis aurascens
type: Concept
notation: 5004
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis punicus
type: Concept
notation: 5005
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis schaubi
type: Concept
notation: 5006
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pipistrellus pygmaeus
type: Concept
notation: 5009
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plecotus alpinus
type: Concept
notation: 5010
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plecotus kolombatovici
type: Concept
notation: 5011
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plecotus macrobullaris
type: Concept
notation: 5012
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plecotus sardus
type: Concept
notation: 5013
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plecotus teneriffae
type: Concept
notation: 5014
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoca groenlandica
type: Concept
notation: 5018
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Balaenoptera musculus
type: Concept
notation: 5020
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Feresa attenuata
type: Concept
notation: 5022
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagenodelphis hosei
type: Concept
notation: 5023
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delphinapterus leucas
type: Concept
notation: 5029
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Physeter catodon
type: Concept
notation: 5031
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyperoodon ampullatus
type: Concept
notation: 5033
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mesoplodon europaeus
type: Concept
notation: 5034
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta vivipara pannonica
type: Concept
notation: 5037
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii
type: Concept
notation: 5040
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acipenser nudiventris
type: Concept
notation: 5041
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acipenser oxyrinchus
type: Concept
notation: 5042
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa algeriensis
type: Concept
notation: 5044
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa killarnensis
type: Concept
notation: 5046
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa vistonica
type: Concept
notation: 5048
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus arenicolus
type: Concept
notation: 5050
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus atterensis
type: Concept
notation: 5051
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus austriacus
type: Concept
notation: 5052
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus autumnalis autumnalis
type: Concept
notation: 5053
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus bavaricus
type: Concept
notation: 5054
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus bezola
type: Concept
notation: 5055
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus candidus
type: Concept
notation: 5056
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus clupeoides
type: Concept
notation: 5057
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus danneri
type: Concept
notation: 5058
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus duplex
type: Concept
notation: 5059
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus fontanae
type: Concept
notation: 5060
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus gutturosus
type: Concept
notation: 5061
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus hiemalis
type: Concept
notation: 5062
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus hoferi
type: Concept
notation: 5063
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus kiletz
type: Concept
notation: 5064
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus lucinensis
type: Concept
notation: 5066
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus macrophthalmus
type: Concept
notation: 5067
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus maraena
type: Concept
notation: 5068
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus maraenoides
type: Concept
notation: 5069
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus maxillaris
type: Concept
notation: 5070
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus megalops
type: Concept
notation: 5071
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus muksun
type: Concept
notation: 5072
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus nilssoni
type: Concept
notation: 5073
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus pallasii
type: Concept
notation: 5074
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus pennantii
type: Concept
notation: 5075
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus pollan
type: Concept
notation: 5076
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus renke
type: Concept
notation: 5077
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus stigmaticus
type: Concept
notation: 5079
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus trybomi
type: Concept
notation: 5080
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus vandesius
type: Concept
notation: 5081
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus vessicus
type: Concept
notation: 5082
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus wartmanni
type: Concept
notation: 5083
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus widegreni
type: Concept
notation: 5084
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus barbus
type: Concept
notation: 5085
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus caninus
type: Concept
notation: 5086
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus carottae
type: Concept
notation: 5087
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus cyclolepis
type: Concept
notation: 5088
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus euboicus
type: Concept
notation: 5089
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus graecus
type: Concept
notation: 5090
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus graellsii
type: Concept
notation: 5091
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus guiraonis
type: Concept
notation: 5092
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus macedonicus
type: Concept
notation: 5093
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus peloponnesius
type: Concept
notation: 5094
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus prespensis
type: Concept
notation: 5095
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus tyberinus
type: Concept
notation: 5097
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoxinellus epiroticus
type: Concept
notation: 5098
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus pleurobipunctatus
type: Concept
notation: 5099
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoxinellus prespensis
type: Concept
notation: 5100
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Theodoxus prevostianus
type: Concept
notation: 5102
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycopodium annotinum
type: Concept
notation: 5104
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycopodium clavatum
type: Concept
notation: 5105
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycopodium zeilleri
type: Concept
notation: 5107
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rupicapra pyrenaica
type: Concept
notation: 5178
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta bilineata
type: Concept
notation: 5179
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus albanicus
type: Concept
notation: 5180
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma almacai
type: Concept
notation: 5181
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma duriense
type: Concept
notation: 5182
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasiastrum alpinum
type: Concept
notation: 5183
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasiastrum complanatum
type: Concept
notation: 5184
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasiastrum madeirense
type: Concept
notation: 5185
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasiastrum oellgaardii
type: Concept
notation: 5186
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasiastrum tristachyum
type: Concept
notation: 5187
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Huperzia dentata
type: Concept
notation: 5188
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Huperzia selago
type: Concept
notation: 5189
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycopodiella cernua
type: Concept
notation: 5190
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycopodiella inundata
type: Concept
notation: 5191
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus juncifolius
type: Concept
notation: 5192
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elaphe sauromates
type: Concept
notation: 5194
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aphanius baeticus
type: Concept
notation: 5196
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sabanejewia balcanica
type: Concept
notation: 5197
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasiastrum issleri
type: Concept
notation: 5198
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Huperzia suberecta
type: Concept
notation: 5199
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum angustifolium
type: Concept
notation: 5200
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum cuspidatum
type: Concept
notation: 5201
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum lescurii
type: Concept
notation: 5202
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia arbuscula
type: Concept
notation: 5203
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia ciliata
type: Concept
notation: 5204
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia mediterranea
type: Concept
notation: 5205
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia mitis
type: Concept
notation: 5206
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia portentosa
type: Concept
notation: 5207
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia rangiferina
type: Concept
notation: 5208
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia stellaris
type: Concept
notation: 5209
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia stygia
type: Concept
notation: 5210
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum affine
type: Concept
notation: 5211
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum angermanicum
type: Concept
notation: 5212
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum austinii
type: Concept
notation: 5213
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum balticum
type: Concept
notation: 5214
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum capillifolium
type: Concept
notation: 5215
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum centrale
type: Concept
notation: 5216
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum compactum
type: Concept
notation: 5217
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum contortum
type: Concept
notation: 5218
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum denticulatum
type: Concept
notation: 5219
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum fallax
type: Concept
notation: 5220
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum fimbriatum
type: Concept
notation: 5221
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum flexuosum
type: Concept
notation: 5222
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum fuscum
type: Concept
notation: 5223
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum girgensohnii
type: Concept
notation: 5224
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum lindbergii
type: Concept
notation: 5225
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum magellanicum
type: Concept
notation: 5226
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum majus
type: Concept
notation: 5227
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum molle
type: Concept
notation: 5228
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum obtusum
type: Concept
notation: 5229
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum palustre
type: Concept
notation: 5230
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum papillosum
type: Concept
notation: 5231
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum platyphyllum
type: Concept
notation: 5232
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum pulchrum
type: Concept
notation: 5233
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum quinquefarium
type: Concept
notation: 5234
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum riparium
type: Concept
notation: 5235
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum rubellum
type: Concept
notation: 5236
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum russowii
type: Concept
notation: 5237
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum squarrosum
type: Concept
notation: 5238
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum subnitens
type: Concept
notation: 5239
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum subsecundum
type: Concept
notation: 5240
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum tenellum
type: Concept
notation: 5241
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum teres
type: Concept
notation: 5242
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum warnstorfii
type: Concept
notation: 5243
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum wulfianum
type: Concept
notation: 5244
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycopodium cernuum
type: Concept
notation: 5245
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepidotis inundata
type: Concept
notation: 5246
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasium alpinum
type: Concept
notation: 5248
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasium complanatum
type: Concept
notation: 5249
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasium issleri
type: Concept
notation: 5250
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diphasium tristachyum
type: Concept
notation: 5252
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pipistrellus hanaki
type: Concept
notation: 5253
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus pergamonensis
type: Concept
notation: 5254
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus rebeli
type: Concept
notation: 5255
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus sperchiensis
type: Concept
notation: 5256
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberolacerta aranica
type: Concept
notation: 5257
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberolacerta aurelioi
type: Concept
notation: 5258
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberolacerta bonnali
type: Concept
notation: 5259
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eudontomyzon graecus
type: Concept
notation: 5260
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus balcanicus
type: Concept
notation: 5261
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus haasi
type: Concept
notation: 5262
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus strumicae
type: Concept
notation: 5263
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus carpathicus
type: Concept
notation: 5264
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus bergi
type: Concept
notation: 5265
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus petenyi
type: Concept
notation: 5266
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbus waleckii
type: Concept
notation: 5267
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus volviticus
type: Concept
notation: 5268
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus vistonicus
type: Concept
notation: 5269
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma turiense
type: Concept
notation: 5270
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma arrigonis
type: Concept
notation: 5271
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma miegii
type: Concept
notation: 5272
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus holsatus
type: Concept
notation: 5273
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta aranica
type: Concept
notation: 5274
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta aurelioi
type: Concept
notation: 5275
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aphanius almiriensis
type: Concept
notation: 5276
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eptesicus isabellinus
type: Concept
notation: 5277
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis escalerai
type: Concept
notation: 5278
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelasgus thesproticus
type: Concept
notation: 5279
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus albanicus
type: Concept
notation: 5280
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus bocagei
type: Concept
notation: 5281
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus graecus
type: Concept
notation: 5282
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus graellsii
type: Concept
notation: 5283
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus guiraonis
type: Concept
notation: 5284
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus microcephalus
type: Concept
notation: 5285
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus sclateri
type: Concept
notation: 5286
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus steindachneri
type: Concept
notation: 5287
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus mandrensis
type: Concept
notation: 5288
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus mento
type: Concept
notation: 5289
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus schischkovi
type: Concept
notation: 5290
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus sarmaticus
type: Concept
notation: 5291
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parachondrostoma miegii
type: Concept
notation: 5292
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parachondrostoma turiense
type: Concept
notation: 5293
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parachondrostoma arrigonis
type: Concept
notation: 5294
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberochondrostoma almacai
type: Concept
notation: 5295
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudochondrostoma duriense
type: Concept
notation: 5296
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis elongatoides
type: Concept
notation: 5297
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis tanaitica
type: Concept
notation: 5298
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis strumicae
type: Concept
notation: 5299
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis pontica
type: Concept
notation: 5300
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis vettonica
type: Concept
notation: 5301
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis paludica
type: Concept
notation: 5302
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis calderoni
type: Concept
notation: 5303
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis bilineata
type: Concept
notation: 5304
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis zanandreai
type: Concept
notation: 5305
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis punctilineata
type: Concept
notation: 5306
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis stephanidisi
type: Concept
notation: 5307
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis ohridana
type: Concept
notation: 5308
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis vardarensis
type: Concept
notation: 5309
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis meridionalis
type: Concept
notation: 5310
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis puncticulata
type: Concept
notation: 5311
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis arachthosensis
type: Concept
notation: 5312
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis hellenica
type: Concept
notation: 5313
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus rondeleti
type: Concept
notation: 5314
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus perifretum
type: Concept
notation: 5315
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus duranii
type: Concept
notation: 5316
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus hispaniolensis
type: Concept
notation: 5317
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus aturi
type: Concept
notation: 5318
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus koshewnikowi
type: Concept
notation: 5319
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus microstomus
type: Concept
notation: 5320
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus scaturigo
type: Concept
notation: 5321
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus haemusi
type: Concept
notation: 5322
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus transsilvaniae
type: Concept
notation: 5323
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus metae
type: Concept
notation: 5324
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus rhenanus
type: Concept
notation: 5325
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cottus sabaudicus
type: Concept
notation: 5326
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Romanogobio banaticus
type: Concept
notation: 5327
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Romanogobio belingi
type: Concept
notation: 5328
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Romanogobio vladykovi
type: Concept
notation: 5329
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Romanogobio elimeius
type: Concept
notation: 5330
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telestes muticellus
type: Concept
notation: 5331
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius keadicus
type: Concept
notation: 5332
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelasgus stymphalicus
type: Concept
notation: 5333
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telestes pleurobipunctatus
type: Concept
notation: 5334
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telestes beoticus
type: Concept
notation: 5335
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelasgus marathonicus
type: Concept
notation: 5336
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Economidichthys pygmaeus
type: Concept
notation: 5337
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Economidichthys trichonis
type: Concept
notation: 5338
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhodeus amarus
type: Concept
notation: 5339
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhodeus meridionalis
type: Concept
notation: 5340
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tropidophoxinellus hellenicus
type: Concept
notation: 5341
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus prespensis
type: Concept
notation: 5342
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus ylikiensis
type: Concept
notation: 5343
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus panosi
type: Concept
notation: 5344
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus virgo
type: Concept
notation: 5345
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sabanejewia vallachica
type: Concept
notation: 5346
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sabanejewia bulgarica
type: Concept
notation: 5347
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sabanejewia baltica
type: Concept
notation: 5348
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo cetti
type: Concept
notation: 5349
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo farioides
type: Concept
notation: 5350
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo dentex
type: Concept
notation: 5351
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo louroensis
type: Concept
notation: 5352
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo macedonicus
type: Concept
notation: 5353
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo pelagonicus
type: Concept
notation: 5354
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo peristericus
type: Concept
notation: 5355
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zingel balcanicus
type: Concept
notation: 5356
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bombina pachypus
type: Concept
notation: 5357
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyla intermedia
type: Concept
notation: 5358
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lyciasalamandra helverseni
type: Concept
notation: 5359
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana bedriagae
type: Concept
notation: 5360
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana cretensis
type: Concept
notation: 5361
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana cerigensis
type: Concept
notation: 5362
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana kurtmuelleri
type: Concept
notation: 5363
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus macedonicus
type: Concept
notation: 5364
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hypsugo savii
type: Concept
notation: 5365
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis escalarai
type: Concept
notation: 5366
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandrina perspicillata
type: Concept
notation: 5367
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chamaeleo africanus
type: Concept
notation: 5368
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zamenis lineatus
type: Concept
notation: 5369
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emys trinacris
type: Concept
notation: 5370
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberolacerta monticola
type: Concept
notation: 5371
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anatololacerta oertzeni
type: Concept
notation: 5372
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anatololacerta anatolica
type: Concept
notation: 5373
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis cretensis
type: Concept
notation: 5375
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis levendis
type: Concept
notation: 5376
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carabus (variolosus) nodulosus
type: Concept
notation: 5377
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Osmoderma barnabita
type: Concept
notation: 5378
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Osmoderma lassallei
type: Concept
notation: 5379
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Osmoderma cristinae
type: Concept
notation: 5380
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Osmoderma italicum
type: Concept
notation: 5381
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Unio tumidiformis
type: Concept
notation: 5382
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum subfulvum
type: Concept
notation: 5383
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum viride
type: Concept
notation: 5384
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum tundrae
type: Concept
notation: 5385
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum troendelagicum
type: Concept
notation: 5386
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum subtile
type: Concept
notation: 5387
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum strictum
type: Concept
notation: 5388
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum steerei
type: Concept
notation: 5389
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum skyense
type: Concept
notation: 5390
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum rubiginosum
type: Concept
notation: 5391
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum recurvum
type: Concept
notation: 5392
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum perfoliatum
type: Concept
notation: 5393
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum pappeanum
type: Concept
notation: 5394
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum orientale
type: Concept
notation: 5395
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum olafii
type: Concept
notation: 5396
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum nitidum
type: Concept
notation: 5397
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum annulatum
type: Concept
notation: 5398
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum nitidulum
type: Concept
notation: 5399
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum andersonianum
type: Concept
notation: 5400
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum aongstroemii
type: Concept
notation: 5401
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum arcticum
type: Concept
notation: 5402
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum bartlettianum
type: Concept
notation: 5403
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum brevifolium
type: Concept
notation: 5404
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum isoviitae
type: Concept
notation: 5405
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum jensenii
type: Concept
notation: 5406
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum lenense
type: Concept
notation: 5407
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum tenerum
type: Concept
notation: 5408
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum auriculatum
type: Concept
notation: 5409
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum fimbriatum subsp. concinnum
type: Concept
notation: 5410
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum fimbriatum subsp. fimbriatum
type: Concept
notation: 5411
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum majus subsp. majus
type: Concept
notation: 5412
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum majus subsp. norvegicum
type: Concept
notation: 5413
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum subfulvum subsp. purpureum
type: Concept
notation: 5414
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum subfulvum subsp. subfulvum
type: Concept
notation: 5415
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum subnitens subsp. ferrugineum
type: Concept
notation: 5416
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphagnum subnitens subsp. subnitens
type: Concept
notation: 5417
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cornutoradiata
type: Concept
notation: 5418
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia coccifera
type: Concept
notation: 5421
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia coniocraea
type: Concept
notation: 5422
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia conista
type: Concept
notation: 5423
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia conspicua
type: Concept
notation: 5424
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia convoluta
type: Concept
notation: 5425
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cyathomorpha
type: Concept
notation: 5426
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cornuta subsp. groenlandica
type: Concept
notation: 5427
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia chlorophaea
type: Concept
notation: 5428
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia crispata
type: Concept
notation: 5430
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cryptochlorophaea
type: Concept
notation: 5433
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cyanipes
type: Concept
notation: 5434
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia amaurocraea
type: Concept
notation: 5435
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cornuta
type: Concept
notation: 5436
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia borealis
type: Concept
notation: 5437
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia acuminata
type: Concept
notation: 5438
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia alcicornis
type: Concept
notation: 5439
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia digitata
type: Concept
notation: 5440
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia arbuscula subsp. arbuscula
type: Concept
notation: 5441
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia deformis
type: Concept
notation: 5442
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia arbuscula subsp. squarrosa
type: Concept
notation: 5443
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia asahinae
type: Concept
notation: 5444
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia bacillaris
type: Concept
notation: 5445
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia arbuscula subsp. mitis
type: Concept
notation: 5446
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia bellidiflora
type: Concept
notation: 5447
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata
type: Concept
notation: 5448
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia botrytes
type: Concept
notation: 5449
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia brevis
type: Concept
notation: 5450
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia caespiticia
type: Concept
notation: 5451
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cariosa
type: Concept
notation: 5452
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia carneola
type: Concept
notation: 5453
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cenotea
type: Concept
notation: 5454
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cervicornis
type: Concept
notation: 5455
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia cervicornis subsp. pulvinata
type: Concept
notation: 5456
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia bacilliformis
type: Concept
notation: 5457
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia pulvinella
type: Concept
notation: 5458
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia phyllophora
type: Concept
notation: 5459
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia squamosa
type: Concept
notation: 5460
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia scabriuscula
type: Concept
notation: 5461
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia rei
type: Concept
notation: 5462
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia rangiformis
type: Concept
notation: 5463
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia rangiferina f. pumila
type: Concept
notation: 5464
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia strepsilis
type: Concept
notation: 5465
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia pyxidata
type: Concept
notation: 5466
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia pseudopityrea
type: Concept
notation: 5468
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia prolifica
type: Concept
notation: 5469
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia polydactyla
type: Concept
notation: 5470
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia polycarpoides
type: Concept
notation: 5471
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia pocillum
type: Concept
notation: 5472
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia pleurota
type: Concept
notation: 5473
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia decorticata
type: Concept
notation: 5474
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia ramulosa
type: Concept
notation: 5475
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia sulphurina
type: Concept
notation: 5476
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia zopfii
type: Concept
notation: 5477
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia verticillata
type: Concept
notation: 5478
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia uncialis subsp. biuncialis
type: Concept
notation: 5480
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia uncialis
type: Concept
notation: 5481
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia symphycarpia
type: Concept
notation: 5484
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia peziziformis
type: Concept
notation: 5485
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia subulata
type: Concept
notation: 5486
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia subturgida
type: Concept
notation: 5487
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia subrangiformis
type: Concept
notation: 5488
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia subfurcata
type: Concept
notation: 5489
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia subcervicornis
type: Concept
notation: 5490
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia subcariosa
type: Concept
notation: 5491
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia turgida
type: Concept
notation: 5493
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia furcata
type: Concept
notation: 5494
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia incrassata
type: Concept
notation: 5495
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia iberica
type: Concept
notation: 5496
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia humilis
type: Concept
notation: 5497
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia homosekikaica
type: Concept
notation: 5498
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia grayi
type: Concept
notation: 5499
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia gracilis subsp. turbinata
type: Concept
notation: 5500
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia gracilis subsp. gracilis
type: Concept
notation: 5501
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia pityrea
type: Concept
notation: 5502
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia glauca
type: Concept
notation: 5503
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia macilenta subsp. floerkeana
type: Concept
notation: 5504
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia foliacea
type: Concept
notation: 5505
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia floerkeana
type: Concept
notation: 5506
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia firma
type: Concept
notation: 5507
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia fimbriata
type: Concept
notation: 5508
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia ecmocyna
type: Concept
notation: 5509
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia diversa
type: Concept
notation: 5510
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia dimorpha
type: Concept
notation: 5511
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia gracilis subsp. elongata
type: Concept
notation: 5512
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia parasitica
type: Concept
notation: 5514
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia ochrochlora
type: Concept
notation: 5515
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia novochlorophaea
type: Concept
notation: 5516
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia norvegica
type: Concept
notation: 5517
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia monomorpha
type: Concept
notation: 5518
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia luteoalba
type: Concept
notation: 5519
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia macilenta
type: Concept
notation: 5521
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia merochlorophaea
type: Concept
notation: 5522
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia maxima
type: Concept
notation: 5523
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia major
type: Concept
notation: 5524
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia magyarica
type: Concept
notation: 5525
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia macrophyllodes
type: Concept
notation: 5526
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia macrophylla
type: Concept
notation: 5527
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cladonia macroceras
type: Concept
notation: 5528
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis filfolensis filfolensis
type: Concept
notation: 5530
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis filfolensis generalensis
type: Concept
notation: 5531
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis filfolensis kieselbachi
type: Concept
notation: 5532
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis filfolensis maltensis
type: Concept
notation: 5533
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Abramis brama
type: Concept
notation: 5534
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acanthodactylus schreiberi
type: Concept
notation: 5535
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acanthurus monroviae
type: Concept
notation: 5536
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acomys nesiotes
type: Concept
notation: 5537
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aidablennius sphynx
type: Concept
notation: 5538
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus alburnus
type: Concept
notation: 5539
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus macedonicus
type: Concept
notation: 5540
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alepocephalus bairdii
type: Concept
notation: 5541
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa caspia caspia
type: Concept
notation: 5542
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ammodytes tobianus
type: Concept
notation: 5543
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthias anthias
type: Concept
notation: 5544
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aphanopus carbo
type: Concept
notation: 5545
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aphia minuta
type: Concept
notation: 5546
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apodemus agrarius
type: Concept
notation: 5547
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apodemus alpicola
type: Concept
notation: 5548
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apodemus flavicollis
type: Concept
notation: 5549
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apodemus microps
type: Concept
notation: 5550
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apodemus sylvaticus
type: Concept
notation: 5551
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apodemus uralensis
type: Concept
notation: 5552
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apogon imberbis
type: Concept
notation: 5553
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apterichtus anguiformis
type: Concept
notation: 5554
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apterichtus caecus
type: Concept
notation: 5555
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Argyropelecus hemigymnus
type: Concept
notation: 5556
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Argyrosomus regius
type: Concept
notation: 5557
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arnoglossus kessleri
type: Concept
notation: 5558
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arvicola amphibius
type: Concept
notation: 5559
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arvicola sapidus
type: Concept
notation: 5560
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Atelerix algirus algirus
type: Concept
notation: 5561
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Atherina boyeri
type: Concept
notation: 5562
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Atherina presbyter
type: Concept
notation: 5563
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbastella barbastellus guanchae
type: Concept
notation: 5564
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbatula barbatula
type: Concept
notation: 5565
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bathypterois dubius
type: Concept
notation: 5566
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bathysolea profundicola
type: Concept
notation: 5567
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Belone belone
type: Concept
notation: 5568
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Belone belone belone
type: Concept
notation: 5569
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Beryx decadactylus
type: Concept
notation: 5570
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Beryx splendens
type: Concept
notation: 5571
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Blanus tingitanus
type: Concept
notation: 5572
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bombina bombina x variegata
type: Concept
notation: 5573
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufo bufo spinosus
type: Concept
notation: 5574
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufo mauritanicus
type: Concept
notation: 5575
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Callionymus fasciatus
type: Concept
notation: 5576
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Callionymus lyra
type: Concept
notation: 5577
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Callionymus reticulatus
type: Concept
notation: 5578
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Callionymus risso
type: Concept
notation: 5579
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra aegagrus cretica
type: Concept
notation: 5580
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra pyrenaica hispanica
type: Concept
notation: 5581
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra pyrenaica victoriae
type: Concept
notation: 5582
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carassius auratus
type: Concept
notation: 5583
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carassius auratus auratus
type: Concept
notation: 5584
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carassius carassius
type: Concept
notation: 5585
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carassius gibelio
type: Concept
notation: 5586
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Castor canadensis
type: Concept
notation: 5587
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cataetyx laticeps
type: Concept
notation: 5588
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centrolabrus exoletus
type: Concept
notation: 5589
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centroscymnus coelolepis
type: Concept
notation: 5590
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cervus nippon
type: Concept
notation: 5591
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides colosii
type: Concept
notation: 5592
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides mauritanicus
type: Concept
notation: 5593
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides pseudostriatus
type: Concept
notation: 5594
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides striatus
type: Concept
notation: 5595
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides viridanus coeruleopunctatus
type: Concept
notation: 5596
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chamaeleo chamaeleon chamaeleon
type: Concept
notation: 5597
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chamaeleo chamaeleon recticrista
type: Concept
notation: 5598
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chelon labrosus
type: Concept
notation: 5599
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chiasmodon niger
type: Concept
notation: 5600
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chilomycterus atringa
type: Concept
notation: 5601
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chimaera monstrosa
type: Concept
notation: 5602
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chionomys nivalis
type: Concept
notation: 5603
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chirolophis ascanii
type: Concept
notation: 5604
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma vardarense
type: Concept
notation: 5605
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Clethrionomys glareolus
type: Concept
notation: 5606
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Clupea harengus
type: Concept
notation: 5607
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Clupeonella cultriventris
type: Concept
notation: 5608
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber hippocrepis nigrescens
type: Concept
notation: 5609
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coluber viridiflavus carbonarius
type: Concept
notation: 5610
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coris julis
type: Concept
notation: 5611
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coronella austriaca austriaca
type: Concept
notation: 5612
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coryphaenoides rupestris
type: Concept
notation: 5613
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coryphoblennius galerita
type: Concept
notation: 5614
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cricetulus migratorius
type: Concept
notation: 5615
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura sicula calypso
type: Concept
notation: 5616
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyprinus carpio
type: Concept
notation: 5617
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyprinus carpio carpio
type: Concept
notation: 5618
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dalatias licha
type: Concept
notation: 5620
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dasyatis centroura
type: Concept
notation: 5621
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dasyatis pastinaca
type: Concept
notation: 5622
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Deania calcea
type: Concept
notation: 5623
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Deania profundorum
type: Concept
notation: 5624
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dicentrarchus labrax
type: Concept
notation: 5625
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dicentrarchus punctatus
type: Concept
notation: 5626
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diodon hystrix
type: Concept
notation: 5627
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplodus annularis
type: Concept
notation: 5628
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplodus bellottii
type: Concept
notation: 5629
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplodus sargus sargus
type: Concept
notation: 5630
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplodus vulgaris
type: Concept
notation: 5631
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dipturus batis
type: Concept
notation: 5632
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Echelus myrus
type: Concept
notation: 5633
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Echiichthys vipera
type: Concept
notation: 5634
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Engraulis encrasicolus
type: Concept
notation: 5635
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Entelurus aequoreus
type: Concept
notation: 5636
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Epigonus telescopus
type: Concept
notation: 5637
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Epinephelus aeneus
type: Concept
notation: 5638
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erinaceus concolor
type: Concept
notation: 5639
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erinaceus concolor concolor
type: Concept
notation: 5640
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erinaceus roumanicus
type: Concept
notation: 5641
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Esox lucius
type: Concept
notation: 5642
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Esox reichertii
type: Concept
notation: 5643
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Etmopterus princeps
type: Concept
notation: 5644
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Etmopterus spinax
type: Concept
notation: 5645
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eumeces algeriensis
type: Concept
notation: 5646
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fundulus heteroclitus
type: Concept
notation: 5647
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gadiculus argenteus
type: Concept
notation: 5648
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gaidropsarus mediterraneus
type: Concept
notation: 5649
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gaidropsarus vulgaris
type: Concept
notation: 5650
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galeus melastomus
type: Concept
notation: 5651
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallotia caesaris gomerae
type: Concept
notation: 5652
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gambusia affinis
type: Concept
notation: 5653
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gambusia holbrooki
type: Concept
notation: 5654
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gasterosteus aculeatus
type: Concept
notation: 5655
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobio gobio
type: Concept
notation: 5656
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius cobitis
type: Concept
notation: 5657
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius couchi
type: Concept
notation: 5658
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius cruentatus
type: Concept
notation: 5659
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius geniporus
type: Concept
notation: 5660
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius paganellus
type: Concept
notation: 5661
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gymnammodytes cicerelus
type: Concept
notation: 5662
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gymnothorax miliaris
type: Concept
notation: 5663
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Halobatrachus didactylus
type: Concept
notation: 5664
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helicolenus dactylopterus
type: Concept
notation: 5665
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus
type: Concept
notation: 5666
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hemiechinus auritus
type: Concept
notation: 5667
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hemorrhois hippocrepis
type: Concept
notation: 5668
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hierophis gemonensis
type: Concept
notation: 5669
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hierophis viridiflavus
type: Concept
notation: 5670
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hippocampus guttulatus
type: Concept
notation: 5671
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hoplostethus atlanticus
type: Concept
notation: 5672
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hoplostethus mediterraneus
type: Concept
notation: 5673
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydrolagus mirabilis
type: Concept
notation: 5674
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydrolagus pallidus
type: Concept
notation: 5675
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberolacerta horvathi
type: Concept
notation: 5676
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Knipowitschia punctatissima
type: Concept
notation: 5677
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Labrus merula
type: Concept
notation: 5678
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta laevis troodica
type: Concept
notation: 5679
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta vivipara carniolica
type: Concept
notation: 5680
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lampanyctus crocodilus
type: Concept
notation: 5681
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Laudakia stellio cypriaca
type: Concept
notation: 5682
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lemniscomys barbarus
type: Concept
notation: 5683
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepidion eques
type: Concept
notation: 5684
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepidion schmidti
type: Concept
notation: 5685
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepidorhombus boscii
type: Concept
notation: 5686
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepomis gibbosus
type: Concept
notation: 5687
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus castroviejoi
type: Concept
notation: 5688
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus corsicanus
type: Concept
notation: 5689
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus europaeus
type: Concept
notation: 5690
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus granatensis
type: Concept
notation: 5691
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus timidus hibernicus
type: Concept
notation: 5692
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus timidus hibrenicus
type: Concept
notation: 5693
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus timidus varronis
type: Concept
notation: 5694
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lesueurigobius friesii
type: Concept
notation: 5695
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus idus
type: Concept
notation: 5696
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus leuciscus
type: Concept
notation: 5697
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leucoraja circularis
type: Concept
notation: 5698
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lichia amia
type: Concept
notation: 5699
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Liparis montagui
type: Concept
notation: 5700
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lissotriton boscai
type: Concept
notation: 5701
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lissotriton montadoni
type: Concept
notation: 5702
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Liza aurata
type: Concept
notation: 5703
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Liza ramada
type: Concept
notation: 5704
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Liza saliens
type: Concept
notation: 5705
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lobotes surinamensis
type: Concept
notation: 5706
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lophius piscatorius
type: Concept
notation: 5707
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lota lota
type: Concept
notation: 5708
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Macroprotodon brevis
type: Concept
notation: 5709
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Macrovipera lebetina
type: Concept
notation: 5710
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Malacocephalus laevis
type: Concept
notation: 5711
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marmota marmota marmota
type: Concept
notation: 5712
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Martes martes minoricensis
type: Concept
notation: 5713
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Meles meles arcalus
type: Concept
notation: 5714
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Merluccius merluccius
type: Concept
notation: 5715
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mesogobius batrachocephalus
type: Concept
notation: 5716
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Micromesistius poutassou
type: Concept
notation: 5717
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Micromys minutus
type: Concept
notation: 5718
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Micropterus salmoides
type: Concept
notation: 5719
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus agrestis
type: Concept
notation: 5720
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus arvalis
type: Concept
notation: 5721
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus duodecincostatus
type: Concept
notation: 5722
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus gerbei
type: Concept
notation: 5723
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus guentheri
type: Concept
notation: 5724
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus liechtensteini
type: Concept
notation: 5725
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus lusitanicus
type: Concept
notation: 5726
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus multiplex
type: Concept
notation: 5727
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus savii
type: Concept
notation: 5728
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus subterraneus
type: Concept
notation: 5729
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Millerigobius macrocephalus
type: Concept
notation: 5730
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mola mola
type: Concept
notation: 5731
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Molva dipterygia
type: Concept
notation: 5732
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mora moro
type: Concept
notation: 5733
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mugil cephalus
type: Concept
notation: 5734
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mullus barbatus
type: Concept
notation: 5735
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Muraena helena
type: Concept
notation: 5736
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mus cypriacus
type: Concept
notation: 5737
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mus musculus
type: Concept
notation: 5738
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mus spicilegus
type: Concept
notation: 5739
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mus spretus
type: Concept
notation: 5740
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela erminea aestiva
type: Concept
notation: 5741
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela erminea hibernica
type: Concept
notation: 5742
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela putorius putorius
type: Concept
notation: 5743
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustelus mustelus
type: Concept
notation: 5744
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mycteroperca fusca
type: Concept
notation: 5745
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mycteroperca rubra
type: Concept
notation: 5746
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myocastor coypus
type: Concept
notation: 5747
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myopus schisticolor
type: Concept
notation: 5748
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis blythii omari
type: Concept
notation: 5749
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myotis capaccinii capaccinii
type: Concept
notation: 5750
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myrichthys pardalis
type: Concept
notation: 5751
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nannospalax leucodon
type: Concept
notation: 5752
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix natrix cettii
type: Concept
notation: 5753
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix natrix helvetica
type: Concept
notation: 5754
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix natrix persa
type: Concept
notation: 5755
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix natrix sicula
type: Concept
notation: 5756
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Natrix sp.
type: Concept
notation: 5757
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neogobius fluviatilis
type: Concept
notation: 5758
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neogobius melanostomus
type: Concept
notation: 5759
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nerophis maculatus
type: Concept
notation: 5760
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nerophis ophidion
type: Concept
notation: 5761
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nezumia sclerorhynchus
type: Concept
notation: 5762
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nyctalus leisleri leisleri
type: Concept
notation: 5763
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nyctalus leisleri verrucosus
type: Concept
notation: 5764
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nyctalus noctua
type: Concept
notation: 5765
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nyctereutes procyonoides
type: Concept
notation: 5766
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oblada melanura
type: Concept
notation: 5767
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oncorhynchus mykiss
type: Concept
notation: 5768
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ondatra zibethicus
type: Concept
notation: 5769
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Opeatogenys gracilis
type: Concept
notation: 5770
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophidion rochei
type: Concept
notation: 5771
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophisops elegans schlueteri
type: Concept
notation: 5772
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oryctolagus cuniculus
type: Concept
notation: 5773
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Osmerus eperlanus
type: Concept
notation: 5774
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ovis aries
type: Concept
notation: 5775
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oxynoemacheilus bureschi
type: Concept
notation: 5776
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Padogobius martensii
type: Concept
notation: 5777
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parablennius gattorugine
type: Concept
notation: 5778
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parablennius ruber
type: Concept
notation: 5779
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parablennius tentacularis
type: Concept
notation: 5780
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pegusa lascaris
type: Concept
notation: 5781
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelobates syriacus balcanicus
type: Concept
notation: 5782
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Perca fluviatilis
type: Concept
notation: 5783
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petroleuciscus borysthenicus
type: Concept
notation: 5784
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoxinus phoxinus
type: Concept
notation: 5785
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phycis blennoides
type: Concept
notation: 5786
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pitymys savii
type: Concept
notation: 5787
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Platichthys flesus
type: Concept
notation: 5788
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plecotus auritus auritus
type: Concept
notation: 5789
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pleuronectes platessa
type: Concept
notation: 5790
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis atrata
type: Concept
notation: 5791
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis erhardii leukaorii
type: Concept
notation: 5792
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis filfolensis laurentiimuelleri
type: Concept
notation: 5793
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis muralis rasquinetti
type: Concept
notation: 5794
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis raffoneae
type: Concept
notation: 5795
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis raffonei antoninoi
type: Concept
notation: 5796
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis raffonei raffonei
type: Concept
notation: 5797
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis tiliguerta tiliguerta
type: Concept
notation: 5798
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pollachius pollachius
type: Concept
notation: 5799
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Polyacanthonotus rissoanus
type: Concept
notation: 5800
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pomadasys incisus
type: Concept
notation: 5801
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pomatomus saltatrix
type: Concept
notation: 5802
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pomatoschistus marmoratus
type: Concept
notation: 5803
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pomatoschistus pictus
type: Concept
notation: 5804
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Psammodromus hispanicus edwarsianus
type: Concept
notation: 5805
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Psetta maxima
type: Concept
notation: 5806
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudorasbora parva
type: Concept
notation: 5807
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pungitius platygaster
type: Concept
notation: 5808
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pungitius pungitius
type: Concept
notation: 5809
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Raja clavata
type: Concept
notation: 5810
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana arvalis arvalis
type: Concept
notation: 5811
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana arvalis wolterstorffi
type: Concept
notation: 5812
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana pyrenaica
type: Concept
notation: 5813
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rana saharica
type: Concept
notation: 5814
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rattus norvegicus
type: Concept
notation: 5815
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rattus rattus
type: Concept
notation: 5816
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum ferrumequinum
type: Concept
notation: 5817
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rupicapra rupicapra carpatica
type: Concept
notation: 5819
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra
type: Concept
notation: 5820
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus aula
type: Concept
notation: 5821
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus rutilus
type: Concept
notation: 5822
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sabanejewia romanica
type: Concept
notation: 5823
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandra algira
type: Concept
notation: 5824
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salaria fluviatilis
type: Concept
notation: 5825
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salaria pavo
type: Concept
notation: 5826
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo carpio
type: Concept
notation: 5827
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo fibreni
type: Concept
notation: 5828
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo labrax
type: Concept
notation: 5829
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo trutta
type: Concept
notation: 5830
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo trutta x marmoratus
type: Concept
notation: 5831
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salvelinus alpinus
type: Concept
notation: 5832
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salvelinus fontinalis
type: Concept
notation: 5833
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sander lucioperca
type: Concept
notation: 5834
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sander volgensis
type: Concept
notation: 5835
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sarda sarda
type: Concept
notation: 5836
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sardinella aurita
type: Concept
notation: 5837
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scardinius erythrophthalmus
type: Concept
notation: 5838
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scomber colias
type: Concept
notation: 5839
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scomber scombrus
type: Concept
notation: 5840
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scorpaena porcus
type: Concept
notation: 5841
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scorpaena scrofa
type: Concept
notation: 5842
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Serranus atricauda
type: Concept
notation: 5843
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Serranus cabrilla
type: Concept
notation: 5844
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Serranus scriba
type: Concept
notation: 5845
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silurus soldatovi
type: Concept
notation: 5846
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Simenchelys parasitica
type: Concept
notation: 5847
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Solea senegalensis
type: Concept
notation: 5848
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Solea solea
type: Concept
notation: 5849
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorex caecutiens
type: Concept
notation: 5850
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorex coronatus
type: Concept
notation: 5851
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorex samniticus
type: Concept
notation: 5852
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sparisoma cretense
type: Concept
notation: 5853
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sparus auratus
type: Concept
notation: 5854
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sphyraena viridensis
type: Concept
notation: 5855
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spicara smaris
type: Concept
notation: 5856
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius pyrenaicus
type: Concept
notation: 5857
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalus acanthias
type: Concept
notation: 5858
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Steno brebanensis
type: Concept
notation: 5859
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stromateus fiatola
type: Concept
notation: 5860
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sus scrofa
type: Concept
notation: 5861
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Symphodus cinereus
type: Concept
notation: 5862
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Symphodus doderleini
type: Concept
notation: 5863
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Symphodus mediterraneus
type: Concept
notation: 5864
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Symphodus melanocercus
type: Concept
notation: 5865
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Symphodus melops
type: Concept
notation: 5866
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Symphodus ocellatus
type: Concept
notation: 5867
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Symphodus rostratus
type: Concept
notation: 5868
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Symphodus tinca
type: Concept
notation: 5869
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Synchiropus phaeton
type: Concept
notation: 5870
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syngnathus acus
type: Concept
notation: 5871
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syngnathus rostellatus
type: Concept
notation: 5872
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syngnathus tenuirostris
type: Concept
notation: 5873
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syngnathus typhle
type: Concept
notation: 5874
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syngnathus variegatus
type: Concept
notation: 5875
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Talpa caeca
type: Concept
notation: 5876
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Talpa europaea
type: Concept
notation: 5877
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Talpa levantis
type: Concept
notation: 5878
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Talpa occidentalis
type: Concept
notation: 5879
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tarentola mauritanica mauritanica
type: Concept
notation: 5880
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thalassoma pavo
type: Concept
notation: 5881
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thorogobius ephippiatus
type: Concept
notation: 5882
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Timon lepidus
type: Concept
notation: 5883
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Timon tangitanus
type: Concept
notation: 5884
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tinca tinca
type: Concept
notation: 5885
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Torpedo torpedo
type: Concept
notation: 5886
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trachemys scripta
type: Concept
notation: 5887
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trachinus draco
type: Concept
notation: 5888
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trachurus mediterraneus
type: Concept
notation: 5889
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trachurus trachurus
type: Concept
notation: 5890
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trachyscorpia cristulata echinata
type: Concept
notation: 5891
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trigla lyra
type: Concept
notation: 5892
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triglopsis quadricornis
type: Concept
notation: 5893
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tripterygion tripteronotus
type: Concept
notation: 5894
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus alpestris apuanus
type: Concept
notation: 5895
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus pygmaeus
type: Concept
notation: 5896
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trogonophis wiegmanni elegans
type: Concept
notation: 5897
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Umbrina canariensis
type: Concept
notation: 5898
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Uranoscopus scaber
type: Concept
notation: 5899
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vimba melanops
type: Concept
notation: 5900
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vimba vimba
type: Concept
notation: 5901
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera aspis francisciredi
type: Concept
notation: 5902
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera aspis hugyi
type: Concept
notation: 5903
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera latastei
type: Concept
notation: 5904
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera ursinii moldavica
type: Concept
notation: 5905
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vulpes vulpes
type: Concept
notation: 5906
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Xenodermichthys copei
type: Concept
notation: 5907
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zeus faber
type: Concept
notation: 5908
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zoarces viviparus
type: Concept
notation: 5909
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zootoca vivipara
type: Concept
notation: 5910
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zosterisessor ophiocephalus
type: Concept
notation: 5911
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Archaeolacerta bedriagae
type: Concept
notation: 5912
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra aegagrus turcmenica
type: Concept
notation: 5913
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra aegagrus blythi
type: Concept
notation: 5914
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra aegagrus aegagrus
type: Concept
notation: 5915
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lissotriton helveticus
type: Concept
notation: 5916
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Balistes capriscus
type: Concept
notation: 5917
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus capito
type: Concept
notation: 5918
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apristurus laurussonii
type: Concept
notation: 5920
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Auxis rochei rochei
type: Concept
notation: 5921
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parablennius rouxi
type: Concept
notation: 5922
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parablennius incognitus
type: Concept
notation: 5923
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Abramis bjoerkna
type: Concept
notation: 5924
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bothus podas
type: Concept
notation: 5925
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberochondrostoma lemmingii
type: Concept
notation: 5926
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coelorinchus caelorhincus caelorhincus
type: Concept
notation: 5927
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Muraena conger
type: Concept
notation: 5928
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sparus dentex
type: Concept
notation: 5929
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Epinephelus fasciatus
type: Concept
notation: 5930
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius auratus
type: Concept
notation: 5931
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Awaous commersoni
type: Concept
notation: 5932
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius jozo
type: Concept
notation: 5933
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Laemonema latifrons
type: Concept
notation: 5934
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Macrurus heterolepis
type: Concept
notation: 5935
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hemirhamphus calabaricus
type: Concept
notation: 5936
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ameiurus melas
type: Concept
notation: 5937
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ameiurus nebulosus
type: Concept
notation: 5938
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bubyr caucasicus kosswigii
type: Concept
notation: 5939
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thalassoma lunare
type: Concept
notation: 5940
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leucaspius delineatus
type: Concept
notation: 5941
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius aradensis
type: Concept
notation: 5942
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius carolitertii
type: Concept
notation: 5943
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius cephalus
type: Concept
notation: 5944
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius vardarensis
type: Concept
notation: 5945
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telestes agassizi
type: Concept
notation: 5946
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius torgalensis
type: Concept
notation: 5947
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Babka gymnotrachelus
type: Concept
notation: 5948
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ponticola gorlap
type: Concept
notation: 5949
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ponticola eurycephalus
type: Concept
notation: 5950
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ponticola ratan
type: Concept
notation: 5951
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ponticola syrman
type: Concept
notation: 5952
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Psetta maeotica
type: Concept
notation: 5953
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bodianus scrofa
type: Concept
notation: 5954
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salvelinus umbla
type: Concept
notation: 5955
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scorpaena madurensis
type: Concept
notation: 5956
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pegusa nasuta
type: Concept
notation: 5957
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pagrus pagrus
type: Concept
notation: 5958
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stomias bonapartei
type: Concept
notation: 5959
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trachyrincus scabrus
type: Concept
notation: 5960
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chelidonichthys lucernus
type: Concept
notation: 5961
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Protochondrostoma genei
type: Concept
notation: 5962
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vespertilio savii
type: Concept
notation: 5963
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thunnus thynnus thynnus
type: Concept
notation: 5965
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arvicola terrestris
type: Concept
notation: 5966
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sabanejewia aurata bulgarica
type: Concept
notation: 5967
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myoxus glis
type: Concept
notation: 5968
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Glis glis argenteus
type: Concept
notation: 5969
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delphinus fraenatus
type: Concept
notation: 5970
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Martes foina bunites
type: Concept
notation: 5971
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Martes foina foina
type: Concept
notation: 5972
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela erminea erminea
type: Concept
notation: 5973
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela nivalis baccamela
type: Concept
notation: 5974
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela nivalis boccamela
type: Concept
notation: 5975
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mustela nivalis galinthias
type: Concept
notation: 5976
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capreolus capreolus italicus
type: Concept
notation: 5977
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erinaceus algirus
type: Concept
notation: 5978
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Epinephelus guaza
type: Concept
notation: 5979
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus autumnalis pollan
type: Concept
notation: 5980
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcalburnus chalcoides mento
type: Concept
notation: 5981
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus alburnus alborella
type: Concept
notation: 5982
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus alburnus macedonicus
type: Concept
notation: 5983
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Noemacheilus barbatulus
type: Concept
notation: 5984
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Orthrias barbatulus
type: Concept
notation: 5985
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carassius auratus gibelio
type: Concept
notation: 5986
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus nivalis
type: Concept
notation: 5987
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyprinus specularis
type: Concept
notation: 5988
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplodus sargus
type: Concept
notation: 5989
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallotia galloti gomerae
type: Concept
notation: 5990
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gambusia affinis holbrohoki
type: Concept
notation: 5991
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae
type: Concept
notation: 5992
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hippocampus ramulosus
type: Concept
notation: 5993
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Orsinigobius punctatissimus
type: Concept
notation: 5994
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zootoca vivipara carniolica
type: Concept
notation: 5995
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Macroprotodon cucullatus brevis
type: Concept
notation: 5996
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera lebetina
type: Concept
notation: 5997
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microtus pyrenaicus
type: Concept
notation: 5998
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mullus barbatus ponticus
type: Concept
notation: 5999
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo gairdneri
type: Concept
notation: 6000
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ovis orientalis
type: Concept
notation: 6001
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ovis musimon
type: Concept
notation: 6002
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Barbatula bureschi
type: Concept
notation: 6003
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus borysthenicus
type: Concept
notation: 6004
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pomatomus saltator
type: Concept
notation: 6005
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pomatomus saltamus
type: Concept
notation: 6006
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scophthalmus maximus
type: Concept
notation: 6007
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus erythrophthalmus
type: Concept
notation: 6008
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Blennius fluviatilis
type: Concept
notation: 6009
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lipophrys pavo
type: Concept
notation: 6010
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo trutta labrax
type: Concept
notation: 6011
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lucioperca sandra
type: Concept
notation: 6012
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lucioperca lucioperca
type: Concept
notation: 6013
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stizostedion lucioperca
type: Concept
notation: 6014
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ztizostedion volgense
type: Concept
notation: 6015
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scardinius racovitzai
type: Concept
notation: 6016
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Solea vulgaris
type: Concept
notation: 6017
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sparus aurata
type: Concept
notation: 6018
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus cephalus pyrenaicus
type: Concept
notation: 6019
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus pyrenaicus
type: Concept
notation: 6020
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syphonostoma typhle
type: Concept
notation: 6021
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta tangitana
type: Concept
notation: 6022
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myoxocephalus quadricornis
type: Concept
notation: 6023
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vimba vimba tenella
type: Concept
notation: 6024
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera aspis hugy
type: Concept
notation: 6025
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera hugyi
type: Concept
notation: 6026
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera latasti
type: Concept
notation: 6027
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vulpes vulpes indutus
type: Concept
notation: 6028
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vulpes vulpes ichnusae
type: Concept
notation: 6029
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Balistes carolinensis
type: Concept
notation: 6030
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eliomys quercinus sardus
type: Concept
notation: 6031
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apristurus maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 6032
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Auxis rochei
type: Concept
notation: 6033
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Blenius rouxi
type: Concept
notation: 6034
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Blennius incognitus
type: Concept
notation: 6035
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Blicca bjoerkna
type: Concept
notation: 6036
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bothus podas maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 6037
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma lemmingii
type: Concept
notation: 6038
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coelorhynchus coelorhynchus
type: Concept
notation: 6039
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Conger conger
type: Concept
notation: 6040
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dentex dentex
type: Concept
notation: 6041
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Epinephelus alexandrinus
type: Concept
notation: 6042
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius luteus
type: Concept
notation: 6043
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius niger
type: Concept
notation: 6044
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobius niger jozo
type: Concept
notation: 6045
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Guttigadus latifrons
type: Concept
notation: 6046
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hymenocephalus italicus
type: Concept
notation: 6047
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyporhamphus picarti
type: Concept
notation: 6048
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ictalurus melas
type: Concept
notation: 6049
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ictalurus nebulosus
type: Concept
notation: 6050
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Knipowitschia caucasica
type: Concept
notation: 6051
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Labrus viridis
type: Concept
notation: 6052
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leiciscus delineatus
type: Concept
notation: 6053
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus aradensis
type: Concept
notation: 6054
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus carolitertii
type: Concept
notation: 6055
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus cephalus
type: Concept
notation: 6056
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus cephalus vardarensis
type: Concept
notation: 6057
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus souffia agassizi
type: Concept
notation: 6058
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus torgalensis
type: Concept
notation: 6059
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neogobius gymnotrachelus
type: Concept
notation: 6060
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neogobius kessleri
type: Concept
notation: 6061
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neogobius platyrostris
type: Concept
notation: 6062
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neogobius ratan
type: Concept
notation: 6063
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neogobius syrman
type: Concept
notation: 6064
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Psetta maxima maeotica
type: Concept
notation: 6065
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudolepidaplois scrofa
type: Concept
notation: 6066
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salvelinus salvelinus
type: Concept
notation: 6067
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scorpaena maderensis
type: Concept
notation: 6068
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Solea nasuta
type: Concept
notation: 6069
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sparus pargus
type: Concept
notation: 6070
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stomias boa
type: Concept
notation: 6071
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trachyrhynchus scabrus
type: Concept
notation: 6072
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trigla lucerna
type: Concept
notation: 6073
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo salar sebago
type: Concept
notation: 6074
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus pigus virgo
type: Concept
notation: 6075
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tropidophoxinellus alburnoides
type: Concept
notation: 6076
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis aurata balcanica
type: Concept
notation: 6077
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis taenia taenia
type: Concept
notation: 6078
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hellenolacerta graeca
type: Concept
notation: 6079
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis wagleriana wagleriana
type: Concept
notation: 6080
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta dugesii maulli
type: Concept
notation: 6081
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta muralis
type: Concept
notation: 6082
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta agilis agilis
type: Concept
notation: 6083
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta viridis viridis
type: Concept
notation: 6084
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudopus apodus
type: Concept
notation: 6085
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides occidentalis
type: Concept
notation: 6086
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides ocellatus tiligugu
type: Concept
notation: 6087
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ablepharus kitaibelii fitzingeri
type: Concept
notation: 6088
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dolichophis jugularis
type: Concept
notation: 6089
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elaphe longissima longissima
type: Concept
notation: 6090
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zamenis longissimus
type: Concept
notation: 6091
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Platyceps najadum
type: Concept
notation: 6092
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telescopus fallax fallax
type: Concept
notation: 6093
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telescopus fallax cyprianus
type: Concept
notation: 6094
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zamenis situla
type: Concept
notation: 6095
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Montivipera xanthina
type: Concept
notation: 6096
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera schweizeri
type: Concept
notation: 6097
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eptesicus serotinus serotinus
type: Concept
notation: 6098
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vespertillo discolor
type: Concept
notation: 6099
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Citellus citellus
type: Concept
notation: 6100
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Muscardinus avellanarius reus
type: Concept
notation: 6101
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Canis lupus signatus
type: Concept
notation: 6102
definition: HD: II,IV,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Putoris putoris
type: Concept
notation: 6103
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Genetta genetta isabelae
type: Concept
notation: 6104
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Felis lynx
type: Concept
notation: 6105
definition: HD: II,IV,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Felis silvestris agrius
type: Concept
notation: 6106
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Felis silvestris cretensis
type: Concept
notation: 6107
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Felis silvestris lybica
type: Concept
notation: 6108
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Felis silvestris schreber
type: Concept
notation: 6109
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Felis silvestris silvestris
type: Concept
notation: 6110
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Capra ibex ibex
type: Concept
notation: 6111
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sciuropterus russicus
type: Concept
notation: 6112
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vespertilio kuhlii
type: Concept
notation: 6113
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Globicephala melaena
type: Concept
notation: 6114
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta vivipara vivipara
type: Concept
notation: 6115
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anguis fragilis fragilis
type: Concept
notation: 6116
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acanthodactylus erythrurus belli
type: Concept
notation: 6117
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides chalcides chalcides
type: Concept
notation: 6118
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera vipera
type: Concept
notation: 6119
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnoides bipunctatus thessalicus
type: Concept
notation: 6120
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syngnathus nigrolineatus
type: Concept
notation: 6121
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura russula balearica
type: Concept
notation: 6122
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura russula cossyrensis
type: Concept
notation: 6123
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura russula cypria
type: Concept
notation: 6124
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura suaveolens mimula
type: Concept
notation: 6125
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crocidura suaveolens balearica
type: Concept
notation: 6126
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorex araneus linnaeus
type: Concept
notation: 6127
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorex minutus linnaeus
type: Concept
notation: 6128
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus capensis mediterraneus
type: Concept
notation: 6129
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lepus capensis cyprius
type: Concept
notation: 6130
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sciurus vulgaris linnaeus
type: Concept
notation: 6131
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eliomys mumbyanus
type: Concept
notation: 6132
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eliomys quercinus liparensis
type: Concept
notation: 6133
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eliomys quercinus ophiusae
type: Concept
notation: 6134
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo trutta macrostigma
type: Concept
notation: 6135
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elaphe lineata
type: Concept
notation: 6136
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euleptes europaea
type: Concept
notation: 6137
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dolichophis caspius
type: Concept
notation: 6138
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Laudakia stellio
type: Concept
notation: 6139
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Agama stellio
type: Concept
notation: 6140
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Putorius eversmani
type: Concept
notation: 6141
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ovis ammon musimon
type: Concept
notation: 6142
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Romanogobio kesslerii
type: Concept
notation: 6143
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Romanogobio albipinnatus
type: Concept
notation: 6144
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Romanogobio uranoscopus
type: Concept
notation: 6145
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rutilus meidingeri
type: Concept
notation: 6146
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telestes souffia
type: Concept
notation: 6147
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius lucumonis
type: Concept
notation: 6148
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudochondrostoma polylepis
type: Concept
notation: 6149
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parachondrostoma toxostoma
type: Concept
notation: 6150
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum
type: Concept
notation: 6151
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lampetra zanandreai
type: Concept
notation: 6152
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hemorrhois nummifer
type: Concept
notation: 6153
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyrtodactylus kotschyi
type: Concept
notation: 6154
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Achondrostoma arcasii
type: Concept
notation: 6155
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Achondrostoma oligolepis
type: Concept
notation: 6156
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobio belingi
type: Concept
notation: 6157
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobio vladykovi
type: Concept
notation: 6158
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gobio elimeius
type: Concept
notation: 6159
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scilla lochiae
type: Concept
notation: 6160
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chionodoxa luciliae
type: Concept
notation: 6161
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pseudochondrostoma willkommii
type: Concept
notation: 6162
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bryoerythrophyllum machadoanum
type: Concept
notation: 6163
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thymus cephalotos
type: Concept
notation: 6164
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyla arborea sarda
type: Concept
notation: 6165
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scapania carinthiaca
type: Concept
notation: 6166
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gomphus flavipes
type: Concept
notation: 6167
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luciobarbus comizo
type: Concept
notation: 6168
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphydryas maturna
type: Concept
notation: 6169
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Actias isabellae
type: Concept
notation: 6170
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus arenarius subsp. borussicus
type: Concept
notation: 6171
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus assoanus subsp. praelongus
type: Concept
notation: 6172
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphorbia bourgeana
type: Concept
notation: 6173
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Biscutella sempervirens subsp. vicentina
type: Concept
notation: 6174
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carex acuta
type: Concept
notation: 6175
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acis nicaeensis
type: Concept
notation: 6176
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phengaris teleius
type: Concept
notation: 6177
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phengaris nausithous
type: Concept
notation: 6179
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene involucrata subsp. tenella
type: Concept
notation: 6181
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sympecma paedisca
type: Concept
notation: 6182
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rosmarinus eriocalix
type: Concept
notation: 6183
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pulsatilla vulgaris subsp. grandis
type: Concept
notation: 6184
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pulsatilla halleri subsp. slavica
type: Concept
notation: 6185
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anemone slavica
type: Concept
notation: 6186
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Papaver radicatum
type: Concept
notation: 6187
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Festuca summilusitanica
type: Concept
notation: 6188
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Favratia zoysii
type: Concept
notation: 6189
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gymnadenia runei
type: Concept
notation: 6190
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Helicopsis striata
type: Concept
notation: 6191
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus muticellus
type: Concept
notation: 6192
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuciscus keadicus
type: Concept
notation: 6193
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberis runemarkii
type: Concept
notation: 6194
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea fraylensis
type: Concept
notation: 6195
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhaponticoides fraylensis
type: Concept
notation: 6196
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea heldreichii
type: Concept
notation: 6197
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea princeps
type: Concept
notation: 6198
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euplagia quadripunctaria
type: Concept
notation: 6199
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Trichia striolata
type: Concept
notation: 6200
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teira dugesii
type: Concept
notation: 6201
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lacerta bedriagae paessleri
type: Concept
notation: 6202
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. lusitanica
type: Concept
notation: 6203
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Armeria littoralis
type: Concept
notation: 6204
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Speleomantes genei
type: Concept
notation: 6205
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Speleomantes ambrosii
type: Concept
notation: 6206
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Speleomantes flavus
type: Concept
notation: 6207
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Speleomantes supramontis
type: Concept
notation: 6208
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Speleomantes imperialis
type: Concept
notation: 6209
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydromantes italicus
type: Concept
notation: 6210
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Speleomantes strinatii
type: Concept
notation: 6211
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Colchicum neapolitanum
type: Concept
notation: 6212
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dianthus laricifolius subsp. marizii
type: Concept
notation: 6213
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Draba glabella
type: Concept
notation: 6214
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erysimum hungaricum
type: Concept
notation: 6215
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hamatocaulis vernicosus
type: Concept
notation: 6216
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Herniaria litardierei
type: Concept
notation: 6217
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Himantoglossum hircinum subsp. caprinum
type: Concept
notation: 6218
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyacinthoides mauritanica subsp. vincentina
type: Concept
notation: 6219
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iris humilis
type: Concept
notation: 6220
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhaponticum centauroides
type: Concept
notation: 6221
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leuzea centauroides
type: Concept
notation: 6222
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lilium pomponium
type: Concept
notation: 6223
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linum maritimum
type: Concept
notation: 6224
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lythrum junceum
type: Concept
notation: 6225
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mandragora autumnalis
type: Concept
notation: 6226
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Minuartia verna subsp. verna
type: Concept
notation: 6227
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Moehringia intricata subsp. tejedensis
type: Concept
notation: 6228
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Moehringia tejedensis
type: Concept
notation: 6229
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. nevadensis
type: Concept
notation: 6230
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ononis maweana
type: Concept
notation: 6231
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petrocoptis pardoi
type: Concept
notation: 6232
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Herniaria berlengiana
type: Concept
notation: 6233
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phagnalon saxatile
type: Concept
notation: 6234
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phagnalon hansenii
type: Concept
notation: 6235
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhynchocypris percnurus
type: Concept
notation: 6236
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoxinus perenurus
type: Concept
notation: 6237
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puccinellia fasciculata subsp. pungens
type: Concept
notation: 6238
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Semele androgyna var. androgyna
type: Concept
notation: 6239
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Senecio pyrenaicus subsp. caespitosus
type: Concept
notation: 6240
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sorbus meinichii
type: Concept
notation: 6241
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tanacetum ptarmicaeflorum
type: Concept
notation: 6242
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Teucrium pumilum subsp. carolipaui
type: Concept
notation: 6243
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tozzia alpina subsp. carpathica
type: Concept
notation: 6244
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus cristatus dobrogicus
type: Concept
notation: 6245
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus cristatus cristatus
type: Concept
notation: 6246
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus cristatus carnifex
type: Concept
notation: 6247
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Triturus cristatus karelinii
type: Concept
notation: 6248
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus vulturius
type: Concept
notation: 6249
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rupicapra rupicapra ornata
type: Concept
notation: 6250
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ovis gmelini ophion
type: Concept
notation: 6251
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera lebetina schweizeri
type: Concept
notation: 6252
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandra luschani
type: Concept
notation: 6253
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Citellus suslicus
type: Concept
notation: 6254
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Poa laxa
type: Concept
notation: 6255
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Polygonum foliosum
type: Concept
notation: 6256
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Archaeolacerta oxycephala
type: Concept
notation: 6258
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Archaeolacerta mosorensis
type: Concept
notation: 6259
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Darevskia armeniaca
type: Concept
notation: 6260
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Darevskia praticola
type: Concept
notation: 6261
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmo trutta trutta
type: Concept
notation: 6262
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelasgus epiroticus
type: Concept
notation: 6263
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelasgus prespensis
type: Concept
notation: 6264
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phengaris arion
type: Concept
notation: 6265
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Androcymbium gramineum gramineum
type: Concept
notation: 6266
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Androcymbium gramineum
type: Concept
notation: 6267
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bellevalia dubia subsp. hackelii
type: Concept
notation: 6268
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Astragalus alopecurus
type: Concept
notation: 6269
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carthamus balearicus
type: Concept
notation: 6270
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Moehringia laterifolia
type: Concept
notation: 6271
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophiogomphus serpentinus
type: Concept
notation: 6272
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Kochia saxicola
type: Concept
notation: 6273
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luzula nivalis
type: Concept
notation: 6274
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Murbeckiella boryi
type: Concept
notation: 6275
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus cavanillesii
type: Concept
notation: 6276
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus jonquilla subsp. fernandesii
type: Concept
notation: 6277
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria odora subsp. loeselii
type: Concept
notation: 6278
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Darevskia caucasica
type: Concept
notation: 6279
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Darevskia derjugini
type: Concept
notation: 6280
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leopoldia gussonei
type: Concept
notation: 6281
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Klasea lycopifolia
type: Concept
notation: 6282
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nepeta argolica subsp. dirphya
type: Concept
notation: 6283
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Epidalea calamita
type: Concept
notation: 6284
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Colchicum cupanii subsp. cupanii
type: Concept
notation: 6285
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cheirolophus crassifolius
type: Concept
notation: 6286
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Discoglossus pictus pictus
type: Concept
notation: 6287
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jacobaea vulgaris subsp. gotlandica
type: Concept
notation: 6288
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tropidophoxinellus spartiaticus
type: Concept
notation: 6289
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alburnus belvica
type: Concept
notation: 6290
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelasgus laconicus
type: Concept
notation: 6291
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Knipowitschia goerneri
type: Concept
notation: 6292
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Knipowitschia milleri
type: Concept
notation: 6293
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sambucus nigra subsp. palmensis
type: Concept
notation: 6294
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ceropegia dichotoma subsp. krainzii
type: Concept
notation: 6295
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula scheuchzeri
type: Concept
notation: 6296
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Campanula bohemica subsp. gelida
type: Concept
notation: 6297
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Peponocephala electra
type: Concept
notation: 6298
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coincya cintrana
type: Concept
notation: 6299
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhynchosinapis monensis subsp. recurvata
type: Concept
notation: 6300
definition: HD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea boissieri subsp. spachii
type: Concept
notation: 6301
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anacamptis pyramidalis
type: Concept
notation: 6302
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lindernia palustris
type: Concept
notation: 6303
definition: HD: IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycopodium inundatum
type: Concept
notation: 6304
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pusa hispida
type: Concept
notation: 6305
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pusa hispida saimensis
type: Concept
notation: 6306
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pusa hispida botnica
type: Concept
notation: 6307
definition: HD: II,V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pusa hispida ladogensis
type: Concept
notation: 6308
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pusa hispida hispida
type: Concept
notation: 6309
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lycopodium selago
type: Concept
notation: 6311
definition: HD: V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Graellsia isabelae
type: Concept
notation: 6312
definition: HD: II,V
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aconitum napellus subsp. corsicum
type: Concept
notation: 6313
definition: HD: II,IV
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhodeus amarus meridionalis
type: Concept
notation: 6314
definition: HD: II
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vipera ursinii macrops
type: Concept
notation: 6337
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dinaromys bogdanovi
type: Concept
notation: 6338
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salmothymus obtusirostris
type: Concept
notation: 6339
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dalmatolacerta oxycephala
type: Concept
notation: 6341
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dinarolacerta mosorensis
type: Concept
notation: 6342
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aulopyge huegelii
type: Concept
notation: 6343
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma knerii
type: Concept
notation: 6344
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chondrostoma phoxinus
type: Concept
notation: 6345
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius microlepis
type: Concept
notation: 6346
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius svallize
type: Concept
notation: 6347
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Knipowitschia croatica
type: Concept
notation: 6348
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Proterebia afra dalmata
type: Concept
notation: 6350
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Degenia velebitica
type: Concept
notation: 6351
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coregonus lavaretus Complex
type: Concept
notation: 6353
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Allium regelianum
type: Concept
notation: 6378
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea pseudoleucolepis
type: Concept
notation: 6476
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Paeonia tenuifolia
type: Concept
notation: 6733
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Silene cretacea
type: Concept
notation: 6813
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stipa syreistschikowii
type: Concept
notation: 6844
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delminichthys jadovensis
type: Concept
notation: 6894
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delminichthys krbavensis
type: Concept
notation: 6895
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telestes croaticus
type: Concept
notation: 6896
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delminichthys adspersus
type: Concept
notation: 6897
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delminichthys ghetaldii
type: Concept
notation: 6898
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoxinellus alepidotus
type: Concept
notation: 6899
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoxinellus dalmaticus
type: Concept
notation: 6900
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis dalmatina
type: Concept
notation: 6902
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis illyrica
type: Concept
notation: 6903
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis jadovaensis
type: Concept
notation: 6904
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis narentana
type: Concept
notation: 6905
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alytes dickhilleni
type: Concept
notation: 6906
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Morimus asper funereus
type: Concept
notation: 6908
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centranthus amazonum
type: Concept
notation: 6909
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ablepharus budaki
type: Concept
notation: 6912
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Achondrostoma salmantinum
type: Concept
notation: 6913
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Achondrostoma occidentale
type: Concept
notation: 6914
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufotes boulengeri
type: Concept
notation: 6917
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufotes balearicus
type: Concept
notation: 6918
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufotes siculus
type: Concept
notation: 6919
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calotriton arnoldi
type: Concept
notation: 6920
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chalcides coeruleopunctatus
type: Concept
notation: 6921
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Congeria jalzici
type: Concept
notation: 6922
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eptesicus anatolicus
type: Concept
notation: 6924
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Himantoglossum jankae
type: Concept
notation: 6927
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hirudo verbana
type: Concept
notation: 6928
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hyla molleri
type: Concept
notation: 6929
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberochondrostoma oretanum
type: Concept
notation: 6930
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberolacerta cyreni
type: Concept
notation: 6931
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberolacerta galani
type: Concept
notation: 6932
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iberolacerta martinezricai
type: Concept
notation: 6933
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus yepesii
type: Concept
notation: 6935
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plecotus gaisleri
type: Concept
notation: 6936
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis gaigeae
type: Concept
notation: 6937
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelophylax ridibundus
type: Concept
notation: 6938
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Speleomantes sarrabusensis
type: Concept
notation: 6939
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideroxylon canariensis
type: Concept
notation: 6940
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Unio ravoisieri
type: Concept
notation: 6942
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zerynthia cassandra
type: Concept
notation: 6943
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calotriton asper
type: Concept
notation: 6944
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelophylax perezi
type: Concept
notation: 6945
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podarcis liolepis atrata
type: Concept
notation: 6946
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Euphrasia nana
type: Concept
notation: 6947
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pontechium maculatum subsp. maculatum
type: Concept
notation: 6948
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arenaria funiculata
type: Concept
notation: 6949
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petagnaea gussonei
type: Concept
notation: 6950
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus assoanus
type: Concept
notation: 6951
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Papaver radicatum subsp. laestadianum
type: Concept
notation: 6952
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Papaver radicatum subsp. radicatum
type: Concept
notation: 6953
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelophylax kurtmuelleri
type: Concept
notation: 6954
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eokochia saxicola
type: Concept
notation: 6955
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lissotriton italicus
type: Concept
notation: 6956
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Salamandra atra pasubiensis
type: Concept
notation: 6957
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mediodactylus kotschyi
type: Concept
notation: 6958
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ovis aries musimon
type: Concept
notation: 6959
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus segurensis
type: Concept
notation: 6960
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufotes viridis Complex
type: Concept
notation: 6962
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cobitis taenia Complex
type: Concept
notation: 6963
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Osmoderma eremita Complex
type: Concept
notation: 6966
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telestes fontinalis
type: Concept
notation: 6967
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Telestes miloradi
type: Concept
notation: 6968
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Atlantica calathoides
type: Concept
notation: 6969
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Atlantica gueriniana
type: Concept
notation: 6970
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hystricella turricula
type: Concept
notation: 6971
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hystricella leacockiana
type: Concept
notation: 6972
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caseolus commixtus
type: Concept
notation: 6973
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caseolus subcalliferus
type: Concept
notation: 6974
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius alburnoides
type: Concept
notation: 6975
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelophylax esculentus
type: Concept
notation: 6976
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lampetra alavariensis
type: Concept
notation: 6977
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lampetra auremensis
type: Concept
notation: 6978
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lampetra lusitanica
type: Concept
notation: 6979
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Diplotaxis siifolia subsp. vicentina
type: Concept
notation: 6980
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelophylax lessonae
type: Concept
notation: 6981
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jasione maritima var. sabularia
type: Concept
notation: 6982
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scrophularia grandiflora
type: Concept
notation: 6983
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caropsis verticillato-inundata
type: Concept
notation: 6984
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vandenboschia speciosa
type: Concept
notation: 6985
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideroxylon mirmulans
type: Concept
notation: 6986
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Angelica lignescens
type: Concept
notation: 6987
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microcondylaea bonellii
type: Concept
notation: 6988
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquilegia reuteri
type: Concept
notation: 6989
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelophylax bedriagae
type: Concept
notation: 6990
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelophylax cretensis
type: Concept
notation: 6991
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelophylax cerigensis
type: Concept
notation: 6992
definition: HD: V
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tripolium sorrentinoi
type: Concept
notation: 6994
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alosa kessleri
type: Concept
notation: 6995
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dactylorhiza kalopissii subsp. kalopissii
type: Concept
notation: 6996
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bufotes viridis
type: Concept
notation: 6997
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hormathophylla pyrenaica
type: Concept
notation: 6998
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Clinopodium taygeteum
type: Concept
notation: 6999
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erica azorica
type: Concept
notation: 7000
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Prunus azorica
type: Concept
notation: 7001
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophrys argolica subsp. argolica
type: Concept
notation: 7002
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Centaurea lancifolia
type: Concept
notation: 7003
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ionopsidium savianum
type: Concept
notation: 7004
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dolichophis cypriensis
type: Concept
notation: 7007
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ophrys kotschyi subsp. kotschyi
type: Concept
notation: 7009
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Primula polliniana
type: Concept
notation: 7010
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Narcissus nevadensis subsp. longispathus
type: Concept
notation: 7014
definition: HD: IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallotia auaritae
type: Concept
notation: 7015
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduncellus balearicus
type: Concept
notation: 7017
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Polyommatus golgus
type: Concept
notation: 7018
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scorzoneroides microcephala
type: Concept
notation: 7019
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sideritis glauca
type: Concept
notation: 7020
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Squalius palaciosi
type: Concept
notation: 7021
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tephroseris elodes
type: Concept
notation: 7022
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Glandora nitida
type: Concept
notation: 7023
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Morella rivas-martinezii
type: Concept
notation: 7024
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Odontites viscosus subsp. granatensis
type: Concept
notation: 7025
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vella aspera
type: Concept
notation: 7026
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Solenostoma handelii
type: Concept
notation: 7027
definition: HD: II
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Festuca gredensis
type: Concept
notation: 7028
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Isoetes velatum subsp. asturicense
type: Concept
notation: 7029
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limonium arboreum
type: Concept
notation: 7030
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhaponticum canariense
type: Concept
notation: 7031
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Propomacrus bimucronatus cypriacus
type: Concept
notation: 7032
definition: HD: II,IV
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gavia stellata
type: Concept
notation: A001
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gavia arctica
type: Concept
notation: A002
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gavia immer
type: Concept
notation: A003
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tachybaptus ruficollis
type: Concept
notation: A004
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podiceps cristatus
type: Concept
notation: A005
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podiceps grisegena
type: Concept
notation: A006
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podiceps auritus
type: Concept
notation: A007
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podiceps nigricollis
type: Concept
notation: A008
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fulmarus glacialis
type: Concept
notation: A009
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calonectris diomedea
type: Concept
notation: A010
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puffinus gravis
type: Concept
notation: A011
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puffinus griseus
type: Concept
notation: A012
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puffinus puffinus
type: Concept
notation: A013
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydrobates pelagicus
type: Concept
notation: A014
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oceanodroma leucorhoa
type: Concept
notation: A015
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Morus bassanus
type: Concept
notation: A016
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalacrocorax carbo
type: Concept
notation: A017
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalacrocorax aristotelis
type: Concept
notation: A018
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelecanus onocrotalus
type: Concept
notation: A019
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelecanus crispus
type: Concept
notation: A020
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Botaurus stellaris
type: Concept
notation: A021
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ixobrychus minutus
type: Concept
notation: A022
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nycticorax nycticorax
type: Concept
notation: A023
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ardeola ralloides
type: Concept
notation: A024
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bubulcus ibis
type: Concept
notation: A025
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Egretta garzetta
type: Concept
notation: A026
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Egretta alba
type: Concept
notation: A027
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ardea cinerea
type: Concept
notation: A028
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ardea purpurea
type: Concept
notation: A029
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ciconia nigra
type: Concept
notation: A030
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ciconia ciconia
type: Concept
notation: A031
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plegadis falcinellus
type: Concept
notation: A032
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Geronticus eremita
type: Concept
notation: A033
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Platalea leucorodia
type: Concept
notation: A034
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoenicopterus ruber
type: Concept
notation: A035
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cygnus olor
type: Concept
notation: A036
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cygnus columbianus bewickii
type: Concept
notation: A037
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cygnus cygnus
type: Concept
notation: A038
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser fabalis
type: Concept
notation: A039
definition: BD: IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser brachyrhynchus
type: Concept
notation: A040
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser albifrons
type: Concept
notation: A041
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser erythropus
type: Concept
notation: A042
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser anser
type: Concept
notation: A043
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Branta canadensis
type: Concept
notation: A044
definition: BD: IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Branta leucopsis
type: Concept
notation: A045
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Branta bernicla
type: Concept
notation: A046
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tadorna tadorna
type: Concept
notation: A048
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas penelope
type: Concept
notation: A050
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas strepera
type: Concept
notation: A051
definition: BD: IIA
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas crecca
type: Concept
notation: A052
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas platyrhynchos
type: Concept
notation: A053
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas acuta
type: Concept
notation: A054
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas querquedula
type: Concept
notation: A055
definition: BD: IIA
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas clypeata
type: Concept
notation: A056
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Marmaronetta angustirostris
type: Concept
notation: A057
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Netta rufina
type: Concept
notation: A058
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aythya ferina
type: Concept
notation: A059
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aythya nyroca
type: Concept
notation: A060
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aythya fuligula
type: Concept
notation: A061
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aythya marila
type: Concept
notation: A062
definition: BD: IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Somateria mollissima
type: Concept
notation: A063
definition: BD: IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Clangula hyemalis
type: Concept
notation: A064
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanitta nigra
type: Concept
notation: A065
definition: BD: IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanitta fusca
type: Concept
notation: A066
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bucephala clangula
type: Concept
notation: A067
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mergus albellus
type: Concept
notation: A068
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mergus serrator
type: Concept
notation: A069
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mergus merganser
type: Concept
notation: A070
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oxyura leucocephala
type: Concept
notation: A071
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pernis apivorus
type: Concept
notation: A072
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Milvus migrans
type: Concept
notation: A073
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Milvus milvus
type: Concept
notation: A074
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Haliaeetus albicilla
type: Concept
notation: A075
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gypaetus barbatus
type: Concept
notation: A076
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Neophron percnopterus
type: Concept
notation: A077
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gyps fulvus
type: Concept
notation: A078
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aegypius monachus
type: Concept
notation: A079
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Circaetus gallicus
type: Concept
notation: A080
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Circus aeruginosus
type: Concept
notation: A081
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Circus cyaneus
type: Concept
notation: A082
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Circus macrourus
type: Concept
notation: A083
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Circus pygargus
type: Concept
notation: A084
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Accipiter gentilis
type: Concept
notation: A085
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Accipiter nisus
type: Concept
notation: A086
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Buteo buteo
type: Concept
notation: A087
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Buteo lagopus
type: Concept
notation: A088
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquila pomarina
type: Concept
notation: A089
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquila clanga
type: Concept
notation: A090
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquila chrysaetos
type: Concept
notation: A091
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hieraaetus pennatus
type: Concept
notation: A092
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hieraaetus fasciatus
type: Concept
notation: A093
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pandion haliaetus
type: Concept
notation: A094
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco naumanni
type: Concept
notation: A095
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco tinnunculus
type: Concept
notation: A096
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco vespertinus
type: Concept
notation: A097
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco columbarius
type: Concept
notation: A098
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco subbuteo
type: Concept
notation: A099
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco eleonorae
type: Concept
notation: A100
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco biarmicus
type: Concept
notation: A101
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco rusticolus
type: Concept
notation: A102
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco peregrinus
type: Concept
notation: A103
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bonasa bonasia
type: Concept
notation: A104
definition: BD: I,IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus lagopus
type: Concept
notation: A105
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus mutus
type: Concept
notation: A106
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tetrao tetrix
type: Concept
notation: A107
definition: BD: IIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tetrao urogallus
type: Concept
notation: A108
definition: BD: I,IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alectoris graeca
type: Concept
notation: A109
definition: BD: I,IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alectoris rufa
type: Concept
notation: A110
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alectoris barbara
type: Concept
notation: A111
definition: BD: I,IIB,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Perdix perdix
type: Concept
notation: A112
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coturnix coturnix
type: Concept
notation: A113
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phasianus colchicus
type: Concept
notation: A115
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Turnix sylvatica
type: Concept
notation: A117
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rallus aquaticus
type: Concept
notation: A118
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Porzana porzana
type: Concept
notation: A119
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Porzana parva
type: Concept
notation: A120
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Porzana pusilla
type: Concept
notation: A121
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Crex crex
type: Concept
notation: A122
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallinula chloropus
type: Concept
notation: A123
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Porphyrio porphyrio
type: Concept
notation: A124
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fulica atra
type: Concept
notation: A125
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fulica cristata
type: Concept
notation: A126
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Grus grus
type: Concept
notation: A127
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tetrax tetrax
type: Concept
notation: A128
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Otis tarda
type: Concept
notation: A129
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Haematopus ostralegus
type: Concept
notation: A130
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Himantopus himantopus
type: Concept
notation: A131
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Recurvirostra avosetta
type: Concept
notation: A132
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Burhinus oedicnemus
type: Concept
notation: A133
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cursorius cursor
type: Concept
notation: A134
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Glareola pratincola
type: Concept
notation: A135
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Charadrius dubius
type: Concept
notation: A136
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Charadrius hiaticula
type: Concept
notation: A137
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Charadrius alexandrinus
type: Concept
notation: A138
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Charadrius morinellus
type: Concept
notation: A139
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pluvialis apricaria
type: Concept
notation: A140
definition: BD: I,IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pluvialis squatarola
type: Concept
notation: A141
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vanellus vanellus
type: Concept
notation: A142
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris canutus
type: Concept
notation: A143
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris alba
type: Concept
notation: A144
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris minuta
type: Concept
notation: A145
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris temminckii
type: Concept
notation: A146
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris ferruginea
type: Concept
notation: A147
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris maritima
type: Concept
notation: A148
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris alpina
type: Concept
notation: A149
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limicola falcinellus
type: Concept
notation: A150
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Philomachus pugnax
type: Concept
notation: A151
definition: BD: I,IIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lymnocryptes minimus
type: Concept
notation: A152
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallinago gallinago
type: Concept
notation: A153
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallinago media
type: Concept
notation: A154
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Scolopax rusticola
type: Concept
notation: A155
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limosa limosa
type: Concept
notation: A156
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limosa lapponica
type: Concept
notation: A157
definition: BD: I,IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Numenius phaeopus
type: Concept
notation: A158
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Numenius tenuirostris
type: Concept
notation: A159
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Numenius arquata
type: Concept
notation: A160
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tringa erythropus
type: Concept
notation: A161
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tringa totanus
type: Concept
notation: A162
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tringa stagnatilis
type: Concept
notation: A163
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tringa nebularia
type: Concept
notation: A164
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tringa ochropus
type: Concept
notation: A165
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tringa glareola
type: Concept
notation: A166
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Xenus cinereus
type: Concept
notation: A167
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Actitis hypoleucos
type: Concept
notation: A168
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Arenaria interpres
type: Concept
notation: A169
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalaropus lobatus
type: Concept
notation: A170
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalaropus fulicarius
type: Concept
notation: A171
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stercorarius pomarinus
type: Concept
notation: A172
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stercorarius parasiticus
type: Concept
notation: A173
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Stercorarius longicaudus
type: Concept
notation: A174
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Catharacta skua
type: Concept
notation: A175
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus melanocephalus
type: Concept
notation: A176
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus minutus
type: Concept
notation: A177
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus sabini
type: Concept
notation: A178
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus ridibundus
type: Concept
notation: A179
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus genei
type: Concept
notation: A180
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus audouinii
type: Concept
notation: A181
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus canus
type: Concept
notation: A182
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus fuscus
type: Concept
notation: A183
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus argentatus
type: Concept
notation: A184
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus glaucoides
type: Concept
notation: A185
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus hyperboreus
type: Concept
notation: A186
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus marinus
type: Concept
notation: A187
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rissa tridactyla
type: Concept
notation: A188
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gelochelidon nilotica
type: Concept
notation: A189
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna caspia
type: Concept
notation: A190
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna sandvicensis
type: Concept
notation: A191
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna dougallii
type: Concept
notation: A192
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna hirundo
type: Concept
notation: A193
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna paradisaea
type: Concept
notation: A194
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna albifrons
type: Concept
notation: A195
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chlidonias hybridus
type: Concept
notation: A196
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chlidonias niger
type: Concept
notation: A197
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chlidonias leucopterus
type: Concept
notation: A198
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Uria aalge
type: Concept
notation: A199
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alca torda
type: Concept
notation: A200
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cepphus grylle
type: Concept
notation: A202
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alle alle
type: Concept
notation: A203
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fratercula arctica
type: Concept
notation: A204
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pterocles alchata
type: Concept
notation: A205
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Columba livia
type: Concept
notation: A206
definition: BD: IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Columba oenas
type: Concept
notation: A207
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Columba palumbus
type: Concept
notation: A208
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Streptopelia decaocto
type: Concept
notation: A209
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Streptopelia turtur
type: Concept
notation: A210
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Clamator glandarius
type: Concept
notation: A211
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cuculus canorus
type: Concept
notation: A212
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tyto alba
type: Concept
notation: A213
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Otus scops
type: Concept
notation: A214
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bubo bubo
type: Concept
notation: A215
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nyctea scandiaca
type: Concept
notation: A216
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Glaucidium passerinum
type: Concept
notation: A217
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Athene noctua
type: Concept
notation: A218
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Strix aluco
type: Concept
notation: A219
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Strix uralensis
type: Concept
notation: A220
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Asio otus
type: Concept
notation: A221
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Asio flammeus
type: Concept
notation: A222
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aegolius funereus
type: Concept
notation: A223
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caprimulgus europaeus
type: Concept
notation: A224
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Caprimulgus ruficollis
type: Concept
notation: A225
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apus apus
type: Concept
notation: A226
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apus pallidus
type: Concept
notation: A227
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tachymarptis melba
type: Concept
notation: A228
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alcedo atthis
type: Concept
notation: A229
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Merops apiaster
type: Concept
notation: A230
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coracias garrulus
type: Concept
notation: A231
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Upupa epops
type: Concept
notation: A232
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Jynx torquilla
type: Concept
notation: A233
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Picus canus
type: Concept
notation: A234
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Picus viridis
type: Concept
notation: A235
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dryocopus martius
type: Concept
notation: A236
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendrocopos major
type: Concept
notation: A237
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendrocopos medius
type: Concept
notation: A238
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendrocopos leucotos
type: Concept
notation: A239
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendrocopos minor
type: Concept
notation: A240
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Picoides tridactylus
type: Concept
notation: A241
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanocorypha calandra
type: Concept
notation: A242
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calandrella brachydactyla
type: Concept
notation: A243
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galerida cristata
type: Concept
notation: A244
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galerida theklae
type: Concept
notation: A245
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lullula arborea
type: Concept
notation: A246
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alauda arvensis
type: Concept
notation: A247
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eremophila alpestris
type: Concept
notation: A248
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Riparia riparia
type: Concept
notation: A249
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ptyonoprogne rupestris
type: Concept
notation: A250
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hirundo rustica
type: Concept
notation: A251
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hirundo daurica
type: Concept
notation: A252
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delichon urbica
type: Concept
notation: A253
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthus richardi
type: Concept
notation: A254
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthus campestris
type: Concept
notation: A255
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthus trivialis
type: Concept
notation: A256
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthus pratensis
type: Concept
notation: A257
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthus cervinus
type: Concept
notation: A258
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthus spinoletta
type: Concept
notation: A259
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Motacilla flava
type: Concept
notation: A260
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Motacilla cinerea
type: Concept
notation: A261
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Motacilla alba
type: Concept
notation: A262
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bombycilla garrulus
type: Concept
notation: A263
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cinclus cinclus
type: Concept
notation: A264
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Troglodytes troglodytes
type: Concept
notation: A265
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Prunella modularis
type: Concept
notation: A266
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Prunella collaris
type: Concept
notation: A267
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cercotrichas galactotes
type: Concept
notation: A268
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Erithacus rubecula
type: Concept
notation: A269
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luscinia luscinia
type: Concept
notation: A270
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luscinia megarhynchos
type: Concept
notation: A271
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luscinia svecica
type: Concept
notation: A272
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoenicurus ochruros
type: Concept
notation: A273
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoenicurus phoenicurus
type: Concept
notation: A274
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxicola rubetra
type: Concept
notation: A275
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxicola torquatus
type: Concept
notation: A276
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe oenanthe
type: Concept
notation: A277
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe hispanica
type: Concept
notation: A278
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe leucura
type: Concept
notation: A279
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Monticola saxatilis
type: Concept
notation: A280
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Monticola solitarius
type: Concept
notation: A281
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Turdus torquatus
type: Concept
notation: A282
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Turdus merula
type: Concept
notation: A283
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Turdus pilaris
type: Concept
notation: A284
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Turdus philomelos
type: Concept
notation: A285
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Turdus iliacus
type: Concept
notation: A286
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Turdus viscivorus
type: Concept
notation: A287
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cettia cetti
type: Concept
notation: A288
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cisticola juncidis
type: Concept
notation: A289
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Locustella naevia
type: Concept
notation: A290
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Locustella fluviatilis
type: Concept
notation: A291
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Locustella luscinioides
type: Concept
notation: A292
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acrocephalus melanopogon
type: Concept
notation: A293
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acrocephalus paludicola
type: Concept
notation: A294
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
type: Concept
notation: A295
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acrocephalus palustris
type: Concept
notation: A296
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acrocephalus scirpaceus
type: Concept
notation: A297
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acrocephalus arundinaceus
type: Concept
notation: A298
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hippolais icterina
type: Concept
notation: A299
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hippolais polyglotta
type: Concept
notation: A300
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia sarda
type: Concept
notation: A301
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia undata
type: Concept
notation: A302
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia conspicillata
type: Concept
notation: A303
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia cantillans
type: Concept
notation: A304
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia melanocephala
type: Concept
notation: A305
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia hortensis
type: Concept
notation: A306
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia nisoria
type: Concept
notation: A307
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia curruca
type: Concept
notation: A308
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia communis
type: Concept
notation: A309
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia borin
type: Concept
notation: A310
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia atricapilla
type: Concept
notation: A311
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus trochiloides
type: Concept
notation: A312
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus bonelli
type: Concept
notation: A313
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus sibilatrix
type: Concept
notation: A314
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus collybita
type: Concept
notation: A315
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus trochilus
type: Concept
notation: A316
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Regulus regulus
type: Concept
notation: A317
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Regulus ignicapilla
type: Concept
notation: A318
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Muscicapa striata
type: Concept
notation: A319
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ficedula parva
type: Concept
notation: A320
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ficedula albicollis
type: Concept
notation: A321
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ficedula hypoleuca
type: Concept
notation: A322
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Panurus biarmicus
type: Concept
notation: A323
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aegithalos caudatus
type: Concept
notation: A324
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus palustris
type: Concept
notation: A325
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus montanus
type: Concept
notation: A326
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus cristatus
type: Concept
notation: A327
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus ater
type: Concept
notation: A328
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus caeruleus
type: Concept
notation: A329
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus major
type: Concept
notation: A330
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sitta whiteheadi
type: Concept
notation: A331
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sitta europaea
type: Concept
notation: A332
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tichodroma muraria
type: Concept
notation: A333
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Certhia familiaris
type: Concept
notation: A334
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Certhia brachydactyla
type: Concept
notation: A335
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Remiz pendulinus
type: Concept
notation: A336
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oriolus oriolus
type: Concept
notation: A337
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lanius collurio
type: Concept
notation: A338
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lanius minor
type: Concept
notation: A339
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lanius excubitor
type: Concept
notation: A340
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lanius senator
type: Concept
notation: A341
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Garrulus glandarius
type: Concept
notation: A342
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pica pica
type: Concept
notation: A343
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nucifraga caryocatactes
type: Concept
notation: A344
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pyrrhocorax graculus
type: Concept
notation: A345
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
type: Concept
notation: A346
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Corvus monedula
type: Concept
notation: A347
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Corvus frugilegus
type: Concept
notation: A348
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Corvus corone
type: Concept
notation: A349
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Corvus corax
type: Concept
notation: A350
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sturnus vulgaris
type: Concept
notation: A351
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sturnus unicolor
type: Concept
notation: A352
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sturnus roseus
type: Concept
notation: A353
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Passer domesticus
type: Concept
notation: A354
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Passer hispaniolensis
type: Concept
notation: A355
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Passer montanus
type: Concept
notation: A356
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Petronia petronia
type: Concept
notation: A357
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Montifringilla nivalis
type: Concept
notation: A358
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fringilla coelebs
type: Concept
notation: A359
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fringilla montifringilla
type: Concept
notation: A360
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Serinus serinus
type: Concept
notation: A361
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis citrinella
type: Concept
notation: A362
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chloris chloris
type: Concept
notation: A363
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis carduelis
type: Concept
notation: A364
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis spinus
type: Concept
notation: A365
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis cannabina
type: Concept
notation: A366
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis flavirostris
type: Concept
notation: A367
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis flammea
type: Concept
notation: A368
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Loxia curvirostra
type: Concept
notation: A369
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Loxia pytyopsittacus
type: Concept
notation: A370
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carpodacus erythrinus
type: Concept
notation: A371
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pyrrhula pyrrhula
type: Concept
notation: A372
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coccothraustes coccothraustes
type: Concept
notation: A373
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calcarius lapponicus
type: Concept
notation: A374
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Plectrophenax nivalis
type: Concept
notation: A375
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza citrinella
type: Concept
notation: A376
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza cirlus
type: Concept
notation: A377
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza cia
type: Concept
notation: A378
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza hortulana
type: Concept
notation: A379
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza pusilla
type: Concept
notation: A380
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza schoeniclus
type: Concept
notation: A381
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza melanocephala
type: Concept
notation: A382
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza calandra
type: Concept
notation: A383
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puffinus puffinus mauretanicus
type: Concept
notation: A384
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pterodroma madeira
type: Concept
notation: A385
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pterodroma feae
type: Concept
notation: A386
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bulweria bulwerii
type: Concept
notation: A387
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puffinus assimilis
type: Concept
notation: A388
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pelagodroma marina
type: Concept
notation: A389
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oceanodroma castro
type: Concept
notation: A390
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
type: Concept
notation: A391
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii
type: Concept
notation: A392
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalacrocorax pygmeus
type: Concept
notation: A393
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser albifrons albifrons
type: Concept
notation: A394
definition: BD: IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser albifrons flavirostris
type: Concept
notation: A395
definition: BD: I,IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Branta ruficollis
type: Concept
notation: A396
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tadorna ferruginea
type: Concept
notation: A397
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Histrionicus histrionicus
type: Concept
notation: A398
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Elanus caeruleus
type: Concept
notation: A399
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Accipiter gentilis arrigonii
type: Concept
notation: A400
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Accipiter nisus granti
type: Concept
notation: A401
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Accipiter brevipes
type: Concept
notation: A402
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Buteo rufinus
type: Concept
notation: A403
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquila heliaca
type: Concept
notation: A404
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquila adalberti
type: Concept
notation: A405
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus
type: Concept
notation: A407
definition: BD: I,IIA,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus mutus helveticus
type: Concept
notation: A408
definition: BD: I,IIA,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tetrao tetrix tetrix
type: Concept
notation: A409
definition: BD: I,IIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tetrao tetrix britannicus
type: Concept
notation: A410
definition: BD: IIB,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alectoris chukar
type: Concept
notation: A411
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alectoris graeca saxatilis
type: Concept
notation: A412
definition: BD: I,IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alectoris graeca whitakeri
type: Concept
notation: A413
definition: BD: I,IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Perdix perdix italica
type: Concept
notation: A414
definition: BD: I,IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Perdix perdix hispaniensis
type: Concept
notation: A415
definition: BD: I,IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chlamydotis undulata
type: Concept
notation: A416
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Charadrius asiaticus
type: Concept
notation: A417
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hoplopterus spinosus
type: Concept
notation: A418
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Uria aalge ibericus
type: Concept
notation: A419
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pterocles orientalis
type: Concept
notation: A420
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Columba palumbus azorica
type: Concept
notation: A421
definition: BD: I,IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Columba bollii
type: Concept
notation: A422
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Columba junoniae
type: Concept
notation: A423
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apus caffer
type: Concept
notation: A424
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apus unicolor
type: Concept
notation: A425
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Halcyon smyrnensis
type: Concept
notation: A426
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendrocopos major canariensis
type: Concept
notation: A427
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendrocopos major thanneri
type: Concept
notation: A428
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendrocopos syriacus
type: Concept
notation: A429
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chersophilus duponti
type: Concept
notation: A430
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calandrella rufescens
type: Concept
notation: A431
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthus berthelotii
type: Concept
notation: A432
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lanius nubicus
type: Concept
notation: A433
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Troglodytes troglodytes fridariensis
type: Concept
notation: A434
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe isabellina
type: Concept
notation: A435
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe leucopyga
type: Concept
notation: A436
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Saxicola dacotiae
type: Concept
notation: A437
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iduna pallida
type: Concept
notation: A438
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hippolais olivetorum
type: Concept
notation: A439
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia ruppeli
type: Concept
notation: A440
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Muscicapa dauurica
type: Concept
notation: A441
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ficedula semitorquata
type: Concept
notation: A442
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus lugubris
type: Concept
notation: A443
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sitta krueperi
type: Concept
notation: A444
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sitta neumayer
type: Concept
notation: A445
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza cineracea
type: Concept
notation: A446
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza caesia
type: Concept
notation: A447
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fringilla coelebs ombriosa
type: Concept
notation: A448
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fringilla teydea
type: Concept
notation: A449
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Serinus canaria
type: Concept
notation: A450
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Loxia scotica
type: Concept
notation: A451
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bucanetes githagineus
type: Concept
notation: A452
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pyrrhula murina
type: Concept
notation: A453
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyanopica cyanus
type: Concept
notation: A454
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Columba trocaz
type: Concept
notation: A455
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Surnia ulula
type: Concept
notation: A456
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Strix nebulosa
type: Concept
notation: A457
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus cachinnans
type: Concept
notation: A459
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Meleagris gallopavo
type: Concept
notation: A460
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus lagopus lagopus
type: Concept
notation: A461
definition: BD: IIB,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus lagopus scoticus
type: Concept
notation: A462
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus lagopus hibernica
type: Concept
notation: A463
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puffinus yelkouan
type: Concept
notation: A464
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alectoris graeca graeca
type: Concept
notation: A465
definition: BD: I,IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris alpina schinzii
type: Concept
notation: A466
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe cypriaca
type: Concept
notation: A467
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia melanothorax
type: Concept
notation: A468
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Certhia brachydactyla dorotheae
type: Concept
notation: A469
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus ater cypriotes
type: Concept
notation: A470
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Periparus ater cypriotes
type: Concept
notation: A471
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Periparus ater
type: Concept
notation: A473
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acanthis flammea
type: Concept
notation: A474
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alaudala rufescens
type: Concept
notation: A475
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria cannabina
type: Concept
notation: A476
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Linaria flavirostris
type: Concept
notation: A477
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spinus spinus
type: Concept
notation: A478
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cecropis daurica
type: Concept
notation: A479
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyanecula svecica
type: Concept
notation: A480
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyanopica cooki
type: Concept
notation: A481
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyanistes caeruleus
type: Concept
notation: A483
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cyanistes teneriffae
type: Concept
notation: A484
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fringilla polatzeki
type: Concept
notation: A485
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fringilla teydea
type: Concept
notation: A486
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iduna pallida
type: Concept
notation: A487
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iduna opaca
type: Concept
notation: A488
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Poecile cinctus
type: Concept
notation: A490
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Poecile lugubris
type: Concept
notation: A491
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Poecile montanus
type: Concept
notation: A492
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Poecile palustris
type: Concept
notation: A493
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pastor roseus
type: Concept
notation: A494
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lanius meridionalis
type: Concept
notation: A496
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lophophanes cristatus
type: Concept
notation: A497
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus orientalis
type: Concept
notation: A498
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus bonelli
type: Concept
notation: A499
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia sarda
type: Concept
notation: A500
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pycnonotus barbatus
type: Concept
notation: A501
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gavia adamsii
type: Concept
notation: A502
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Procellaria diomedea
type: Concept
notation: A503
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puffinus assimilis baroli
type: Concept
notation: A504
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bucephala islandica
type: Concept
notation: A505
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Polysticta stelleri
type: Concept
notation: A506
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Somateria spectabilis
type: Concept
notation: A507
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Accipiter gentilis strigonii
type: Concept
notation: A508
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquila nipalensis
type: Concept
notation: A509
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquila rapax
type: Concept
notation: A510
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco cherrug
type: Concept
notation: A511
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco pelegrinoides
type: Concept
notation: A512
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tetrao urogallus cantabricus
type: Concept
notation: A513
definition: BD: I,IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthropoides virgo
type: Concept
notation: A514
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Glareola nordmanni
type: Concept
notation: A515
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Charadrius leschenaultii
type: Concept
notation: A516
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalaropus tricolor
type: Concept
notation: A517
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tringa cinerea
type: Concept
notation: A518
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pagophila eburnea
type: Concept
notation: A519
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ketupa zeylonensis
type: Concept
notation: A520
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Otus brucei
type: Concept
notation: A521
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ceryle rudis
type: Concept
notation: A522
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanocorypha bimaculata
type: Concept
notation: A523
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanocorypha leucoptera
type: Concept
notation: A524
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanocorypha yeltoniensis
type: Concept
notation: A525
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthus novaeseelandiae
type: Concept
notation: A526
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Motacilla finere
type: Concept
notation: A527
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Prunella atrogularis
type: Concept
notation: A528
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Prunella montanella
type: Concept
notation: A529
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Prunella ocularis
type: Concept
notation: A530
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Irania gutturalis
type: Concept
notation: A531
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe finschii
type: Concept
notation: A532
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oenanthe pleschanka
type: Concept
notation: A533
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tarsiger cyanurus
type: Concept
notation: A534
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Regulus teneriffae
type: Concept
notation: A535
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia sarda balearica
type: Concept
notation: A536
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus cinctus
type: Concept
notation: A537
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus cyanus
type: Concept
notation: A538
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sitta tephronota
type: Concept
notation: A539
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza aureola
type: Concept
notation: A540
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza leucocephalos
type: Concept
notation: A541
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Emberiza rustica
type: Concept
notation: A542
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis hornemanni
type: Concept
notation: A543
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Loxia leucoptera
type: Concept
notation: A544
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pinicola enucleator
type: Concept
notation: A545
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rhodopechys githaginea
type: Concept
notation: A546
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Serinus pusillus
type: Concept
notation: A547
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Perisoreus infaustus
type: Concept
notation: A548
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podiceps caspicus
type: Concept
notation: A549
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pterodroma mollis
type: Concept
notation: A550
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Botaurus lentiginosus
type: Concept
notation: A551
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Butorides virescens
type: Concept
notation: A552
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aix galericulata
type: Concept
notation: A553
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alopochen aegyptiacus
type: Concept
notation: A554
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas discors
type: Concept
notation: A555
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser caerulescens
type: Concept
notation: A556
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chrysolophus pictus
type: Concept
notation: A557
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Syrmaticus reevesii
type: Concept
notation: A558
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Haematopus moquini
type: Concept
notation: A559
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris fuscicollis
type: Concept
notation: A560
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris mauri
type: Concept
notation: A561
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris pusilla
type: Concept
notation: A562
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus delawarensis
type: Concept
notation: A563
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna fuscata
type: Concept
notation: A564
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Coccyzus americanus
type: Concept
notation: A565
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Galerida malabarica
type: Concept
notation: A566
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoenicurus torquata
type: Concept
notation: A567
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Estrilda astrild
type: Concept
notation: A568
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia balearica
type: Concept
notation: A569
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia hortensis
type: Concept
notation: A570
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia crassirostris
type: Concept
notation: A571
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus collybita
type: Concept
notation: A572
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus trochiloides
type: Concept
notation: A573
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia curruca
type: Concept
notation: A574
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna bengalensis
type: Concept
notation: A602
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Francolinus francolinus
type: Concept
notation: A603
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus michahellis
type: Concept
notation: A604
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus borealis
type: Concept
notation: A605
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chettusia gregaria
type: Concept
notation: A606
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Platalea leucorodia leucorodia
type: Concept
notation: A607
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Motacilla citreola
type: Concept
notation: A608
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luscinia svecica svecica
type: Concept
notation: A609
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax
type: Concept
notation: A610
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luscinia svecica namnetum
type: Concept
notation: A611
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Luscinia svecica cyanecula
type: Concept
notation: A612
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus canariensis
type: Concept
notation: A613
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limosa limosa limosa
type: Concept
notation: A614
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Corvus cornix
type: Concept
notation: A615
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Limosa limosa islandica
type: Concept
notation: A616
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ixobrychus minutus minutus
type: Concept
notation: A617
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phylloscopus ibericus
type: Concept
notation: A618
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Accipiter gentilis gentilis
type: Concept
notation: A619
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Passer domesticus
type: Concept
notation: A620
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Passer italiae
type: Concept
notation: A621
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis citrinella
type: Concept
notation: A623
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chettusia leucura
type: Concept
notation: A624
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Glareola pratincola pratincola
type: Concept
notation: A625
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus mutus mutus
type: Concept
notation: A626
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Corvus corone
type: Concept
notation: A627
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus mutus millaisi
type: Concept
notation: A628
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus lagopus rossica
type: Concept
notation: A629
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oceanodroma monteiroi
type: Concept
notation: A630
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna albifrons albifrons
type: Concept
notation: A631
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pluvialis apricaria apricaria
type: Concept
notation: A632
definition: BD: I,IIB,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Accipiter nisus nisus
type: Concept
notation: A633
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ardea purpurea purpurea
type: Concept
notation: A634
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ardeola ralloides ralloides
type: Concept
notation: A635
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fringilla teydea teydea
type: Concept
notation: A636
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Certhia brachydactyla
type: Concept
notation: A637
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Grus grus
type: Concept
notation: A638
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Grus grus grus
type: Concept
notation: A639
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus fuscus fuscus
type: Concept
notation: A640
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus fuscus intermedius
type: Concept
notation: A641
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podiceps auritus auritus
type: Concept
notation: A642
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fringilla teydea polatzeki
type: Concept
notation: A643
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Perdix perdix
type: Concept
notation: A644
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia undata undata
type: Concept
notation: A645
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia undata dartfordiensis
type: Concept
notation: A646
definition: BD: I
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia cantillans moltonii
type: Concept
notation: A647
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia cantillans cantillans
type: Concept
notation: A648
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Regulus regulus sanctaemariae
type: Concept
notation: A649
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Regulus regulus inermis
type: Concept
notation: A650
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Regulus regulus azoricus
type: Concept
notation: A651
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Regulus madeirensis
type: Concept
notation: A652
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lanius excubitor excubitor
type: Concept
notation: A653
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mergus merganser merganser
type: Concept
notation: A654
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lanius excubitor meridionalis
type: Concept
notation: A655
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parus ater
type: Concept
notation: A656
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fringilla coelebs
type: Concept
notation: A657
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dendrocopos major
type: Concept
notation: A658
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tetrao urogallus
type: Concept
notation: A659
definition: BD: I,IIB,IIIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gelochelidon nilotica nilotica
type: Concept
notation: A660
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus
type: Concept
notation: A661
definition: BD: I,IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Uria aalge albionis
type: Concept
notation: A662
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phoenicopterus roseus
type: Concept
notation: A663
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus fuscus graellsii
type: Concept
notation: A664
definition: BD: IIB
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podiceps grisegena grisegena
type: Concept
notation: A665
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anthus petrosus
type: Concept
notation: A666
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ciconia ciconia ciconia
type: Concept
notation: A667
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Charadrius leschenaultii columbinus
type: Concept
notation: A668
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis corsicana
type: Concept
notation: A669
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris maritima maritima
type: Concept
notation: A670
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris canutus islandica
type: Concept
notation: A671
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris alpina alpina
type: Concept
notation: A672
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Burhinus oedicnemus oedicnemus
type: Concept
notation: A673
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Branta bernicla hrota
type: Concept
notation: A674
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Branta bernicla bernicla
type: Concept
notation: A675
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Troglodytes troglodytes
type: Concept
notation: A676
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Apus affinis
type: Concept
notation: A677
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Uria aalge aalge
type: Concept
notation: A678
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acrocephalus dumetorum
type: Concept
notation: A679
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acrocephalus agricola
type: Concept
notation: A680
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis cabaret
type: Concept
notation: A681
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus
type: Concept
notation: A682
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalacrocorax carbo carbo
type: Concept
notation: A683
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis
type: Concept
notation: A684
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanitta fusca fusca
type: Concept
notation: A685
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Iduna caligata
type: Concept
notation: A686
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Columba palumbus palumbus
type: Concept
notation: A687
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Botaurus stellaris stellaris
type: Concept
notation: A688
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gavia arctica arctica
type: Concept
notation: A689
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Tachybaptus ruficollis ruficollis
type: Concept
notation: A690
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podiceps cristatus cristatus
type: Concept
notation: A691
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis
type: Concept
notation: A692
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puffinus mauretanicus
type: Concept
notation: A693
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Casmerodius albus albus
type: Concept
notation: A698
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ardea cinerea cinerea
type: Concept
notation: A699
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser fabalis fabalis
type: Concept
notation: A701
definition: BD: IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser fabalis rossicus
type: Concept
notation: A702
definition: BD: IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas strepera strepera
type: Concept
notation: A703
definition: BD: IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas crecca crecca
type: Concept
notation: A704
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos
type: Concept
notation: A705
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aquila fasciata
type: Concept
notation: A707
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Falco peregrinus peregrinus
type: Concept
notation: A708
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus lagopus scotica
type: Concept
notation: A711
definition: BD: IIA,IIIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus muta pyrenaica
type: Concept
notation: A712
definition: BD: I,IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus muta helvetica
type: Concept
notation: A713
definition: BD: I,IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Francolinus francolinus francolinus
type: Concept
notation: A716
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Turnix sylvaticus
type: Concept
notation: A717
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Rallus aquaticus aquaticus
type: Concept
notation: A718
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Porzana parva parva
type: Concept
notation: A719
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Porzana pusilla intermedia
type: Concept
notation: A720
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Gallinula chloropus chloropus
type: Concept
notation: A721
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Porphyrio porphyrio porphyrio
type: Concept
notation: A722
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Fulica atra atra
type: Concept
notation: A723
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Charadrius dubius curonicus
type: Concept
notation: A726
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Eudromias morinellus
type: Concept
notation: A727
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vanellus spinosus
type: Concept
notation: A728
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Numenius arquata orientalis
type: Concept
notation: A730
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sterna caspia caspia
type: Concept
notation: A732
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chlidonias hybrida
type: Concept
notation: A734
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Bubo scandiacus
type: Concept
notation: A736
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Delichon urbicum
type: Concept
notation: A738
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Corvus corone corone
type: Concept
notation: A743
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Carduelis chloris
type: Concept
notation: A745
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Miliaria calandra
type: Concept
notation: A746
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cygnus atratus
type: Concept
notation: A747
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Alopochen aegyptiaca
type: Concept
notation: A748
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Aix sponsa
type: Concept
notation: A749
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Oxyura jamaicensis
type: Concept
notation: A750
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Cairina moschata
type: Concept
notation: A751
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Colinus virginianus
type: Concept
notation: A752
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Francolinus francolinus asiae
type: Concept
notation: A753
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Chrysolophus amherstiae
type: Concept
notation: A755
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pavo cristatus
type: Concept
notation: A756
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Numida meleagris
type: Concept
notation: A757
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Threskiornis aethiopicus
type: Concept
notation: A758
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Porphyrio porphyrio poliocephalus
type: Concept
notation: A759
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Psittacula krameri
type: Concept
notation: A760
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Myiopsitta monachus
type: Concept
notation: A761
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leiothrix lutea
type: Concept
notation: A762
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Paradoxornis webbianus
type: Concept
notation: A763
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Amandava amandava
type: Concept
notation: A764
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Acridotheres cristatellus
type: Concept
notation: A765
definition: BD: no annex
status: invalid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mergellus albellus
type: Concept
notation: A767
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Numenius arquata arquata
type: Concept
notation: A768
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ardea alba
type: Concept
notation: A773
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus armenicus
type: Concept
notation: A798
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus ichthyaetus
type: Concept
notation: A800
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lagopus muta
type: Concept
notation: A839
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Vanellus gregarius
type: Concept
notation: A841
definition: Resolution 6
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser canagicus
type: Concept
notation: A844
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Anser indicus
type: Concept
notation: A845
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Buteo jamaicensis
type: Concept
notation: A846
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Parabuteo unicinctus
type: Concept
notation: A847
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Agapornis roseicollis
type: Concept
notation: A848
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calonectris diomedea
type: Concept
notation: A850
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calonectris borealis
type: Concept
notation: A851
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ardenna gravis
type: Concept
notation: A852
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Ardenna grisea
type: Concept
notation: A853
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydrobates leucorhous
type: Concept
notation: A854
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mareca penelope
type: Concept
notation: A855
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spatula querquedula
type: Concept
notation: A856
definition: BD: IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spatula clypeata
type: Concept
notation: A857
definition: BD: IIA,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Clanga pomarina
type: Concept
notation: A858
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Clanga clanga
type: Concept
notation: A859
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris falcinellus
type: Concept
notation: A860
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Calidris pugnax
type: Concept
notation: A861
definition: BD: I,IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydrocoloeus minutus
type: Concept
notation: A862
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thalasseus sandvicensis
type: Concept
notation: A863
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Picus viridis
type: Concept
notation: A866
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Picus sharpei
type: Concept
notation: A867
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Leiopicus medius
type: Concept
notation: A868
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Dryobates minor
type: Concept
notation: A869
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pterodroma deserta
type: Concept
notation: A872
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydrobates castro
type: Concept
notation: A874
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Microcarbo pygmaeus
type: Concept
notation: A875
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lyrurus tetrix tetrix
type: Concept
notation: A876
definition: BD: I,IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lyrurus tetrix britannicus
type: Concept
notation: A877
definition: BD: IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Puffinus lherminieri
type: Concept
notation: A880
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Onychoprion fuscatus
type: Concept
notation: A882
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Thalasseus bengalensis
type: Concept
notation: A883
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydrobates monteiroi
type: Concept
notation: A884
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sternula albifrons
type: Concept
notation: A885
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Mareca strepera
type: Concept
notation: A889
definition: BD: IIA
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus argentatus argentatus
type: Concept
notation: A890
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zapornia parva
type: Concept
notation: A892
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Zapornia pusilla
type: Concept
notation: A893
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Hydroprogne caspia
type: Concept
notation: A894
definition: BD: I
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Larus argentatus argenteus
type: Concept
notation: A895
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Pternistis erckelii
type: Concept
notation: A896
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Spilopelia senegalensis
type: Concept
notation: A897
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Melanitta nigra
type: Concept
notation: A900
definition: BD: IIB,IIIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Sylvia subalpina
type: Concept
notation: A907
definition: BD: no annex
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

Lyrurus tetrix
type: Concept
notation: A909
definition: BD: IIB
status: valid
status modified: 2022-01-21
accepted date: 2022-01-21
in scheme: Emerald species list

EUNIS habitats
type: ConceptScheme
notation: eunishabitats
is part of: Biodiversity
registration status: Public draft
user modified: michimau
date modified: 2020-07-23 14:46:02.0
vocabulary type: Common
is numeric concept identifiers: false
is notations equal identifiers: true

Marine habitats
type: Concept
notation: A
definition: Marine habitats are directly connected to the oceans, i.e. part of the continuous body of water which covers the greater part of the earth’s surface and which surrounds its land masses. Marine waters may be fully saline, brackish or almost fresh. Marine habitats include those below spring high tide limit (or below mean water level in non-tidal waters) and enclosed coastal saline or brackish waters, without a permanent surface connection to the sea but either with intermittent surface or sub-surface connections (as in lagoons). Rockpools in the supralittoral zone are considered as enclaves of the marine zone. Includes marine littoral habitats which are subject to wet and dry periods on a tidal cycle including tidal saltmarshes; marine littoral habitats which are normally water-covered but intermittently exposed due to the action of wind or atmospheric pressure changes; freshly deposited marine strandlines characterised by marine invertebrates. Waterlogged littoral saltmarshes and associated saline or brackish pools above the mean water level in non-tidal waters or above the spring high tide limit in tidal waters are included with marine habitats. Includes constructed marine saline habitats below water level as defined above (such as in marinas, harbours, etc) which support a semi-natural community of both plants and animals. The marine water column includes bodies of ice.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Littoral sediment
narrower: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Pelagic water column
narrower: Ice-associated marine habitats

Littoral rock and other hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1
definition: Littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone. The upper limit is marked by the top of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. There are many physical variables affecting rocky shore communities - wave exposure, salinity, temperature and the diurnal emersion and immersion of the shore. Wave exposure is most commonly used to characterise littoral rock, from 'extremely exposed' on the open coast to 'extremely sheltered' in enclosed inlets. Exposed shores tend to support faunal-dominated communities of barnacles and mussels and some robust seaweeds. Sheltered shores are most notable for their dense cover of fucoid seaweeds, with distinctive zones occurring down the shore. In between these extremes of wave exposure, on moderately exposed shores, mosaics of seaweeds and barnacles are more typical.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: High energy littoral rock
narrower: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: Low energy littoral rock
narrower: Features of littoral rock

High energy littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1
definition: Extremely exposed to moderately exposed or tide-swept bedrock and boulder shores. Extremely exposed shores dominated by mussels and barnacles, occasionally with robust fucoids or turfs of red seaweed. Tide-swept shores support communities of fucoids, sponges and ascidians on the mid to lower shore. Three biological subtypes have been described: Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel [Mytilus edulis], barnacles [Chthamalus] spp. and/or [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpets [Patella] spp. (A1.11); red and brown seaweeds able to tolerate the extreme conditions of exposed rocky shores, primarily the physical stresses caused by wave action (A1.12), and tide-swept shores in more sheltered areas (such as narrow channels in sea loch) with canopy forming fucoids and a rich filter-feeding community (A1.15).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: No changes proposed at level 3 (Southampton workshop)
broader: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Mussel and/or barnacle communities
narrower: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities
narrower: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock
narrower: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action
narrower: Fucoids in tide-swept conditions
narrower: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Mussel and/or barnacle communities
type: Concept
notation: A1.11
definition: Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel [Mytilus edulis] (A1.111), barnacles [Chthamalus] spp. and/or [Semibalanus balanoides] and limpets [Patella] spp. (A1.112, A1.113). Several variants are identified. Some shores are characterised by dense bands of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] (A1.113). The barnacles may be covered by [Porphyra umbilicalis] on the upper shore of exposed sites. Cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [M. edulis], winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Red seaweeds also frequently occupy damp crevices, particularly [Ceramium shuttleworthianum], [Corallina officinalis], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and encrusting coralline algae, but the non-vesiculate form of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] might be present (A1.1132). Large numbers of the winkle [Littorina littorea] often dominate fields of large boulders or shores with a more mixed substratum (A1.1133). There is much regional variation affecting the zonation of barnacles in the British Isles. In the north-west [C. montagui] and/or [C. stellatus] can form a distinct band above [S. balanoides]. In the south-west [C. montagui] and/or [C. stellatus] can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone (A1.1121). On the east coasts [S. balanoides] is able to extend to the upper shore due to the absence of [Chthamalus] spp. and thereby any competition. The lichen [Lichina pygmaea] may be prominent, especially in the south, where it can form distinct patches or even a separate zone among the [Chthamalus] spp. (A1.1122). In areas of soft rock (e.g. shales), the barnacles may be scarce or absent and the rock dominated by [P. vulgata]. Situation: This habitat type is found in the mid to upper eulittoral on very to moderately exposed shores below the lichen dominated biotopes (B3.11) and is typically characterised by p…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock
narrower: [Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.13
definition: The distributions and types of species in this habitat are profoundly affected by the submersion variability determined by wave action, and by irregularities in the sea level caused by atmospheric pressure and wind.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats. Zonal basis of habitats in Barcelona units is different from that of BioMar (life-type). May be duplication at level 5 which needs to be examined before revisiting level 4 (David Connor)
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: Association with [Bangia atropurpurea]
narrower: Association with [Porphyra leucosticta]
narrower: Association with [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa]
narrower: Association with [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp.

Association with [Bangia atropurpurea]
type: Concept
notation: A1.131
definition: This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga [Bangia atropurpurea]. This facies is also present in the mediolittoral zone of the western Black Sea during winter.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock

Association with [Porphyra leucosticta]
type: Concept
notation: A1.132
definition: This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga [Porphyra leucosticta]. This facies is also present in the mediolittoral zone of the western Black Sea during winter.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock

Association with [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa]
type: Concept
notation: A1.133
definition: This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the two red algae species [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock

Association with [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A1.134
definition: This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red algae species [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock

[Mytilus edulis] and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.111
definition: On very exposed to exposed rocky shores the eulittoral zone, particularly the mid and lower shore, is typically characterised by patches of small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] interspersed with patches of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and individuls of the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Amongst the mussels small individuals of red seaweeds including [Ceramium] spp., [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] can be found. The foliose red seaweeds [Porphyra umbilicalis] and [Palmaria palmata] are commonly found as epiphytes on [M. edulis] where they can form luxuriant growths. The abundance of the red seaweeds generally increases down the shore and in the lower eulittoral they may form a distinct zone in which mussels or barnacles are scarce (FR, Coff.Coff or Him). Where [M. edulis] occurs on steep rock, red seaweeds are scarce and restricted to the lower shore. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and a few winkles such as [Littorina] spp. can occur where cracks and crevices provide a refuge in the rock. Fucoids are generally absent, although some non-vesiculate [Fucus vesiculosus] may occur where the shore slopes more gently. This biotope also occurs on steep moderately exposed shores which experience increased wave energy. Situation: MytB is generally found above a zone of either mixed turf-forming red seaweeds (FR), [Himanthalia elongata] (Him) or above the sublittoral fringe kelp [Alaria esculenta] (Ala) zone. Above MytB there may be a [Verrucaria maura] zone (Ver.Ver), a [V. maura] and sparse barnacle zone (Ver.B), often with [P. umbilicalis] or a denser barnacle and limpet zone (Sem; FvesB). In addition, patches of lichen [Lichina pygmaea] with the barnacle [Chthamalus montagui] (Cht.Cht) may also occur above this biotope, particularly on southern shores. Temporal variation: Severe winter storms can cause periodic removal of this mussel and barnacle community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel and/or barnacle communities

[Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.112
definition: Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including [Chthamalus montagui], [Chthamalus stellatus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Black patches of the lichen [Verrucaria maura] may be found in this zone. There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of [Chthamalus] spp. On the west coast [Chthamalus] spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. [C. montagui] is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. On some shores, particularly in the south-west, [Chthamalus] spp. is the dominant barnacle throughout the eulittoral zone (Cht.Cht). On other shores, particularly in the south, [Lichina pygmaea] can form a distinct zone (Cht.Lpyg). Situation: Cht is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] (Ver.B or Ver.Ver) on very exposed shores and above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacle biotope (MytB). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and [F. vesiculosus] biotope may occur (Sem.FvesR) beneath Cht. On such moderately exposed shores Cht may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (Sem.FvesR or Fves), though these communities should not be confused with Sem.FvesR. Cht can also occur above Sem. On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland [Chthamalus] spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel and/or barnacle communities
narrower: [Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus] on exposed upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Chthamalus] spp. and [Lichina pygmaea] on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock

[Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus] on exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1121
definition: Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including [Chthamalus montagui], [Chthamalus stellatus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], and the winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Patches of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may be present, though in low abundance (Occasional). Shaded vertical littoral fringe and upper eulittoral bedrock may be characterised by the shade-tolerant red seaweeds [Catenella caespitosa], [Bostrychia scorpioides] and/or [Lomentaria articulata]. Where the turf of [C. caespitosa] is well established, barnacles are rare. Geographical variation: There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of [Chthamalus] spp. On the west coast [Chthamalus] spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone (Sem). [C. montagui] is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. In the south-west [Chthamalus] spp. can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone. Situation: Cht.Cht is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] (Ver.B or Ver.Ver) on very exposed shores. It is found above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (MytB). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and [F. vesiculosus] biotope may occur (Sem.FvesR) beneath the Cht. On such moderately exposed shores Cht may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (Sem.FvesR or Fves), though these communities should not be confused with Sem.FvesR…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock

Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.14
definition: These communities are located in the lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: high waves, variations in atmospheric pressure, and variations in wind and tide. The dominant aspect, however, is the constant humidity of the substratum.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats. Zonal basis of habitats in Barcelona units is different from that of BioMar (life-type). May be duplication at level 5 which needs to be examined before revisiting level 4 (David Connor)
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: Association with [Lithophyllum byssoides]
narrower: Facies with [Pollicipes cornucopiae]
narrower: Association with [Titanoderma trochanter ]
narrower: Association with [Tenarea undulosa]
narrower: [Mytilus galloprovincialis] facies in presence of moderately polluted waters

Association with [Lithophyllum byssoides]
type: Concept
notation: A1.141
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga species [Lithophyllum byssoides] (ex [Lithophyllum lichenoides]). This is one of the most important bio-constructors of the Mediterranean "trottoir", particularly important because of its high aesthetic interest and its conservation value.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

Facies with [Pollicipes cornucopiae]
type: Concept
notation: A1.142
definition: This facies is very rare in Mediterranean. The characteristic species is the Cirriped (Barnacle) [Pollicipes pollicipes] ([Pollicipes cornucopiae]), living on rocky walls in areas with pure waters exposed to extremely rough waves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

[Chthamalus] spp. and [Lichina pygmaea] on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1122
definition: Areas of steep and vertical rock in the upper eulittoral on very exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by tufts of the dark brownish lichen [Lichina pygmaea] and the barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus], although long-established patches of [L. pygmaea] ultimately exclude barnacles. The rigid branching thallus of [L. pygmaea] provides an ideal habitat for the bivalve [Lasaea adasoni], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Melarhaphe neritoides]. The anemone [Actinia equina] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are confined to moist cracks and crevices, while the limpet [Patella vulgata] is found on the open bedrock. In the south-west the top shell [Gibbula umbilicalis] can be found on [L. pygmaea]. On the north-east coast this biotope does not have [Chthamalus] spp., [L. pygmaea] being the most important characterising species on these sites. Situation: The band of [L. pygmaea] lies between the [Verrucaria maura] zone (Ver.B or Ver.Ver) above and the barnacle-[P. vulgata] zone (Sem) below. Other upper shore biotopes (Ver.B or Ver.Ver) may contain occasional patches of [L. pygmaea], particularly on steep sunny faces, though not forming a distinct zone. [L. pygmaea] also occurs on less steeply-sloping shores if they are in a sunny aspect. In some areas, a high abundance of [L. pygmaea] results in a distinct zone, particularly in the south. On [Chthamalus] spp[]. dominated shores (south and west coasts) the band of [L. pygmaea] lies within the barnacle zone, whereas on [Semibalanus balanoides] dominated shores (north and east coasts) Cht.Lpyg lies astride the upper limit of the barnacles (Sem).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock

[Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.113
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algal community including the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. On some shores the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Three variants have been described: A [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated community on bedrock (Sem.Sem); [S. balanoides] and sparse [Fucus vesioculosus] and red seaweeds (Sem.FvesR); and barnacles and [L. littorea] eulittoral boulders and cobbles (Sem.LlitX). Situation: On very exposed to exposed shores [Chthamalus] spp. (see Cht for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] dominated biotopes (Ver.Ver or Ver.B) may be found above Sem. In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and various red seaweeds such as [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] (Him; Coff; Osm) often occurs. Sem may also occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (FvesB; Sem.FvesR). Temporal variation: Periods with little scour or calmer weather can allow a seaweed community to develop, creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. Fves or FvesB). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to determine the exact nature of this process.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel and/or barnacle communities
narrower: [Semibalanus balanoides], [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock
narrower: [Semibalanus balanoides], [Fucus vesiculosus] and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock
narrower: [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles

[Semibalanus balanoides], [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1131
definition: Very exposed to sheltered mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the winkle [Littorina] spp. and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algae community, though patches of the red seaweed [Osmundea pinnatifida] can be present throughout the zone. On some shores the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Records should not be assigned to this species impoverished biotope if there is a significant number or abundance of seaweeds. Situation: On very exposed to exposed shores [Chthamalus] spp. (see Cht.Cht for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, found above Sem are the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] dominated biotopes (Ver.Ver or Ver.B). In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe is a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and various red seaweeds including [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] (Him; Coff; Osm) or the mussel and barnacle dominated biotope MytB. Sem.Sem may occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (Sem.FvesR; FvesB). Temporal variation: Periods with little scour or less severe storms can allow a seaweed community to develop creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. Fves). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to validate this hypothesis.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Association with [Titanoderma trochanter ]
type: Concept
notation: A1.143
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga [Titanoderma trochanter ] (ex [Lithophyllum trochanter]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

Association with [Tenarea undulosa]
type: Concept
notation: A1.144
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga [Lithophyllum tortuosum] (ex [Tenarea undulosa]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

[Mytilus galloprovincialis] facies in presence of moderately polluted waters
type: Concept
notation: A1.145
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.16
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: Pontic upper shore with [Chthamalus], [Ligia], [Melaraphe], [Rivularia] (cyanophites)
narrower: Pontic upper mediolittoral with [Mytilaster] spp, [Mytilus] spp., [Enteromorpha minima], [Enteromorpha compressa]
narrower: Pontic ephemeral patchwork of green and red algae with [Mytilaster] and [Mytilus]
narrower: Pontic association with encrusting algae and [Lepidochitona caprearum]
narrower: Pontic [Corallina] turfs on exposed to moderately exposed mediolittoral rock
narrower: Pontic mediolittoral barren rock scoured by sand

Pontic upper shore with [Chthamalus], [Ligia], [Melaraphe], [Rivularia] (cyanophites)
type: Concept
notation: A1.161
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Pontic upper mediolittoral with [Mytilaster] spp, [Mytilus] spp., [Enteromorpha minima], [Enteromorpha compressa]
type: Concept
notation: A1.162
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Pontic ephemeral patchwork of green and red algae with [Mytilaster] and [Mytilus]
type: Concept
notation: A1.163
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Pontic association with encrusting algae and [Lepidochitona caprearum]
type: Concept
notation: A1.164
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Pontic [Corallina] turfs on exposed to moderately exposed mediolittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.165
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

[Semibalanus balanoides], [Fucus vesiculosus] and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1132
definition: Exposed and moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock characterised by the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] with a sparse community of seaweeds. Turfs of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] can be present on the more horizontal parts of the shore though usually in low abundance (Occasional). Individuals of [F. vesiculosus] can lack the characteristic twin air bladders due to environmental stress (i.e. wave exposure). A sparse seaweed community consisting of foliose red seaweeds such as [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] are usually present along with the [Corallina officinalis] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The algal community is usually restricted to fissures and cracks in the bedrock surface. Moist cracks and crevices also provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Situation: On exposed and moderately exposed shores Sem.FvesR is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (Ver.B) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotopes (Cht). Sem.FvesR is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] (Him) or the red seaweed biotopes (Coff). Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (Sem.FvesR) and a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (Fves). Individuals of [F. vesiculosus] growing in stressed environmental conditions (i.e. high wave exposure) do not always develop the characteristic twin air bladders.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

[Semibalanus balanoides] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles
type: Concept
notation: A1.1133
definition: Large patches of boulders, cobbles and pebbles in the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores colonised by the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and, on larger rocks, the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are typically found in high numbers on and around cobbles and smaller boulders, while the anemone [Actinia equina] occurs in damp areas between and underneath larger boulders. Between the cobbles and pebbles, the mussel [Mytilus edulis] occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance, as do the crab [Carcinus maenas] and gammarid amphipods. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may cover cobbles and boulders. The foliose red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] as well as the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may also occur in low abundance on cobbles and boulders. The top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] can, on more sheltered shores, be found among the seaweeds or underneath the boulders. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] is present on some shores. Situation: On exposed shores with large boulders Sem.LlitX is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (Ver.Ver or Ver.B) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotope (Cht). Below this biotope the [Himanthalia elongata] dominated biotopes may occur (Him; Coff). On less exposed shores Sem.LlitX can be found above the [Fucus serratus] biotope on boulders (Fser.Bo). Temporal variation: Seasonally mobile boulders, cobbles and pebbles are likely to have a sparser coverage of flora and fauna, because the rocks can be subject to turning. Ephemeral green seaweeds can dominate during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities
type: Concept
notation: A1.12
definition: This habitat type encompasses those seaweeds that are able to tolerate the extreme conditions of very exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. The physical stresses caused by wave action often results in dwarf forms of the individual seaweeds. The strong holdfasts and short tufts structure of the wracks [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis f. nana] allow these fucoids to survive on extremely exposed shores in the north and north-west (A1.121). Another seaweed able to tolerate the wave-wash is the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], which can form a dense turf on the mid to lower shore (A1.122). The wrack [Himanthalia elongata] occurs on the lower shore and can extend on to moderately exposed shores (A1.123). The red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] is common on both exposed and moderately exposed shores, where it may form a dense turf (particularly on vertical or overhanging rock faces, A1.125). Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock can support a pure stand of the red seaweed [Palmaria palmata]. It is found either as a dense band or in large patches above the main sublittoral fringe (A1.124). Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of [Osmundea] [pinnatifida] (A1.126). Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks, such as [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis], to bore into them (A1.127). This biotope is rare. Other species such as the anemone [Halichondria panicea], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be present as well, but they are never dominant as in A1.11. There is also a higher number of seaweeds present including the red [Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata], [Ceramium] spp. and the brown seaweeds [Laminaria digitata] and [Fucus serratus. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis] f. [nana] on extremely exposed upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Himanthalia elongata] and red seaweeds on exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Palmaria palmata] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Osmundea pinnatifida] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Ceramium] sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat

Pontic mediolittoral barren rock scoured by sand
type: Concept
notation: A1.166
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Moderate energy littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.2
definition: Moderately exposed shores (bedrock, boulders and cobbles) characterised by mosaics of barnacles and fucoids on the mid and upper shore; with fucoids and red seaweed mosaics on the lower shore. Where freshwater or sand-scour affects the shore ephemeral red or green seaweeds can dominate. Other shores support communities of mussels and fucoids in the mid to lower shore. Two biological subtypes have been described: barnacles and fucoids (A1.21) and mussels and fucoids (A1.22).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: No changes proposed at level 3 (Southampton workshop)
broader: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
narrower: Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
narrower: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action
narrower: Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.23
definition: These communities are located in the lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: moderate waves, variations in atmospheric pressure and wind and tide, if present. The dominant aspect, however, is the constant humidity of the substratum.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that this level 4 definition (presently based on Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name or merged with an existing unit if necessary. Biogeographic details should be addressed in level 5 habitats. Zonal basis of habitats in Barcelona units is different from that of BioMar (life-type). May be duplication at level 5 which needs to be examined before revisiting level 4 (David Connor)
broader: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: Association with [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata]
narrower: [Neogoniolithon brassica-florida] concretion
narrower: Association with [Gelidium] spp
narrower: Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with [Vermetus] spp. (infralittoral enclave)

[Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis] f. [nana] on extremely exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.121
definition: Extremely exposed gently or steeply sloping upper shore bedrock which supports a mixture of the wracks [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis f. nana], the latter often at the top of the zone. On some sites [F. distichus] dominates and [F. spiralis] is not present. Other seaweeds normally found on exposed coasts are common in this biotope. These include ephemeral species such as the foliose red [Porphyra umbilicalis] and the green [Enteromorpha] spp. The winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found grazing on the bedrock or on the fucoids, while red crusts of [Hildenbrandia rubra] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are restricted to moist cracks and crevices. A sparse covering of the black lichens [Verrucaria maura] and [Verrucaria mucosa] can be found in the upper part of this biotope competing for space with barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. This biotope is very rare and restricted to the far north and west coasts. Situation: This mixed band of [F. distichus] and [F. spiralis f. nana] is generally found between the [Verrucaria maura] and [Porphyra] spp. zone (Ver.Ver or Ver.B) above, and the [M. edulis] and barnacle zone below (MytB). It may also occur above a red algal zone consisting of [Mastocarpus stellatus] as recorded on Barra. Temporal variation: Due to the occurrence of this biotope on very exposed coasts a certain amount of fluctuation between this biotope and the Ver.B biotope from year to year is to be expected. More information is required to validate this hypothesis. There can be seasonal fluctuations in the density of ephemeral green algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

[Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.122
definition: Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds including [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] and [Osmundea] [pinnatifida]. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack [Himanthalia elongata], [Laminaria digitata] while the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are present as well. A number of invertebrates are present on the bedrock underneath the coralline turf, including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the limpets [Patella ulyssiponensis] and [Patella vulgata]. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west. Two variants have been described: [C. officinalis] and kelp (Coff.Coff) and [C. officinalis], [H. elongata] and the limpet [P. ulyssiponensis] (Coff.Puly). Situation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (Ala, Ala.Ldig or Ldig). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Cht; Sem; Sem.FvesR).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities
narrower: [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Corallina officinalis], [Himanthalia elongata] and [Patella ulyssiponensis] on very exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1221
definition: Exposed lower eulittoral rock or moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds such as [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida]. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and the kelp [Laminaria digitata], while the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. Green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are also present. The coralline turf creates a micro-habitat for small animals such as the colonial tube building polychaete [Pomatoceros] sp. and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is often found in small cracks and crevices while the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] can be found in shaded areas or on overhangs. The limpets [Patella ulyssiponensis] and [Patella vulgata] can be found on the bedrock underneath the turf. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west. Situation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (Ala, Ala.Ldig or Ldig). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Cht; Sem.Sem; Sem.FvesR). Temporal variation: If there is many of the characteristic [H. elongata] buttons present in early spring careful comparison with the Him biotope should be made (See Similar biotopes).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Association with [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata]
type: Concept
notation: A1.231
definition: This association is characterised by the red algae [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

[Neogoniolithon brassica-florida] concretion
type: Concept
notation: A1.232
definition: The characteristic species of this biocoenosis is the red alga [Neogoniolithon brassica-florida]. When present, this biocoenosis occupies the borders of the lower mediolittoral where the action of waves is very strong.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Gelidium] spp
type: Concept
notation: A1.233
definition: This association is characterised by the dominance of red algae belonging to the genus [Gelidium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with [Vermetus] spp. (infralittoral enclave)
type: Concept
notation: A1.234
definition: This habitat is characterised by a high variability in ecological conditions. It is sometimes characterised by facies with sessile gastropod vermetids located in the middle level of the sea water. It forms well-developed vermetid platforms in Sicily, Corsica and in the eastern Mediterranean basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.24
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: Pontic association with [Enteromorpha intestinalis]
narrower: Pontic association with [Cladophora vagabunda]
narrower: Pontic association with [Ceramium rubrum]

Pontic association with [Enteromorpha intestinalis]
type: Concept
notation: A1.241
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic association with [Cladophora vagabunda]
type: Concept
notation: A1.242
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic association with [Ceramium rubrum]
type: Concept
notation: A1.243
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Fucus virsoides]
type: Concept
notation: A1.316
definition: The characteristic species of this association is the brown alga [Fucus virsoides]. When present, this assemblage occupies the entire mediolittoral zone. Its presence is related to significant tides and relatively cool, unsalted, eutrophic waters and it is peculiar to areas with these characteristics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores

Red algal turf in lower eulittoral, sheltered from wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.33
definition: Proposed new level 4 unit. More information required.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new level 4 unit (Southampton workshop) Need to check where this occurs (David Connor)
broader: Low energy littoral rock

Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock sheltered from wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.34
definition: These communities are located in the sheltered lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: little wave action, variations in atmospheric pressure and wind and tide. The dominant aspect is the constant humidity of the substratum.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that this level 4 definition (presently based on Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name or merged with an existing unit if necessary. Biogeographic details should be addressed in level 5 habitats. Zonal basis of habitats in Barcelona units is different from that of BioMar (life-type). May be duplication at level 5 which needs to be examined before revisiting level 4 (David Connor)
broader: Low energy littoral rock
narrower: Association with [Enteromorpha compressa]

[Corallina officinalis], [Himanthalia elongata] and [Patella ulyssiponensis] on very exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1222
definition: Very exposed to exposed lower eulittoral bedrock shores in the south-west can support a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] found underneath the long erect fronds of the wrack [Himanthalia elongata]. The rock surface is pitted with the limpet [Patella ulyssiponensis]. Also found on the bedrock is the barnacle [Chthamalus stellatus] or the limpet [Patella vulgata], while numerous cracks and crevices provide shelter for anemones such as [Actinia equina] or the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Other turf-forming red seaweeds include [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata, Gastroclonium ovatum, Ceramium] spp. and [Osmundea] [pinnatifida] which can be found along with the kelp [Laminaria digitata]. Foliose green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may also be present along with siphonous [Codium] spp. Sponges such [as Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] may be present in shaded areas. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west. Situation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (Ala; Ala.Ldig or Ldig). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Cht; Sem or Sem.FvesR). Temporal variation: There might be some fluctuations in the abundance of the individual species from year to year, which reverts this biotope into either the Coff.Coff or the Him biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Himanthalia elongata] and red seaweeds on exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.123
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] with a dense turf of red seaweeds beneath. [H. elongata] may occur on tide-swept, sheltered shores in sea lochs (e.g. Loch Maddy). The wrack [Fucus serratus] is normally present as well. The predominant red seaweeds are usually [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Corallina officinalis] and [Palmaria palmata] that tend to grow over a crust of the pink coralline algae [Lithothamnion] spp. Any patches between the algal turf may be colonised by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], or [Balanus perforatus] in the south-west, and by the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Pits and crevices in the rock often provide a refuge for the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the winkle [Littorina] spp. and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Besides the dominant seaweeds there are a number of other red, brown and green seaweeds present. These include species such as the red seaweeds [Dumontia contorta], [Lomentaria articulata, Porphyra] spp., the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris]. Situation: On some shores this biotope may occur as a distinct zone between a [Fucus serratus] and red algal turf (Fser.R) and the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and [L. digitata] community (Ala.Ldig). This biotope generally characterises those shores which are too exposed for [F. serratus] to form a dense canopy, often occurring as large patches within the [F. serratus] / red seaweed turf zone (Fser.R). Consequently, [F. serratus] plants frequently occur amongst the [H. elongata] and red seaweed turf. Temporal variation: In early spring only characteristic [H. elongata] buttons are present, while the long erect parts of the thalli appears later in the season. This biotope may therefore appear very similar to Coff.Coff biotope in the spring and care should be taken when assessing these biotopes in early spring (See S…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

[Palmaria palmata] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.124
definition: Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock which supports a pure stand of dulse [Palmaria palmata] as a dense band or in large patches above the main kelp zone. [P. palmata] favours shaded or overhanging rock and often forms a band at the top of overhanging rock. Relatively low abundance of other seaweeds, such as the red seaweed [Porphyra umbilicalis] or the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] may also occur in this biotope although [P. palmata] always dominates. On the rock underneath the seaweed turf are the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata and the olive-green lichen] Verrucaria mucosa. Sites should only be recorded as Pal where [P. palmata] forms a distinct band or occurs in large patches on the shore. Situation: This biotope is found below the biotopes dominated by the [P. vulgata, S. balanoides], the wrack [Fucus distichus] or [E. intestinalis] (Sem; Fdis; Ent). It is found above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] (Ala.Ldig; Ldig.Ldig). Temporal variation: It is likely that the [P. palmata] biotope represents an opportunistic assemblage of fast-growing species which occupy gaps within or between the canopies of long lived perennials such as the wrack [Fucus serratus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

Association with [Enteromorpha compressa]
type: Concept
notation: A1.341
definition: 'This is an association of polluted waters characterised by the green alga species [Ulva compressa] (ex [Enteromorpha compressa]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: This unit may be the same as A1.325 (David Connor)
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock sheltered from wave action

Pontic eulittoral rockpools with green seaweeds ([Cladophora], [Ulva], [Enteromorpha]), [Mytilus], [Mytilaster], [Polybius], [Pachygrapsus] and small fish
type: Concept
notation: A1.415
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools

Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.42
definition: Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity due to rainwater influence are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus [Enteromorpha], along with [Cladophora] spp. and [Ulva lactuca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Green seaweeds ([Enteromorpha] spp. and [Cladophora] spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools
narrower: Pontic deep upper shore rockpools with [Mytilus] and [Pachygrapsus] juveniles

Pontic deep upper shore rockpools with [Mytilus] and [Pachygrapsus] juveniles
type: Concept
notation: A1.422
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone

Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.43
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Eutrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
narrower: Mesotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
narrower: Oligotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone

Eutrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.431
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone

Mesotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.432
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone

Oligotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.433
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone

Association with [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]
type: Concept
notation: A1.44B
definition: The characteristic species of this association are the red algae [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]. This assemblage lives under the red alga [Lithophyllum byssoides] (ex [Lithophyllum lichenoides]) edge and at the entrance to mediolittoral caves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Pontic mediolittoral caves with [Hildebrandia], [Phymatolithon], [Lithophyllum], bryozoans, [Pachygrapsus], [Eriphia]
type: Concept
notation: A1.44C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Hydrolittoral soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.46
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral soft rock: reefs

[Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.125
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical to almost horizontal bedrock characterised by a dense turf of [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] (either together or separately). Beneath these foliose seaweeds the rock surface is covered by encrusting coralline algae and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and spirorbid polychaetes. Other seaweeds including the red [Lomentaria articulata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Palmaria palmata], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. The wrack [Fucus serratus] and the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may also be present though usually at a low abundance[]. Although both [M. stellatus] and [C. crispus] are widespread in the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe, they occur only infrequently in a distinct band, or in large enough patches, to justify separation from Fser.R. Consequently, where only small patches of these species occur within a larger area of mixed red algal turf, then records should be assigned to more general mixed red algal turf biotope (Coff; Him). [M. stellatus] can be present in high abundance in a number of biotopes (Coff: Him; Fser.R etc.) found on the shore. At least one other species normally co-dominates and records should be assigned to the appropriate biotope. Caution should be taken regarding the characterising species list due to the low number of records. More information needed to validate this description. Situation: This biotope can form a band above the main kelp zone, above [Alaria esculenta] (Ala) or the mussel [Mytilus edulis] (MytB) or within a [F. serratus]-red algal mosaic (Fser.R). Temporal variation: [M. stellatus] is more resistant to wave action than [C]. [crispus] and may therefore dominate more exposed shores; it can dominate vertical rock at very exposed sites (e.g. Mingulay, Outer Hebrides). On more sheltered shores, especially in the south-west, [M. stellatus] may give way to [C. crispus…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

[Osmundea pinnatifida] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.126
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Gelidium pusillum] (either together or separately). This community usually occurs on shores on which a fucoid canopy is reduced in extent, or even absent. Other turf-forming red seaweeds, such as [Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus], [Ceramium] spp. and [Callithamnion hookeri] may be present, although [O. pinnatifida] always dominate. On flatter, more sheltered shores, [Osmundea hybrida] may also occur. Small patches of bare rock amongst the algal turf are occupied by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be present on the rock or among the seaweeds. A variation of this biotope has been described for the chalk platforms in Kent where extensive turfs of [G. pusillum] occur in the mid eulittoral above the main [O. pinnatifida] zone. Situation: This biotope can be found below barnacles [S. balanoides] or red seaweed dominated community, which includes the species [Palmaria palmata], [C. officinalis] or [M. stellatus] (Sem; Coff; Cor). It is found above biotopes dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds (FcdR; MytFR; Fser.R) or above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (Ldig.Ldig).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

[Ceramium] sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat
type: Concept
notation: A1.127
definition: Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks such as [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis] to bore into them. The surface of the peat can be characterised by a dense algal mat, predominantly the red seaweed [Ceramium] spp. and with the green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Damp areas in the algal mat are covered by aggregations of the polychaetes [Lanice conchilega] and [Polydora] sp. The crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Cancer pagurus] occur in crevices in the peat. Small pools on the peat may contain hydroids, such as [Obelia longissima] and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], the brown alga [Dictyota dichotoma] and the crustacean [Crangon crangon]. Description derived largely from sites in north Norfolk and this community could possibly be found on other "soft" substrata. Further records of this community are required in order to validate the description.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

Fucoids in tide-swept conditions
type: Concept
notation: A1.15
definition: Fucoid seaweeds in tide-swept conditions on sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral to lower eulittoral rocky shores, such as narrow channels in sea lochs. The middle shore can be dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.151), while [Fucus serratus] is dominating the lower shore (A1.152, A1.153). The high levels of water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges [Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Ascidiella scabra], which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink [Clava multicornis] can form colonies on [A. nodosum] while [Dynamena pumila] is more often found on [Fucus vesiculosus] or [F. serratus]. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds [Gelidium pusillum], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can usually be found growing on [A. nodosum]. On the rock beneath are the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while the crab [Carcinus maenas] and a variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea], [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina obtusata] can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can either be found in cracks and crevices. Situation: Sheltered tide-swept shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the [Fucus spiralis] and [F. vesiculosus] band and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata

Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.461
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral soft rock

Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.462
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral soft rock

Hydrolittoral soft rock: reefs
type: Concept
notation: A1.463
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral soft rock

Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)
type: Concept
notation: A1.47
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): reefs

Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.471
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)

[Ascophyllum nodosum], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.151
definition: Very sheltered to extremely sheltered areas of mid eulittoral rock that are subject to strong to moderate tidal streams, such as the narrows in sea lochs, and characterised by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. The wracks [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus] are occasionally present. The increased water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges [Leucosolenia] spp., [Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Ascidiella scabra], which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink [Clava multicornis] can form colonies on [A. nodosum] while [Dynamena pumila] is more often found on [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus]. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds [Gelidium pusillum], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can usually be found growing on [A. nodosum]. On the rock beneath are the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while the crab [Carcinus maenas] and a variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea], [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina obtusata] can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can either be found in cracks and crevices or preying on the barnacles. Situation: This biotope occurs lower on the shore than the [Fucus spiralis] biotope (Fspi) although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. Asc.T is found above the tide-swept [F. serratus] dominated biotope (Fserr.T). Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in tide-swept conditions

[Fucus serratus], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.152
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to increased tidal water movement and characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and a rich assemblage of filter-feeding fauna. This community is encouraged by the increased water movement. It includes species such as the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], which occur frequently on steep and overhanging faces. Underneath the [F. serratus] canopy is a diverse flora of foliose red seaweeds including [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and [Chondrus crispus]. The green seaweeds [Cladophora] spp., [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] and the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] are present though usually in small numbers. On the rock underneath the seaweed canopy, species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Balanus crenatus] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found though in lower abundance than higher up the shore. Also present on the rock are the tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and spirorbids and more mobile species such as the winkles [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina littorea], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Lastly, several species of bryozoans are usually present including [Electra pilosa] and [Alcyonidium gelatinosum], all competing for space with the hydroid [Dynamena pumila], which can form dense populations on the [F. serratus] fronds. Situation: Areas where increased tidal movement influences such a community are in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of Scottish sea lochs and the rias in south-west England. In the few cases where the rock is also subject to variable salinity, an impoverished community results and records should be classified as Fserr.VS rather than the present biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in tide-swept conditions

[Fucus serratus] with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.153
definition: Sheltered lower shore boulders, cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments that are subject to enhanced tidal water movement and characterised by a species rich community. Dominant species include the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], the sea squirts [Ascidiella aspera], [Ascidiella scabra], [Styela clava] and [Botryllus schlosseri]. A number of filamentous red seaweeds including [Halurus flosculosus], [Ceramium] spp., [Gracilaria gracilis, Polysiphonia fucoides] and foliose seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] are usually present. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and the wrack [Fucus serratus] with colonies of the hydroid [Dynamena pumila], and [Ectocarpus] sp. may be found on more stable substrata. Boulders and large cobbles provide substrata for the top shell [Gibbula cineraria], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus], or in areas with variable salinity [Elminius modestus], and the tube-forming polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Patches of sand or mud are often characterised by the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] and the polychaete [Sabella pavonina]. Aggregations of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and, in southern and eastern England the limpet [Crepidula fornicata], may be found attached to cobbles and pebbles. Sites in Scottish sea lochs may support maerl [Lithothamnion] spp. and bivalves [Venerupis senegalensis] (see also VsenMtru). Situation: This biotope is found above a community dominated by kelp such as [Laminaria digitata] (Ldig) or seagrass beds dominated by [Zostera marina] (Zmar) depending on the substrata found below. It is found below biotopes dominated by wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves) or [M. edulis] beds (MytFab; Myt.Myt).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in tide-swept conditions

Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.472
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)

Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): reefs
type: Concept
notation: A1.473
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)

Hydrolittoral hard clay
type: Concept
notation: A1.48
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral hard clay: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation

Hydrolittoral hard clay: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.481
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral hard clay

Hydrolittoral mussel beds
type: Concept
notation: A1.49
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Should this unit be reclassified under a new unit "Hydrolittoral biogenic substrates" and moved to level 5? Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral mussel beds: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral mussel beds: dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Hydrolittoral mussel beds: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.491
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral mussel beds

Hydrolittoral mussel beds: dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.492
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral mussel beds

Hydrolittoral peat
type: Concept
notation: A1.4A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock

Pontic sulphide vents in littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.4B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock

Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.11
definition: Shores of shingle (mobile cobbles and pebbles) or coarse gravel, typically deposited as a result of onshore wave action and long-shore drift. The particle size tends to increase along the shore in the direction of the long-shore drift. As the sediment is very coarse and often quite mobile, it typically supports little marine life, other than opportunist amphipods and oligochaete worms. Summer growths of ephemeral green algae ([Enteromorpha] spp.) may develop.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral coarse sediment
narrower: Barren littoral shingle
narrower: [Pectenogammarus planicrurus] in mid shore well-sorted gravel or coarse sand

Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
type: Concept
notation: A1.21
definition: Moderately exposed rocky shores characterised by a mosaic of fucoids and barnacles on bedrock and boulders, where the extent of the fucoid cover is typically less than the blanket cover associated with sheltered shores. Other species are normally present as well in this habtat including the winkle [Littorina littorea], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus]. Beneath the band of yellow and grey lichens at the top of the shore is a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata], scattered barnacles, while the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] covers the rock surface (A1.211). Below, on the mid shore the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] generally forms a mosaic with the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] (A1.213). Finally, the wrack [Fucus serratus], dominates the lower shore, while a variety of red seaweeds can be found underneath the[F. serratus] canopy (A1.214). A number of variants have been described: lower shore bedrock and boulders characterised by mosaics of [F. serratus] and turf-forming red seaweeds (A1.2141); where the density of [F. serratus] is greater (typically Common - Superabundant) and the abundance of red seaweeds less A1.3151 should be recorded. The presence of boulders and cobbles on the shore can increase the micro-habitat diversity, which often results in a greater species richness. Although the upper surface of the boulders may bear very similar communities to A1.3151 there is often an increase in fauna (crabs, tube-forming polychaetes, sponges and bryozoans) and A1.2142 should be recorded. Sand-influenced exposed to moderately exposed lower shore rock can be characterised by dense mats of [Rhodothamniella floridula] (A1.215). Situation: Mid and lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock with a lichen zone above and a kelp dominated community below in the sublittoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: [Pelvetia canaliculata] and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on full salinity exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Rhodothamniella floridula] on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock

[Pelvetia canaliculata] and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.211
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed steep, lower littoral fringe rock and mixed substrata characterised by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] and sparse barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Semibalanus balanoides]. On sheltered shores the biotope is restricted to vertical faces. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the wrack [Fucus spiralis] are usually present as well. [P. canaliculata] typically overgrows a crust of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] or on occasion [Verrucaria mucosa], in contrast to the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra] on very sheltered shores. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is frequently present underneath the fronds of [P. canaliculata]. Some geographical variation are present and southern and western shores are typically characterised by the barnacle [C. montagui] or [Chthamalus stellatus] while [S. balanoides] dominates on northern and eastern shores. On mixed substrata the barnacle [Elminius modestus] may be present. Situation: PelB is generally found below the [V. maura] and barnacle zone (Ver.B; Ver.Ver). On exposed shores PelB is found above the biotope dominated by [F. spiralis] (Fspi) or the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (MytB) or the barnacles and [P. vulgata] biotopes (Sem). In addition, patches of lichen [Lichina pygmaea] with the barnacle [Chthamalus montagui] (Cht.Lpyg) may also occur at the same level or above this biotope, particularly on southern shores. On sheltered to extremely sheltered shores this biotope is limited to very steep or vertical faces.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.212
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found in cracks and crevices preying on the mussels and barnacles. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. The insect [Anurida maritima] can be present in this zone taking shelter in cracks and crevices when the tide comes in. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (PelB), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. FspiB occurs above the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (FvesB) zones. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Estuarine coarse sediment shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.12
definition: Shores of coarse sediments (shingle, gravels and coarse sand) in the upper reaches of estuaries and other inlets (e.g. sealochs) which are subject to variable and reduced salinity conditions. The outflow of riverine freshwater at the heads of the inlets results in the washing out of fine particulate matter, leaving coarse sediments. These are typically species-poor and characterised by oligochaete worms (cf. A2.222).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral coarse sediment

Mediterranean communities of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A2.13
definition: These biocenoses consist mainly of detritus-feeding species which draw their nourishment from decaying vegetation and miscellaneous debris caught up in the shingle. It is characterised by two crustaceans, the amphipod [Gammarus olivii] and the isopod [Sphaeroma serratum]. These communities are exposed to alternating water submersion and emersion because of variations in the water level, and they are frequently moistened by wavelets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check for possible duplication with A2.11 and A2.12
broader: Littoral coarse sediment
narrower: Facies of banks of dead leaves of [Posidonia oceanica] and other phanerogams
narrower: Pontic mediolittoral gravel and shingle

Facies of banks of dead leaves of [Posidonia oceanica] and other phanerogams
type: Concept
notation: A2.131
definition: This facies is characterized by the accumulation of plant debris made up mostly of dead [Posidonia oceanica] leaves and/or other marine phanerogams species (e. g. [Cymodocea nodosa], [Zostera noltii], etc.)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms

Pontic mediolittoral gravel and shingle
type: Concept
notation: A2.132
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms

Mediterranean and Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: A2.25
definition: Mediolittoral sands are characterised by the annelids [Ophelia radiata] and [Nerine cirratulus], the isopod crustacean [Eurydice affinis] and the pelecypod mollusc [Mesodesma corneum]. Coarse sands encourage the settlement of [Ophelia radiata], and fine sands that of [Nerine cirratulus], while [Mesodesma corneum] often avoids calcareous sands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Facies with [Ophelia bicornis]

Facies with [Ophelia bicornis]
type: Concept
notation: A2.251
definition: This facies of the mediolittoral sands is characterised by the abundance of the annelid polychaete [Ophelia bicornis]. In the Black Sea this facies is characterised by the predominant presence of [Ophelia bicornis] and a minor amount of [Donacilla cornea] and other amphipods present in mediolittoral coarse sands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands

Strictly Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: A2.26
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: [Donacilla cornea] in medium-coarse mediolittoral sands
narrower: [Pontogammarus maeoticus] in fine mediolittoral sands

[Fucus vesiculosus] and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.213
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders are frequently characterised by a mosaic of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are typically present, whilst the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are confined to crevices. Underneath the [F. vesiculosus] is a community of red seaweeds, including [Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], usually with the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina] spp. present. Opportunistic seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may occur in patches recently cleared on the rock or growing on the [M. edulis]. Situation: On exposed shores FvesB is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (Ver.B) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotopes (Cht.Cht). FvesB is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] (Him) or the red seaweed biotopes (Coff; R). FvesB forms an intermediate along the wave exposure gradient between the exposed shore barnacle-[P]. [vulgata] biotopes (Sem.FvesR) and the sheltered shore [F. vesiculosus] biotope (Fves). Vertical surfaces tend to be dominated by the barnacle-[P. vulgata] biotope (Sem). Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those, which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (Sem.FvesR), through this mosaic (FvesB) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (Fves).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

[Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.214
definition: Lower eulittoral bedrock and stable boulders on moderately exposed to sheltered shores with a canopy of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and an associated fauna consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the sponge [Halichondria panicea]. Green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are usually present among/beneath the [F. serratus] canopy. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: [F. serratus] with red seaweeds (Fser.R) and [F. serratus] with under-boulder communities (Fser.Bo) with sponges. Lastly, a [F. serratus] and piddocks community on soft rock has been identified (Fser.Pid). Dense [F. serratus] with fewer red seaweeds occurs on more sheltered shores (Fserr). Situation: Above the [F. serratus] biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores is the [Fucus vesiculosus] and/or [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Sem; Sem.FvesR; FvesB). On more sheltered shores are biotopes dominated by the wracks [F. vesiculosus] and [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Fves; Asc.FS). On moderately exposed shores, the sublittoral fringe below Fser is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and on vertical faces the kelp [Alaria esculenta] may be present (Ldig.LdigBo; Ala.Ldig). On more sheltered shores the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] is found among the [L. digitata] (Lsac.Ldig; Lsac.Ft).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
narrower: [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders
narrower: [Fucus serratus] and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock

[Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.2141
definition: Moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by mosaics of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and turf-forming red seaweeds including [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Mastocarpus stellatus] or [Corallina officinalis]. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can occur in dense populations on the [F. serratus] fronds whilst the sponge [Halichondria panicea] can cover the bedrock beneath. Underneath the canopy a number of other red seaweeds may be present including [Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata],[Membranoptera alata] and [Chondrus crispus]. Green seaweeds such as [Cladophora rupestris], [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are present though usually in small numbers. In addition, such shores provide a greater number of permanently damp refuges between the stones and underneath the seaweed canopy. Within these micro-habitats species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] or the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found in lower abundance than higher up the shore. If a few boulders are present then the winkle [Littorina littorea] and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be found on or underneath the boulders. Situation: Above the [F. serratus] biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores are the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and/or [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Sem; Sem.FvesR; FvesB). The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and on vertical faces the kelp [Alaria esculenta] (Ldig.LdigBo; Ala.Ldig). On uneven bedrock [F. serratus] and red seaweeds often dominate the upper-facing surfaces, while steep or vertical rock is characterised by [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (see above). Temporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the [F. serratus] and the red seaweeds due to factors such as severe storms may convert this biotope into either Fserr.FS or into a red seaweed dominated biotope. The [C. maenas] populati…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Donacilla cornea] in medium-coarse mediolittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: A2.261
definition: This facies is characterised by the predominance of Donacilla with respect to Ophelia bicornis and more medium grained sand with respect to the Ophelia bicornis facies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Strictly Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands

[Pontogammarus maeoticus] in fine mediolittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: A2.262
definition: A mediolittoral sand facies found in proximity of the Danube delta and extending until Tendrovska Bay.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Strictly Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands

Saltmarsh pools
type: Concept
notation: A2.324
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Saltmarsh creeks
type: Concept
notation: A2.325
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores
narrower: Erosion faces with [Carcinus maenas]

Erosion faces with [Carcinus maenas]
type: Concept
notation: A2.3251
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop) Also to be considered for UK BioMar classification (David Connor)
broader: Saltmarsh creeks

Pontic polychaete dominated littoral muds
type: Concept
notation: A2.326
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Pontic oligochaete and chironomid dominated littoral muds
type: Concept
notation: A2.327
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Pontic "camca" habitat of River Danube mouths
type: Concept
notation: A2.328
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Marine mud shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.33
definition: Proposed new level 4 habitat to account for fully marine habitats in the Waddensea and elsewhere.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral gravelly mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4112
definition: Extremely sheltered gravelly mud on the mid and lower shore, containing little sand with occasional cobbles. The infaunal community includes the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana], as well as a range of polychaetes, oligochaetes, and molluscs. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between HedMx.Scr and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope HedMacScr. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Scr present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is HedMacScr.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

[Fucus serratus] and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders
type: Concept
notation: A1.2142
definition: Exposed to moderalety exposed lower eulittoral boulders with the wrack [Fucus serratus] community of a high species richness as the presence of the boulders increases the micro-habitat diversity. The upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by a very similar fauna to the other [F. serratus] biotopes, including species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The shaded sides of the boulders are, depending on environmental conditions, often colonised by a variety of foliose red seaweeds, including [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Palmaria palmata] and [Chondrus crispus]. Coralline algae such as [Corallina officinalis] and coraline crusts, as well as the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca], can be found underneath the [F. serratus] canopy or in patches on the boulders. The species composition underneath the boulders varies considerably depending on the underlying substratum. On muddy shores the fauna living under the boulders may be limited to a few infaunal species, such as the polychaete [Cirratulus cirratus]. Where more space is available beneath the boulders there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic mobile species include the crabs [Porcellana platycheles] and [Carcinus maenas]. Also present on and beneath the boulders are the tube-forming polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], spirorbid polychaetes and a few winkles such as [Littorina obtusata/mariae] and [Littorina littorea] or even the top shell [Gibbula cineraria]. Encrusting colonies of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] are also typical of the undersides of boulders, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] colonies can be found on the [F. serratus] fronds. The richest examples of this biotope also contain a variety of brittlestars, ascidians and small hydroids. Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a [Fucus vesicu…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.2143
definition: The lower eulittoral zone on soft rock shores (e.g. chalk) characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus]. Much of the community associated with this biotope is the same as the biotope Fserr.FS, but certain taxa are specific to the soft underlying substrata. Rock-boring fauna including the piddocks [Barnea] spp., [Pholas dactylus] and [Hiatella arctica] can occur in dense aggregations. Burrowing polychaetes such as [Polydora] spp. can also occur in high numbers only visible due to their long, slender palps waving in the water as they occupy holes in the top few centimetres of the rock. A dense red algal turf occurs beneath the [F. serratus] and includes [Gelidium pusillum], [Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata] and [Rhodothamniella floridula], but also calcareous algae such as [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts including the red-violet encrusting algae [Phymatolithon lenormandii] are present. Infaunal taxa such as various amphipods may be common amongst the seaweeds. The empty piddock holes may provide a refuge for species such as the anemone [Actinia equina] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] can be present on the surface of the soft rock. The whelk [Nucella lapillus], the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina mariae] and the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] are all present on the soft rock among the seaweeds. The high number of characterising species is partly caused by the low number of records used to define this biotope. The high % frequency of occurrence is partly a result of the low number of records. More data is needed to validate this biotope description. Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below either a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (FvesB) or a [Mytilus edulis] and piddocks-dominated biotope (MytPid) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc.FS) on sheltered shores…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral gravelly sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4115
definition: Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable or reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Capitella capitata] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. Oligochaetes and [Corophium volutator] are abundant. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope Hed.Cvol. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Cvol present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is Hed.Cvol.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

Species-poor mixed sediment shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.43
definition: Eulittoral mixed substrata where the substratum is too mobile or disturbed to support a seaweed community (A2.431). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites. Note: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A1.45 and A2.82 as LR.ELR.Eph.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mixed sediments
narrower: Barnacles and [Littorina] spp. on unstable eulittoral mixed substrata
narrower: Pontic mixed sediment shores with ?????

Pontic mixed sediment shores with ?????
type: Concept
notation: A2.432
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-poor mixed sediment shores

Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
type: Concept
notation: A2.5
definition: Angiosperm-dominated stands of vegetation, occurring on the extreme upper shore of sheltered coasts and periodically covered by high tides. The vegetation develops on a variety of sandy and muddy sediment types and may have admixtures of coarser material. The character of the saltmarsh communities is affected by height up the shore, resulting in a zonation pattern related to the degree or frequency of immersion in seawater.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: Upper saltmarshes
narrower: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds
narrower: Low-mid saltmarshes
narrower: Pioneer saltmarshes

Saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.51
definition: The top level of saltmarsh, not covered by all tides. Vigorous [Atriplex] spp., [Beta vulgaris], [Elymus] spp., [Matricaria maritima] may be fertilized by drift decomposition.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Atlantic saltmarsh and drift rough grass communities
narrower: Atlantic saltmarsh driftline annual communities
narrower: Mediterranean saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Elymus pycnanthus] with [Suaeda vera] or [Inula crithmoides] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Elymus repens] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Suaeda vera] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Suaeda vera] - [Limonium binervosum] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Spergularia marina] - [Puccinellia distans] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Frankenia laevis] - [Halimione portulacoides] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Inula crithmoides] on saltmarshes
narrower: [Sagina maritima] ephemeral salt marsh in sand

Atlantic saltmarsh and drift rough grass communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.511
definition: Nitrophilous tall grass communities of Atlantic saltmarshes, green beaches and beach drift accumulations, dominated by [Elymus pycnanthus] ([Agropyron pungens]), [Elymus repens], [Festuca arundinacea] or sometimes tall perennial forbs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Rhodothamniella floridula] on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.215
definition: Lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe bedrock and boulders subject to mild sand-scouring characterised by a canopy of the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [Fucus vesiculosus], beneath which a mat of the sand-binding red seaweed [Rhodothamniella floridula] occurs. These mats can form distinct areas without [F. serratus]. The small hummocks of [R. floridula] also contain a diversity of other red seaweeds tolerant of sand scour, e.g. [Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus], coralline crusts and [Mastocarpus stellatus]. The brown seaweed [Cladostephus spongiosus] or the ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] or [Cladophora rupestris] may occur. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the [F. serratus] fronds. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be present where bedrock are available along with a few winkles such as [Littorina littorea]. In addition, polychaetes and amphipods may burrow into the [R]. [floridula] mat, while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] is restricted to small crevices in the bedrock. The species diversity of this biotope is normally low and there can be much variation in the species composition from site to site. Situation: Above this biotope in sand influenced areas are a community dominated by [M. edulis] and [F. vesiculosus] or where the sand scour is more severe, is a biotope dominated by ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and the red seaweed [Porphyra] spp. (EntPor). Below this biotope are biotopes dominated by [F. serratus] and/or red seaweeds (see Fser variants) or biotopes dominated by kelp such as [Alaria esculenta] and/or [Laminaria digitata] (Ala.Ldig). Temporal variation: Where sand scour is more severe, fucoids and [R. floridula] may be rare or absent and green ephemeral seaweeds dominate the substratum (EntPor).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
type: Concept
notation: A1.22
definition: Mid and lower eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, may be densely covered by large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Three biotopes have been described: In the mid eulittoral, the mussels may form a band or large patches with scattered bladder wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.221). In the lower eulittoral a range of red seaweeds including [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Palmaria palmata] occur amongst the mussels (in higher abundance than the mid eulittoral) (A1.222). Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral may be bored by a variety of piddocks including [Pholas dactylus], [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis], while the surface is characterised by small clumps of the mussel [M. edulis], the barnacle [Elminius modestus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] (A1.223). Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. Barnacles are common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] is found as well, often at high abundance. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and a range of littorinids also occur within the mussel bed. A dense [M. edulis] community may be found on more sheltered coasts on mixed substrata (A2.721). Situation: Above this habitat type is a [M. edulis] and [S. balanoides] dominated zone or a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (A1.213). In the lower eulittoral zone below is a zone dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus, M. edulis] and a variety of red seaweeds (A1.21) while kelp dominate the sublittoral fringe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis], [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay

[Mytilus edulis] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.221
definition: Mid eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, covered by a dense band or large patches of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The community often supports scattered [Fucus vesiculosus] and occasional foliose red seaweeds such as [Porphyra umbilicalis, Osmundea pinnatifida, Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] or the calcareous algae [Corallina officinalis] . The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] also can be found. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] can be found within the mussel bed. Situation: Above this biotope is a [M. edulis] and [S. balanoides] dominated biotope (Sem) or a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (FvesB). In the lower eulittoral zone below MytFves is a biotope dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus, M. edulis] and a higher diversity of red seaweeds (MytFR; Fser.R).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Atlantic saltmarsh driftline annual communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.512
definition: Annual formations of pioneers colonizing driftlines forming within Atlantic saltmarshes, with [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex hastata], [Beta maritima], [Matricaria maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

Mediterranean saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.513
definition: Communities of annuals forming on accumulations of organic debris in saltmarshes and saline depressions of the Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts and of endoreic basins of the Mediterranean interior, in particular, of mediterranean Iberia, with [Atriplex hastata], [Suaeda splendens], [Suaeda maritima], [Bassia hirsuta], [Salsola soda], [Rumex pulcher].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Elymus pycnanthus] with [Suaeda vera] or [Inula crithmoides] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.514
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Elymus repens] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.515
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Suaeda vera] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.516
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Suaeda vera] - [Limonium binervosum] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.517
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Spergularia marina] - [Puccinellia distans] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.518
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Frankenia laevis] - [Halimione portulacoides] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.519
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Inula crithmoides] on saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.51A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Sagina maritima] ephemeral salt marsh in sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.51B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

Upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.52
definition: Salt scrubs with [Arthrocnemum], [Halocnemum], [Suaeda]. Stands, sometimes rather open of [Juncus acutus], [Juncus maritimus]. Numerous other salt-tolerant species, some communities being quite species-rich.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities
narrower: Mediterranean [Juncus maritimus] and [Juncus acutus] saltmarshes
narrower: Mediterranean short [Juncus], [Carex], [Hordeum] and [Trifolium] saltmeadows
narrower: Mediterranean [Elymus] or [Artemisia] stands
narrower: Mediterranean [Juncus subulatus] beds
narrower: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs
narrower: Atlantic salt scrubs
narrower: Mediterranean [Limoniastrum] scrubs
narrower: Canary Island saltmarsh scrubs
narrower: Western Pontic salt humid meadows

Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.521
definition: Communities of saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas developed in areas of varying salinity and humidity, such as estuaries, in coastal basins with fresh water input and along brackish seashores, such as those of the inner Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes
narrower: Pearlwort-saltmarsh grass swards
narrower: Baltic [Carex paleacea] swards
narrower: Baltic [Carex mackenziei] swards
narrower: Baltic salt basin [Agrostis]-[Triglochin] swards
narrower: Baltic [Deschampsia bottnica] swards

Pearlwort-saltmarsh grass swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5211
definition: Communities of saltmarshes of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts of Europe, from the Iberian peninsula to Scandinavia, developed in areas of varying salinity and humidity, in particular, in estuarine saltmarshes, in saltmarsh inner basins, in dike-enclsoed saltmarshes, with [Spergularia marina], [Puccinellia distans], [Puccinellia fasciculata], [Puccinellia retroflexa], [Puccinellia maritima], [Triglochin maritima], [Potentilla anserina] and [Halimione portulacoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

[Mytilus edulis], [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.222
definition: Lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock covered by a dense community of large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], often with a scarce covering of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds. The red seaweeds may include [Palmaria palmata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Ceramium] spp., [Audouinella] spp. and [Chondrus crispus]. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] is also found, often at high abundance. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] occur within the mussel bed, as well as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. The anemone [Actinia equina] is present in cracks and crevices. These moist areas can be overgrown by coralline crusts. Situation: Above this biotope on sand influenced shores is a [M. edulis] and [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (MytFves). In the sublittoral fringe below MytFR is a biotope dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (Ldig.Ldig).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

[Mytilus edulis] and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay
type: Concept
notation: A1.223
definition: Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral which are bored by a variety of piddocks including [Pholas dactylus], [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis]. The surface of the clay is characterised by small clumps of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the barnacle [Elminius modestus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. Seaweeds are generally sparse on the clay, although small patches of the red seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Halurus flosculosus] and [Ceramium] spp. can occur, usually attached to loose-lying cobble or mussel shells. Also the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may be present. The sand mason [Lanice conchilega] can sometimes be present in the clay, while the shore crab [Carcinus maenas] is present as well. More data are required to validate this description. Situation: MytPid can usually be found beneath a [M. edulis] or barnacle and [Littorina] spp.-dominated biotope (Myt.Myt; BLitX). It is found above a [Laminaria digitata] and piddocks-dominated biotope (Ldig.Pid). Temporal variation: The [C. maenas] population may migrate offshore during the winter season.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Low energy littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with very weak to weak tidal streams are typically characterised by a dense cover of fucoid seaweeds which form distinct zones (the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] on the upper shore through to the wrack [Fucus serratus] on the lower shore). Where salinity is reduced (such as at the head of a sea loch or where streams run across the shore) [Fucus ceranoides] may occur. Fucoids also occur on less stable, mixed substrata (cobbles and pebbles on sediment) although in lower abundance and with fewer associated epifaunal species; beds of mussels [Mytilus edulis] are also common. In summer months, dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds can dominate these mixed shores. Two biological subtypes have been described: Dense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered, fully marine littoral rocky shores (A1.31) and fucoids dominating variable salinity rocky shores (A1.32).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: No changes proposed at level 3 (Southampton workshop)
broader: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: Fucoids in variable salinity
narrower: Red algal turf in lower eulittoral, sheltered from wave action
narrower: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock sheltered from wave action

Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
type: Concept
notation: A1.31
definition: Dense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores and/or in locally sheltered patches on exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. Typically, the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.311) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] or the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313, A1.314) or a mixture of both. The wrack [Fucus serratus] covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (A1.315). Sheltered to very sheltered mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying muddy sand and gravel) shores can support fucoid communities (A1.3122; A1.3132; A1.3142; A1.3152). Situation: Sheltered shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the lichen dominated zone and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral or sheltered patches on more wave exposed shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low energy littoral rock
narrower: [Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Fucus virsoides]

[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.311
definition: Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata in sheltered to extremely sheltered conditions characterised by a dense cover of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata]. The biotope may be present in localised sheltered patches on moderately exposed shores. [P. canaliculata] overgrows a crust of black lichens [Verrucaria maura] or the non-calcified red algae [Hildenbrandia rubra] on very sheltered shores. Individuals of the wrack [Fucus spiralis] can usually be found among the [P. canaliculata] and/or in lower part of the biotope. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found amongst the [P. canaliculata] on more exposed shores. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga [Catenella caespitosa] can be present especially in more shaded areas while the green seaweed [Enteromorpha] spp. can be present in moist areas. Situation: This biotope is found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by [V. maura] (Ver.Ver) and above biotopes dominated by [F. spiralis] (Fspi). Though not typical, this biotope may occur on moderately exposed shores where local topography provides shelter.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores

Baltic [Carex paleacea] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5212
definition: Formations of the brackish shores of the inner Baltic, dominated by [Carex paleacea], with [Eleocharis uniglumis] and [Agrostis stolonifera], accompanied by [Triglochin maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

Baltic [Carex mackenziei] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5213
definition: Communities of brackish lower shores of the northern and eastern Baltic dominated by [Carex mackenziei].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

Baltic salt basin [Agrostis]-[Triglochin] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5214
definition: Baltic [Agrostis stolonifera]-[Triglochin palustris] formations of depressions submitted to marine salt precipitation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

Baltic [Deschampsia bottnica] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5215
definition: Communities of the lower levels of the brackish marshes of the Gulf of Bothnia, characteristic of exposed coasts, dominated by the endemic [Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. bottnica] ([Deschampsia bottnica]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

Mediterranean [Juncus maritimus] and [Juncus acutus] saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.522
definition: Beds of tall [Juncus maritimus], [Juncus rigidus] ([Juncus maritimus var. arabicus], [Juncus arabicus]) or [Juncus acutus] of saline grounds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastlands and of endoreic interior basins of mediterranean Iberia and mediterranean North Africa, forming, in particular, in periodically inundated depressions , where they may associate with [Carex extensa], [Iris spuria], [Gladiolus communis], [Aster tripolium], [Sonchus maritimus], [Sonchus crassifolius] or other elements of units 15.52 and 15.54, and in sandy dunal depressions, where they may alternate with stands of [Schoenus nigricans] or other formations of unit 15.53.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.312
definition: Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock is typically characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] and the occasional [Pelvetia canaliculata] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The rock surface can often be covered by the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra]. During the summer months the ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. Two variants have been described: Upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by [F. spiralis], the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] (Fspi.FS). Upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by [F. spiralis] with occasional clumps of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (Fspi.X). Note that a [F. spiralis] biotope in variable salinity conditions (FspiVS) has also been descibed. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (PelB: Pel), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. Fspi occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3121
definition: Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and sparse individuals of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be found attached in cracks and crevices. A variety of red algae including [Hildenbrandia rubra] may be present underneath the fronds. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (PelB; Pel), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. Fspi occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock

[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.3122
definition: Moderately exposed to sheltered full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by a band of the wrack [Fucus spiralis]. Occasional clumps of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] can be overgrowing the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. On the more stable boulders underneath the fronds the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra] can be found along with the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found on and among the boulders and cobbles, while amphipods and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present either underneath the boulders or among the brown seaweeds. The green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can occur in some abundance especially during the summer. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [P. canaliculata] (PelB; Pel). Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem).In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. Fspi.X occur above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc.X) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves.X) zones. These two fucoids may also occur among the [F. spiralis], although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Fspi.X can also be found above a barnacle [S. balanoides] and winkle [L. littorea] dominated biotope (BLitX). Temporal variation: Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [E. intestinalis] can occur in some abundance during the summer when the growth conditions are optimal.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock

Mediterranean short [Juncus], [Carex], [Hordeum] and [Trifolium] saltmeadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.523
definition: Humid meadows of low vegetation dominated by [Juncus gerardi], [Carex divisa], [Carex extensa], [Schoenus nigricans], [Triglochin maritima], [Hordeum marinum] or [Trifolium] spp. and [Lotus] spp. of the edges of brackish lagoons of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe, western Asia and North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Mediterranean [Elymus] or [Artemisia] stands
type: Concept
notation: A2.524
definition: Formations of [Elymus] or [Artemisia] fringing Mediterranean and interior Iberian saline wetlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Mediterranean [Juncus subulatus] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.525
definition: Medium-tall [Juncus subulatus] beds, often forming facies within [Arthrocnemum] scrubs of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.526
definition: Low shrubby expanses of woody glassworts, seablites, sea purslanes or [Halocnemum], characteristic of temporarily inundated saltmarshes of Mediterranean coasts, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts and interior Iberian basins. They can be further subdivided according to dominant species, generally associated with patterns of inundation. [Cistanche lutea] characterises many southern formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes
narrower: Creeping glasswort mats
narrower: Shrubby glasswort thickets
narrower: Glaucous glasswort thickets
narrower: Shrubby seablite thickets
narrower: Mediterranean sea-purslane-woody glasswort scrubs
narrower: Mediterranean [Halocnemum] scrub

Creeping glasswort mats
type: Concept
notation: A2.5261
definition: Low shrubby carpets of prostrate [Arthrocnemum perenne] of wettest areas of coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Shrubby glasswort thickets
type: Concept
notation: A2.5262
definition: Stands of robust [Arthrocnemum fruticosum], capable of forming extensive low, dense thickets in coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Glaucous glasswort thickets
type: Concept
notation: A2.5263
definition: Shrubby formations of [Arthrocnemum glaucum]. Along northern Mediterranean shores, they often occupy somewhat drier sites such as shell banks in saline lagoons; in the North African coastal marshes of Cyrenaica, Tripolitana, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, they constitute the only [Arthrocnemum] formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

[Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.313
definition: Moderately exposed to very sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found grazing on the fucoid fronds. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] is found beneath the seaweed canopy. In areas of localised shelter the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] may occur, though never at high abundance. The crab [Carcinus maenas] may be present in pools or among the boulders. Two variants have been described: Bedrock and large boulders (Fves.FS) and mixed substrata (Fves.X). Please notice that a [F. vesioculosus] biotope subject to variable salinity (FvesVS) has been identified. Situation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi) and the [Fucus serratus] (Fserr) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas [F. vesiculosus] forms a narrow zone above the [A. nodosum] zone (Asc). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores [F. vesiculosus] may be replaced by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (Fcer). Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (Sem.FvesR), through this mosaic (FvesB) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (Fves).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] on mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus vesiculosus] on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3131
definition: Moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea, Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are found beneath the seaweeds, whilst [Littorina obtusata/mariae] graze on the fucoid fronds. The calcareous tube-forming polychaete [Spirorbis spirorbis] may also occur epiphytically on the fronds. In areas of localised shelter the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] may occur, though never at high abundance. Damp cracks and crevices often contain patches of the red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] and even the wrack [Fucus serratus] may be present. The crab [Carcinus maenas] may be present in pools or among the boulders. Situation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi) and the [F. serratus] (Fserr) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas [F. vesiculosus] forms a narrow zone above the [A. nodosum] zone (Asc). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores [F. vesiculosus] may be replaced by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (Fcer). Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (Sem.FvesR), through this mosaic (FvesB) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (Fves).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

[Fucus vesiculosus] on mid eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.3132
definition: Sheltered and very sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment in fully marine conditions typically characterised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occasionally be found on larger boulders while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] also can be present on the cobbles with the whelk [Nucella lapillus] preying on the barnacles and on the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Winkles, particularly [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata], commonly graze the biofilm on the seaweeds, while [Littorina saxatilis] can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may be present in this biotope. The sediment between patches of hard substrata often contains the polychaete [Arenicola marina] or the polychaete [Lanice conchilega], while a variety of gastropods and the crab [Carcinus maenas] occur on and under cobbles. Situation: Fves.X can be found below the biotope dominated by the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi.X) or a community dominated by [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] (BLitX). It is found above a community dominated by [M. edulis] beds (Myt.Myt) or the wrack [Fucus serratus] (Fserr.X). Temporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on season is likely.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Shrubby seablite thickets
type: Concept
notation: A2.5264
definition: Shrubby formations of [Suaeda vera] occupying drier elevations of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Mediterranean sea-purslane-woody glasswort scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.5265
definition: [Halimione portulacoides]-rich facies within [Arthrocnemum] communities of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Mediterranean [Halocnemum] scrub
type: Concept
notation: A2.5266
definition: Salt scrubs of Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes dominated by [Halocnemum strobilaceum], characteristic of arid African coasts, with a few outposts on dry coasts of European peninsulas and islands. Formations of the desert coasts of the Sinai Mediterranean and the Red Sea and of endoreic basins of the Anatolian and North African transition regions between Mediterranean and desert or steppe zones are included under units 15.A and 15.C.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Atlantic salt scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.527
definition: Sea purslane, glasswort and seablite scrubs of northern Atlantic and North Sea coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes
narrower: Silver scrubs
narrower: Atlantic creeping glasswort mats
narrower: Atlantic shrubby seablite scrubs
narrower: Atlantic shrubby glasswort scrubs

Silver scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.5271
definition: Shrubby [Halimione portulacoides] communities of middle levels of Atlantic schorres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic salt scrubs

Atlantic creeping glasswort mats
type: Concept
notation: A2.5272
definition: [Arthrocnemum perenne]-dominated formations of the British Isles, the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic salt scrubs

Atlantic shrubby seablite scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.5273
definition: [Suaeda vera]-dominated formations of the British Isles, where they are limited to the coast of Norfolk, and of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic salt scrubs

Atlantic shrubby glasswort scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.5274
definition: [Arthrocnemum fruticosum]-dominated formations of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic salt scrubs

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.314
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral rock with the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. The red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] is often found growing as an epiphyte on the [A. nodosum] fronds while disturbed areas among the [A. nodosum] is colonised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis].e barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina littorea] can all be found on the bedrock underneath the [A. nodosum] canopy along with coralline crusts. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found preying on the barnacles and limpets. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: full salinity (Asc.FS), mixed substrata (Asc.X) and the loose lying growth form [A. nodosum] ecad [mackaii] found on very sheltered shores (Asc.mac). To other biotopes has been identified as well tide-swept (AscT) and variabel salinity (AscVS). Situation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi) and [F. serratus] dominated biotopes (Fserr), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy is replaced by [F. vesiculosus] (FvesB; Fves). Asc can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter. Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] communities are generally very stable communities with individual plants reaching ages of more than 25 years on shores with little wave-action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3141
definition: Bedrock, stable boulders and cobbles in the mid-eulittoral zone of moderately exposed to extremely sheltered shores, in fully marine conditions, characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. Another wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may in some places co-dominate the canopy. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the wracks [F. vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus]. Variations in the ratio of [A. nodosum] and [F. vesiculosus] in the overlying canopy have little effect on the under-storey species. Beneath the canopy are a diverse array of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds, including [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Gelidium pusillum] and coralline crusts. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] is usually present on [A. nodosum] as an epiphyte. A few green seaweeds including [Cladophora rupestris] and [Enteromorpha] spp. are also present in moderate to low densities. On the bedrock and boulders beneath the seaweed canopy is a fauna including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], tube-forming spirorbid polychaetes and the anemone [Actinia equina]. The latter can be present in damp cracks and crevices. On and among the seaweeds are mobile species including the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] or even the crab [Carcinus maenas]. At the top of the [A. nodosum] zone there might be the occasional presence of the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Situation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi) and [F. serratus] dominated biotopes (Fserr), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy is replaced by [F. vesiculosus] (FvesB; Fves). Asc.FS can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter. Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years on sheltered shores and the c…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.3142
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity mixed substrata (cobbles, boulders and pebbles on sediment) characterised by a canopy formed by a mosaic of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus]. The red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can often be found as an epiphyte on the [A. nodosum]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] often occurs in clumps, and provides further suitable substrata for the attachment of fucoids and red and green seaweeds such as [Polysiphonia] spp. and [Enteromorpha intestinalis] or the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. Winkles are common and [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata/mariae] may occur in high densities, while species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] may occur on and around the boulders. Gammarids can be found underneath the boulders or among the seaweeds, while tube-forming spirorbids are found on the boulders, shells or on the [F. vesiculosus]. Infaunal species including the polychaetes [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega] may occur in the sediment between the cobbles. Situation: A sparse [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] community (BLitX) can occur above this biotope. On shores with a proportion of smaller cobbles and boulders, large [A. nodosum] plants become uncommon and [F. vesiculosus] dominates the canopy (Fves.X). [F. vesiculosus] also tends to replace [A. nodosum] in areas with freshwater influence. Below this biotope are either a [Fucus serratus] dominated biotope (Fserr.X) or a [M. edulis] dominated biotope (Myt.Myt). Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] communities tend to be stable due to longevity of the individual [A. nodosum], but because of the mixed substrata some variation in the densities of [F. vesiculosus] and [A. nodosum] can be expected.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Mediterranean [Limoniastrum] scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.528
definition: Formations of often large, silver-glaucous shrubs of [Limoniastrum monopetalum] with showy pink flowers in late spring, of drier parts of Mediterranean and Iberian saltmarshes, distributed locally in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, the southern Italian peninsula, western Sicily, Lampedusa, Sardinia and Crete.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Canary Island saltmarsh scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.529
definition: Low shrubby expanses of woody glassworts, seablites, sea purslanes or [Zygophyllum], characteristic of temporarily inundated saltmarshes of Canary Island coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Western Pontic salt humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.52A
definition: Mediterranean humid grasslands dominated by [Juncus littoralis] and [J. maritimus] along the coast of the Black Sea, in particular in the Danube Delta.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.53
definition: Closed saltmarsh meadows, more species-rich than in low-mid saltmarsh, dominated by graminoids [Blysmus rufus], [Carex extensa], [Festuca rubra], [Juncus gerardi], [Puccinellia] spp.; also [Armeria maritima], [Artemisia maritima], [Frankenia laevis]. Marine saline or brackish beds of [Hippuris tetraphylla], [Juncus maritimus], [Phragmites australis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Added qualifier "Marine", 29/06/2005
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Atlantic upper shore communities
narrower: Mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows
narrower: Upper shore arctic salt meadows
narrower: Sulphurous arctic salt meadows
narrower: [Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes
narrower: [Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes with [Triglochin maritima]
narrower: [Eleocharis uniglumis] mid-upper saltmarshes
narrower: [Blysmus rufus] mid-upper saltmarshes
narrower: Mid-upper saltmarshes: [Artemisia maritima] with [Festuca rubra], or open canopy of [Artemisia maritima] and [Halimione]
narrower: [Festuca rubra] mid-upper saltmarshes
narrower: A2.53B
narrower: Marine saline beds of [Phragmites australis]
narrower: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands

Atlantic upper shore communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.531
definition: Often relatively species-rich, grassy, flowery formations characteristic of the upper levels of the salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas, with [Armeria maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Plantago maritima], [Frankenia laevis], [Artemisia maritima], [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Juncus gerardi], [Carex extensa], [Blysmus rufus], [Eleocharis] spp. Similar communities occupying the lower levels of brackish meadows, in particular of the Baltic, are included, while formations restricted to brackish conditions are listed under unit 15.34. The dominance of various species induces distinctive facies, the most important of which are individualised in subunits.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds
narrower: Atlantic [Juncus gerardii] saltmeadows
narrower: Atlantic [Plantago maritima] saltmeadows
narrower: Atlantic [Festuca rubra]-[Agrostis stolonifera] swards
narrower: Atlantic thrift swards
narrower: Atlantic [Carex distans] beds
narrower: Atlantic [Carex extensa] saltmeadows
narrower: Atlantic sea lavender meadows
narrower: Atlantic [Blysmus] salt meadows
narrower: Atlantic [Eleocharis] salt meadows
narrower: Atlantic [Juncus maritimus] beds
narrower: Atlantic sea wormwood salt meadows
narrower: Atlantic [Potentilla anserina] carpets
narrower: Atlantic sea-heath communities
narrower: Atlantic upper schorre sea aster beds
narrower: Atlantic strawberry clover swards
narrower: Atlantic black sedge salt meadows
narrower: Scandinavian bogrush shore communities
narrower: Northern [Agrostis-Festuca-Leontodon] communities
narrower: Fenno-Scandian [Calamagrostis stricta]-sedge swards
narrower: Baltic [Carex scandinavica] swards

[Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.315
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral rock with [Fucus serratus] (for detailed description of the rich associated community please see Fserr.FS). Two variants of this biotope have been described. Fully marine conditions (Fserr.FS) and mixed substrata (Fserr.X). Please notice that three other biotopes with a [F. serratus] dominance have been described: Variable salinity (FserVS), tide-swept (FserT) and tide-swept on mixed substrata (FserXT). Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a dense canopy of [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves) on sheltered shores or an [Ascophyllum nodosum] zone (Asc.FS) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species may occur in this biotope. The sublittoral fringe below is dominated by the kelps [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered shores (Lsac.Ldig; Lsac.Ft).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: [Fucus serratus] on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus serratus] on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3151
definition: Sheltered lower eulittoral rock subject to fully marine conditions characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus serratus]. There is a wide range of associated species found on the surface of the rock underneath the canopy, including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], limpets [Patella vulgata], winkles [Littorina littorea], and even mussels [Mytilus edulis] can be present in cracks and crevices. These species are usually found in higher abundance further up on the shore. There may also be a number of other seaweeds present, including the red [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus], the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and the green [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] or [Cladophora rupestris], though these usually are present in low numbers if present at all. The sponge [Halichondria panicea] can be present underneath the [F. serratus] canopy in moist cracks or minor overhangs. Polychaetes such as [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Spirorbis] spp. are present in their white calcareous tubes on the rock. Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (FvesB) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc.FS) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species (typically less than Frequent) may also occur in this biotope. The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (Ldig; Ldig.LdigBo), while the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may co-dominate on sheltered shores (Lsac.Ldig; Lsac.Ft). Temporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the [F. serratus] and the red seaweeds due to e.g. severe storms may convert this biotope into either Fser.R or into a red seaweed dominated biotope on moderately exposed shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.3152
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata with dense stands of the wrack [Fucus serratus]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] and a large number of winkles such as [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata/mariae] can be found amongst the pebbles and cobbles as well as large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], commonly occurring in clumps. On these mussels and on larger cobbles are the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Red algae such as coralline crusts including [Lithothamnion] spp. and the tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Spirorbis] spp. can be found on cobbles and boulders. [Spirorbis] spp. can also be found on the [F. serratus] fronds. Sediment in the spaces between the loose substrata may support infauna including the polychaete [Arenicola marina]. The red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] and the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occur in patches, while the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp. can be found among the mussels and underneath the [F. serratus] canopy. Situation: Fserr.X occurs in the lower eulittoral below the biotopes dominated by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and [A. nodosum] (Fves.X or Asc.X) on mixed substrata shores, or on sediment shores where mixed substrata occurs in discrete patches on the lower shore. Fserr.X occurs above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] or [Laminaria saccharina] (Ldig.Ldig; Lsac.Ldig; Lsac.Ft) depending on the substrata.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

Fucoids in variable salinity
type: Concept
notation: A1.32
definition: Blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with variable salinity. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.321) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.322) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] or the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.323, A1.324) or a mixture of both. The wrack [Fucus serratus] covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (A1.326). Fucus ceranoides can be found on extremly sheltered shores with variable or low salinity (A1.327). The variable salinity communities are species impoverished compared to fucoids in full salinity or in tide-swept conditions as red seaweeds and sponges are usually absent. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp., while the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can be found as an epiphyte on [A. nodosum]. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and even the occasional mussel [Mytilus edulis. Situation: On sheltered eulittoral rocky shores with variable salinity conditions, such as sea loch or estuaries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low energy littoral rock
narrower: [Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad. [mackaii] beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Fucus serratus] and large [Mytilus edulis] on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus ceranoides] on reduced salinity eulittoral rock

Atlantic [Juncus gerardii] saltmeadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5311
definition: Often species-rich, closed, flowery, upper level salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas, dominated by, or rich in, [Juncus gerardi]. [Glaux maritima] can dominate facies, forming thick carpets, in particular, in pioneer situations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Plantago maritima] saltmeadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5312
definition: Communities of upper saltmarshes of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, dominated by [Plantago maritima] or [Plantago maritima] and [Bupleurum tenuissimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Festuca rubra]-[Agrostis stolonifera] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5313
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Festuca rubra] and [Agrostis stolonifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic thrift swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5314
definition: Communities of salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Armeria maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Carex distans] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.5315
definition: Communities of Atlantic salt meadows dominated by [Carex distans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Carex extensa] saltmeadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5316
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Carex extensa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic sea lavender meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5317
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Limonium vulgare].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.321
definition: Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata on very sheltered to extremely sheltered variable salinity shores characterised by a dense cover of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata], which often overgrows a crust of black lichens [Verrucaria maura]. The wrack [Fucus spiralis] can be present among the [P. canaliculata]. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found among the [P. canaliculata] on more exposed shores though the occasional [Semibalanus balanoides] or [Elminius modestus] can be found. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga [Catenella caespitosa] can be present in more shaded areas as well as the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Situation: This biotope are found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by [V. maura] (Ver.Ver) and above biotopes dominated by [F. spiralis] (Fspi).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.322
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock or mixed substrata (boulders, large cobbles or shells on mud) in variable salinity conditions characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis]. The ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] is usually found in this species poor biotope. The barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] can be found where suitable substrata are available, while gammarids can be found underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] and/or underneath the boulders and cobbles. Also found underneath the fronds and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (Pel) and occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter and variable salinity conditions (e.g. in Scottish sea lochs), the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. Fspi.VS occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc.VS) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves.VS) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. It can also be found above a zone dominated by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (Fcer). Temporal variation: During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [E. intestinalis] can be common.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.323
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment subject to variable salinity and characterised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occasionally be found on larger boulders, while the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be present on cobbles. Winkles, particularly [Littorina littorea], commonly graze on the seaweeds, while [Littorina saxatilis] can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can occupy available space. Patches of sediment found between the hard substrata often contains the lugworm [Arenicola marina] or the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], while the crab [Carcinus maenas], gammarids and amphipods occur on and under cobbles. Situation: Fves.VS can be found below the biotope dominated by the wracks [Fucus spiralis] or [Fucus ceranoides] (Fspi.X; Fcer) or a community dominated by [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] (BLitX). It is found above a community dominated by [M. edulis] (Myt.Myt) or the wrack [Fucus serratus] (Fserr.VS). Temporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on the season is likely.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.324
definition: Very sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock, boulders or cobbles subject to variable salinity characterised by an impoverished community dominated by a mixture of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus]. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp., while the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can be found as an epiphyte on [A. nodosum]. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and even the occasional mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Among the seaweeds and underneath the boulders a variety of gammarids can be found. Situation: This biotope usually lies below the [Fucus spiralis] biotope (Fspi.VS) or the [Fucus ceranoides] dominated biotopes (Fcer) and above the variable salinity [F. serratus] dominated biotope (Fserr.VS), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy can be more dense (Asc.FS). Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually stable. [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus] can occur in patches where the [A. nodosum] has been removed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

Atlantic [Blysmus] salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5318
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Blysmus rufus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Eleocharis] salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5319
definition: Atlantic saltmarsh or brackish marsh communities dominated by [Eleocharis uniglumis] or [Eleocharis palustris], associated with [Agrostis stolonifera] or [Carex paleacea]. They constitute a common upper shore community in Scotland; they are also very prevalent on the lower levels of the brackish marshes of the Baltic, east and north of southeastern Sweden and Estonia; in western Scandinavia they are restricted to estuaries and fjord heads. They occur on saline littorals in Iceland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Juncus maritimus] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.531A
definition: Saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic, dominated by, or rich in, [Juncus maritimus], with [Oenanthe lachenalii] and, locally, in Poland in particular, [Samolus valerandi], mostly characteristic of the upper shore, in moderately salty or brackish conditions, of the sandy-clayey transition to green beaches, also occurring, in the southern Baltic, on brackish lower shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic sea wormwood salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.531B
definition: Atlantic saltmarsh communities dominated by, or rich in, [Artemisia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Potentilla anserina] carpets
type: Concept
notation: A2.531C
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Potentilla anserina], including both [Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina], and, in Fennoscandia, Iceland and Greenland, [Potentilla anserina ssp. egedii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic sea-heath communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.531D
definition: Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities of the English Channel and the Franco-Iberian coasts of the Atlantic, with an isolated station on Anglesey, dominated by, or rich in, [Frankenia laevis], associated with [Limonium] spp., in particular with [Limonium lychnidifolium] in France, or [Limonium vulgare] in southern England, characteristic of the sandy transition zone between saltmarshes and dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

[Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad. [mackaii] beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.325
definition: Extremely sheltered mid shore mixed substrata, usually subject to variable salinity due to freshwater runoff, which support beds of the non-attached growth form of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad [mackaii]. Cobbles and other hard substrata are often characterised by the normal form of [A. nodosum] with the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] growing as an epiphyte and other fucoids such as [Fucus vesiculosus]. The loose mats of [A. nodosum] ecad [mackaii] provide a cryptic and humid habitat for mobile species including gammarids, the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the winkles [Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata] and [Littorina saxatilis]. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are commonly attached to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment, while the infauna may contain the polychaetes [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega]. NB: This biotope is a BAP-habitat. Situation: Occurs in extremely sheltered conditions at the heads of Scottish sea lochs (but is also known from other sheltered areas). Temporal variation: [A. nodosum ecad mackaii] develops initially from broken fragments of [A. nodosum] and can in sheltered conditions grow in unattached, often bladderless, wig-shaped masses in the mid to upper tide zone. Note: "Ecad" has no official status in International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, but the terminology has been applied to the free-living form of [A. nodosum] since the beginning of the 19th century. The term was first employed by Clements (1905) to denote a form which results from adaptation or a change in morphology due to a new habitat - phenotypic variation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Fucus serratus] and large [Mytilus edulis] on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.326
definition: Areas of very sheltered lower eulittoral rock or mixed substrata subject to variable salinity, which support an impoverished community dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus]. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the [F. serratus] and clumps of large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] may be present on the bedrock beneath. The canopy of [F. serratus] is not usually as dense as in the other [F. serratus] dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus], which are better adapted to the variable salinity. A few red seaweeds are present which includes the species [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus] and coralline crusts. Underneath the canopy is a sparse fauna consisting of barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus] and [Elminius modestus], the limpet [Patella vulgata] or the occasional presence of the winkles [Littorina obtusata] and [Littorina mariae] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. The tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] or spirorbid polychaetes can be found. In areas (such as the Scottish sea lochs) where variable salinity water passes through tide-swept narrows and the associated biota is impoverished such records should be classified as FserVS rather than FserT. Situation: This biotope may be found below the variable salinity [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope or [A. nodosum] dominated biotope (AscVS; FvesVS), particularly in Scottish sea lochs. FserVS can be found above the biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] (LsacVS.Psa; LsacVS.Phy). Temporal variation: The canopy of [F. serratus] is not as dense as in the other [F. serratus] dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks [A. nodosum] and [F. vesiculosus], which are better adapted to the variable salinity. They will therefore out-compete [F. serratus] on the lower shore and an ecological shift can occur (In the Baltic Sea [F. vesiculosus] is the dominant sublittoral brown seaweed). Due to the v…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Fucus ceranoides] on reduced salinity eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.327
definition: Very sheltered to extremely sheltered bedrock and stable boulders in the eulittoral zone that are subject to reduced salinity and characterised by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides]. Species richness is typically low in this biotope. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may be present together with the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the occasional barnacle [Elminius modestus] and [Semibalanus balanoides]. Situation: As [F. ceranoides] is more tolerant of reduced salinity than the other fucoids, [F. ceranoides] tends to replace the wracks [Fucus spiralis], [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Ascophyllum nodosum] towards the upper reaches of estuaries and sea lochs or in areas with freshwater influence. This biotope may, however, still contain other fucoids, although [F. ceranoides] always dominates. This biotope is often found on artificial substrata such as sea defences or bridge supports.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

Atlantic upper schorre sea aster beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.531E
definition: Atlantic upper schorre communities dominated by [Aster tripolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic strawberry clover swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.531F
definition: Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by [Trifolium fragiferum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic black sedge salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.531G
definition: Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by [Carex nigra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Scandinavian bogrush shore communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.531H
definition: Upper and middle saltmarsh communities of the Baltic and the northwest Atlantic, dominated by [Schoenus nigricans] or [Schoenus ferrugineus], with [Molinia caerulea] and [Campylium polygamum], developed on calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Northern [Agrostis-Festuca-Leontodon] communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.531I
definition: Upper shore swards of northern Norway, Iceland and the Faeroes dominated by [Agrostis stolonifera], [Festuca rubra], [Plantago maritima] and [Leontodon autumnalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Fenno-Scandian [Calamagrostis stricta]-sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.531J
definition: Upper saltmarsh tall graminoid communities of the Gulf of Bothnia and the northern Atlantic coasts of Scandinavia, south of Finnmark, dominated by [Calamagrostis stricta], [Carex aquatilis], [Carex juncella], [Eriophorum angustifolium], rich in arctic halophytes, transitional towards fens which form flood belts near fresh water. This unit is replaced northwards by the truly arctic formations of unit 15.B26.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Baltic [Carex scandinavica] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.531K
definition: Communities of the middle levels of exposed shores of the southern Baltic dominated by [Carex scandinavica] ([Carex serotina ssp. pulchella], "[Carex pulchellum]", [Carex oederi ssp. pulchella], [Carex viridula var. pulchella]), characteristic, in particular, of southeastern Sweden.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.532
definition: Drier, dense formations of sandy soils at the foot of dunes, or between dunes and lagoons of the Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe and North Africa, and of the endoreic interior basins of Mediterranean Iberia, with [Plantago crassifolia], [Schoenus nigricans], [Juncus littoralis], [Spartina versicolor] ([Spartina patens], [Spartina juncea]), [Elymus elongatus], [Inula crithmoides], all of which may dominate and form physiognomically distinct, sometimes almost monospecific, facies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Features of littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.4
definition: Littoral rock features include rockpools (A1.41, A1.42), ephemeral algae (A1.45) and caves (A1.44) in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides). These features are present throughout the littoral rock zone from the upper limit at the top of of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. These features can be found on most rocky shores regardless of wave exposure. Lichens can be found in the supralittoral zone on shores with suitable substratum. The lichen band is wider and more distinct on more exposed shores. Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply allowing species from the sublittoral to survive. Ephemeral seaweeds occur on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. The shaded nature of caves and overhangs diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves, and on overhangs on the lower shore. Non-tidal areas irregularly exposed by wind action (hydrolittoral) with hard substrata are also included here. Note that lichens and algae crusts in the supralittoral zone are coastal habitats (B3.11).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Communities of littoral rockpools
narrower: Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone
narrower: Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
narrower: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs
narrower: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral soft rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)
narrower: Hydrolittoral hard clay
narrower: Hydrolittoral mussel beds
narrower: Hydrolittoral peat
narrower: Pontic sulphide vents in littoral rock

Communities of littoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.41
definition: Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply. For this reason rockpools have been dealt with as a separate habitat type, apart from the scheme of wave exposure and shore height. Four main rockpool biotopes have been described, and although it is accepted that an enormous variety of rockpool communities exist, it is hoped that these biotope descriptions are broad enough to adequately encompass most types. It would be meaningless to include the characterising species in a description at the habitat type level. Rockpools on the upper shore which are subject to rainwater influence and wide fluctuations in temperature are included in A1.42. Shallow rockpools in the mid to upper shore characterised by encrusting coralline algae and [Corallina officinalis] (A1.411); several variants of these coralline pools occur in south-west Britain and Ireland (A1.4112, A1.4113 and A1.4114). Deeper rockpools on the mid to lower shore can support fucoids and some sublittoral species such as kelp (A1.412). Those rockpools influenced by the presence of sand are characterised by sand-tolerant seaweed such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis] and [Polyides rotundus] (A1.413). Where more stable sand occurs in the base of the rockpool sea-grass beds can occur. Shallow rockpools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand may be characterised by hydroids (A1.414). A very rough guideline to the terms "shallow" and "deep" rockpools: "shallow" rockpools do not support kelp, whereas "deep" rockpools do. A1.41 does not include shallow standing water on compacted sediment or mixed substrata. Situation: Rockpools occur in the littoral zone where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedroc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools
narrower: Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools
narrower: Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools
narrower: Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and [Littorina littorea] in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools
narrower: Pontic eulittoral rockpools with green seaweeds ([Cladophora], [Ulva], [Enteromorpha]), [Mytilus], [Mytilaster], [Polybius], [Pachygrapsus] and small fish

Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.411
definition: Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus] and the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum]. The ephemeral green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle [Littorina littorea] (which often occur in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools) and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels. A number of variants have been identified. Pools dominated by coralline algae and foliose red seaweeds with a distribution throughout the UK (see Cor.Cor). In Ireland, the sea urchin [Paracentrotus lividus] can dominate these shallow coralline pools (see Cor.Par). In south-west Britain, the brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] (Cor.Bif) or [Cystoseira] spp. (Cor.Cys) can be regionally dominant. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe on rocky shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools
narrower: Coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
narrower: Coralline crusts and [Paracentrotus lividus] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
narrower: [Bifurcaria bifurcata] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
narrower: [Cystoseira] spp. in eulittoral rockpools

Upper shore arctic salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.533
definition: Coastal saltmarshes of the upper shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland submitted to winter sea ice.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Sulphurous arctic salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.534
definition: Communities of the arctic coasts of Eurasia developed in brackish water on sulphurous gleys, in particular, [Hippuris tetraphylla] beds of brackish shores of Finnmark and northern Iceland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.535
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes with [Triglochin maritima]
type: Concept
notation: A2.536
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Eleocharis uniglumis] mid-upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.537
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Blysmus rufus] mid-upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.538
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Mid-upper saltmarshes: [Artemisia maritima] with [Festuca rubra], or open canopy of [Artemisia maritima] and [Halimione]
type: Concept
notation: A2.539
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Festuca rubra] mid-upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.53A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

A2.53B
type: Concept
notation: A2.53B
preferred label: Mid-upper saltmarshes: sub-communities of [Festuca rubra] with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Juncus gerardi], [Puccinellia maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Triglochin maritima], [Armeria maritima] and [Plantago maritima]
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Marine saline beds of [Phragmites australis]
type: Concept
notation: A2.53C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Added qualifier "Marine" to distinguish from inland saline reedbeds (C3.2112), 29/06/2005.
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands
type: Concept
notation: A2.53D
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds
narrower: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands: natural stands
narrower: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands: harvested stands

Coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4111
definition: Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus] and the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum]. The ephemeral green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle [Littorina littorea] (which often occurs in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools), the limpet [Patella vulgata] and top shell [Gibbula cineraria]. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] can be found on the rock surface. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe rocky shores. Temporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

Coralline crusts and [Paracentrotus lividus] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4112
definition: Shallow and relatively small rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on very exposed to exposed shores, characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. In south and west Ireland these coralline pools may be dominated by the sea urchin [Paracentrotus lividus] and the seaweed diversity is generally low due to the grazing pressure of [P. lividus], the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis], and winkles such as [Littorina littorea]. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone such as [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The siphonous green seaweed [Codium] spp. can also be present along with the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] and the filamentous red seaweed [Ceramium] spp. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is either absent or occurs at low abundance in these rockpools, presumably due to the grazing pressure on the larval stage and the predation pressure from the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Soft bedrock, such as limestone, allows [P. lividus] to bore into the rock. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to exposed shores. Temporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

[Bifurcaria bifurcata] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4113
definition: Eulittoral rockpools in south-west Britain on very exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and encrusting coralline algae and [Corallina officinalis]. Kelps are present and include the species [Laminaria digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and the wrack [Himanthalia elongata]. Underneath the canopy formed by these species is a high diversity of red seaweeds including the foliose species [Chondrus crispus], [Palmaria palmata], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Mastocarpus stellatus]. Other red seaweeds include [Gastroclonium ovatum], [Ceramium nodulosum], [Calliblepharis jubata] and [Mesophyllum lichenoides]. The green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis] occur where space allows. Often found in small cracks and crevices are the anemones [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis], while the limpet [Patella vulgata] can be found on the rock surface. Coarse gravel, cobbles and mobile boulders often cover the bottom of these rockpools, where [Gibbula umbilicalis] can be found. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral to the upper littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed shores. [B. bifurcata] is at the edge of its range in Britain; in France it occurs in deeper lower shore pools where the alga forms a noticeable band in the mid pool level, below a band of [C. officinalis] and coralline crusts. Temporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands: natural stands
type: Concept
notation: A2.53D1
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands

Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands: harvested stands
type: Concept
notation: A2.53D2
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands

Low-mid saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.54
definition: Saltmarshes with more or less closed angiosperm vegetation. Included are grassy salt meadows dominated by [Puccinellia festuciformis] or [Aeluropus littoralis] in the Mediterranean and by [Puccinellia maritima] in northern Europe. Also characteristic are [Glaux maritima], [Halimone portulacoides], [Limonium vulgare], [Plantago maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Atlantic saltmarsh grass lawns
narrower: Atlantic lower shore communities
narrower: Mediterranean coastal-saltmarsh grass swards
narrower: Lower shore arctic salt meadows
narrower: [Halimione portulacoides] low-mid saltmarshes
narrower: [Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes
narrower: A2.547
narrower: Annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes

Atlantic saltmarsh grass lawns
type: Concept
notation: A2.541
definition: Communities of the lower and middle schorre of the shores of the Atlantic ocean and connected seas with an overwhelming dominance of [Puccinellia maritima], often in almost monospecific stands forming bright green lawns characteristic, in particular, of pioneer stages of the lowest levels and of intensely grazed areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Atlantic lower shore communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.542
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and other physiognomically important species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes
narrower: Sea purslane-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: Sea aster-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: Glasswort-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: Atlantic stalked orache beds
narrower: [Pelvetia]-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: [Catabrosa]-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: [Glaux]-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: [Plantago]-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: [Limonium]-saltmarsh grass meadows

Sea purslane-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5421
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Halimione portulacoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

Sea aster-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5422
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Aster tripolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

Glasswort-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5423
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima], annual [Salicornia] spp. and [Suaeda maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

Atlantic stalked orache beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.5424
definition: Formations dominated by the rare, threatened [Halimione pedunculata], developing very locally in the [Puccinellion maritimae] of Denmark, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, extinct in the British Isles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Cystoseira] spp. in eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4114
definition: Eulittoral rockpools on exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores dominated by the brown alga [Cystoseira] spp. (including [Cystoseira tamariscifolia]), coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis]. These pools generally support dense red algal growth comprising: [Ceramium] spp., [Calliblepharis jubata], [Chondrus crispus], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Gelidium latifolium]. Wracks such as [Himanthalia elongata] and the epiphytic brown seaweed [Colpomenia peregrina] are present while the kelp [Laminaria digitata] can occupy the deeper parts of the pool. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are usually present as well. The pools usually contain some sand and pebbles at the base of the pool while spirorbid polychaetes and [Pomatoceros] spp. build their tubes on any small boulders present. In addition, these pools can support high numbers of grazing gastropods including the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] but also the limpet [Patella vulgata], while sponges such [Hymeniacidon perleve] and [Halichondria panicea] can be found overgrowing the small boulders or on and around the seaweeds. The shanny [Lipophrus pholis] is present hiding underneath boulder and cobbles, while the anemone [Actinia equina] is found in cracks and crevices. number of available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.412
definition: Deep or larger rockpools in the mid to lower eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] while encrusting coralline algae cover the rock surface. Other large brown seaweeds, including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and [Halidrys siliquosa] may also occur. A wide variety of filamentous and foliose seaweeds occur beneath the brown algal canopy. The species includes the red seaweeds [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium nodulosum] and [Dumontia contorta], but green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present as well. Algal-free vertical and overhanging faces often support the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and anemones including [Actinia equina] and [Urticina felina]. Grazing molluscs including the limpet [Patella vulgata], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] are present on the rock surface while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be found in cracks and crevices. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found preying on the mussels. Where boulders occur in these pools they provide a greater variety of micro-habitats which support a variety of fauna. Mobile crustaceans including the crabs [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Carcinus maenas], brittlestars such as [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Amphipholis squamata], encrusting bryozoans and ascidians are typically found beneath and between boulders. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores. Temporal variation: The abundance of grazing molluscs can vary considerably both spatially and temporally, resulting in fluctuations in algal diversity and abundance.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools
narrower: [Sargassum muticum] in eulittoral rockpools

[Sargassum muticum] in eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4121
definition: Shallow rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum] and the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis]. Other brown seaweeds, including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria digitata] and the wrack [Fucus serratus] may occur along with [Dictyota dichotoma], but [S. muticum] always dominates. Underneath the canopy is a rich red seaweed community which includes both foliose and filamentous species such as [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Ceramium] spp. and [Dumontia contorta]. Encrusting coralline algae and [Hildenbrandia rubra] often cover the rock surface. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca] is usually present in high abundance growing on the mobile gravel and boulders on the bottom of the rockpools, often along with other ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Cladophora rupestris] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The winkle [Littorina littorea], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] can often be found grazing on the biofilm of the rock surface or the seaweeds. Crevices and fissures in the rock provide cover for anemones such as [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis], cover while the prawn [Palaemon serratus] often can be found in large numbers hiding underneath the seaweed canopy or along the boulders on the bottom. Some sand scour can affect these rockpools. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores. The non-native [S. muticum] is an opportunistic alga which has spread extensively around the south-west coast of Britain since its introduction to UK waters in the early 1970s from the northern Pacific ocean. It is spreading to other parts of the UK. It can dominate rockpools (and other habitats), often to the exclusion of other native species such as [Laminaria] spp. and fucoids. Temporal variation: As all the…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools

[Pelvetia]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5425
definition: Species-poor salt meadows restricted to the shores of northern Norway and southwestern Iceland in the vicinity of the Reykjanes peninsula, codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and the brown alga [Pelvetia canaliculata], accompanied by [Agrostis stolonifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Catabrosa]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5426
definition: Salt meadows of Iceland and northern Norway, mostly of the lower shore, dominated by [Puccinellia maritima], with [Catabrosa aquatica], [Carex mackenziei], [Carex subspathacea], [Stellaria crassifolia], [Glaux maritima], [Gentianella detonsa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Glaux]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5427
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Glaux maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Plantago]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5428
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Plantago maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Limonium]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5429
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Limonium vulgare], characteristic of undrained depressions on lightly grazed salt meadows of the Netherlands and the British Isles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

Mediterranean coastal-saltmarsh grass swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.543
definition: Dense formations of perennial halophile grasses, in particular, [Puccinellia festuciformis] ([Puccinellia palustris]) or [Aeluropus littoralis], of Mediterranean coasts and their coastal lagoons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.413
definition: Rockpools with sediment (mud, sand, gravel) floors support distinct communities of scour-tolerant seaweeds. Deep pools with sediment are similar to FK, and are typically dominated by fucoids and kelp ([Fucus serratus], [Laminaria digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]). Areas of hard substrata near to the interface with the sediment are, however, characterised by a range of sand-tolerant seaweeds such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis], [Polyides rotundus], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Rhodochorton purpureum] (compare with FK). [Chorda filum] may occur attached to pebbles and shells embedded within the sediment while the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] can be found underneath or among the pebbles. In pools with large areas of sand, infaunal species such as [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega] often occur. The seagrass [Zostera] spp. may occur in some pools where stable sand is present. Shallow rockpools with cobble and pebble floors, often with an underlying layer of sediment, support red algal tufts consisting of coralline crust, [Corallina officinalis], [Chondrus crispus], [Mastocarpus stellatus] mixed with [Ceramium] spp. and the green seaweeds [Cladophora] spp. and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The long list of characterising species is partly due to low similarity between the available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed to sheltered shores. Temporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of ephemeral seaweeds will occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools

Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and [Littorina littorea] in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools
type: Concept
notation: A1.414
definition: Shallow pools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand characterised by abundant hydroids. Species present may include [Obelia geniculata], [O. dichotoma], [O. longissima], [Sertularia cupressina], [Tublaria indivisa] and [Thuiaria thuja]. The difficulty in identifying hydroids suggests many more species may be also be present. Other species typically found in this biotope include ephemeral green algae ([Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva] sp.), red algae ([Chondrus crispus] and Coralline algae) and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. Within the pools, patches of sand may be occupied by the lugworm [Arenicola marina] and sand mason worms [Lanice conchilega]. These pools are often associated with mussel beds (MytX), with [Mytilus edulis] frequently recorded within the pools. Barnacles ([Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus]) and the keel worm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be attached to shells and small stones. Mobile species typical of rock pool habitats, such as [Crangon crangon] and [Pomatoschistus minutus] will also be found within the pool.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools

Green seaweeds ([Enteromorpha] spp. and [Cladophora] spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.421
definition: Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus [Enteromorpha], along with [Cladophora] spp. and [Ulva lactuca]. Due to the physical stress imposed on these upper shore pools, grazing molluscs such as the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] are generally in lower abundance than eulittoral pools, allowing the green seaweeds to proliferate under reduced grazing pressures. The bright orange copepod [Tigriopus fulvus] is tolerant of large salinity fluctuations and may occur in large numbers in these upper shore pools, along with gammarid amphipods. Situation: Rockpools throughout the upper eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock. Temporal variation: Fluctuations especially in the abundance of the green seaweeds will occur due to marked changes in salinity and temperature during the year. [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can often be bleached during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone

Communities of littoral caves and overhangs
type: Concept
notation: A1.44
definition: Where caves and overhangs occur on rocky shores, the shaded nature of the habitat diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves and overhangs on the lower shore. Biotopes from the surrounding shore such as A1.111, A1.113 or any of the fucoid communities occasionally extend into cave entrances. A1.113 often extends some way into the cave. Other open shore biotopes may also be found within caves, such as the green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] on cave roofs where birds roost (B3.112), and localised patches of green algae where freshwater seepage influences the rock (A1.451). Rockpools containing encrusting coralline algae (A1.411), fucoids and kelp (A1.412) and hydroids and littorinid molluscs may occur also on the floor of cave entrances. The cave biotope descriptions are largely based on data obtained from surveys of Berwickshire caves (ERT,2000), chalk caves from the Thanet coast (Tittley et al., 1998; Tittley & Spurrier 2001) and data from Wales (CCW Phase 1 data). In general, the biomass and diversity of algal species found in upper and mid-shore littoral caves decreases with increasing depth into the cave as the light levels diminish. Fucoids are usually only found at the entrances to caves, but red algae, and filamentous and encrusting green algae are able to penetrate to lower light intensities towards the back of the cave, and mats of the turf forming red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea] and/or patches of the green seaweed [Cladophora rupestris] may occur on the upper walls (A1.444). Brownish velvety growths of the brown algae [Pilinia maritima] occurring in mats with the red alga [A. purpurea] on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs (A1.443) should not be confused with the green (A1.442) or golden brown algal …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock
narrower: Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
narrower: [Audouinella purpurea] and [Pilinia maritima] crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
narrower: [Audouinella purpurea] and [Cladophora rupestris] on upper to mid-shore cave walls
narrower: [Verrucaria mucosa] and/or [Hildenbrandia rubra] on upper to mid shore cave walls
narrower: Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances
narrower: Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves
narrower: Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls
narrower: Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves
narrower: Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors
narrower: Association with [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]
narrower: Pontic mediolittoral caves with [Hildebrandia], [Phymatolithon], [Lithophyllum], bryozoans, [Pachygrapsus], [Eriphia]

Lower shore arctic salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.544
definition: Species-poor communities of the lower shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland, submitted to winter sea ice.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

[Halimione portulacoides] low-mid saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.545
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.441
definition: Orange, brownish or blackish gelatinous bands of algae at high tide and supralittoral levels on open cliff faces and on upper walls and ceilings at entrances and to the rear of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) caves. This dark brown band consists of an assemblage of Haptophyceae such as [Apistonema] spp., [Pleurochrysis carterae] and the orange [Chrysotila lamellosa], but other genera and species of Chrysophyceae, Haptophyceae and Prasinophyceae are likely to be present as well. Species such as [Entodesmis maritima] and [Thallochrysis littoralis] and the filamentous green alga [Epicladia perforans] are often associated with [Apistonema] spp. and the latter can form a green layer beneath the [Apistonema] spp. Associated with this splash zone algal community is an assemblage of animals of terrestrial origin, with red mites, insects and centipedes commonly found. These species descend into the community as the tide falls and retreat as the tide rises. The most common truly 'marine' species is the small winkle [Melarhaphe neritoides]. Situation: This description is partly based on a Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001). More information is needed to identify the species composition and dominant species of this biotope. Temporal variation: During summer the gelatinous growth dries and often peels off.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
type: Concept
notation: A1.442
definition: The upper walls and ceilings of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) dominated by a band of green algal films (or 'stains'). Other encrusting algae including the non-calcified [Hildenbrandia rubra] may be present. In chalk caves, on the east and south-east coasts of England, a distinctive assemblage of species occurs, including the brown alga [Pilinia maritima] and the bright green algae [Pseudendoclonium submarinum] and [Entocladia perforans] that often covers the cave ceilings. Fauna is generally sparse and limited to limpets such as [Patella vulgata] and the winkle [Littorina saxatilis]. The species forming a green algal film that covers upper shore caves in Berwickshire were not identified. More information required to validate this biotope description. Situation: This biotope is situated above the AudCla or VmucHil zone, extending to cover the upper walls and ceilings of caves. GCv can be found at the entrances to caves and through to the darkest areas at the back and is often found above a zone of AudPil. In hard rock caves however, the green and brown algae (AudPil) or Haptophyceae (ChrHap) occur as separate zones or GCv may occur on its own.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

[Audouinella purpurea] and [Pilinia maritima] crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
type: Concept
notation: A1.443
definition: Golden brown velvety growths of the brown algae [Pilinia maritima] occurring in mats with the red alga [Audouinella purpurea] forming on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs. Fauna is sparse and limited to occasional individuals of the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and spirorbid polychaetes. This assemblage is thought to be is widespread throughout Britain, although there are currently few records available. More information are needed to validate this description, which is based on information from the Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001). Situation: This biotope is found at the entrances and the inner reaches of caves between a band of AudCla and the GCv zone above. Temporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

[Audouinella purpurea] and [Cladophora rupestris] on upper to mid-shore cave walls
type: Concept
notation: A1.444
definition: Vertical and steeply-sloping upper walls at the entrances and inner reaches of upper to mid-shore caves that are partially sheltered from direct wave action characterised by a turf of the 'velvety' red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea]. Patches of green filamentous seaweed [Cladophora] [rupestris] can be present. The fauna is generally limited to limpets [Patella] spp., the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while they usually occur in low abundance. Filamentous or crust forming brown seaweeds may occur mixed with [A. purpurea], often becoming a zone in its own right (AudPil) above the AudCrup biotope. Other shade-tolerant red seaweed such as [Catenella caespitosa] and [Lomentaria articulata] may occur (but at lower abundance), and where freshwater seepage occurs, [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can form patches. Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions. [A. purpurea] can be the only seaweed present in caves on the Thanet coast in south-east England. This biotope is known to occur in hard rock caves in north-east England and chalk caves in south-east England. Received after deadline: [A. purpurea] has changed name to [Rhodochorton purpurea]. Situation: In hard rock caves, this biotope is generally found on the upper walls above the ScrFa and FaCr biotopes and beneath the biotopes dominated by green and/or brown crusts (GCv; AudPil). In chalk caves, AudCrup may cover the lower and upper walls, while it is usually found below GCv and/or AudPil.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

[Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.546
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

A2.547
type: Concept
notation: A2.547
preferred label: Sub-communities of [Puccinellia maritima] saltmarsh with [Limonium vulgare] and [Armeria maritima]; [P. maritima] with [Glaux maritima] co-dominant in species-poor vegetation; [Puccinellia maritima] with [Plantago maritima] and/or [Armeria maritima]
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.548
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.55
definition: Saltmarshes at the lowest level of non-aquatic angiosperms; vegetation open and very species-poor, typically with [Salicornia] spp. or [Spartina] spp., less often with [Arthrocnemum] spp., [Aster tripolium], [Sagina maritima], [Salsola kali] or [Suaeda] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: Mediterranean coastal halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities
narrower: Atlantic [Sagina maritima] communities
narrower: Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards
narrower: [Spartina densiflora] swards
narrower: Rayed [Aster tripolium] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Aster tripolium] var. [discoides] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Arthrocnemum perenne] pioneer saltmarshes, sometimes with [Halimione], [Puccinellia] and [Suaeda]

[Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.551
definition: Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.), or sometimes saltwort ([Salsola] spp.), formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: Biocenosis of beaches with slowly-drying wracks under glassworts
narrower: [Suaeda maritima] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Salicornia] spp. pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Salicornia veneta] swards
narrower: Black Sea annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] saltmarshes
narrower: Low-shore Mediterranean glasswort swards

Biocenosis of beaches with slowly-drying wracks under glassworts
type: Concept
notation: A2.5511
definition: This biocoenosis is characterised by annual glassworts ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablites ([Suaeda] spp.), or sometimes saltworts ([Salsola] spp.), formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

[Suaeda maritima] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5512
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

[Salicornia] spp. pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5513
definition: Mud, often consolidated with coarse sand or gravel, on the extreme upper shore with [Salicornia] spp. plants forming a pioneer saltmarsh community. This habitat typically occurs in very sheltered estuarine conditions. Usually a reduced marine fauna is present which may include the amphipod [Corophium volutator], the ragworm [Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor] and often the mud snail [Hydrobia ulvae]. The fucoid alga [Pelvetia canaliculata] may be found on hard substrata, consolidated mud or lying unattached. This community is equivalent to saltmarsh community SM8 in the National Vegetation Classification (Rodwell).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

[Verrucaria mucosa] and/or [Hildenbrandia rubra] on upper to mid shore cave walls
type: Concept
notation: A1.445
definition: The upper walls and ceilings of the entrances and inner reaches of upper shore caves affected by direct wave action (and therefore moistened by sea spray), characterised by a mosaic of the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] and the non-calcified encrusting red alga [Hildenbrandia rubra]. The black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and red coralline algae can be present, though not dominating. The fauna in these upper shore caves is generally limited, due to problems of desiccation. However, where conditions remain sufficiently moist, and particularly in crevices and fissures, the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and winkles [Littorina saxatilis] may occur, particularly towards the rear of the cave. Although the characterising species of this biotope also occur on the shore, they do not generally occur in a distinct band other than in moist dark caves. The turf-forming red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea] may occasionally occur in low abundance (where [A. purpurea] covers an extensive area, generally on softer rock such as chalk, the biotope should be recorded as AudCla). Situation: VmucHil generally occurs on upper walls and ceilings towards the rear of dark, moist caves, but can also occur at cave entrances that are directly affected by sea-spray. Where VmucHil occurs at cave entrances and to approximately 5 m into the cave, it is usually found above a zone of Sem and below GCv or AudCla. Further into the cave Sem is replaced completely by VmucHil. There are no records for VmucHil in soft rock caves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances
type: Concept
notation: A1.446
definition: Overhanging shaded bedrock on the open lower shore and at the entrance to inner reaches of caves (where light availability permits), which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by a shade-tolerant red seaweed community. It includes foliose species such as [Plumaria plumosa, Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Membranoptera alata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], but [Lomentaria articulata] and coralline crusts are usually present as well. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca] can be present. The rock surface often supports dense populations of calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros] spp., while sponges such as [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] can be common. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Colonies of the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] can be found on the rock, along with the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Balanus perforatus] (the latter may occur at high densities in the south and west), while the anemone [Actinia equina] thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found among the barnacles and mussels, preying on them. The long list of characterising species is partly due to the difference in the species composition and does not solely reflect a high species richness. Situation: On overhangs, this biotope is generally found above the SByAs biotope, where there is more light available. In cave environments, SR may be found at the entrance to and inner reaches of the cave, extending from the lower walls (above the SByAs biotope) to the upper walls (depending on the height of the cave). Further into the cave where less light is available the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia] can be abundant (SR.Den).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs
narrower: Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and [Dendrodoa grossularia] on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves

Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and [Dendrodoa grossularia] on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves
type: Concept
notation: A1.4461
definition: Overhanging bedrock on the lower shore, at cave entrances, to and on inner walls of caves, subject to wave surge and low light levels, and characterised by a high density of small groups of the solitary ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia]. The sponges [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] are common on the rock surface, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Found on the rock surface are the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros] spp. along with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides]. The anemone [Actinia equina] thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. Where sufficient light is available a sparse community of shade-tolerant red seaweeds. These include [Membranoptera alata], [Lomentaria articulata, Audouinella] spp. and coralline crusts. Situation: This biotope is found on lower shore overhangs and on the entrances and inner walls of lower shore caves, and usually dominates the available habitat. It is generally found above the BarCv biotope and may extend to the upper walls of caves. Temporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances

[Salicornia veneta] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5514
definition: Endemic, threatened [Salicornia veneta] swards of long-inundated muds of basins of the Venice lagoon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

Black Sea annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5515
definition: Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola] spp.) solonchak formations, colonizing periodically inundated muds of Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of inland salt-basins of central Eurasian and Irano-Anatolian steppe and cold desert zones. Annual glasswort communities of salt steppes and saltmarshes of areas of extreme continentality within the boreal zone of Siberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

Low-shore Mediterranean glasswort swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5516
definition: Glasswort swards occupying long-inundated basins of coastal saltmarshes of the western Mediterranean basin, including those of Spain, southern continental France, the Gulf of Tarento, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, with Atlantic representatives in southwestern Europe, between southern Brittany and central Portugal, dominated by the reddening tetraploid glasswort [Salicornia emerici].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

Atlantic [Sagina maritima] communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.553
definition: Formations of annual pioneers occupying sands subject to variable salinity and humidity, on the coasts, in the dunal systems and in the saltmarshes of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic. They are usually limited to small surfaces and best developed in the zone of contact between dune and saltmarsh. Characteristic species include [Sagina maritima], [Sagina nodosa], [Cochlearia danica], [Gentiana uliginosa], [Centaurium littorale], [Bupleurum tenuissimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.554
definition: Perennial pioneer grasslands of coastal salt muds dominated by flat-leaved [Spartina maritima] ([Spartina stricta]), [Spartina townsendii], [Spartina anglica], [Spartina alterniflora], distributed along Atlantic and North Sea coasts of middle Europe north to Denmark and south to northwestern Iberia, with outposts on the Atlantic coast of Africa around Tangier, Rabat and Cap Blanc, extending east to the Danish archipelago and with isolated areas of occurrence in the Mediterranean basin, located in the northern Adriatic, in the Venice Lagoon and nearby coasts, from the mouth of the Po to Trieste and Slovenia, and in estuaries of the coasts of northwestern Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Spartina anglica] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Spartina alterniflora] with [Spartina anglica], [Puccinellia maritima] and [Aster tripolium]
narrower: [Spartina maritima] pioneer saltmarshes

Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves
type: Concept
notation: A1.447
definition: Overhanging, and shaded vertical, bedrock on the lower shore and in lower shore caves, which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by crusts of bryozoans including [Umbonula littoralis], sponges such as [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea, Scypha ciliata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] and the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. On overhangs, the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. The barnacles [Balanus crenatus], [Balanus perforatus] (sometimes at high densities) and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be present as well. Certain species which are generally confined to the sublittoral, including the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Corynactis viridis], may be found in the lower shore caves and overhangs. Littoral species such as [Actinia equina] are also present. The only algae present are coralline crusts. The list of characterising species partly reflects the variation in the species composition between individual overhangs and caves although this biotope can have a high species richness. Situation: This biotope is found in the lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe in less wave-surged conditions than that of SR.Den.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls
type: Concept
notation: A1.448
definition: The inner walls of caves, predominantly in the mid shore in wave-surged conditions dominated by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], and [Verruca stroemia], with patches of encrusting sponges such as [Halichondria panicea] and [Grantia compressa] and occasional patches of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Increased moisture allows a denser faunal population than ScrFa to develop within the cave. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes can be present. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] and anemones such as [Metridium senile] and [Actinia equina] may occur towards the lower reaches of the cave. Where a dense faunal turf of barnacles or bryozoan crusts covers the cave walls, the biotope can also extend to cover the ceiling and may be accompanied by the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. Variations of this biotope may occur in mid and lower shore scoured caves in south Wales the rock is dominated by dense [Sabellaria alveolata]. In south-west England the rock can be completely covered by the barnacle [Balanus perforatus]. There may be a variation in the species composition from cave to cave, depending on local conditions. Situation: This biotope usually occurs above the sand/pebble scoured ScrFa zone and may extend to the ceilings of the caves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves
type: Concept
notation: A1.449
definition: Upper to lower shore sand- or pebble-scoured cave walls characterised by an impoverished faunal assemblage which may include bryozoan crusts, scattered sponges [Halichondria panicea], barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides] or often large [Balanus crenatus and] the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The isopod [Ligia oceanica] may seek refuge in crevices in the rock, and due to the decreased effect of desiccation in these damp caves, other species such as the anemone [Actinia equina] and spirorbid polychaetes are able to extend further up the shore than normally found on open rock. The lower section of the wall which is subject to greatest scour may be characterised by a band of [Pomatoceros] [triqueter] and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes. In wave sheltered conditions, this biotope may extend to the cave ceiling. The rear of caves on the lower shore may support only sparse fauna consisting of spirorbid polychaetes and barnacles such as [Chthamalus montagui] with scattered [Pomatoceros] sp., scattered bryozoan and coralline crusts and in the south-west, occasional [Sabellaria alveolata]. Shade-tolerant red algae such as [Lomentaria articulata] may occasionally occur. Due to the low species abundance in this biotope, there may be a variation from cave to cave, depending on local conditions. Situation: This biotope is found in caves between the barren (of macro-fauna or flora) or very species poor BarCv zone and the wave-surged, more densely populated FaCr zone. On the walls above the scour and near the cave entrance the community may grade into a red algal dominated community (AudCla).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors
type: Concept
notation: A1.44A
definition: Mid and upper shore mobile boulders/cobbles on cave floors and the lower reaches of cave walls which are subject to scour are generally devoid of macro-fauna and flora. However, where light is available around the cave entrances, encrusting coralline algae may cover the rock and boulder surfaces. In some instances they may support sparse fauna such as the limpet [Patella] spp. and the winkle [Littorina saxatilis]. Situation: This biotope is situated on the floor, or at the base of cave walls, often with a zone of ScrFa above (where the scouring effect of boulders is less). In areas of extreme wave exposure this zone will extend high up the sides of the cave and in less wave-exposed conditions where the effects of scouring are reduced, some fauna may be present. At the entrances and 2-3 metres into upper shore caves, a zone of Sem may occur above the BarCv, becoming a zone of VmucHil further into the cave. In mid shore caves, BarCv is above by a zone of ScrFa (sparse fauna), and in caves on the lower shore, the surge-tolerant SR.Den may occur above this zone. Temporal variation: In calmer summer months cave mouths may have some ephemeral algae (e.g. [Enteromorpha intestinalis]) and a spat-fall of barnacles or limpets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

[Spartina anglica] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5541
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards

[Spartina alterniflora] with [Spartina anglica], [Puccinellia maritima] and [Aster tripolium]
type: Concept
notation: A2.5542
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards

[Spartina maritima] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5543
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards

[Spartina densiflora] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.555
definition: Perennial pioneer grasslands of southern Iberian coastal salt muds, dominated by the junciform-leaved [Spartina densiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

Rayed [Aster tripolium] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.556
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

[Aster tripolium] var. [discoides] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.557
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

[Arthrocnemum perenne] pioneer saltmarshes, sometimes with [Halimione], [Puccinellia] and [Suaeda]
type: Concept
notation: A2.558
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms
type: Concept
notation: A2.6
definition: Dominants are [Eleocharis acicularis], [Eleocharis parvula], [Zostera] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments
narrower: Marine [Cyperaceae] beds

Seagrass beds on littoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A2.61
definition: Dominants are [Zostera] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms
narrower: Mainland Atlantic [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] meadows
narrower: Macaronesian [Zostera noltii] meadows
narrower: Pontic [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] meadows
narrower: [Ruppia maritima] on lower shore sediment

Mainland Atlantic [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.611
definition: Formations of [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic shores of continental Europe and of its continental shelf islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments
narrower: [Zostera noltii] beds in littoral muddy sand

Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.45
definition: Ephemeral seaweeds on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. Dominant green seaweeds include [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and the red seaweeds [Rhodothamniella floridula] and [Porphyra purpurea]. Winkles such as [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] can occur, though usually in low abundance. The crab [Carcinus maenas] can be found where boulders are present, while the barnacle [Elminius modestus] is usually present on sites subject to variable salinity. On moderately exposed shores, the biotope is [Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced or unstable upper shore rock (A1.451) or [P. purpurea] and/or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid to lower eulittoral rock (A1.452). These are biotopes with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites. Situation: This habitat type occurs the splash zone, sometimes on cliff faces, and throughout the main intertidal zone. Note: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A2.43 and A2.82 as LR.ELR.Eph.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: [Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Porphyra purpurea] or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock

[Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.451
definition: Upper shore hard substratum that is relatively unstable (e.g. soft rock) or subject to considerable freshwater runoff is typically very species poor and characterised by a dense mat of [Enteromorpha] spp., though [Ulva lactuca] can occur as well. It occurs in a wider zone spanning from the supralittoral down to the upper eulittoral, across a wide range of wave exposures range. This biotope is generally devoid of fauna, except for occasional limpets [Patella vulgata], winkles [Littorina littorea] or [Littorina saxatilis] and barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides]. Situation: This band of green seaweeds is usually found above a zone dominated by a mixture [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. (EntPor) or a [Fucus spiralis] or [Fucus ceranoides] zone (Fspi; Fcer), and may replace the [Pelvetia canaliculata] zone (PelB). It can be found below a zone dominated by yellow and grey lichens. In very sheltered areas the seagrass [Ruppia maritima] can be found above this biotope while different wracks such as [Fucus] spp. can dominate the zone below (Rup; Asc; Fspi). Temporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the [Enteromorpha] spp. and the occurrence of the other green seaweeds species will occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata

[Porphyra purpurea] or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.452
definition: Exposed and moderately exposed mid-shore bedrock and boulders occurring adjacent to areas of sand which significantly affects the rock. As a consequence of sand-abrasion, wracks such as [Fucus vesiculosus] or [Fucus spiralis] are scarce and the community is typically dominated by ephemeral red or green seaweeds, particularly the foliose red seaweed [Porphyra purpurea] and green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha] spp. Under the blanket of ephemeral seaweeds, the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] or [Elminius modestus] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] may occur in the less scoured areas, along with the occasional winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis]. Few other species are present. Situation: Usually found below the species impoverished biotope dominated by [Enteromorpha] spp. (Ent) and above the [F. spiralis] zone (Fspi). It may replace the zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (PelB). In areas where sand abrasion is less severe, the sand-binding red alga [Rhodothamniella floridula] occurs with other sand-tolerant seaweeds and the wrack [Fucus serratus] (Rho), along with the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Temporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the [Enteromorpha] spp. and the [P. purpurea] will occur, especially as a result of storm action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata

Littoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2
definition: Littoral sediment includes habitats of shingle (mobile cobbles and pebbles), gravel, sand and mud or any combination of these which occur in the intertidal zone. Littoral sediment is defined further using descriptions of particle sizes - mainly gravel (16-4 mm), coarse sand (4-1 mm), medium sand (1-0.25 mm), fine sand (0.25-0.063 mm) and mud (less than 0.063 mm) and various admixtures of these (and coarser) grades - muddy sand, sandy mud and mixed sediment (cobbles, gravel, sand and mud together). Littoral sediments support communities tolerant to some degree of drainage at low tide and often subject to variation in air temperature and reduced salinity in estuarine situations. Very coarse sediments tend to support few macrofaunal species because these sediments tend to be mobile and subject to a high degree of drying when exposed at low tide. Finer sediments tend to be more stable and retain some water between high tides, and therefore support a greater diversity of species. Medium and fine sand shores usually support a range of oligochaetes, polychaetes, and burrowing crustaceans, and even more stable muddy sand shores also support a range of bivalves. Very fine and cohesive sediment (mud) tends to have a lower species diversity, because oxygen cannot penetrate far below the sediment surface. A black, anoxic layer of sediment develops under these circumstances, which may extend to the sediment surface and in which few species can survive. Some intertidal sediments are dominated by angiosperms, e.g. eelgrass ([Zostera noltii]) beds on the mid and upper shore of muddy sand flats, or saltmarshes which develop on the extreme upper shore of sheltered fine sediment flats. Situation: Littoral sediments are found across the entire intertidal zone, including the strandline. Sediment biotopes can extend further landwards (dune systems, marshes) and further seawards (sublittoral sediments). Sediment shores are generally found along relatively more sheltered stretches of coast…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Littoral coarse sediment
narrower: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Littoral mud
narrower: Littoral mixed sediments
narrower: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms
narrower: Littoral biogenic reefs
narrower: Features of littoral sediment

Macaronesian [Zostera noltii] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.612
definition: Very local [Zostera noltii] formations of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments

Littoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.1
definition: Littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment. Beaches of mobile cobbles and pebbles tend to be devoid of macroinfauna, while gravelly shores may support limited numbers of crustaceans, such as [Pectenogammarus planicrurus]. Situation: Littoral coarse sediments are found along relatively exposed open shores, where wave action prevents finer sediments from settling. Coarse sediments may also be present on the upper parts of shores where there are more stable, sandy biotopes on the lower and mid shore. Temporal variation: The sediment particle size structure may vary seasonally, with relatively finer sediments able to settle during calmer conditions in summer. Where the sediment grain size is very large (at the interface between sediment and boulder shores), cobbles may be mobile during exposed winter conditions, but stable enough during summer months to support limited juvenile rocky shore epifauna (e.g. juvenile barnacles).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores
narrower: Estuarine coarse sediment shores
narrower: Mediterranean communities of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms

Barren littoral shingle
type: Concept
notation: A2.111
definition: Shingle or gravel shores, typically with sediment particle size ranging from 4 - 256 mm, sometimes with some coarse sand mixed in. This biotope is normally only found on exposed open coasts in fully marine conditions. Such shores tend to support virtually no macrofauna in their very mobile and freely draining substratum. The few individuals that may be found are those washed into the habitat by the ebbing tide, including the occasional amphipod or small polychaete. Situation: BarSh often extends over the whole shore, sometimes extending into the subtidal zone. BarSh may occur on the upper shore above BarSa, and in moderately exposed conditions, above AmSco on the lower shore. Tal may occur on the same shore as BarSh, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore. Temporal variation: There may be a temporary cover of the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva] spp. during periods of stability in the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores

[Pectenogammarus planicrurus] in mid shore well-sorted gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.112
definition: Shores of well-sorted gravel with a predominant particle size of 4.0 mm but ranging between 3 and 6 mm support dense populations of the amphipod [Pectenogammarus planicrurus]. Material finer than 2 mm reduces the ability of the amphipod to survive. The amphipod is tolerant of variable salinity, although a preference for a specific salinity regime has not been determined. As this habitat is regularly under-surveyed, its distribution is unclear. Situation: The biotope is often associated with the lee side (wind or tide) of obstacles such as rock outcrops and groynes; this may be due to the deposition of algal debris, shelter from wave action or degree of sorting due to localised tidal flow around the obstacle (most likely a combination of the first and last influence).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores

Littoral sand and muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2
definition: Shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. Littoral sands exhibit varying degrees of drying at low tide depending on the steepness of the shore, the sediment grade and the height on the shore. The more mobile sand shores are relatively impoverished (A2.22), with more species-rich communities of amphipods, polychaetes and, on the lower shore, bivalves developing with increasing stability in finer sand habitats (A2.23). Muddy sands (A2.24), the most stable within this habitat complex, contain the highest proportion of bivalves. Situation: A strandline of talitrid amphipods (A2.211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Fully marine sandy shores occur along stretches of open coast, whilst muddy sands are often present in more sheltered lower estuarine conditions and may be subject to some freshwater influence. Temporal variation: Littoral sandy shore environments can change markedly over seasonal cycles, with sediment being eroded during winter storms and accreted during calmer summer months. The particle size structure of the sediment may change from finer to coarser during winter months, as finer sediment gets resuspended in seasonal exposed conditions. This may affect the sediment infauna, with some species only present in summer when sediments are more stable. More sheltered muddy sand shores are likely to be more stable throughout the year, but may have a seasonal cover of green seaweeds during the summer period, particularly in nutrient enriched areas or where there is freshwater input.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Strandline
narrower: Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores
narrower: Polychaete/amphipod-dominated fine sand shores
narrower: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands
narrower: Strictly Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands

[Ruppia maritima] on lower shore sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.614
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). This had a question mark against it: is it needed? This unit is not required until more [Ruppia] variants are defined (David Connor)
broader: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments

Marine [Cyperaceae] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.62
definition: Dominants are [Eleocharis acicularis], [Eleocharis parvula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms
narrower: [Eleocharis] beds

[Eleocharis] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.621
definition: Emergent [Eleocharis parvula] or [Eleocharis acicularis] formations of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons, occurring in the open sea only in the Baltic, limited to coastal waterbodies elsewhere, and very rare.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine [Cyperaceae] beds
narrower: [Eleocharis parvula] beds
narrower: Bothnian [Eleocharis acicularis] beds

[Eleocharis parvula] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.6211
definition: Emergent [Eleocharis parvula]-dominated formations of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons. They occur in the open sea only in the inner Baltic, in particular in middle Sweden, southern Finland and Estonia; they are very rare elsewhere, noted in particular on a few points of the coasts of Norway and in closed limans of the northern Black Sea and Azov Sea coasts, probably extinct in France and Germany.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Eleocharis] beds

Bothnian [Eleocharis acicularis] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.6212
definition: Emergent [Eleocharis acicularis]-dominated formations of the open Baltic in the Gulf of Bothnia (Bothnia Sea, Bothnia Bay) and the Gulf of Finland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Eleocharis] beds

Features of littoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.8
definition: Features of littoral sediment include littoral habitats characterised by the presence of gases or liquids bubbling or seeping through sediments (A2.81); areas which are characterised by pioneer or ephemeral red and green algae because of variations in salinity and/or siltation (A2.82); and sedimentary shores of non-tidal, reduced salinity waters which are below the mean water level and normally water-covered, but which are regularly or occasionally exposed by the action of wind (hydrolittoral zone in the Baltic) (A2.83-A2.87).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Methane seeps in littoral sediments
narrower: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on mobile substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral stony substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata

Methane seeps in littoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A2.81
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). Need to confirm position in respect of level 3 criteria. Should be moved to level 3 (A2.9) (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment

Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on mobile substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.82
definition: Eulittoral mixed substrata subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds (A2.821). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites. Note: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A1.45 and A2.43 as LR.ELR.Eph.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Ephemeral green and red seaweeds on variable salinity and/or disturbed eulittoral mixed substrata

Strandline
type: Concept
notation: A2.21
definition: The strandline is the shifting line of decomposing seaweed and debris which is typically left behind on sediment (and some rocky shores) at the upper extreme of the intertidal at each high tide. These ephemeral bands of seaweed often shelter communities of sandhoppers. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae. Situation: Strandlines may occur in bands along the upper extreme of any sediment shore and some rocky shores. Temporal variation: Strandlines tend to be mobile, as they consist of driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris, which will decompose, and be shifted by the tide. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of the strandline, may vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] and [Fabricia sabella] in littoral mixed sediment

Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline
type: Concept
notation: A2.211
definition: A community of sandhoppers (talitrid amphipods) may occur on any shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate on the strandline. The biotope occurs most frequently on medium and fine sandy shores, but may also occur on a wide variety of sediment shores composed of muddy sediment, shingle and mixed substrata, or on rocky shores. The decaying seaweed provides cover and humidity for the sandhopper [Talitrus saltator]. In places on sand that regularly accumulate larger amounts of weed, [Talorchestia deshayesii] is often present. Oligochaetes, mainly enchytraeids, can occur where the stranded debris remains damp as a result of freshwater seepage across the shore or mass accumulation of weed in shaded situations. On shingle and gravel shores and behind saltmarshes the strandline talitrid species tend to be mainly [Orchestia] species. Abundances of the characterising species tend to be highly patchy. Two characterising species lists are presented below. They are derived from two sets of data, which were analysed separately. The first shows data from infaunal samples, the second shows data from epifaunal samples. The epifaunal lists contains no counts per square metre, as the data were collected on the SACFOR scale. Situation: Tal may occur on the same shore as a range of sediment (especially sandy) biotopes, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore. These biotopes include BarSh, BarSa, Ol, AmSco, and Po. The biotope also occurs at the back of boulder, cobble and pebble shores, above mixed sediment and rocky biotopes. Temporal variation: This biotope varies in its position between spring and neap tides, and as a result of changing weather. After storms, it may extend into the fore dunes, during spring tides it will occur high on the shore, and during neaps the greatest numbers of talitrids may be found at or just below MHWN level. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of this biotope,…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Strandline

[Mytilus edulis] and [Fabricia sabella] in littoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.212
definition: Pebbles, gravel, sand and shell debris with mud in sheltered Firths with a strandline of fucoid algae. The fauna is characterised by juvenile mussels [Mytilus edulis], often in very high numbers. The nemertean worm [Lineus] spp. may be abundant and oligochaetes are common. Polychaetes such as [Pygospio elegans], [Scoloplos armiger] and [Fabricia sabella] may be present in high densities. [Fabricia sabella] is typically found amongst algal holdfasts and between cobbles on rocky shores. The bivalves [Macoma balthica] and [Cerastoderma edule], typical of muddy sediments, characterise the community. The validity of this biotope is uncertain, as the only available data, from the Dornoch Firth and the Moray Firth, are poor. Its position within the classification, as a strandline community, is also very uncertain, but there is not enough information available for a better description or classification at this stage. Situation: Occurs on sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Strandline

Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.22
definition: Shores consisting of clean mobile sands (coarse, medium and some fine-grained), with little very fine sand, and no mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The sands are non-cohesive, with low water retention, and thus subject to drying out between tides, especially on the upper shore and where the shore profile is steep. Most of these shores support a limited range of species, ranging from barren, highly mobile sands to more stable clean sands supporting communities of isopods, amphipods and a limited range of polychaetes. Species which can characterise mobile sand communities include [Scolelepis squamata], [Pontocrates arenarius], [Bathyporeia pelagica], [B. pilosa], [Haustorius arenarius] and [Eurydice pulchra]. Situation: Mobile sand shores are typically situated along open stretches of coastline, with a relatively high degree of wave exposure. Bands of gravel and shingle may be present on the upper shore of exposed beaches. Where the wave exposure is less, and the shore profile more shallow, mobile sand communities may also be present on the upper part of the shore, with more stable fine sand communities present lower down. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (A2.211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Temporal variation: Mobile sand shores may show significant seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Barren littoral coarse sand
narrower: Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand
narrower: Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand

Hydrolittoral stony substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.83
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral stony substrata: reefs

Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.831
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral stony substrata

Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.832
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral stony substrata

Hydrolittoral stony substrata: reefs
type: Concept
notation: A2.833
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral stony substrata

Hydrolittoral gravel substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.84
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: banks

Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.841
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata

Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.842
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata

Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: banks
type: Concept
notation: A2.843
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.85
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: bars
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: banks

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.851
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata

Barren littoral coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.221
definition: Freely-draining sandy beaches, particularly on the upper and mid shore, which lack a macrofaunal community due to their continual mobility. Trial excavations are unlikely to reveal any macrofauna in these typically steep beaches on exposed coasts. Oligochaetes, probably mainly enchytraeids, and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra] may be found in extremely low abundances, but if present in any quantity should be classed as Ol or AmSco.Eur. Burrowing amphipods ([Bathyporeia] spp.) may be present on very rare occasions. Occasionally, other species may be left behind in low abundance by the ebbing tide. Situation: BarSa may occur on the mid and/or lower shore below BarSh in exposed conditions. In moderately exposed conditions, and where BarSa occurs on the upper shore, a range of relatively more species-rich clean sand communities may occur on the mid and lower shore. These include AmSco, Ol, and Po, depending on the degree of wave exposure and sediment mobility. Tal may occur on the same shore as BarSa, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores

Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.222
definition: A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. The biotope also occurs in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. This biotope has been split into two sub-biotopes, based on the physical environment (a full-salinity and a variable salinity type). Situation: Ol often occurs in variable salinity conditions, in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the MEST and UEST biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. Ol also occurs on open, fully marine shores. Where it is situated on the mid shore, BarSh and/or BarSa may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, AmSco.Sco and AmSco.Pon may be found. Ol may also occur on the upper shore, with AmSco.Eur present on the mid shore, and Po.Pful or Po.Aten on the lower shore. Tal may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of wracks and debris accumulate. Temporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to BarSa. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to AmSco.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores
narrower: Oligochaetes in full salinity littoral mobile sand
narrower: Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand

Oligochaetes in full salinity littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2221
definition: A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. On rare occasions individuals of polychaete or crustacean species may be encountered (e.g. [Nephtys] spp., [Eurydice pulchra], [Bathyporeia] spp.), though these are not characterising for the biotope and if present in any significant abundance, the area should be classed as AmSco. Situation: Where Ol.FS is situated on the mid shore, BarSh and/or BarSa may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, AmSco.Sco and AmSco.Pon may be found. Ol may also occur on the upper shore, with AmSco.Eur present on the mid shore, and Po.Pful or Po.Aten on the lower shore. Tal may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate. Temporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to BarSa. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to AmSco.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand

Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2222
definition: A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. There is usually very little mud in the sediment. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. Nemerteans may be present, and nematodes may be frequent. Situation: Ol.VS occurs in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the MEST and UEST biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. Tal may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.852
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: bars
type: Concept
notation: A2.853
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: banks
type: Concept
notation: A2.854
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata

Hydrolittoral muddy substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.86
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.861
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata

Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.862
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata

Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.87
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.871
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata

Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.872
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata

Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1
definition: Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to exposed to extremely exposed wave action or strong tidal streams. Typically the rock supports a community of kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] with foliose seaweeds and animals, the latter tending to become more prominent in areas of strongest water movement. The depth to which the kelp extends varies according to water clarity, exceptionally (e.g. St Kilda) reaching 45 m. The sublittoral fringe is characterised by dabberlocks [Alaria esculenta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
narrower: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action
narrower: Encrusting algal communities
narrower: Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)

Turf of articulated [Corallinaceae] on exposed to sheltered infralittoral bedrock and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.118
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition at Southampton workshop. Need to confirm that this is different from A3.117, and if so, its position in the hierarchy. Also check for overlap with Barcelona units. This is a different unit if from the Azores, but see A3.136 (David Connor)
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities
type: Concept
notation: A3.12
definition: Infralittoral rock habitats, subject to disturbance through mobility of the substratum (boulders or cobbles) or abrasion/covering by nearby coarse sediments or suspended particulate matter (sand). The associated communities can be quite variable in character, depending on the particular conditions, which prevail. The typical [Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweed communities of stable open coast rocky habitats (A3.21) are replaced by those, which include more ephemeral species or those tolerant of sand and gravel abrasion. As such [Laminaria saccharina], [Saccorhiza polyschides] or [Halidrys siliquosa] may be prominant components of the community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Saccorhiza polyschides] and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] on exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina], [Chorda filum] and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable infralittoral boulders and cobbles
narrower: Dense [Desmarestia] spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock
narrower: Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered infralittoral rock
narrower: [Halidrys siliquosa] and mixed kelps on tide-swept infralittoral rock with coarse sediment
narrower: [Polyides rotundus], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Chondrus crispus] on sand-covered infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic [Cystoseira barbata] on exposed cobbles, boulders and bedrock mixed with and scoured by sand

Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.223
definition: Mobile clean sandy beaches on exposed and moderately exposed shores, with sediment grain sizes ranging from medium to fine, often with a fraction of coarser sediment. The sediment contains little or no organic matter, and usually no anoxic layer is present at all. It tends to be well-drained, retaining little water at low tide, though the sediment of the AmSco.Pon sub-biotope may remain damp throughout the tidal cycle. These beaches usually occur under fully marine conditions, though the AmSco.Eur sub-biotope may occur under moderately exposed lower estuarine conditions. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by polychaetes, isopods and burrowing amphipods. [Scolelepis] spp. can tolerate well-drained conditions, and are often present in well-draining, coarser sand. Burrowing amphipods that often occur in this biotope include [Bathyporeia] spp., [Pontocrates arenarius], and [Haustorius arenarius]. The isopod [Eurydice pulchra] is also often present. On semi-exposed beaches with a moderate tide range where there is a marked high-shore berm, there can be a marked seepage at the foot of the berm that probably carries the products of the organic matter derived from strand line breakdown. Here in a narrow zone, exceptionally high populations of [Bathyporeia pilosa], sometimes above 10000 per square metre, may occur. The zone may be narrower than the strandline and could easily be missed on surveys were only a few levels are sampled. Three sub-biotopes are described for this biotope, based principally on differences in infaunal species composition. Situation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below BarSa, or BarSh. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the Po communities. Tal may be present on the same shores as AmSco, where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore. Tempora…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores
narrower: [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral mobile sand
narrower: [Eurydice pulchra] in littoral mobile sand
narrower: [Pontocrates arenarius] in littoral mobile sand

[Scolelepis] spp. in littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2231
definition: Exposed and moderately exposed shores of fully marine mobile clean sand, with particle sizes ranging from coarse to very fine. The sediment is not always well sorted, and may contain a subsurface layer of gravel or shell debris. Usually no anoxic layer is present. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by the polychaetes [Scolelepis squamata] and [S. foliosa]. The amphipod [Bathyporeia pilosa] may be present. Further species that may be present in this sub-biotope include the amphipods [B. pelagica] and [Haustorius arenarius], and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra]. The lugworm [Arenicola marina] may also occur. Situation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below AmSco.Eur, BarSa, or BarSh, and on the same shores as AmSco.Pon. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the Po communities. Tal may be present on the same shores, where driftlines of wrack and other debris occur on the upper shore. Temporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand

[Eurydice pulchra] in littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2232
definition: Well-draining beaches of medium- to fine-grained mobile sand, often (but not always) well sorted. Occasionally, a small fraction of coarse sand may be present. The biotope generally occurs on exposed open coasts, but sometimes in estuarine conditions, supporting populations of the isopod [Eurydice pulchra] and burrowing amphipods which frequently include [Bathyporeia pilosa] and [Haustorius arenarius]. The degree of drainage appears to be a critical factor in determining the presence of polychaetes, with only [Scolelepis squamata] capable of tolerating the well-drained sediments of this biotope. This biotope has two facies: drying upper and mid shore sands, and highly mobile lower shore and shallow sublittoral sand bars. Where this biotope occurs in estuarine conditions, [H. arenarius] is often highly abundant. Situation: AmSco.Eur may occur on the mid and upper shore together with AmSco.Sco, below Ol, or above Amsco.Pon and the Po communities. Under more exposed, open conditions, AmSco.Eur may be restricted to the lower part of the shore, with Ol, barren sand (BarSa) or barren shingle (BarSh) on the upper shore. Tal may occur where driftlines of wracks or other debris accumulate on the upper shore. Temporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand

Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A3.13
definition: This community is characterised by the presence of many photophilic algae covering hard bottoms in wave exposed areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Overgrazing facies with incrustant algaes and sea urchins
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira amentacea] (var. [amentacea], var. [stricta], var. [spicata])
narrower: Facies with [Vermetus] spp.
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic facies with [Mytilus galloprovincialis]
narrower: Association with [Corallina elongata] and [Herposiphonia secunda]
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic association with [Corallina officinalis]
narrower: Association with [Schottera nicaeensis]
narrower: Pontic facies with [Petricola lithophaga] in very exposed vertical rock
narrower: Pontic [Vermiliopsis infundibulum] biogenic rocks

Overgrazing facies with incrustant algaes and sea urchins
type: Concept
notation: A3.131
definition: This facies is characterised by a low coverage of algae due to grazing by sea urchins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira amentacea] (var. [amentacea], var. [stricta], var. [spicata])
type: Concept
notation: A3.132
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira amentacea], [Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta] and [Cystoseira amentacea var. spicata], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Facies with [Vermetus] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A3.133
definition: This facies is characterised by an high presence of vermetids building a continous belt called a "trottoir".
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Association with [Corallina elongata] and [Herposiphonia secunda]
type: Concept
notation: A3.135
definition: This association with the red algae [Corallina elongata] and [Herposiphonia secunda] is typical of the upper infralittoral with strong wave action and strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Mediterranean and Pontic association with [Corallina officinalis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.136
definition: This association with the red alga [Corallina officinalis] is typical in the upper horizon of the infralittoral in areas with strong luminosity and sheltered waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Association with [Schottera nicaeensis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.137
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga [Schottera nicaeensis] living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Pontic facies with [Petricola lithophaga] in very exposed vertical rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.138
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Pontic [Vermiliopsis infundibulum] biogenic rocks
type: Concept
notation: A3.139
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Encrusting algal communities
type: Concept
notation: A3.14
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). Is name sufficiently specific? These are high level life forms - consider re-arranging whole of section A3.1 in sequence 'forest', shrub/meadow (e.g. Cystoseira), turf, crust (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock

Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)
type: Concept
notation: A3.15
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). Is name sufficiently specific? These are high level life forms - consider re-arranging whole of section A3.1 in sequence 'forest', shrub/meadow (e.g. Cystoseira), turf, crust (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Cystoseira] spp. on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
narrower: Pontic [Ulva rigida] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
narrower: Pontic [Gelidium latifolium] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders

[Pontocrates arenarius] in littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2233
definition: Mainly on the mid and lower shore on wave-exposed or moderately wave-exposed coasts of medium and fine sand, sometimes with a fraction of coarse sand, which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The infauna is dominated by burrowing amphipods, most notably [Pontocrates arenarius], as well as [Bathyporeia pelagica, Haustorius arenarius] and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra]. The polychaete fauna is poor, dominated by [Scolelepis squamata], which tolerates the exposed and mobile sediment conditions. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Situation: This biotope may be present on the lower shore, where BarSa, AmSco.Eur, or AmSco.Sco are present higher up. Where AmSco.Pon occurs on the mid shore in relatively sheltered conditions, Po may be present on the lower shore. Tal may be present where driftlines of fucoids and other debris occur on the upper shore. Temporal variation: This biotope may change to AmSco.Eur, which is very similar in character, if [P. arenarius] decreases in abundance. Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand

Polychaete/amphipod-dominated fine sand shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.23
definition: Shores of clean, medium to fine and very fine sand, with no coarse sand, gravel or mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The degree of drying between tides is limited, and the sediment usually remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. Typically, no anoxic layer is present. Fine sand shores support a range of species including amphipods and polychaetes. On the lower shore, and where sediments are stable, bivalves such as [Angulus tenuis] may be present in large numbers. An exceptionally rich fine sand community has been recorded from very sheltered reduced salinity shores in Poole Harbour. Species recorded include [Anaitides maculata], [Hediste diversicolor], [Scoloplos armiger], [Pygospio elegans], [Tharyx killariensis], oligochaetes, [Gammarus locusta], [Hydrobia ulvae], [Cerastoderma edule] and [Mya truncata]. Situation: Fine sand communities may be present throughout the intertidal zone on moderately exposed beaches, or they may be present on the lower parts of the shore with mobile sand communities present along the upper shore. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (A2.211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Temporal variation: Fine sand shores may show seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

Polychaetes in littoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.231
definition: Moderately exposed or sheltered beaches of medium and fine, usually clean, sand, though the sediment may on rare occasions contain a small silt and clay fraction. The sediment is relatively stable, remains damp throughout the tidal cycle, and contains little organic matter. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Where an anoxic layer is present, it occurs at a depth below 10 cm and tends to be patchy. The biotope occurs mainly on the lower part of the shore, and relatively frequently on the mid shore. It is only rarely present above mid shore level, except where coastal defences cause backwash onto the upper shore. Conditions are usually fully marine, though the biotope can also occur in open lower estuarine conditions. The infaunal community is dominated by a range of polychaete species such as [Nephtys cirrosa], [Paraonis fulgens], [Spio] spp., [Pygospio elegans], [Ophelia rathkei] and [Scoloplos armiger]. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment, and [Arenicola marina] casts may be present on the sediment surface. The amphipods [Bathyporeia] spp. and [Pontocrates arenarius] frequently occur, and nemerteans are often present. On some North Wales shores, the presence of [Arenicola] species characterises the lowest part of the shore, with a range of species characteristic of the shallow sublittoral. These include sparsely distributed [Echinocardium], [Amphiura brachiata], [Ensis siliqua] and [Fabulina fabula]. The Po biotope is split into three sub-biotopes, between which there can be a large degree of overlap. The bivalve [Angulus tenuis] dominates the Po.Aten sub-biotope, which is characterised by slightly more stable and fine sediments than the other two sub-biotopes. Situation: The Po biotopes may be present below the AmSco communities or Ol.FS on moderately exposed shores. BarSa may occur on the upper part of the shore if it is subject to drying in between tides. The …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/amphipod-dominated fine sand shores
narrower: Polychaetes, including [Paraonis fulgens], in littoral fine sand
narrower: Polychaetes and [Angulus tenuis] in littoral fine sand
narrower: [Nephtys cirrosa]-dominated littoral fine sand

[Cystoseira] spp. on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.151
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). Is name sufficiently specific? Compare A3.259 - A3.25D (David Connor)
broader: Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)

Pontic [Ulva rigida] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.152
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)

Pontic [Gelidium latifolium] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.153
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)

Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2
definition: Predominantly moderately wave-exposed bedrock and boulders, subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. On the bedrock and stable boulders there is typically a narrow band of kelp [Laminaria digitata] in the sublittoral fringe which lies above a [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and park. Associated with the kelp are communities of seaweeds, predominantly reds and including a greater variety of more delicate filamentous types than found on more exposed coasts (cf. A3.11).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action
narrower: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
type: Concept
notation: A3.21
definition: Infralittoral rock subject to moderate wave exposure, or moderately strong tidal streams on more sheltered coasts. On bedrock and stable boulders there is typically a narrow band of kelp [Laminaria digitata] in the sublittoral fringe which lies above a [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and park. Associated with the kelp are communities of seaweeds, predominantly reds and including a greater variety of more delicate filamentous types than found on more exposed coasts (A3.11). The faunal component of the understorey is also less prominant than in A3.11.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Dense foliose red seaweeds on silty moderately exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] on moderately exposed vertical rock
narrower: [Hiatella arctica] and seaweeds on vertical limestone / chalk

Polychaetes, including [Paraonis fulgens], in littoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2311
definition: This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately wave-exposed coasts, with medium and fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Polychaetes make up the greater part of the community, and are dominated by [Paraonis fulgens], [Capitella capitata], [Pygospio elegans], [Ophelia rathkei] and [Eteone longa]. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemerteans may also be present. The amphipods [Bathyporeia pilosa] and [B. sarsi] are often present. Situation: Po.Pful may be present higher up on the shore than Po.Aten, or lower down than the AmSco communities or Ol.FS. The strandline community Tal may be present on the same shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore. Temporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment. The lugworm [Arenicola marina] may be present occasionally, usually as a temporary recruitment and is likely to be washed out during storms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

Polychaetes and [Angulus tenuis] in littoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2312
definition: This biotope occurs on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with predominantly fine sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. The sediment is often rippled, and an anoxic layer may occasionally occur below a depth of 10 cm, though it is often patchy. The infaunal community is dominated by the abundant bivalve [Angulus tenuis] together with a range of polychaetes. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Polychaetes that are characterising for this biotope include [Nephtys cirrosa], [Paraonis fulgens] and [Spio filicornis]. Burrowing amphipods [Bathyporeia] spp. may occur in some samples of this biotope. Situation: Where it occurs under moderately exposed conditions, AmSco.Eur, Po.Pful or Ol.FS may be present higher up on the shore than Po.Aten. Where it occurs under more sheltered conditions, Po.Aten may occur below or alongside muddy sand biotopes such as CerPo and BatCare. Temporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

[Nephtys cirrosa]-dominated littoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2313
definition: This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with medium to fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is not usually well sorted and may contain a fraction of coarse sand. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The polychaete infauna is dominated by [Nephtys cirrosa], [Magelona mirabilis], [Spio martinensis], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Paraonis fulgens]. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemertean worms may be present. The amphipods [Pontocrates] spp. and [Bathyporeia] spp., as well as [Cumopsis goodsiri] and the shrimp [Crangon crangon] are typically present. The bivalve [Angulus tenuis] is scarce or absent. Situation: Po.Ncir may be present higher up on the shore than Po.Aten, or lower down than AmSco.Eur or Ol.FS. Temporal variation: The infaunal community of this biotope may change seasonally, as increased storminess during winter months may reduce sediment stability and the ability of some species to survive. Some species, such as the shrimp [C. crangon] avoid these conditions by seasonal migration to deeper water (Moore, 1991).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.24
definition: Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment generally remains water-saturated during low water. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. An anoxic layer may be present below 5 cm of the sediment surface, sometimes seen in the worm casts on the surface. The infauna consists of a diverse range of amphipods, polychaetes, bivalves and gastropods. Situation: Muddy sand communities are found predominantly on the mid and lower shore, though they may span the entire intertidal. Fine sand or mobile sand communities may be present on the upper shore with muddy sand communities present lower down. In sheltered mid estuarine conditions, muddy sand communities may be present on the upper part of the shore with mid estuarine muddy shore communities (A2.31) lower down.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: [Macoma balthica] and [Arenicola marina] in muddy sand shores
narrower: [Cerastoderma edule] and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Eteone longa] in littoral muddy sand
narrower: [Bathyporeia pilosa] and [Corophium arenarium] in littoral muddy sand
narrower: [Lanice conchilega] in littoral sand

[Hiatella arctica] and seaweeds on vertical limestone / chalk
type: Concept
notation: A3.217
definition: This biotope is found in the infralittoral zone on moderately exposed vertical limestone/chalk surfaces in weak tidal streams, and has been recorded most frequently between 0-10m. This biotope is characterised by abundant [Hiatella arctica] and a rich sponge community including [Cliona celata], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia]. Other species that may be frequent in this biotope are the crab [Necora puber], the sea squirt [Clavelina lepadiformis], and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum], although these species are found in other vertical rock biotopes, however in lesser abundance. Situation: Shallow rocky coasts with vertical limestone faces.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)

[Halopteris filicina] with coralline crusts on moderately exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.226
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Addition proposed at Southampton workshop Formerly mis-coded as A3.241
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A3.23
definition: This community is characterised by the presence of many photophilic algae covering hard bottoms in moderately exposed areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Codium vermilara] and [Rhodymenia ardissonei]
narrower: Association with [Dasycladus vermicularis]
narrower: Association with [Alsidium helminthochorton]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira tamariscifolia] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]
narrower: Association with [Gelidium spinosum v. hystrix]
narrower: Association with [Lobophora variegata]
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Ceramium rubrum]
narrower: Facies with [Cladocora caespitosa]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira brachycarpa]
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Cystoseira crinita]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira crinitophylla]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira sauvageauana]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira spinosa]
narrower: Association with [Sargassum vulgaris]
narrower: Association with [Dictyopteris polypodioides]
narrower: Association with [Calpomenia sinuosa]
narrower: Association with [Rhodymenia ardissonei] and [Rhodophyllis divaricata]
narrower: Facies with [Astroides calycularis]
narrower: Association with [Flabellia petiolata] and [Peyssonnelia squamaria]
narrower: Association with [Halymenia floresia] and [Halarachnion ligatatum]
narrower: Association with [Peyssonnelia rubra] and [Peyssonnelia] spp.
narrower: Pontic association with [Cystoseira barbata] and [Ulva rigida]
narrower: Pontic ephemeral mosaic of green and red seaweeds on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock (Enteromorpha , Ulva, Ceramium, Cladophora, Gelidium, Callithamnion, Corallina)
narrower: Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] on vertical rock faces in the lower infralittoral

Association with [Codium vermilara] and [Rhodymenia ardissonei]
type: Concept
notation: A3.231
definition: This association of the green alga [Codium vermilara] and the red alga [Rhodymenia ardissonei] populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone, with low light and hydrodynamics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Dasycladus vermicularis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.232
definition: This association with the green alga [Dasycladus vermicularis] populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone with low light and hydrodynamics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Alsidium helminthochorton]
type: Concept
notation: A3.233
definition: This association is the red alga [Alsidium helminthochorton], which is typical of the upper horizon of the infralittoral zone with weak light and hydrodynamics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira tamariscifolia] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]
type: Concept
notation: A3.234
definition: This facies is characterised by presence of the brown algae [Cystoseira tamariscifolia] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. It is possible to find this association on seabottoms exposed to high currents (e.g. Strait of Messina, Strait of Alboran, etc.)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

[Macoma balthica] and [Arenicola marina] in muddy sand shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.241
definition: Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats both on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment is often compacted, with a rippled surface, areas of standing water, and generally remains water-saturated during low water. Scattered stones, cobbles and boulders with attached fucoids may be present. An anoxic layer is usually present within 5cm of the sediment surface and is often visible in worm casts. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. The species assemblage is characterised by the lugworm [Arenicola marina] and the Baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The polychaetes [Scoloplos armiger] and [Pygospio elegans] are typically superabundant and common, respectively. Oligochaetes, probably mainly [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster], may be common, and the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] may be abundant. Situation: MacAre has broad transition areas with CerPo and HedMac, which tends to occur lower down on the shore.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

[Cerastoderma edule] and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.242
definition: Extensive clean fine sand or muddy sand shores with abundant cockles [Cerastoderma edule]. The community consists of the polychaetes [Eteone longa], [Scoloplos armiger], [Pygospio elegans], [Spio filicornis] and [Capitella capitata], the crustaceans [Bathyporeia sarsi], [Bodotria arenosa arenosa] and [Crangon crangon], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], as well as the cockle [C. edule] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. This biotope carries commercially viable stocks of [C. edule], and it is therefore possible to find areas of this habitat where the infauna may have been changed through recent cockle dredging. Cockle dredging can result in a reduced bivalve abundance and reduced densities of some polychaete species, including [P. elegans] (Moore, 1991). At the outer edges of large flats, there may be a zone between the cockle beds and more exposed sands, where there are fewer cockles and [B. sarsi] is the commoner species. Situation: The community is found mainly on the mid and lower shore where the sediment is water-saturated most of the time. Where it occurs in muddy sand, CerPo has broad transition areas with MacAre and the MEST communities, and where it occurs on clean sand shores, it may have broad transition areas with Myt.Sa. Higher on the shore, adjacent to this biotope, BatCare is found, with fewer polychaete and bivalve species due to the drier sediment found on the upper shore. Temporal variation: A layer of mud with dense spionid polychaetes may build up on cockle beds in sheltered areas, creating a cohesive muddy layer 10-15 cm thick overlying the whole area. This may break up leaving a series of pits and patches with miniature cliffs, giving it an appearance similar to a stony shore when seen from a distance. It should be noted that where it occurs, [Hydrobia ulvae] tends to move a lot and may be highly variable in abundance.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Eteone longa] in littoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.243
definition: Fine to very fine muddy sand on the mid shore at the lower extreme of estuaries, and in moderately exposed and sheltered bays and marine inlets, sometimes subject to variable salinity. The infauna is characterised by the polychaetes [Eteone longa], [Hediste diversicolor] (ragworm) and [Pygospio elegans], oligochaetes (mostly [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster]), the crustaceans [Corophium volutator] and [Crangon crangon], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The cockle [Cerastoderma edule] may be abundant, and the sand gaper [Mya arenaria] may be superabundant, though these species are not always present, or may be missed in core samples due to their large size. The polychaetes [Arenicola marina], [Polydora cornuta] and [Capitella capitata], the shrimp [Crangon crangon], and the Mussel [Mytilus edulis] are sometimes present. Situation: HedMacEte can occur on the mid shore of sheltered, lower estuaries, with the MEST communities in muddier sediments on the lower shore. Under moderately exposed conditions in lower estuaries and towards open coasts, it may occur alongside other muddy sand biotopes such as CerPo or BatCare. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

[Bathyporeia pilosa] and [Corophium arenarium] in littoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.244
definition: Wave-sheltered, mainly upper and mid shore flats of medium to fine sand, often muddy sand. The salinity, although predominantly recorded as variable, probably varies little from fully marine in these broad estuaries. The infauna is characterised by the amphipods [Bathyporeia pilosa], [Corophium arenarium] and [C. volutator], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae]. Polychaetes and bivalves are limited in their abundance and variety, though the Baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] may occur. Tidal streams may be strong during spring tides, accounting for the presence of amphipods [B. pilosa] that are more commonly associated with open coast sandflats. Situation: This biotope is typically found higher up the shore than sandflats with the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] (CerPo) in the large sandy estuaries of the west coast of England and Wales. In moderately exposed conditions, BatCare can occur on the mid shore below Tal and/or BarSa. In more sheltered conditions, BatCare may occur above NhomMacStr.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

Association with [Gelidium spinosum v. hystrix]
type: Concept
notation: A3.235
definition: This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga [Gelidium spinosum var. hystrix].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Lobophora variegata]
type: Concept
notation: A3.236
definition: This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga [Lobophora variegata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Ceramium rubrum]
type: Concept
notation: A3.237
definition: This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga [Ceramium virgatum] (ex [Ceramium rubrum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Facies with [Cladocora caespitosa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.238
definition: This facies is characterised by the abundance of the Mediterranean coral [Cladocora caespitosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira brachycarpa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.239
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira brachycarpa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Cystoseira crinita]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23A
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira crinita], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira crinitophylla]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23B
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira crinitophylla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira sauvageauana]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23C
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira sauvageauana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira spinosa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23D
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira spinosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

[Lanice conchilega] in littoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.245
definition: This biotope usually occurs on flats of medium fine sand and muddy sand, most often on the lower shore but sometimes also on waterlogged mid shores. The sand may contain a proportion of shell fragments or gravel. Lan can also occur on the lower part of predominantly rocky or boulder shores, where patches of sand or muddy sand occur between scattered boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Conditions may be tide-swept, and the sediment may be mobile, but the biotope usually occurs in areas sheltered from strong wave action. The sediment supports dense populations of the sand mason [Lanice conchilega]. Other polychaetes present are tolerant of sand scour or mobility of the sediment surface layers and include the polychaetes [Anaitides mucosa], [Eumida sanguinea], [Nephtys hombergii], [Scoloplos armiger], [Aricidea minuta], [Tharyx] spp. and [Pygospio elegans]. The mud shrimp [Corophium arenarium] and the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] may be abundant. The baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] may be present. On boulder shores, and where pebbles and cobbles are mixed in with lower shore tide-swept sand with dense [L. conchilega] between the cobbles, the infaunal component is rarely sampled. The infaunal community under these circumstances, provided that the cobbles are not packed very close together, is likely to be similar to that in areas without the coarse material. Situation: Lan occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately exposed sand and muddy sand flats. Higher on the shore, other sand and muddy sand biotopes may be present, such as BarSa and AmSco on the upper shore and the Po communities on the mid shore. Tal may occur where driftlines of wracks and other debris accumulate. Where Lan occurs on areas of scattered boulders and cobbles on the lower shore, there may be broad transition areas with Salv and other boulder shore biotopes. Temporal variation: Where [Lanice conchilega] becomes very abundant, especially on the low shore, this can lead to the build up of sedimen…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

Littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.3
definition: Shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Littoral mud can support communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Most muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, as most of them occur along the shores of estuaries. Mudflats on sheltered lower estuarine shores can support a rich infauna, whereas muddy shores at the extreme upper end of estuaries and which are subject to very low salinity often support very little infauna. Situation: Muddy shores are principally found along the shores of estuaries where there is enough shelter from wave action to allow fine sediment to settle. Muddy shores may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment or where there is significant freshwater influence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores
narrower: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores
narrower: Marine mud shores

Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.31
definition: Mid estuarine shores of fine sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Most mid estuarine muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, though at some locations more or less fully marine conditions may prevail. Mid estuarine muds support rich communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Situation: Principally along mid estuarine shores. The mid estuarine communities may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems, though usually there is some freshwater influence. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment or where there is significant freshwater influence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mud
narrower: [Nephtys hombergii], [Macoma balthica] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral sandy mud

Association with [Sargassum vulgaris]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23E
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Sargassum vulgare], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Dictyopteris polypodioides]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23F
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Dictyopteris polypodioides], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Calpomenia sinuosa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23G
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Colpomenia sinuosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Rhodymenia ardissonei] and [Rhodophyllis divaricata]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23H
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae [Rhodymenia ardissonei] and [Rhodophyllis divaricata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Facies with [Astroides calycularis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23I
definition: This facies is characterised by the madreporian [Astroides calycularis] and is typical of the western Mediterranean pre-coralligenous zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Flabellia petiolata] and [Peyssonnelia squamaria]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23J
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the green alga [Flabellia petiolata] and the red alga [Peyssonnelia squamaria] and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Halymenia floresia] and [Halarachnion ligatatum]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23K
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae [Halymenia floresia] and [Halarachnion ligulatum] and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Peyssonnelia rubra] and [Peyssonnelia] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A3.23L
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the red algae [Peyssonnelia rubra] and other members of the genus [Peyssonnelia] spp. and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic association with [Cystoseira barbata] and [Ulva rigida]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23M
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic ephemeral mosaic of green and red seaweeds on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock (Enteromorpha , Ulva, Ceramium, Cladophora, Gelidium, Callithamnion, Corallina)
type: Concept
notation: A3.23N
definition: The species concerned form belts of algae, the presence of which are seasonal according to species, with Corallina present during all seasons, and Ceramium and Cladophora present only during the summer and autumn.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

[Nephtys hombergii], [Macoma balthica] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.311
definition: Soft mud with a fine sand fraction, in variable salinity conditions, typically close to the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the polychaete worm [Streblospio shrubsolii], the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii], oligochaetes of the genus [Tubificoides], and the Baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] are often common or abundant. Situation: NhomMacStr occurs in mid estuary conditions, usually on the low shore. Tben and Hed.Ol may occur higher up the shore, as well as further towards the upper estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.312
definition: Mainly mid and lower shore sandy mud or mud in lower estuaries, sheltered bays and marine inlets, often subject to variable salinity. The main characterising species are the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica], and the oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster]. Further polychaetes that are often common or abundant include [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Tharyx killariensis], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. The oligochaete [Heterochaeta costata] and the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator] may be abundant. The spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] is often common. Other species which occur in a significant proportion of samples include the polychaetes [Eteone longa] and [Nephtys hombergii], and bivalves such as the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] and [Abra tenuis]. The sand gaper [Mya arenaria] is superabundant in about a quarter of the samples for this biotope. [M. arenaria] is probably present in a higher proportion of areas of this biotope, but may be missed in core samples due to its size. Situation: HedMac may occur on the mid/lower shore of lower estuarine shores, with HedMacEte or MacAre on the upper shore. HedMacScr, Hed.Str, NhomAph, and Hed.Cvol may be present on the same shore. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichmnent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores

[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.313
definition: Mainly mid shore mud or sandy mud subject to variable salinity on sheltered estuarine shores. Typically, the sediment is wet in appearance and has an anoxic layer below 1 cm depth. The surface of the mud has the distinctive 'crow's foot' pattern formed by the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. The infauna is additionally characterised by a range of polychaete and bivalve species, including the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Tharyx killariensis] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. Oligochaetes, most notably [Tubificoides benedii], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] may be abundant. Other species that sometimes occur in this biotope are the cockle [Cerastoderma edule], the sand gaper [Mya arenaria] and the polychaetes [Eteone longa] and [Nephtys hombergii]. Situation: HedMacScr may occur on the same shores as NhomMacStr, HedMac, NhomAph, Hed.Str and Hed.Cvol. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, Hed.Ol may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores

Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.32
definition: Upper estuarine sandy mud and mud shores, in areas with significant freshwater influence. Littoral mud typically forms mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. The upper estuarine mud communities support few infaunal species and are principally characterised by a restricted range of polychaetes and oligochaetes. Situation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Of these three, A2.321 occurs the furthest towards the mid estuary, and possibly lower on the shore than the other two. A2.323 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with A2.3223 and A2.321 further down the shore. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mud
narrower: [Nephtys hombergii] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud
narrower: [Tubificoides benedii] and other oligochaetes in littoral mud
narrower: Saltmarsh pools
narrower: Saltmarsh creeks
narrower: Pontic polychaete dominated littoral muds
narrower: Pontic oligochaete and chironomid dominated littoral muds
narrower: Pontic "camca" habitat of River Danube mouths

Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] on vertical rock faces in the lower infralittoral
type: Concept
notation: A3.23O
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.24
definition: Added by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop Title may need to be amended to 'Turf-forming' rather than 'Animal-domminated' as A3.271 is not best viewed as animal-dominated. Needs to be considered along with other level 5 units (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic sponge crusts on lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic colonial ascidian and bryozoan crusts on bare infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic soft rock beds with [Pholas dactylus] burrows
narrower: Pontic [Teredo navalis] burrows in large wooden debris
narrower: Pontic [Polydora] tubes on infralittoral soft rock
narrower: Shallow smaller [Ostrea edulis] reefs adhering to rocky reefs and vertical drop-offs

Pontic sponge crusts on lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.242
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Pontic colonial ascidian and bryozoan crusts on bare infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.243
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Pontic soft rock beds with [Pholas dactylus] burrows
type: Concept
notation: A3.244
definition: In Turkey the habitat is also found associated to the presence of Mytilus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Pontic [Teredo navalis] burrows in large wooden debris
type: Concept
notation: A3.245
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Pontic [Polydora] tubes on infralittoral soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.246
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Shallow smaller [Ostrea edulis] reefs adhering to rocky reefs and vertical drop-offs
type: Concept
notation: A3.247
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3
definition: Infralittoral rock in wave and tide-sheltered conditions, supporting silty communities with [Laminaria hyperborea] and/or [Laminaria saccharina] (A3.31). Associated seaweeds are typically silt-tolerant and include a high proportion of delicate filamentous types. In turbid-water estuarine areas, the kelp and seaweeds (A3.32) may be replaced by animal-dominated communities (A3.36) whilst stable hard substrata in lagoons support distinctive communities (A3.34).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity
narrower: Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)
narrower: Faunal communities on low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A3.31
definition: Infralittoral rock in wave and tide-sheltered conditions, supporting silty communities with [Laminaria hyperborea] and/or [Laminaria saccharina]. Associated seaweeds are typically silt-tolerant and include a high proportion of delicate filamentous types. Some areas, particularly in the lower infralittoral zone, are subject to intense grazing by urchins and chitons and may have poorly developed seaweed communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: Silted cape-form [Laminaria hyperborea] on very sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: [Sargassum muticum] on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

[Nephtys hombergii] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.321
definition: Soft wet mud with a fine sand fraction, on the mid and lower shore of sheltered estuaries, usually with an anoxic layer present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is relatively poor, dominated by the polychaetes [Nephtys hombergii], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. The oligochaete [Tubificoides benedii] is also characterising for this biotope, and [Hediste diversicolor] may be common. Situation: NhomStr may occur on the same shores as the MEST biotopes, Hed.Cvol or Hed.Str. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, Hed.Ol may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

[Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.322
definition: Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores in the upper and mid estuary. If present on the upper shore, the sediment may become firm and compacted as water drains out, though usually the biotope occurs lower on the shore and the sediment remains water saturated during low tide. An anoxic layer occurs within the upper 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is dominated by abundant or superabundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species that occur in a significant number of samples include oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., polychaetes such as [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Manayunkia aestuarina], the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae]. Situation: Hed may occur on the same shores as HedMac, HedMacScr, or NhomAph. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the upper extreme of the estuary, Tben may occur. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and oligochaetes in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.3221
definition: Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores and is often associated with shallow layers of cobbles and pebbles in the sediment in the upper and mid estuary. The sediment is anoxic close to the surface and remains water saturated during low tide. The infaunal polychaete community is dominated by dense [Hediste diversicolor], as well as species with a limited salinity range tolerance such as [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. Oligochaetes, including [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides benedii] are often abundant, and the amphipod [Corophium volutator] is often common. Situation: Hed.Str may occur on the same shores as HedMacScr, HedMac, NhomAph or Hed.Cvol. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, Hed.Ol may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.3222
definition: Sheltered estuarine shores of sandy mud, which may become firm and compacted if present in the upper shore where there is more time for drainage between high tides. An anoxic layer is usually present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is very sparse, usually only the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the amphipod [Corophium volutator] are present in any abundance. Occasionally, oligochaetes or the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] may be present. [Corophium multisetosum] may also be found. There may be organic pollution of the sediment. Situation: Hed.Cvol may occur on the same shores as HedMacScr, HedMac, NhomAph, and Hed.Str. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, Hed.Ol may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Includes former habitat A2.34 [Corophium] spp. in soft mud shores
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and oligochaetes in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.3223
definition: A species-poor community found in mud or slightly sandy mud in low salinity conditions, typically at the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] which is typically superabundant. Oligochaetes, including tubificids and [Heterochaeta costata], can be abundant, as well as spionids. The peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana] may be present in low abundances. The mud is often very soft and fluid, with a 'wet' surface appearance, or it may be compacted and form steep banks in the upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries and along saltmarsh creeks. Situation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Tben is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with Hed.Ol further down. NhomStr occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with Hed.Ol and Tben higher up. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud

Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.33
definition: This community is characterised by the presence of many photophilic algae covering hard bottoms in exposed areas with normal or high salinity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Stypocaulon scoparium] (=[Halopteris scoparia])
narrower: Association with [Trichosolen myura] and [Liagora farinosa]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira compressa]
narrower: Association with [Pterocladiella capillacea] and [Ulva laetevirens]
narrower: Facies with large Hydrozoa
narrower: Association with [Pterothamnion crispum] and [Compsothamnion thuyoides]

Association with [Stypocaulon scoparium] (=[Halopteris scoparia])
type: Concept
notation: A3.331
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Stypocaulon scoparium], living in pure, sheltered waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Association with [Trichosolen myura] and [Liagora farinosa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.332
definition: This association is characterised by the green alga [Trichosolen myura] and the red alga [Liagora farinosa], also called "soft spaghettiweed".
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Association with [Cystoseira compressa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.333
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira compressa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Association with [Pterocladiella capillacea] and [Ulva laetevirens]
type: Concept
notation: A3.334
definition: This association is characterised by a vegetation with the red alga [Pteroclediella capillacea] and the green alga [Ulva laetevirens]. It is found in areas with mixed salinity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Facies with large Hydrozoa
type: Concept
notation: A3.335
definition: This facies is characterised by the high presence of large Hydrozoa (e.g. [Aglaophenia] spp. and [Eudendrium] spp.).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic facies with large Hydrozoa in the infralittoral (winter aspect)

[Tubificoides benedii] and other oligochaetes in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.323
definition: Extreme upper estuarine fine sandy mud, sometimes with a fine sand fraction, in very sheltered conditions and subject to reduced salinity. An anoxic layer is usually present within the upper 3 cm of the sediment. The infaunal community is extremely poor, consisting almost exclusively of oligochaetes, including [Tubificoides benedii] and, more rarely, [Heterochaeta costata]. The only polychaete species that may occur is [Capitella capitata], which may be common. The sediment may form steep banks in upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries or along saltmarsh creeks. [Vaucheria] species may form a film on the sediment surface along such creeks, and juvenile shore crabs [Carcinus maenas] may be common. At the very upper end of estuaries, the oligochaetes [Limnodrilus] spp. and [Tubifex tubifex] may be found. Situation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Tben is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with Hed.Ol further down. NhomStr occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with Hed.Ol and Tben higher up. Temporal variation: Green algae such as [Enteromorpha] spp. may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Littoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A2.4
definition: Shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between areas of mudflat or sandy mudflat, and mixed sediment biotopes where the sediment consists principally of mud but has significant proportions of gravel and sand mixed in. Gravelly mud may occur in patches on mudflats. Similarly, there is unlikely to be an easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] dominated gravelly sandy mud shores
narrower: Species-rich mixed sediment shores
narrower: Species-poor mixed sediment shores

[Hediste diversicolor] dominated gravelly sandy mud shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.41
definition: Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community is dominated by abundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species of the infauna vary for the sub-biotopes described. They include polychaetes such as [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Manayunkia aestuarina], oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] and the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. Sub-biotopes described in A2.411 have equivalent communities in soft muddy sediments, but the sediment here is much firmer due to the gravel component. There are relatively few records in each sub-type, leading to uncertainty over the precise nature of the habitat, particularly regarding sediment type and salinity regime. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between the sub-biotopes of A2.411, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotopes. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with the A2.411 groups present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat where the main biotopes are their corresponding mud or sandy mud biotopes. Given the small number of records for each of the sub-biotopes, their spatial distribution is still uncertain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.411
definition: Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community is dominated by abundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species of the infauna vary for the sub-biotopes described. They include polychaetes such as [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Manayunkia aestuarina], oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] and the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. Sub-biotopes described in HedMx have equivalent communities in soft muddy sediments, but the sediment here is much firmer due to the gravel component. There are relatively few records in each sub-type, leading to uncertainty over the precise nature of the habitat, particularly regarding sediment type and salinity regime. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between the sub-biotopes of HedMx, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotopes. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with the HedMx groups present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat where the main biotopes are their corresponding mud or sandy mud biotopes. Given the small number of records for each of the sub-biotopes, their spatial distribution is still uncertain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] dominated gravelly sandy mud shores
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral gravelly mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral gravelly mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral gravelly sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor], cirratulids and [Tubificoides] spp. in littoral gravelly sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral gravelly sandy mud

Pontic facies with large Hydrozoa in the infralittoral (winter aspect)
type: Concept
notation: A3.3351
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Facies with large Hydrozoa

Association with [Pterothamnion crispum] and [Compsothamnion thuyoides]
type: Concept
notation: A3.336
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed vegetation of the red algae [Pterothamnion crispum] and [Compsothamnion thuyoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)
type: Concept
notation: A3.34
definition: Very shallow submerged rocky habitats in lagoons, subject to reduced or permanently low salinity conditions. These particular conditions lead to a variety of seaweed-dominated communities, which include fucoids and green filamentous species. The fucoids, more typical of intertidal habitats, penetrate into the subtidal under the reduced salinity conditions which are not tolerated by kelps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed fucoids, [Chorda filum] and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] and epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Polyides rotundus] and/or [Furcellaria lumbricalis] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus ceranoides] and [Enteromorpha] spp. on low salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Codium elisabethae], [Halopteris filicina] and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral bedrock
narrower: Pontic association of green and red seaweeds [Enteromorpha], [Ulva] spp., [Porphyra] spp. on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock

[Fucus ceranoides] and [Enteromorpha] spp. on low salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.344
definition: Permanently submerged lagoon fringes with dense communities of the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha] spp. There is typically a very limited associated biota due to low salinity conditions, and may include the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the freshwater/brackish gastropod [Potamopyrgus antipodarum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

[Codium elisabethae], [Halopteris filicina] and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.345
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Addition proposed at Southampton workshop. Formerly miscoded as A3.351
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

Pontic association of green and red seaweeds [Enteromorpha], [Ulva] spp., [Porphyra] spp. on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.346
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

Faunal communities on low energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.35
definition: Added by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop Title may need to be amended to 'Turf-forming' rather than 'Animal-domminated' (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral gravelly mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4111
definition: Sheltered gravelly mud shores, subject to reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], as well as the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The presence of the gravel in the sediment is unlikely to have a large influence on the infaunal composition, which is driven mainly by the estuarine sandy mud conditions. Coarse material on the sediment surface may however enrich the biota with additional epifaunal species such as barnacles and algae. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope HedMac. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Mac present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is HedMac. This biotope has been found alongside its mud equivalent in the Stour estuary.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral gravelly sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4113
definition: Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity, on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Ampharete grubei], as well as oligochaetes and [Corophium volutator]. There are often low densities of [Scrobicularia plana]. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope Hed.Str. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Str present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is Hed.Str. This biotope has been found along edges of tidal channels in the upper Stour estuary, below its equivalent mud biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor], cirratulids and [Tubificoides] spp. in littoral gravelly sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4114
definition: Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and cirratulid polychaetes such as [Tharyx killariensis]. Nematodes and oligochaetes occur, as well as the bivalve [Macoma balthica]. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope HedMac. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Cir present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is HedMac.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

Species-rich mixed sediment shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.42
definition: Sheltered mixed sediments, usually subject to variable salinity conditions. The infauna is very diverse, dominated by a range of polychaetes including [Exogone naidina], [Sphaerosyllis taylori], [Pygospio elegans], [Chaetozone gibber], [Cirriformia tentaculata], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata], [Mediomastus fragilis], and [Melinna palmata]. The oligochaete worms [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster] are abundant, as is the cockle [Cerastoderma edule]. A large range of amphipods may occur, including [Melita palmata], [Microprotopus maculatus], [Aora gracilis] and [Corophium volutator]. The bivalves [Abra alba] and [A. nitida] may occur. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] may be abundant where the sediment has stones on the surface. Situation: Mid shore, lower shore, as extension of shallow sublittoral biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mixed sediments
narrower: Cirratulids and [Cerastoderma edule] in littoral mixed sediment

Cirratulids and [Cerastoderma edule] in littoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.421
definition: Sheltered mixed sediments, usually subject to variable salinity conditions. Banks of shell may be present. The infauna is very diverse, dominated by a range of polychaetes including [Exogone naidina], [Sphaerosyllis taylori], [Pygospio elegans], [Chaetozone gibber], [Cirriformia tentaculata], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata], [Mediomastus fragilis], and [Melinna palmata]. The oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster] are abundant, as is the cockle [Cerastoderma edule]. A large range of amphipods may occur, including [Melita palmata], [Microprotopus maculatus], [Aora gracilis] and [Corophium volutator]. The bivalves [Abra alba] and [A. nitida] may occur. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] can be abundant where the sediment has stones on the surface. Epifaunal algae may occur attached to stable cobbles on the sediment surface. Situation: Mid shore, lower shore, as extension of shallow sublittoral biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Includes former habitats A2.422 Syllid and cirratulid polychaetes in poorly sorted mixed sediment shores and A2.423 Syllid and cirratulid polychaetes in variable salinity muddy gravel shores
broader: Species-rich mixed sediment shores

Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.36
definition: Shallow subtidal rocky habitats which support faunal-dominated communities, with seaweed communities only poorly developed or absent. In some sealochs dense mussel [Mytilus edulis] beds (A3.361) develop in tide-swept channels, whilst upper estuarine rocky habitats in the south-west coast rias may support particular brackish-water tolerant faunas (A3.362; A3.363).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Cordylophora caspia] and [Electra crustulenta] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and [Conopeum reticulum] on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata

[Cordylophora caspia] and [Electra crustulenta] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.362
definition: Shallow sublittoral rock in the upper estuary of one of the south-west inlets (Tamar) with very high turbidity and therefore no seaweeds. The brackish-water hydroid [Cordylophora caspia] and small colonies of the encrusting bryozoan [Electra crustulenta] and a few [Balanus crenatus] characterise this biotope. More information required to validate this description.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.4
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in more moderately exposed or even sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of greater than 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata

Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.5
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are moderately exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of 5 – 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata

Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.6
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are sheltered from wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. sheltered areas within exposed or moderately exposed areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch less than 5 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata

Barnacles and [Littorina] spp. on unstable eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.431
definition: The eulittoral zone, particularly the mid shore zone, of sheltered to extremely sheltered mixed substrata shores is often characterised by flat banks or scards of cobbles and pebbles (on sediment) which are either too small or unstable to support a seaweed community. The boulders and larger cobbles are usually colonised by the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] or in areas with variable salinity [Elminius modestus] and often dense aggregations of the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] are present as well. Between the cobbles and pebbles the mussel [Mytilus edulis] occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance. Juvenile crabs [Carcinus maenas] and gammarids may occur between and underneath the pebbles and cobbles. Brown seaweeds are rare, although the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may occasionally occur on larger cobbles and small boulders in the mid and upper shore zones. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may also be present. Shallow pools and patches of standing water may occur in low-lying areas and may contain amphipods and filamentous green seaweeds. Due to the unstable nature of the substratum the diversity and density of flora and fauna is characteristically low. Situation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores in wave-sheltered conditions (compare with Sem.LlitX) and may be subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone below or at the same level as the biotope dominated by ephemeral green seaweeds (EphX). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by salt marsh species such as [Salacornia] and [Spartina] sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [F. vesiculosus] (Fserr.X; Fves.X).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-poor mixed sediment shores

Mediterranean coastal halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.552
definition: Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals ([Frankenia pulverulenta], [Suaeda splendens], [Salsola soda], [Cressa cretica], [Parapholis incurva], [Parapholis strigosa], [Hordeum marinum], [Sphenopus divaricatus], [Polypogon maritimus], [Spergularia] spp., [Vella annua]) colonizing salt muds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal regions, of Iberian and North African endoreic basins, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying; they are more species-rich or richer in non-chenopodids than the communities of unit 15.113; they are particularly developed in the Iberian peninsula, secondarily in the large Mediterranean islands, in coastal regions and endoreic basins of North Africa, in southern Italy and Mediterranean France; they occur as irradiations on thermo-Atlantic coasts, notably on the Atlantic coast of France. Somewhat similar communities occur in the steppe zones of Eurasia and their regions of influence, as well as in Saharo-Mediterranean steppes of North Africa; they are included in units 15.14 and 15.15.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

[Zostera noltii] beds in littoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.6111
definition: Mid and upper shore wave-sheltered muddy fine sand or sandy mud with narrow-leafed eel grass [Zostera noltii] at an abundance of frequent or above. It should be noted that the presence of [Z. noltii] as scattered fronds does not change what is otherwise a muddy sand biotope. Exactly what determines the distribution of [Z. noltii] is not entirely clear. It is often found in small lagoons and pools, remaining permanently submerged, and on sediment shores where the muddiness of the sediment retains water and stops the roots from drying out. An anoxic layer is usually present below 5 cm sediment depth. The infaunal community is characterised by the polychaetes [Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans] and [Arenicola marina], oligochaetes, the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], and the bivalves [Cerastoderma edule] and [Macoma balthica]. The green algae [Enteromorpha] spp. may be present on the sediment surface. The characterising species lists below give an indication both of the epibiota and of the sediment infauna that may be present in intertidal seagrass beds. The biotope is described in more detail in the National Vegetation Classification (see the chapter on saltmarsh communities in Rodwell, 2000). Situation: Znol is most frequently found on lower estuary and sheltered coastal muddy sands, together with biotopes such as CerPo. Temporal variation: There may be seasonal variation in the area covered by intertidal seagrass beds, as plants die back during cold temperatures in winter. Intertidal seagrass beds may also be subject to heavy grazing by geese, which can reduce the extent of the plant cover significantly. The rhizomes of the plants will remain in place within the sediment in both situations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mainland Atlantic [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] meadows

Pontic [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.613
definition: [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] formations of Black Sea shores, particularly luxuriant in the limans of the northern Black Sea and the Azov Sea. In the Black Sea, the dominant species of the [Zostera] biocenosis are [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] (a total of 5 species of the genus [Zostera]) which form dense growths in bays and limans. There are 17-40 species of algae in the [Zostera] biocenosis which account for 1-30% of the phytocoenosis biomass. The most dominant of these species are: [Ulva rigida], [Chatemorpha chlorotica], [Ectocarpus confervoides], [Laurencia obtusa] and [Gracilaria verrucosa]. The total number of macrozoobenthos species varies from 24 in the Kut part of Karkinitsky Bay to 70 in Kazachey Bay (Sevastopol). In the areas with higher freshwater input, the biocoenosis contains the crabs [Macropipus holsatus] and [Rhithropanopeus harrisi tridentata], and the prawns [Palaemon adspersus] and [Palaemon elegans]. In Tendrovsky bay, other mass species are also: [Abra ovata] and Hydrobiidae. On the Crimean shelf the mass species are the gastropod molluscs [Mohrensternia parva], [Bittium reticulatum] and the bivalve mollusc [Mytilaster lineatus] (Zaitsev and Aleksandrov, 1998).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments

Infralittoral fouling seaweed communities
type: Concept
notation: A3.72
definition: Moderately exposed to wave-sheltered artificial substrata (such as steel wrecks/concrete pilings/cable debris etc) subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams in the infralittoral zone. This habitat type is characterised by a dense covering of filamentous and foliose algae on vertical as well as the upper faces of the substrata. Although there are no biotopes currently defined under this biotope, due to the low number of records, it is suspected that this has been highly 'under-recorded', and that additional records will be added in the near future, leading to the definition of biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of infralittoral rock

Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.73
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of infralittoral rock
narrower: Freshwater seeps in infralittoral rock
narrower: Oil seeps in infralittoral rock
narrower: Vents in infralittoral rock

Freshwater seeps in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.731
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock

Oil seeps in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.732
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock

Vents in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.733
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock

Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.74
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] under overhangs and in cave entrances
narrower: Pontic caves dominated by sponges [Dysidea] sp. and [Haliclona] sp. with crustose corallines, [Actinia equina], and [Hemimysis] sp.
narrower: Pontic cave entrances with [Palaemon elegans], [Actinia equina], [Pachygrapsus marmoratus] and [Eriphia verrucosa] and little sponges

Littoral biogenic reefs
type: Concept
notation: A2.7
definition: The Littoral Biogenic Reefs habitat contains two biological subtypes, littoral [Sabellaria] reefs (A2.71) and mixed sediment shores with mussels (A2.72), encompassing the littoral biotope dominated by the honeycomb worm [Sabellaria alveolata], and littoral [Mytilus edulis]- dominated communities. [S. alveolata] can form honeycomb reefs on mid to lower shore on exposed coasts, where there is a plentiful supply of sediment. The underlying substratum may consist primarily of rock or stable cobbles and boulders, or of cobbles and boulders on sand. Mixed sediment shores characterised by beds of adult mussels [Mytilus edulis] occur principally on mid and lower eulittoral mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. Temporal variation: [S. alveolata] reefs may be susceptible to storm damage in the winter, although they can regenerate remarkably quickly in a season as long as some adults are left as they facilitate the larval settlement. [S. alveolata] is tolerant to burial under sand for several weeks. Changes in desiccation over a period of time can cause part of the population to die. One of the mussel-dominated subtypes, A2.7212, could change to A2.7213 over time as pseudofaeces build up forming a layer of mud. This cannot happen where wave action or tidal streams wash away pseudofaeces and prevent a build up. In areas where mussel spat ("mussel crumble") settles on the surface shell layer of cockle beds, the mussel cover may be ephemeral.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Littoral [Sabellaria] reefs
narrower: Littoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: Pontic [Ficopomatus enigmaticus] reefs

Littoral [Sabellaria] reefs
type: Concept
notation: A2.71
definition: The sedentary polychaete [Sabellaria alveolata] (honeycomb worm) builds tubes from sand and shell. On exposed shores, where there is a plentiful supply of sediment, [S. alveolata] can form honeycomb reefs on boulders and low-lying bedrock on the mid to lower shore. These [S. alveolata] reefs are quite distinct from the mosaic of seaweeds and barnacles or red seaweeds (A1.2) generally associated with moderately exposed rocky shores though many of the same species are present. These include the anemone [Actinia equina], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. The whelk [Nucella lappilus] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] is also present on the boulders whereas the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] is restricted to the associated sediment areas. Scour resistent red seaweeds including [Palmaria palmata, Corallina ifficinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium nodulosum, Osmundea pinnatifida, Polysiphonia] spp. and coralline crusts can also be present where suitable substrata exsist. Brown and green seaweeds also present include [Fucus serratus, Fucus vesioculosus, Cladostephus spongiosus, Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca]. Situation: Above A2.71 are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. or the perennial wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] on mixed substrata (A1.213; A1.3132; A2.821; A1.452). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] (A1.411), by wracks such as [Fucus] spp. or by kelp such as [Laminaria] spp. (A1.412) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds such as [Polyides rotundus] and [Ahnfeltia plicata] (A3.2111; A3.125; A3.127).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral biogenic reefs
narrower: [Sabellaria alveolata] reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock

[Sabellaria alveolata] reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A2.711
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and boulders in the eastern basin of the Irish Sea (and as far south as Cornwall) characterised by reefs of the polychaete [Sabellaria alveolata]. The sand based tubes formed by [S. alveolata] form large reef-like hummocks, which serve to stabilise the boulders and cobbles. Other species in this biotope include the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkle [Littorina littorea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. The anemone [Actinia equina] and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present in cracks and crevices on the reef. Low abundance of seaweeds tend to occur in areas of eroded reef. The seaweed diversity can be high and may include the foliose red seaweeds [Palmaria palmata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Osmundea pinnatifida, Chondrus crispus] and some filamentous species e.g. [Polysiphonia] spp. and [Ceramium] spp. Coralline crusts can occur in patches. Wracks such as [Fucus vesiculosus], [Fucus serratus] and the brown seaweed [Cladostephus spongiosus] may occur along with the ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca]. On exposed surf beaches in the south-west [S. alveolata] forms a crust on the rocks, rather than the classic honeycomb reef form, and may be accompanied by the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] (typically common to abundant). On wave-exposed shores in Ireland, the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] can also occur. Situation: Above Salv are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. or the perennial wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] on mixed substrata (FvesB; Fves.X; EphX; EntPor). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] (Cor), by wracks such as [Fucus] spp. or by kelp such as [Laminaria] spp. (FK) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp [Laminaria…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral [Sabellaria] reefs

Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] under overhangs and in cave entrances
type: Concept
notation: A3.741
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock

Pontic caves dominated by sponges [Dysidea] sp. and [Haliclona] sp. with crustose corallines, [Actinia equina], and [Hemimysis] sp.
type: Concept
notation: A3.742
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock

Pontic cave entrances with [Palaemon elegans], [Actinia equina], [Pachygrapsus marmoratus] and [Eriphia verrucosa] and little sponges
type: Concept
notation: A3.743
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock

Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1
definition: Occurs on extremely wave-exposed to exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to tidal streams ranging from strong to very strong. Typically found in tidal straits and narrows. The high energy levels found within this habitat complex are reflected in the fauna recorded. Sponges such as [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Myxilla incrustans] may all be recorded. Characteristic of this habitat complex is the dense 'carpet' of the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] is recorded in high abundance on the rocky substrata. On rocky outcrops, [Alcyonium digitatum] is often present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Very tide-swept faunal communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: Sponge communities on deep circalittoral rock
narrower: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

Littoral mussel beds on sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.72
definition: Sediment shores characterised by beds of adult mussels [Mytilus edulis] occur principally on mid and lower eulittoral mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. This biotope is also found in lower shore tide-swept areas, such as in the tidal narrows of Scottish sealochs. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae. Situation: High densities of juvenile mussels attached to seaweed have been recorded from sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth. Adult mussel beds can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (A2.821) on more exposed, predominantly rocky shores. On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a [Fucus vesiculosus] dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3132; A1.3142) can be found above, or the barnacle dominated biotope (A1.1133). Temporal variation: The temporal stability of mussel beds can vary a lot. Some beds are permanent, maintained by recruitment of spat in amongst adults. Other beds are ephemeral, an example of which are beds ocurring at South America Skear where large amounts of spat settle intermittently on a cobble basement. The mussels rapidly build up mud, and are unable to remain attached to the stable cobbles. They are then liable to be washed away during gales. A second example of ephemeral mussel dominated biotopes occurs when mussel spat ("mussel crumble") settles on the superficial shell of cockle beds, such as is known to occur in the Burry Inlet.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral biogenic reefs
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A2.721
definition: Dense aggregations of [Mytilus edulis] on the mid and lower shore, on mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments), on sand, or on sheltered muddy shores. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is often found attached to either the mussels or cobbles and it can be abundant. The mussels are often encrusted with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], [Elminius modestus] or [Balanus crenatus]. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [L. saxatilis] and small individuals of the crab [Carcinus maenas] are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm [Arenicola marina], the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], the cockle [Cerastoderma edule], and other infaunal species. The characterising species list shown below is based on data from epifaunal sampling only. Three sub-biotopes are recognised for this biotope, distinguished principally on the basis of the sediment type associated with the mussel beds. The three types of intertidal mussel beds may be part of a continuum on an axis that is most strongly influenced by the amount of pseudofaeces that accumulate amongst the mussels. The differences may not always be directly connected to the underlying substratum on which the mussel bed may have started a long time ago. It should be noted that there are few data available for the muddy (Myt.Mu) and sandy (Myt.Sa) sub-biotopes, therefore there are no characterising species lists or comparative tables for these two sub-biotopes. Situation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (Eph.X). On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Fves.X; Asc.X) can be found above or the barnacle dominated bioto…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sand
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mud

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.7211
definition: Mid and lower shore mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions and with aggregations of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] colonising mainly the sediment between cobbles, though they can extend onto the cobbles themselves. The mussel aggregations can be very dense and support various age classes. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is often found attached to either the mussels or the cobbles and it can occur at high abundance. The mussels are also usually encrusted with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], [Elminius modestus] or [Chtamalus] spp., especially in areas of reduced salinity. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [L. saxatilis] and small individuals of the crab [Carcinus maenas] are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm [Arenicola marina], the sand mason [Lanice conchilega] and other infaunal species. Pools are often found within the mussel beds that support algae such as [Chondrus crispus]. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet [Patella vulgata], the dogwhelk [Nucella lapillus] and the anemone [Actinia equina]. [Ostrea edulis] may occur on the lowest part of the shore. There are few infaunal samples for this biotope, hence the characterising species list below shows only epifauna. Where infaunal samples have been collected for this biotope, they contain a highly diverse range of species including nematodes, [Anaitides mucosa], [Hediste diversicolor], [Polydora] spp., [Pygospio elegans], [Eteone longa], oligochaetes such as [Tubificoides] spp., [Semibalanus balanoides], a range of gammarid amphipods, [Corophium volutator], [Jaera forsmani], [Crangon crangon], [Carcinus maenas], [Hydrobia ulvae] and [Macoma balthica]. Situation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (Eph.…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.7212
definition: This sub-biotope occurs on mid to lower shore sand and muddy sand. Mussels [Mytilus edulis] grow attached to shell debris and live cockles [Cerastoderma edule], forming patches of mussels on consolidated shell material, and often growing into extensive beds. The mussel valves are usually encrusted with barnacles such as [Elminius modestus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the mussel bed provides a habitat for a range of species including [Littorina littorea]. The sediment infaunal community is usually rich and very similar to that of cockle beds (CerPo), including cockles [Cerastoderma edule], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica], and a range of burrowing crustaceans and polychaetes typical for CerPo. Further species may be present are the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], the sand gaper [Mya arenaria], the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana], [Nephtys] spp., and the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor]. Scattered fronds of eelgrass [Zostera noltii] may occur. Situation: This biotope often occurs in large sandy estuaries, or on enclosed shores, alongside other sand and muddy sand biotopes, most notably CerPo. It is possible that Lanice beds (Lan) occur lower down on the shore. Temporal variation: Where this sub-biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions on muddy sand, it could change to Myt.Mu over time as pseudofaeces build up forming a layer of mud. This cannot happen where wave action or tidal streams wash away pseudofaeces and prevent a build up. In areas where mussel spat ("mussel crumble") settles on the surface shell layer of cockle beds, the mussel cover may be ephemeral, as is the case in the Burry Inlet.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.7213
definition: Dense mussel beds found in sheltered conditions on mud. There is a build up of pseudofaeces that results in a bed that is very soft to walk on, and sediment which is anoxic to the surface. Pools are often present in the mussel bed but they tend to contain few species. The sediment infauna is very poor as a result of anoxic conditions. The mussel valves are usually clean, without epifaunal growth. Where this biotope occurs naturally, all age classes are found within the mussel bed. This biotope also includes commercially laid mussel beds on soft sediments, which tend to be of uniform age structure. The species diversity of this sub-biotope is a lot lower than that of the other Myt sub-biotopes. Situation: Occurs on sheltered mudflats, or areas that were previously rocky or cobble fields, but where pseudofaeces have accumulated, leading to the presence of a thick layer of mud. Temporal variation: Mussels may settle on areas of cobble or mixed sediment (Myt.Mx), and lead to the build-up of a thick layer of pseudofaeces, changing the biotope to Myt.Mu over time. The layer of mud can prevent the attachment of mussels to the underlying stable substratum, thus making the mussel bed liable to be washed away during storms. This is known to occur in areas of Morecambe Bay.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments

Pontic [Ficopomatus enigmaticus] reefs
type: Concept
notation: A2.73
definition: Rocky substratum macrozoobenthic community that is present in confined waters of variable salinity (like harbours and lagoons) principally composed by the polychaete neozoon [Ficopomatus enigmaticus] Fauvel 1923 syn. [Mercierella enigmaticus]; in protected waters it may cover the entire hard substratum with a mass of erect, contiguous and intertwined calcareous tubes (up to 20 cm long). The reefs it builds constitute a highly tridimensional complex biotope (up to 50 cm thick), unique in the Black Sea and harbouring a diverse fauna from the other principal macroinvertebrate hard bottom Mytilus dominated community. Mussel juveniles sometimes attach themselves on the surface of the reef but never survive to adulthood. The dominant species of this community are [Ficopomatus] and [Balanus] while the numeric subdominance is attained by [Palaemon], [Xantho], [Orchestia] and [Spaheroma] (Micu & Micu 2004).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral biogenic reefs

Ephemeral green and red seaweeds on variable salinity and/or disturbed eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.821
definition: Eulittoral mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying sand or mud) that are subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation, characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds. The main species present are [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Porphyra] spp., along with colonial diatoms covering the surface of the substratum. Small numbers of other species such as barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] are confined to any larger cobbles and pebbles or on the shells of larger individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] can be present among the boulders, cobbles and seaweeds, while gammarids can be found in patches underneath the cobbles. In common with the other biotopes found on mixed substrata, patches of sediment are typically characterised by infaunal species including bivalves, for example, [Cerastoderma edule] and the polychaete [Arenicola marina] and the polychaete [Lanice conchilega]. Situation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores sheltered from wave action (compare with Sem.LlitX), with weak to moderate tidal streams and often subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone above or at the same level as the biotope dominated by the barnacles [S. balanoides] and/or [E. modestus] and [Littorina] spp. (BLitX). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by saltmarsh species such as [Salicornia] sp. and [Spartina] sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fserr.X; Fves.X) or by [M. edulis] (Myt.Myt) or by the polychaete [Hediste diversicolor] and the tellin [Macoma balthica] (HedMac) depending on the substratum. This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the 'high' number of species in the characterising species list is due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species rich…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on mobile substrata

Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2
definition: Mainly occurs on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, subject to moderately strong and weak tidal streams. This habitat type contains a broad range of biological subtypes, from echinoderms and crustose communties (A4.21) to Sabellaria reefs (A4.22) and circalittoral mussel beds (A4.24).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria] reefs on circalittoral rock
narrower: Communities on soft circalittoral rock
narrower: Mussel beds on circalittoral rock
narrower: Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity
narrower: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action
narrower: Faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock

Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.21
definition: This habitat type occurs on wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock and boulders. Echinoderms, faunal ([Parasmittina trispinosa]) and algal crusts (red encrusting algae) dominate this biotope, giving a sparse appearance. Typical echinoderms present are the starfish [Asterias rubens], the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroids [Nemertesia antennina] and [Abietinaria abietina], [Alcyonium digitatum], the anemone [Urticina felina] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Other species present may include the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the top shell [Calliostoma zizphinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Urticina felina] and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered circalittoral rock
narrower: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum] and faunal crust communities on vertical circalittoral bedrock

Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3
definition: Infralittoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the shallow subtidal zone and typically support seaweed communities. The upper limit is marked by the top of the kelp zone whilst the lower limit is marked by the lower limit of kelp growth or the lower limit of dense seaweed growth. Infralittoral rock typically has an upper zone of dense kelp (forest) and a lower zone of sparse kelp (park), both with an understorey of erect seaweeds. In exposed conditions the kelp is [Laminaria hyperborea] whilst in more sheltered habitats it is usually [Laminaria saccharina]; other kelp species may dominate under certain conditions. On the extreme lower shore and in the very shallow subtidal (sublittoral fringe) there is usually a narrow band of dabberlocks [Alaria esculenta] (exposed coasts) or the kelps [Laminaria digitata] (moderately exposed) or [L. saccharina] (very sheltered). Areas of mixed ground, lacking stable rock, may lack kelps but support seaweed communities. In estuaries and other turbid-water areas the shallow subtidal may be dominated by animal communities, with only poorly developed seaweed communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: Features of infralittoral rock

Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
type: Concept
notation: A3.11
definition: Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to exposed to extremely exposed wave action or strong tidal streams. Typically the rock supports a community of kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] with foliose seaweeds and animals, the latter tending to become more prominent in areas of strongest water movement (A3.113, A3.115 and A3.1152). The depth to which the kelp extends varies according to water clarity, exceptionally (e.g. St Kilda) reaching 45 m. In some areas, there may be a band of dense foliose seaweeds (reds or browns) below the main kelp zone (A3.116). The sublitttoral fringe is characterised by dabberlocks [Alaria esculenta] (A3.111). In very strong wave action the sublittoral fringe [A. esculenta] zone extends to 5 to 10 m depth, whilst at Rockall [A. esculenta] replaces [L. hyperborea] as the dominant kelp in the infralittoral zone (A3.112). Situation: Very exposed rocky coasts, from low water to depths up to 45m. Temporal variation: Winter storms may remove patches of kelp, and fast-growing annuals may form a temporary forest (A3.122).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
narrower: [Alaria esculenta] forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed infralittoral bedrock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Sparse [Laminaria hyperborea] and dense [Paracentrotus lividus] on exposed infralittoral limestone
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweeds on exposed vertical rock
narrower: Turf of articulated [Corallinaceae] on exposed to sheltered infralittoral bedrock and boulders

[Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.111
definition: Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock with an [Alaria esculenta] forest and an encrusting fauna of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides]. The kelp [Laminaria digitata] can be part of the canopy. Underneath the canopy are red seaweeds such as [Mastocarpus] stellatus and [Palmaria palmata], while encrusting coralline red algae such as [Lithothamnion graciale] covers the rock surface. The limpet [Patella vulgata] can be found grazing the rock surface, while the whelk Nucella lapillus is preying on the limpets, barnacles and mussels. Two variants of this biotope are described. In more wave exposed conditions [Laminaria digitata] is absent and the rock surface is often characterised by dense patches of mussels (Ala.Myt). In slightly less exposed sites the [A. esculenta] is mixed with [L. digitata] (Ala.Ldig). Situation: This biotope is found in the sublittoral fringe on exposed shores, typically occupying the extreme lower shore down to 1 or 2 m depth, although it can also extend down to 15 m depth on very exposed coasts. It is generally found below the mussel-barnacle zone of the lower shore (MytB) or a narrow band of the seaweed-dominated biotopes featuring dense [Himanthalia elongata] or red seaweeds (Him, Mas). Below the [A. esculenta] zone, the upper infralittoral rock generally supports a [Laminaria hyperborea] kelp community (LhypFa, LhypR.Ft or Lhyp.Ft).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
narrower: [Alaria esculenta], [Mytilus edulis] and coralline crusts on very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
narrower: [Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

[Alaria esculenta], [Mytilus edulis] and coralline crusts on very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1111
definition: Very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and dense patches of small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], both of which grow over a dense cover of encrusting coralline algae. Foliose red seaweeds may also be present, but the species composition and their abundance vary between sites. Species such as [Corallina officinalis] occur widely. The kelp [Laminaria digitata] is usually absent, although stunted plants may be present at a few sites. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] are often common. Patches of anthozoans and the hydroid [Tubularia] spp. occur in more wave-surged areas. In extremely exposed areas the [A. esculenta] zone can extend as deep as 15 m, where it has less [S. balanoides], [M. edulis] and greater densities of [Tubularia] spp. (e.g. Barra and shallow areas of Rockall). Situation: This biotope is most commonly found beneath the mussel-barnacle zone (MytB) of very exposed shores and above the upper infralittoral [Laminaria hyperborea] forest (LhypR or LhypFa). It is at the extremely wave-surged sites, such as St Kilda, that LhypFa occurs below Ala.Myt. Occasionally, the [A. esculenta] zone occurs below a narrow but dense band of red seaweeds: typically [Mastocarpus stellatus] and/or [Palmaria palmata] and [Corallina officinalis] (Mas) or very occasionally [Himanthalia elongata] (Him). A dense turf of [C. officinalis] (Coff) occurs above the [A. esculenta] zone at a few extremely exposed sites, particularly on steep or vertical rock. On less exposed shores, however, an [A. esculenta] dominated zone may lie immediately above a narrow [L. digitata] zone (Ldig). Ala.Myt can also occur on less exposed steep or vertical shores, where wave-surge restricts the growth of [L. digitata] which generally dominates the sublittoral fringe rock on moderately exposed shores. On seasonally unstable boulders or sites subject to disturbance by strong wave-action, a mixed kelp canopy that …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.243
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel beds on circalittoral rock

Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action
type: Concept
notation: A4.26
definition: This habitat is present in the Mediterranean on hard rocky and/or biogenic horizontal substrata formed by coralligenous formations developed within sedimentary beds that are well supplied by currents, up to 100 metres in depth, in clear waters with moderate hydrodynamic action. Coralligenous concretions are found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can build biogenic constructions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira zosteroides]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira usneoides]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira dubia]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira corniculata]
narrower: Association with [Sargassum] spp.
narrower: Association with [Mesophyllum lichenoides]
narrower: Algal bioconcretion with [Lithophyllum frondosum] and [Halimeda tuna]
narrower: Association with [Laminaria ochroleuca]
narrower: Facies with [Eunicella cavolinii]
narrower: Facies with [Eunicella singularis]
narrower: Facies with [Paramuricea clavata]
narrower: Facies with [Parazoanthus axinellae]
narrower: Coralligenous platforms

[Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1112
definition: Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by a mixture of the kelps [Laminaria digitata] and [Alaria esculenta] with an understorey of red seaweeds including [Palmaria palmata] and [Corallina officinalis] with encrusting coralline algal on the rock surface. Anthozoans such as [Halichondria panicea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] can be found attached in cracks and crevices. The limpets [Patella vulgata] or on southern shores [Patella ulyssiponensis] can be found in their characteristic "scars" grazing the biofilm/algal crusts on the rock surface, while the limpet [Helcion pellucidum] is restricted to grazing the kelp fronds. Colonies of the bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can cover the red seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] or the rock surface. Situation: Ala.Ldig represents an intermediate on the wave exposure gradient, with pure stands of [A. esculenta] (Ala.Myt) being found on more exposed shores and pure [L. digitata] (Ldig) on more sheltered shores. This biotope usually occurs immediately above a sublittoral [Laminaria hyperborea] forest (LhypR or Lhyp), although a narrow band of [L. digitata] (Ldig) may occur between these two zones, particularly on less exposed shores. In southwest England a zone of mixed kelp forest [L. hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] may occur below the [A. esculenta] (Lhyp.Loch). A number of different biotopes can occur above Ala.Ldig; most commonly these are the mussel-barnacle zone (MytB), [Himanthalia elongata] (Him), a red algal turf or a [Fucus serratus]-red algal mosaic (Fser.R) on the less exposed shores. This biotope also occurs on steep and vertical shores of moderately exposed coasts where a localised increase in wave action restricts the growth of [L. digitata]. As a result of this increased wave action the [L. digitata] plants are usually small and often show signs of damage. Temporal variation: There may be seasonal changes in the amount of ephemeral seaweeds…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

[Alaria esculenta] forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed infralittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.112
definition: This biotope has only been recorded from Rockall, where [Alaria esculenta] appears to replace [Laminaria hyperborea] as the dominant kelp forest species on the extremely wave-exposed steep and vertical rock, a zone that extends from 14 m down to 35 m. Beneath the [A. esculenta] canopy, the rock surface is covered by a dense turf of anthozoans such as [Sagartia elegans], [Phellia gausapata] and [Corynactis viridis], encrusting sponges and coralline algae. The gastropod [Margarites helicinus] can be found grazing on the kelp fronds, whereas the crab [Cancer pagurus] can be found among the kelp stipes. The bryozoan [Tubularia indivisa] also occur, but it does not form such a dense turf as in more shallow waters, while the ascidian [Botryllus leachi] is found encrusting the large brown seaweeds. [Cryptopleura ramosa] is the dominant red seaweed on horizontal surfaces. The kelp [Laminaria digitata] is reported to occur mixed with [A. esculenta] on the nearby Helen's reef. Situation: Above the AlaAnSC zone (about 5 m to 13 m) [A. esculenta] still dominates, but it resembles more closely the typical sublittoral fringe [A. esculenta] biotope (Ala.Myt), though it has a very dense turf of small hydroids and few foliose algae. Towards the lower part of this [A. esculenta] forest (30 m to 35 m), the density of [A. esculenta] is reduced and the rock surface is characterised by a dense turf of red algae (FoR).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.113
definition: Very exposed and exposed, but wave-surged, upper infralittoral bedrock and massive boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] with a high diversity of seaweeds and invertebrates. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller with heavily epiphytised stipes with foliose red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea], [Cryptopleura ramosa] or [Plocamium cartilagineum] or even the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. Also found on the stipes or on the rock below the canopy are red seaweeds including [Phycodrys rubens], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Callophyllis laciniata, Caryophyllia smithii], and [Corallina officinalis], while encrusting coralline algae can cover any bare patches of rock. At some sites the red seaweeds can be virtually mono-specific, while at other sites show considerable variation containing a dense mixed turf of a large variety of species. The red seaweed [Odonthalia dentata] can be present in the north. The faunal and floral under-storey is generally rich in species due, in part, to the relatively low urchin-grazing pressure in such shallow exposed conditions. The faunal composition of this biotope varies markedly between sites, but commonly occurring are the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] and the anthozoans [Sagartia elegans] and [Corynactis viridis]. Sponges form a prominent part of the community with variable amounts of the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia] and several other species. The crab [Cancer pagurus] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are normally present in small numbers foraging beneath the canopy, while the sea urchins [Echinus esculentus] and [Urticina felina] graze on the seaweeds. The hydroid Obelia geniculata, the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea compete for space on the kelp, whereas the bryozoan Electra pilosa also can be found on foliose red seaweeds. Situation: This kelp forest most commonly oc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

Association with [Cystoseira zosteroides]
type: Concept
notation: A4.261
definition: This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga [Cystoseira zosteroides]. The association can include in its higher levels both sciaphilous and photophilous species such as the brown algae [Phyllariopsis brevipes], [Arthrocladia villosa], and others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Cystoseira usneoides]
type: Concept
notation: A4.262
definition: This association characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira usneoides] is present in relatively deep rocky areas crossed by currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Cystoseira dubia]
type: Concept
notation: A4.263
definition: This association characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira dubia] occurs on hard substrata subject to weak hydrodynamics and relatively strong sedimentation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Sparse [Laminaria hyperborea] and dense [Paracentrotus lividus] on exposed infralittoral limestone
type: Concept
notation: A3.114
definition: This biotope is known from only one location, the Aran Islands, Co. Galway. Here, a limestone platform between 3 m and 6 m of depth is dominated by a dense population of the urchin [Paracentrotus lividus], which heavily graze and burrow into the soft limestone. So intense is the grazing pressure that the rock appears completely bare, except for a coralline algal crust and occasional [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. The anthozoans [Sagartia elegans] and [Corynactis viridis] are also present, though at low abundance. The grazed kelp also extends deeper to 20 to 25 m further offshore. (Only one CB record within this biotope). Situation: This rare biotope has only been recorded from one location and the neighbouring biotopes were not fully surveyed. In deeper water (30-40m) there is PhaAxi.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

[Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.115
definition: Very exposed to exposed infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea], beneath which is a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds. Three variations of this biotope are described: the upper infralittoral kelp forest (LhypR.Ft), the kelp park below (LhypR.Pk) and a third type of kelp forest, confined to southern England, that is characterised by a mixture of [L. hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] (LhypR.Loch). The fauna of these biotopes is markedly less abundant than kelp forests in areas of greater wave surge (LhypFa); sponges, anthozoans and polyclinid ascidians may be present, though never at high abundance. Beneath the under-storey of red seaweeds, the rock surface is generally covered with encrusting coralline algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on exposed infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1151
definition: Very exposed to exposed upper infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea]. On the rock surface beneath the kelp canopy is a dense turf of red foliose seaweeds including [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Callophyllis laciniata] as well as encrusting coralline algae and the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. The red algal turf can be virtually mono-specific, dominated by stands of [P. cartilagineum], [C. ramosa] or [Heterosiphonia plumosa], [Kallymenia reniformis] or in the north, [Odonthalia dentata]. Other sites may contain a dense mixed turf of these and other species. The dense turf is due, in part, to the relatively low grazing pressure from the urchin [Echinus esculentus] in such shallow exposed conditions. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller and the stipes are heavily epiphytised by red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Membranoptera alata]. The bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can form colonies on the foliose red seaweeds, while the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] more often can be found on the [L. hyperborea] fronds along with the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] and the hydroid [Obelia geniculata]. The gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] are found grazing among the kelp holdfasts, while a few individuals of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] can present along with the white calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], where substratum is available. The starfish [Asterias rubens] can be found predating on polychaetes, mussels and small crustaceans. The soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] can be present covering the rock surface as well as the anthozoan [Urticina felina]. Situation: This kelp forest biotope most commonly occurs beneath a zone of [Alaria esculenta/Mytilus edulis] (Ala.Myt) and above a [L. hyperborea] park (LhypR.Pk). At very exposed sites, such a…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1152
definition: Very exposed to exposed lower infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a kelp park of [Laminaria hyperborea] with a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds and encrusting coralline algae. These red seaweeds dominate kelp stipes and bedrock in a similar abundance and composition to the upper infralittoral kelp forest, the most commonly occurring species being [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides]. In addition, moderate to high abundance of foliose brown seaweeds, such as [Dictyota dichotoma] are more common than in the kelp forest above. More upper circalittoral fauna occur in the park than in the kelp forest, such as the cup-coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Some species more often present in the kelp park than the forest include the anthozoan [Alcyonium digitatum] and the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. The urchin [Echinus esculentus], the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are normally present underneath the canopy along with the anthozoans [Urticina felina] and [Corynactis viridis]. The sponge [Cliona celata] is also present often found boring into shells or soft rock where available. The bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] can be found on the [L. hyperborea] fronds along with the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. The polychaete [Pomatoceros] sp. is present on the rock surface. Situation: This biotope usually occurs below the exposed kelp forests (LhypFa and LhypR.Ft). At some sites, a dense band of [D. dichotoma] may form a separate zone below (FoR). Where seasonally unstable cobbles and/or boulders are present adjacent to and/or below the bedrock supporting the [L. hyperborea] LsacSac may occur. Temporal variation: In the late summer both the kelp and the foliose seaweeds…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock

Association with [Cystoseira corniculata]
type: Concept
notation: A4.264
definition: This association characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira corniculata] occurs on hard substrata in the circalittoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Sargassum] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A4.265
definition: This association characterised by the abundance of the brown algae [Sargassum] spp. occurs on hard substrata, simultaneously relatively deep and well-lit, in oligotrophic conditions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Mesophyllum lichenoides]
type: Concept
notation: A4.266
definition: This association characterised by the red alga [Mesophyllum lichenoides] occurs on hard substrata with strong deep currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1153
definition: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forests on upper infralittoral exposed rock with a dense community of foliose red seaweeds such as [Cryptopleura ramosa], and [Plocamium cartilagineum] as well as small filamentous red seaweeds including [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Pterosiphonia parasitica] and [Brongniartella byssoides]. [L. hyperborea] has a rough stipe which allow dense assemblages of epiphytic red seaweeds to form including the foliose [Callophyllis laciniata], [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides]. Unlike [L. hyperborea], however, [L. ochroleuca] has a smooth stipe and so it lacks dense assemblages of epiphytic seaweeds [L. ochroleuca] has a smooth stipe. Encrusting coralline algae often cover much of the rock surface along with a few brown seaweeds including [Dictyota dichotoma], [Dictyopteris polypodioides] and [Desmarestia aculeata] present as well. In mixed kelp forest [L. ochroleuca] may predominate with [L. hyperborea] more common at shallower depths. Whilst foliose red seaweeds dominate the upward-facing rock beneath the kelp canopy, much of the fauna is restricted to crevices or vertical faces, possibly due to grazing pressure. Echinoderms are often common in this biotope, in particular the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Marthasterias glacialis]. Verticals are colonised by anthozoans including the anthozoans [Corynactis viridis], [Caryophyllia smithii, Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Alcyonium digitatum], while the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] colonise the [Laminaria] sp. fronds. This biotope is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. [L. ochroleuca] occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) from Dorset to Lundy Island. In such cases, records should be treated as regional variations of these biotopes. Records should only be assigned to the LhypR.Loch biotope when the canopy is dominated by …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock

Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.116
definition: A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds on exposed or moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally, at or below the lower limit of the kelp. Most of the red seaweeds are common to the kelp zone above, while the faunal component of the biotope is made up of species that are found either in the kelp zone or the animal-dominated upper circalittoral below. Foliose species commonly present include [Dilsea carnosa], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Schottera nicaeensis], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. The red seaweed species composition varies considerably; at some sites a single species may dominate (particularly [Plocamium cartilagineum]). Small filamentous red seaweeds can be found here as well. These include species such as [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Brongniartella byssoides]. As well as a varied red seaweed component, this biotope may also contain occasional kelp plants and patches of the brown foliose seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. Coralline crusts covers the bedrock beneath the seaweeds. The fauna generally comprises low-encrusting forms such as the tubeworms [Pomatoceros] spp., anthozoans including [Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii]) and occasional sponge crusts such as [Cliona celata, Esperiopsis fucorum], [Scypha ciliata] and [Dysidea fragilis]. More mobile fauna include the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus] as well as the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Marthasterias glacialis] and lastly, the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Bryozoan crusts such as [Electra pilosa] can be found fronds on the foliose red seaweeds while scattered hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] form colonies on shells, cobbles and available rock. At some sites erect bryozoans [Crisia] spp. and [Bugula] spp. are present. Ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Clavelina lepadiformis] may also be common. In the north the foliose red seaweed [Callophyllis laciniata] may occur. Situation: This biotope is…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
narrower: Foliose red seaweeds with dense [Dictyota dichotoma] and/or [Dictyopteris membranacea] on exposed lower infralittoral rock

Algal bioconcretion with [Lithophyllum frondosum] and [Halimeda tuna]
type: Concept
notation: A4.267
definition: This association characterised by the red encrusting alga [Lithophyllum strictaeforme] ([Lithophyllum frondosum]) and the green alga [Halimeda tuna] is present on coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds affected by sea bottom currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Laminaria ochroleuca]
type: Concept
notation: A4.268
definition: This association characterised by the brown alga [Laminaria ochroleuca] occurs on hard or detritic substrata composed by sparse rocks located at 30 - 100 metres depth in areas affected by strong currents and the Atlantic influx (e.g. Strait of Messina, Sea of Alboran, Algerian coasts).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Eunicella cavolinii]
type: Concept
notation: A4.269
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) [Eunicella cavolinii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Eunicella singularis]
type: Concept
notation: A4.26A
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) [Eunicella singularis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Paramuricea clavata]
type: Concept
notation: A4.26B
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (red sea-fan) [Paramuricea clavata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Parazoanthus axinellae]
type: Concept
notation: A4.26C
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of the cnidarian (sea anemone) [Parazoanthus axinellae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Coralligenous platforms
type: Concept
notation: A4.26D
definition: These are coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds subject to currents, at up to at least 100 metres depth in clear waters.These formations are not usually built on rock substrata but result from the active development of constructor organisms (e.g. calcified algae, hard-skeleton invertebrates) from scattered elements on loose beds, shells, stones, and graves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.27
definition: These communities populate hard substrata with low hydrodynamics and strong sedimentation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Pontic faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock

Foliose red seaweeds with dense [Dictyota dichotoma] and/or [Dictyopteris membranacea] on exposed lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1161
definition: A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds mixed with a dense turf of the foliose brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma] and/or [Dictyopteris membranacea] on exposed and moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally at or below the lower limit of the kelp zone. In some areas the lower infralittoral is subject to a moderate amount of scour from nearby sand. [D. dichotoma] is relatively tolerant of such scour and in such areas a zone forms with other sand-tolerant seaweeds. [D. membranacea] is confined to south-western coasts. Typically brown seaweeds dominate the seabed or are at least in equal abundance to the red seaweeds, some of which may also form dense stands such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Calliblepharis ciliata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides], [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Delesseria sanguinea] and [Brongniartella byssoides]. The urchin [Echinus esculentus] can be found grazing the rock surface which can be covered in coralline algae. The anthozoans [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Alcyonium digitatum] are usually present in this biotope along with the tube-building worm [Pomatoceros] sp. which is more common in sand-scoured areas. The starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Henricia] sp. and sponge crusts including [Cliona celata] can also be found here. [D. dichotoma] also occurs in the kelp park, and records should only be assigned to this biotope where kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] is sparse or absent and a relatively high density of [D. dichotoma] and/or [D. membranacea] is present. Situation: This biotope usually occurs at or below the lower limit of kelp [L. hyperborea] (LhypR.Pk or Lhyp). In south-west England a zone of mixed kelp forest [L. hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] may occur above the dense foliose algae (LhypR.Loch). FoR.Dic marks the lower limit of the lower infralittoral zone. Temporal variation: Like many of the red seaweeds found in this biotope the dominant brown seaweeds [D. membranacea] and [D. dichotoma] have annual f…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweeds on exposed vertical rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.117
definition: On exposed coasts with moderately strong to weak tidal currents generally at depths of 0-10m, vertical rock communities dominated by frequent [Laminaria hyperborea] and its commonly associated red seaweeds [Delesseria sanguinea], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Plocamium cartilagineum] can be found. Within this biotope the jewel anemone [Corynactis viridis] is frequently found in dense aggregations attached to the vertical rock surface. This biotope contains 5 sub-biotopes, distinguished by their biogeography. On the west coast of Scotland, the Northern Isles and the Isle of Man on extremely exposed coasts a variant of this biotope characterised by frequent [Metridium senile] and occasional [Sagartia elegans] can be found. Further south on the west coast of Ireland, southern Scotland, Wales, and south west England a second variant characterised by frequent [Alcyonium digitatum] and occasional [Cliona celata] can be distinguished. A third variant has been recorded from Northern Ireland characterised by the red seaweeds [Lithophyllum] and [Ptilota gunneri], the sea squirt [Dendrodoa grossularia] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. South from the Isle of Man, on the Welsh Coast, and on the south west and southern English coasts a fourth variant of this biotope is found, which is characterised by the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], which may be more frequent in this sub-biotope, and the rarity of [Alcyonium digitatum], a species which is more frequent in other variants. This variant has mainly been recorded in shallow water (0-5m). The final biogeographic variant of this biotope is, as with the previous variant, found on the coasts of Wales and south west England. It can be distinguished from the previous variant by the frequent [Diplosoma listerianum] and occasional [Lissoclinum perforatum], although these species are not always present. Situation: Open rocky coasts of the south-west, west and north-west.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

[Saccorhiza polyschides] and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.121
definition: Exposed low-lying reefs in the sublittoral fringe or upper infralittoral (generally above 5m depth), mainly in the southwest and west, dominated by the kelp [Saccorhiza polyschides]. This opportunistic coloniser replaces [Laminaria digitata] or [Laminaria hyperborea] as the dominant kelp, following 'disturbance' of the canopy. This may be the result of storms, when loose sediment and even cobbles or boulders are mobilised, scouring most seaweeds and animals from the surrounding rock. As [S. polyschides] is essentially a summer annual (occasionally it lasts into a second year), it is also particularly common close to rock/sand interfaces which become too scoured during winter months to prevent the longer-living kelps from surviving. As a result of the transient nature of this biotope, its composition is varied; it may contain several other kelp species, including [L. digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Alaria esculenta], at varying abundances. [Laminaria] spp. sporelings can also be a prominent feature of the site. Beneath the kelp, (scour-tolerant) red seaweeds including [Corallina officinalis], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Chondrus crispus], [Dilsea carnosa] and encrusting coralline algae are often present. Foliose red seaweeds such as [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Palmaria palmata] also occur in this biotope. [P. palmata] and [Delesseria sanguinea] often occur as epiphytes on the stipes of [L. hyperborea], when it is present. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva] spp. is fast to colonise newly cleared areas of rock and is often present along with the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. Due to the disturbed nature of this biotope, fauna are generally sparse, being confined to encrusting bryozoans and/or sponges, such as [Halichondria panicea] and the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. Situation: On some shores (for example in Cornwall and south-west Ireland), [S. polyschides] competes so effectively with the other la…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

[Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] on exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.122
definition: A forest or park of the fast-growing, opportunistic kelps [Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] often occurs on seasonally unstable boulders or sand/pebble scoured infralittoral rock. The substratum varies from large boulders in exposed areas to smaller boulders and cobbles in areas of moderate wave exposure or nearby bedrock. In these cases, movement of the substratum during winter storms prevents a longer-lived forest of [Laminaria hyperborea] from becoming established. This biotope also develops on bedrock where it is affected by its close proximity to unstable substrata. Other fast-growing brown seaweeds such as [Desmarestia viridis], [Desmarestia aculeata, Cutleria multifida] and [Dictyota dichotoma] are often present. Some [L. hyperborea] plants may occur in this biotope, but they are typically small since the plants do not survive many years. The kelp stipes are usually epiphytised by red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Other red seaweeds present beneath the kelp canopy include [Plocamium cartilagineum, Nitophyllum punctatum], [Callophyllis laciniata] and [Cryptopleura ramosa]. Encrusting algae often form a prominent cover on the rock surfaces, including red, brown and coralline crusts. Faunal richness and diversity is generally low compared to the more stable [L. hyperborea] kelp forest and park communities (LhypR). Where some protection is afforded the anthozoan [Alcyonium digitata] can occur in addition to the more robust species such as the tube-building worm [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Mobile species include the to shell [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] can often be found colonising the kelp fronds. Situation: This biotope can be found below the [L. hyperborea] zone (LhypFa or LhypR), especially where close to a rock/ sand interface (where it is subject to sand/pebble scour in w…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Dense [Desmarestia] spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.124
definition: Wave-exposed seasonally mobile substrata (pebbles, cobbles) dominated by dense stands of the brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata] and/or [Desmarestia ligulata]. Infralittoral pebbles and cobbles that are scoured through mobility during storms, but become stable in the summer allowing the growth of such algae as [Desmarestia] spp. Filamentous red seaweeds such [as Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Brongniartella byssoides] are usually present. Stunted individuals of the kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] may be present where bedrock is available. A variety of foliose red seaweeds such as [Cryptopleura ramosa, Chondrus crispus], [Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] and [Nitophyllum punctatum] may on occasion be present underneath the kelp canopy. Other red algae including [Corallina officinalis], [Rhodomela confervoides] and coralline crusts including [Lithothamnion] spp. may be present as well as well as the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and the green [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Due to the nature of this biotope the faunal component is very impoverished though the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] can be found among the cobbles. Situation: Often a narrow zone on mixed substrata below a stable zone of kelp on bedrock. Where seasonally mobile substrata affect nearby bedrock this biotope may occur in place of kelp forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.125
definition: Bedrock and boulders, often in tide-swept areas, that are subject to scouring or periodic burial by sand, characterised by a canopy of mixed kelps such as [Laminaria saccharina], [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccorhiza polyschides] and the brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata]; there may also be an understorey of foliose seaweeds that can withstand scour such as [Plocamium cartilagineum, Chondrus crispus, Dilsea carnosa], [Callophyllis laciniata] as well as the filamentous [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. The perennial red seaweed [Brongniartella byssoides] re-grows in the summer months. The [L. hyperborea] stipes often support a growth of epiphytes, such as [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Cryptopleura ramosa]. The scour can reduce the rock surface to bare coralline crusts at times; sponge crusts and the colonial ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] can also grow on the stipes and holdfasts. The faunal diversity on the rock is usually low and restricted to robust, low-profile animals such as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], encrusting bryozoans such as [Membranipora membranacea], the anthozoan [Urticina felina], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Deeper sites support more hydroids and bryozoans, particularly [Bugula] spp. Where this biotope occurs in very shallow water [Laminaria digitata] may be found in combination with the other kelp species. Other species present only in shallow water include the red algae [Corallina officinalis] and the sand-binding alga [Rhodothamniella floridula]. Situation: This biotope often occurs below a [L. hyperborea] forest (LhypR.Ft, Lhyp.Ft or LhypT.Ft), close to a rock-sediment boundary. It is also found on low-lying rock outcrops surrounded by sand or mixed sediment and nearby biotopes on mixed substrata may include EphR, ProtAhn or in very shallow water LsacChoR. A [Flustra foliacea] community…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Pontic faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.271
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock

Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.3
definition: Occurs on wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to mainly weak/very weak tidal streams. The biotopes identified within this habitat type are often dominated by encrusting red algae, brachiopods ([Neocrania anomala]) and ascidians ([Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: Mediterranean coralligenous communities sheltered from hydrodynamic action
narrower: Faunal communities on deep low energy circalittoral rock

[Laminaria saccharina], [Chorda filum] and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable infralittoral boulders and cobbles
type: Concept
notation: A3.123
definition: Seasonally disturbed unstable boulders and cobbles in very shallow water dominated by the fast-growing brown seaweed [Chorda filum] together with the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. The brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata] is also typical of this disturbed environment as well encrusting coralline algae and brown crusts. Beneath the prolific growth of [C. filum], red and brown seaweeds densely cover many of the boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Other sediment-tolerant seaweeds such as species from the Ectocarpales (brown filamentous seaweeds) and the red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Dilsea carnosa] and [Corallina officinalis] is normally present. Other red seaweeds which can be found here include [Chondria dasyphylla], [Brongniartella byssoides], [Polysiphonia elongata], [Ceramium nodolosum], [Cystoclonium purpureum, Heterosiphonia plumosa], [Rhodomela confervoides] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. The brown seaweeds [Punctaria] sp. and [Cladostephus spongiosus] are generally present. The faunal component of this biotope is typically sparse - the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the crabs [Pagurus] [bernhardus] and [Necora puber] are amongst the most conspicuous animals. The bryozoan crust [Electra pilosa] colonise many of the algae along with the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Occasional the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] may occur in the sand between pebbles, and the anthozoan [Urticina felina] may be found amongst pockets of gravel along with the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. At some sites the rock beneath the algae can be occupied by the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. This biotope is also present at other open coast sites around the UK where suitable shallow, seasonally stable boulders, cobbles and pebbles occur. Typical examples of this biotope occur on the shallowest areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, Wales, where reef crests are formed by embedded and mobile boulders, together with cobbles and pebbles in between (t…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

[Halidrys siliquosa] and mixed kelps on tide-swept infralittoral rock with coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A3.126
definition: Tide-swept boulders and cobbles, often with a mobile component to the substrata (pebbles, gravel and sand), characterised by dense stands of the brown seaweed [Halidrys siliquosa]. It is can be mixed with the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and kelp such as [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea]. Below the canopy is an undergrowth of red seaweeds that are tolerant of sand-scour such as [Phyllophora crispa, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Rhodomela confervoides, Corallina officinalis] and [Chondrus crispus]. Other red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Calliblepharis ciliata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Dilsea carnosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] and [Brongniartella byssoides] may be locally abundant, particularly in the summer months. There may be a rich epibiota on [H. siliquosa], including the hydroid [Aglaophenia pluma], ascidians such as [Botryllus schlosseri]. There is generally a sparse faunal component colonising the boulders and cobbles, comprising the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crab [Cancer pagurus], the starfish [Asterias rubens], the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the sea anthozoan [Urticina felina]. The bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can form colonies on the kelp. Situation: XKHal can occur below the tide-swept [Laminaria digitata] zone of the sublittoral fringe bedrock or boulders (LdigT). Less stable substrata of boulders, cobbles or pebbles may support kelp and [Chorda filum] in the shallows (LsacChoR) or dense ephemeral seaweeds (EphR). Sand-influenced rocky outcrops in deeper water may support a [Flustra foliacea] community (FluCoAs). This biotope is widespread and is found on the open coast in Wales, the south-west and the English Channel as well as more sheltered tidal rapids in the Scottish sealochs. It can form extensive forests or parks in certain areas (Dorset, Sarns). In Wales, the south-west and west of England the red seaweeds [Spyridia filam…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Mediterranean coralligenous communities sheltered from hydrodynamic action
type: Concept
notation: A4.32
definition: Coralligenous concretions are found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can build biogenic constructions. These communities are present in the Mediterranean on hard rocky and/or biogenic substrata at 10 - 100 metres depth with low hydrodynamic action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Rodriguezella strafforelli]
narrower: Facies with [Lophogorgia sarmentosa]

Association with [Rodriguezella strafforelli]
type: Concept
notation: A4.321
definition: This association populates hard poorly-lit substrata, in a sheltered environment, at about 25-45 metres depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities sheltered from hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Lophogorgia sarmentosa]
type: Concept
notation: A4.322
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) [Lophogorgia sarmentosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities sheltered from hydrodynamic action

Faunal communities on deep low energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.33
definition: Added by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Subunit added by CEH available for description of communities Agreed (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock

Baltic exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.4
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in more moderately exposed or even sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of greater than 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata

[Polyides rotundus], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Chondrus crispus] on sand-covered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.127
definition: Low-lying rock surrounded by mobile sand and often subject to burying by the sand, with a turf of resilient red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus, Polyides rotundus] and [Ahnfeltia plicata] typically protruding through the sand on the upper surfaces of the rock. Other scour-tolerant seaweeds include [Rhodomela confervoides], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Phyllophora crispa, Furcellaria lumbricalis], [Gracilaria gracilis], [Ceramium rubrum, Plocamium cartilagineum, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Dilsea carnosa]. Coralline crusts typically cover the rock, while scattered individuals of the brown seaweeds [Halidrys siliquosa, Cladostephus spongiosus], [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Laminaria saccharina] can be present. The large anthozoan [Urticina felina] can occur in this biotope but there are few other conspicuous animals. Situation: This biotope occurs on shallow sand-covered rock, often below bedrock and boulders supporting kelp forest, which is above the effect of, sand scour (Lhyp) or abutting sand-scoured kelp on bedrock (XKScrR). It may also be found adjacent to the shallow kelp and [Chorda filum] biotope (LsacChoR) and similarly can be surrounded by a variety of sediment biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Pontic [Cystoseira barbata] on exposed cobbles, boulders and bedrock mixed with and scoured by sand
type: Concept
notation: A3.128
definition: The dominant species in the [Cystoseira] biocenosis is the brown alga [Cystoseira barbata], which develops on rocky substrates from the spray zone to a depth of 15 m. The mass species are: the molluscs [Mytilaster lineatus] and [Rissoa splendida]; the amphipods [Amphythoe vaillanti] and [Caprella acantifera]; and the polychaetes [Grubea clavata]. Other common species include: the polychaetes [Nereis succinea], [Nephthys hombergii] and [Terebellides stroemi]; the molluscs [Cerastoderma glaucum], [Irus irus], [Polititapes aurea], [Donacilla cornea] and [Pitar rudis] (Zaitsev and Alexandrov, 1998). Along the Romanian shores [Mytilaster lineatus], [Mytilus galloprovincialis] and [Balanus improvisus] are the species occurring with highest frequency within this habitat (which extends until 6 meters depth). Of these species [Mytilaster] is the most important species in terms of density and biomass amounting to almost 80% of the sessile fauna observed. The most important macrobenthic taxa amount to 40 species of which 77% amphipods, 9% polichaetes and 8% isopods. Most frequent amphipods, occurring annually, are [Erichtonius difformis], [Amphitoe vaillanti], [Corophium acherusicum], [Stenothoe monoculoides], [Jassa ocia], [Hyale pontica]. The most frequently occurring isopods are: [Idothea baltica], [Nassa (Dynamena) bidentata], [Synisoma capito]. The most frequently observed polychaetes are [Fabricia clavella] and [Brania clavata] (Tiganus, 1991-1992).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Mediterranean and Pontic facies with [Mytilus galloprovincialis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.134
definition: This facies characterised by the dominance of the mollusc bivalve [Mytilus galloprovincialis] is typical of areas with high levels of organic input. In the Black Sea this habitat is distributed across wide areas, in the mediolittoral as well as into the infralittoral, from the spray zone to 55 m, where the dominant species is the bivalve mollusc [Mytilus galloprovincialis], the most widespread mussel in the Black Sea (Zaitsev and Aleksandrov, 1998). The biocenosis consists of 105 animal species (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998) of which the most characteristic are: Polychaeta - [Nereis (Neanthes) succinea], [Nereis diversicolor], [Polydora ciliata limicola]; Mollusca - [Mytilus galloprovincialis], [Mytilaster lineatus]; Crustacea - [Balanus improvisus], [Jaera sarsi], [Stenothoe monoculoides], [Marinogammarus olivii], [Melita palmate], [Microdeutopus gryllotalpa], [Amphitoe viallanti], [Jassia ocia], [Erichthonius difformis] (Alexandrov, 2006). On the NW shelf the mass species are: [Mya arenaria], [Balanus improvisus], [Nereis succinea], [Prionopsio cirrifera]. On the Crimean shelf the mass species are:the mollusc, [Modiolus adriaticus], and the polychaete [Terebellides stroemi]. Along the Turkish coasts, the most encountered amphipod species are: [Jassa marmorata], [Hylae crassipes], [Ampithoe ramondi], [Corophium acherisicum], [Corophium acutum] (Sezgin et al., 2001). Ephemeral algae may cover Mytilus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

[Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.211
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock characterised by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] with coralline crusts covering the rock beneath the kelp canopy. Foliose red seaweeds such as [Palmaria palmata, Membranoptera alata, Chondrus crispus] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] are often present along with the calcareous [Corallina officinalis]. The brown seaweed [Fucus serratus] and the green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris] and [Ulva lactuca] can be present as well. The sponge [Halichondria panicea] can be found among the kelp holdfasts or underneath overhangs. Also present on the rock are the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the gastropods [Patella vulgata] and [Gibbula cineraria]. The bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can form colonies on especially [C. crispus, M. stellatus] and [F. serratus] while the hydroid [Dynanema pumila] are more common on the kelp. Three variants of this biotope are described: [L. digitata] forest on rocky shores (Ldig.Ldig). [L. digitata] on boulder shores (Ldig.Bo) and soft rock supporting [L. digitata], such as the chalk found in south-east England (Ldig.Pid). For [L. digitata] in sheltered, tide-swept conditions see LdigT.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
narrower: [Laminaria digitata] and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders
narrower: [Laminaria digitata] and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock

Baltic moderately exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.5
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are moderately exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of 5 – 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata

Baltic sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.6
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are sheltered from wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. sheltered areas within exposed or moderately exposed areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch less than 5 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata

Features of circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.7
definition: Circalittoral rock features include circalittoral fouling communities (A4.72) and circalittoral caves and overhangs (A4.71). These features are present throughout the circalittoral zone in a variety of wave exposures and tidal streams. Two fouling subtypes have also been identified: A4.722 has been recorded from disused fishing nets and other artificial substrata, and is characterised by aggregations of [Ascidiella aspersa] whilst A4.721 has been recorded from steel wrecks, and is characterised by dense aggregations of [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Metridium senile]. Habitats in hard substrata in the circalittoral zone characterised by the presence of seeping or bubbling gases, oils or water are also included (A4.73).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs
narrower: Circalittoral fouling faunal communities
narrower: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

[Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2111
definition: Exposed to sheltered sublittoral fringe bedrock dominated by a dense canopy of [Laminaria digitata], often with a wide range of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds beneath. The most frequently occurring red seaweeds are [Palmaria palmata], [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata] and [Membranoptera alata]. Generally the rocky substratum is covered by encrusting coralline algae, on which occasional limpets [Patella vulgata] and topshells [Gibbula cineraria] graze. A wide variety of fauna occurs, some of the most commonly occurring species being the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Kelp holdfasts provide a refuge for a varied assemblage of species such as sponges and the limpet [Helcion pellucidum], while encrusting bryozoans such as [Electra pilosa] more often are found on the fronds of foliose red seaweeds. Solitary ascidians may be locally abundant where overhanging or vertical rock occurs, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can be abundant on [Fucus serratus] and [Laminaria] sp. fronds. On exposed, wave-surged shores, the robust red seaweeds [M. stellatus], [C. crispus] and [C. officinalis] can form a dense turf beneath the kelp along with the occasional green seaweed [Ulva lactuca]. Similarly on such shores the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can occur in extremely dense aggregations on the rock, beneath the kelp canopy. Situation: This biotope is usually found on the extreme low shore below the [Fucus serratus] zone (Fser) and above the truly sublittoral [Laminaria hyperborea] zone (Lhyp).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock

[Laminaria digitata] and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.2112
definition: This [Laminaria digitata] biotope is found predominantly on moderately exposed boulder shores and occasionally also on exposed or sheltered shores. Upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by dense [L. digitata] though other kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] or the wrack [Fucus serratus] can be present at lower abundance. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp canopy are a variety of red seaweeds such as [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus], [Palmaria palmata], [Membranoptera alata], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. Green seaweeds include [Cladophora rupestris] and [Ulva lactuca]. Where space is available beneath the boulders (i.e. they are not buried in sediment) there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic species include the crabs [Porcellana platycheles], [Pisidia longicornis] and juvenile [Cancer pagurus]. Also present beneath the boulders are often high densities of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], spirorbid worms, the polychaete [Harmotho‰] sp., gammarid amphipods and a few gastropods such as [Gibbula cineraria]. The encrusting bryozoans [Electra pilosa] and [Umbonula littoralis] and encrusting colonies of the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Halisarca dujardini] are also typical of this habitat. The richest examples also contain a variety of echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens], colonial ascidians such as [Botryllus schlosseri] and small hydroids. Situation: This biotope is found in a similar situation to Ldig.Ldig, usually beneath the [Fucus serratus] zone (Fser.Bo or Fser.R) and above the [Laminaria hyperborea] zone (Lhyp). Many of the animals found under boulders in the lower shore in Fser.Bo are also found under boulders in the sublittoral fringe (Ldig.Bo), particularly the sponges and crabs. Similarly, many of the seaweeds present on the lower shore are also present in the shal…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock

[Laminaria digitata] and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2113
definition: Soft rock, such as chalk, in the sublittoral fringe characterised by [Laminaria digitata] and rock-boring animals such as piddocks [Barnea candida] and [Pholas dactylus], the bivalve [Hiatella arctica] and worms [Polydora] spp. Beneath the kelp forest, a wide variety of foliose red seaweeds occur such as [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus], [Membranoptera alata] and [Halurus flosculosus]. Filamentous red seaweeds often present are [Polysiphonia fucoides] and [Ceramium nodulosum], while coralline crusts cover available rock surface. The bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] and the hydroid [Dynanema pumila] can form colonies on the kelp fronds, while the bryozoan [Electra pilosa] more often occur on the foliose red seaweeds. Empty piddock burrows are often colonised by the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] or in more shaded areas the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve]. The undersides of small chalk boulders are colonised by encrusting bryozoans, colonial ascidians and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros lamarcki]. The boulders and any crevices within the chalk provide a refuge for small crustaceans such as [Carcinus maenas], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] or the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The echinoderm [Asterias rubens] is present as well. Situation: This biotope occurs on moderately exposed soft rock where Ldig.Ldig would normally occur. Above it may lie a zone of [Fucus serratus] on similarly bored soft rock (Fser.Pid) or a variant of one of the [F. serratus] biotopes (Fser.R or Fser.Fser). Lower shore sites influenced by sand may have more [Mytilus edulis] beneath the seaweed canopy (MytFR) or the sand-binding red seaweed [Rhodothamniella floridula] (Rho). Below the Ldig.Pid biotope a variety of biotopes can occur such as LsacChoR on unstable infralittoral cobbles and boulders or even MCR.Pid in the turbid waters of south-east England where the kelp generally extends to less than 4m BCD. Temporal variation: The under-storey of f…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock

Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs
type: Concept
notation: A4.71
definition: Caves and overhanging rock in the circalittoral zone, away from significant influence of strong wave action (compare A3.71). This habitat may be colonised by a wide variety of species, with sponges such as [Dercitus bucklandi], anemones [Parazoanthus] spp. and the cup corals [Caryophyllia inornatus], [Hoplangia durotrix] and others particularly characteristic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of circalittoral rock
narrower: Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging circalittoral rock
narrower: Caves and overhangs with [Parazoanthus axinellae]
narrower: Caves and overhangs with [Corallium rubrum]
narrower: Caves and overhangs with [Leptopsammia pruvoti]
narrower: Caves and ducts in total darkness (including caves without light or water movement at upper levels)
narrower: Pontic semi-dark caves and overhangs

Caves and overhangs with [Parazoanthus axinellae]
type: Concept
notation: A4.712
definition: This facies, characterised by the colonial sea anemone [Parazoanthus axinellae], occurs on hard bottoms affected by very rough water and relatively dim light. Found attached to rocks and sponges in open coast rocky habitats, it is often observed on vertical faces or beneath overhangs, at 6-100m depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Caves and overhangs with [Corallium rubrum]
type: Concept
notation: A4.713
definition: This facies, characterised by the high presence of the cnidarian (red coral) [Corallium rubrum], occurs on walls of caves and/or cavities with coralligenous concretions and semi-dark overhangs. The vertical distribution of this facies occurs from 10 to 200 metres depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

[Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.212
definition: Wave exposed to moderately wave exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders with [Laminaria hyperborea], characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds including the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Epilithic seaweeds [Delesseria sanguinea], [Plocamium cartilagineum] [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Brongniartella byssoides] and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising the bryozoan [Electra pilosa], the sponge [Pachymatisma johnstonia], anthozoans such as [Alcyonium digitatum], [Sagartia elegans] and [Urticina felina], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] occur. More mobile species include the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the echinoderms [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus]. Two variants have been described: Tide-swept kelp forest (LhypT.Ft) and tide-swept kelp park (LhypT.Pk). Situation: This biotope occurs below [Alaria esculenta] (Ala) at exposed sites or [L. digitata] (Ldig.Ldig) at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (LhypT.Pk).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2121
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders, with dense [Laminaria hyperborea] forest, characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Callophyllis laciniata, Corallina officinalis, Cryptopleura ramosa, Membranoptera alata], and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and in the south-west [Distomus variolosus]. Epilithic seaweeds ([Dilsea carnosa], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum], [Brongniartella byssoides], and [Dictyota dichotoma] ) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising of the sponges [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis], anthozoans such as [Urticina felina], [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Caryophilia smithii], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], and the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria], occur. Also found on the rock is the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: This biotope occurs below [Alaria esculenta] (Ala) at exposed sites or [L. digitata] (Ldig.Ldig) at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (LhypT.Pk).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2122
definition: Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, strongly tide-swept, rock with [Laminaria hyperborea] park characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. The red seaweed [Heterosiphonia plumosa] can be present. The foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and coralline crust are often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a rich fauna comprising sponges ([Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Stelligera rigida], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis]), anthozoans ([Alcyonium digitatum] and [Caryophyllia smithii]), hydroids ([Aglaophenia pluma] and [Nemertesia antennina]), colonial ascidians ([Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Morchellium argus]) and bryozoans such as [Electra pilosa]. Both the flora and fauna of this biotope are similar to the wave exposed kelp park (LhypR.Pk), but LhypT.Pk has a greater faunal component including the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Necora puber]. Situation: This biotope generally occurs below a tide-swept [L. hyperborea] kelp forest (LhypT.Ft). As this biotope occurs over such a range of wave exposures a variety of circalittoral biotopes can occur beneath it: for example, Exposed, tide-swept rock (FaT) or moderately exposed tide-swept rock (EcCr).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock

Caves and overhangs with [Leptopsammia pruvoti]
type: Concept
notation: A4.714
definition: This facies with the madreporian (yellow coral) [Leptopsammia pruvoti] occurs on hard substrata at the entrance to caves and under overhangs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Caves and ducts in total darkness (including caves without light or water movement at upper levels)
type: Concept
notation: A4.715
definition: This habitat occurs in very large submerged cavities especially present in drowned karstic networks, isolated little cavities and microcavities in heaps of stones and within certain concretions. The caves in total darkness are enclaves of the aphotic area in the littoral area. These habitats present extremely original environmental conditions, close to those found on the continental slope. The two most important ecological factors are the absence of light, which rules out photosynthetic organisms, and the confined space.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Pontic semi-dark caves and overhangs
type: Concept
notation: A4.716
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Pontic large Hydrozoa and [Molgula manhattensis] on circalittoral steel wrecks
type: Concept
notation: A4.723
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fouling faunal communities

Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.73
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of circalittoral rock
narrower: Freshwater seeps in circalittoral rock
narrower: Oil seeps in circalittoral rock
narrower: Vents in circalittoral rock
narrower: Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral and circalittoral rock
narrower: Pontic methane seeps in infralittoral and circalittoral rock

Freshwater seeps in circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.731
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Oil seeps in circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.732
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Vents in circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.733
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral and circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.734
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Pontic methane seeps in infralittoral and circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.735
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Sublittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5
definition: Sediment habitats in the sublittoral near shore zone (i.e. covering the infralittoral and circalittoral zones), typically extending from the extreme lower shore down to the edge of the bathyal zone (200 m). Sediment ranges from boulders and cobbles, through pebbles and shingle, coarse sands, sands, fine sands, muds, and mixed sediments. Those communities found in or on sediment are described within this broad habitat type.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: Features of sublittoral sediments

[Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.213
definition: Wave-exposed through to wave-sheltered, tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata with [Laminaria hyperborea] forest/park and other kelp species such as [Laminaria saccharina]. The rich under-storey and stipe flora is characterised by foliose seaweeds including the brown algae [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Callophyllis laciniata] and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. Epilithic seaweeds such as [Desmerestia aculeata], [Odonthalia dentate], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Callophyllis laciniata], and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growths of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] occurs. More mobile species include the gastropods [Gibulla cineria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the echinoderms [Crossaster papposus], [Henricia oculata], [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus]. Two variants are described; tide-swept kelp forest on upper infralittoral mixed substrata (LhypTX.Ft) and tide-swept kelp park on lower infralittoral mixed substrata (LhypTX.Pk).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept upper infralittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept lower infralittoral mixed substrata

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept upper infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.2131
definition: Moderately wave-exposed to wave sheltered, tide-swept mixed substrata, with dense [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and sparser [Laminaria saccharina], characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Palmaria palmata] [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Membranoptera alata], and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and in the south-west [Distomus variolosus]. Epilithic seaweeds ([Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Odonthalia dentata, Dictyota dichotoma] and [Desmarestia aculeata]) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as [Urticina felina], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria], and the bryozoans [Electra pilosa] and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] occur. Also found on the rock are the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens and Ophiothrix fragilis], and the crabs [Cancer pagurus, Pagurus bernhardus] and [Necora puber].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

[Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept lower infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.2132
definition: Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, tide-swept, Infralittoral mixed substrata with [Laminaria hyperborea] park characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. Epilithic seaweeds ([Bonnemaisonia asparagoides], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Lomentaria orcadensis] and [Brongniartella byssoides]) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] is often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a fairly diverse fauna comprising sponges ([Scypha ciliate]), anthozoans ([Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii]), hydroids ([Tubularia indivisa], [Halecium halecinum], [Sertularia argentea] and [Nemertesia antennina]), colonial ascidians ([Botryllus schlosseri]) and bryozoans such as [Alcyonium diaphanum]. On the rock surface, the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may be found. A diverse range of echinoderms are also found in this biotope: [Crossaster papposus], [Henricia oculata], [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus] and [Ophiothrix fragilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

[Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.214
definition: Moderately exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a canopy of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] beneath which is an under-storey of foliose red seaweeds and coralline crusts. Some red seaweeds can be found as epiphytes on the kelp stipes and include [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Other red seaweeds present include the [Plocamium cartilagineum, Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa] and the brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Cutleria multifida]. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoans [Membranipora membranacea]. The echinoderm [Antedon bifida], the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina] can be found on the rock beneath the canopy. Mobile species often present include the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus] and [Asterias rubens]. Five variants has been described: Kelp forest (Lhyp.Ft), kelp park (Lhyp.Pk), grazed kelp forest (Lhyp.GzFt), grazed kelp park (Lhyp.GzPk) and kelp with [Sabellaria spinulosa] reefs (Lhyp.Sab). This suite of biotopes differs from the wave exposed [L. hyperborea] biotopes (KFaR) by having a lower diversity of cushion-forming faunal species. The foliose red seaweed component of the two suites of biotopes may also differ in composition with a tendency for Lhyp to include some more delicate filamentous species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock
narrower: Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa] with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock

Sublittoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.1
definition: Coarse sediments including coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, shingle and cobbles which are often unstable due to tidal currents and/or wave action. These habitats are generally found on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. They typically have a low silt content and a lack of a significant seaweed component. They are characterised by a robust fauna including venerid bivalves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Sublittoral coarse sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: Infralittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Circalittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment

Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.11
definition: Includes bare Baltic gravel and shell bottoms in the infralittoral photic zone and the aphotic zone
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Baltic gravel banks of the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
narrower: Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone

Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.111
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

Baltic gravel banks of the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.112
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2141
definition: Moderately exposed upper infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense forest of [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds beneath the canopy. These include [Callophyllis laciniata], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. Kelp stipes are usually covered in a rich mixture of red seaweeds of which [Palmaria palmata], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Membranoptera alata] are often present. Small kelp plants can also be found on the larger kelp stipes. Kelp fronds may be covered with a hydroid growth of [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoans [Membranipora membranacea] and [Electra pilosa]. The kelp holdfasts can be colonised by bryozoans [Scrupocellaria] spp. and/or crisiids and colonial ascidians such as [Botryllus schlosseri]. The rock surface between the kelp plants is generally covered by encrusting coralline algae, often with sponge crusts [Halichondria panicea]. Small vertical surfaces within the kelp forest generally lack kelp plants, instead being characterised by foliose red seaweeds such as [Dictyota dichotoma], the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and gastropods including [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria]. Many grazers are found in the kelp forest, the most commonly occurring being the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus]. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida] which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west. Situation: This biotope occurs over a wide geographic area and is generally found below the sublittoral fringe [Laminaria digitata] zone (Ldig) and above the [L. hyperborea] park (Lhyp.Pk). In the north, Shetland in particular, LsacSac can occur in the lower infralittoral; where grazing influence is present the abundance of red seaweeds may be much reduced (Lhyp.GzPk). In turbid wa…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2142
definition: Below the dense kelp forest (Lhyp.Ft) on moderately exposed lower infralittoral bedrock and boulders, the kelp thins out to form a park. Beneath the kelp, the rock and kelp stipes are covered by an often dense turf of foliose red seaweeds such as [Callophyllis laciniata], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Delesseria sanguinea, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Cryptopleura ramosa, Callophyllis laciniata] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Coralline crusts are often present on the rock surface. Many species of red seaweed found in this biotope occur at greater abundance in the shallower kelp forest. Other seaweeds, such as the red seaweeds [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] as well as the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] are more abundant in this zone than the upper infralittoral. The faunal component of this biotope is similar to that found below the kelp in the upper infralittoral zone and include the hydroid [Obelia geniculata], the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], the anthozoans [Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum] and [Caryophyllia smithii], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria]. The gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] can be found grazing on the rock. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida] which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west. Situation: This biotope generally occurs below [L. hyperborea] forest (Lhyp.Ft) and marks the lower limit of the infralittoral rock. Occasionally a narrow band of foliose seaweeds (FoR) may occur below the kelp park but generally circalittoral biotopes are found. Temporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. When grazing urchins (predominantly [E. esculentus]) reach a large number in the kelp park their voracious grazing can substantially alt…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.113
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.114
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.115
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

Sublittoral coarse sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.12
definition: Clean gravels that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is sufficiently strong to remove the silt content of the sediment. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by a sparse but very robust brackish-water tolerant fauna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Name generalised (Southampton workshop) to remove biogeographic specificity
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment

Infralittoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.13
definition: Moderately exposed habitats with coarse sand, gravelly sand, shingle and gravel in the infralittoral, are subject to disturbance by tidal steams and wave action. Such habitats found on the open coast or in tide-swept marine inlets are characterised by a robust fauna of infaunal polychaetes such as [Chaetozone setosa] and [Lanice conchilega], cumacean crustacea such as [Iphinoe trispinosa] and [Diastylis bradyi], and venerid bivalves. Habitats with the lancelet [Branchiostoma lanceolatum] may also occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Sparse fauna on highly mobile sublittoral shingle (cobbles and pebbles)
narrower: [Halcampa chrysanthellum] and [Edwardsia timida] on sublittoral clean stone gravel
narrower: [Moerella] spp. with venerid bivalves in infralittoral gravelly sand
narrower: [Hesionura elongata] and [Microphthalmus similis] with other interstitial polychaetes in infralittoral mobile coarse sand
narrower: [Glycera lapidum] in impoverished infralittoral mobile gravel and sand
narrower: Cumaceans and [Chaetozone setosa] in infralittoral gravelly sand
narrower: Dense [Lanice conchilega] and other polychaetes in tide-swept infralittoral sand and mixed gravelly sand
narrower: Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by waves
narrower: Facies with [Gouania wildenowi]
narrower: Greenland cockle [Serripes] in shallow coarse sand (influenced by warm low-salinity melt water) of the Arctic
narrower: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations
narrower: Pontic offshore infralittoral coarse sand banks
narrower: Pontic [Aonides ornatus], [Modiolus adriaticus] and [Gouldia minima] in coarse sand with shell gravel
narrower: Pontic [Branchiostoma lanceolatum], [Protodorvillea kefersteini] and [Ophelia limacina] in coarse sand with shell gravel
narrower: Pontic infralittoral wave-lashed fine gravels and coarse sands
narrower: Pontic infralittoral sheltered cobbles, pebbles and shelly gravels with encrusting spirorbid worms
narrower: Pontic scoured sublittoral cobbles and pebbles with sparse crustaceans
narrower: Pontic silted cobbles with [Balanus eburneus], ascidians, [Actinia aequina], [Mytilus galloprovincialis] and [Pisidia longicornis]

Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by waves
type: Concept
notation: A5.138
definition: This association occurs on coarse sands and fine gravels subjected to strong hydrodynamic action. Calcareous algae are attached to a small mineral or organic surface and then grow in successive layers to form rhodolithes of more or less nodulous shape and varying size.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check whether this is a biogenic structure
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Facies with [Gouania wildenowi]
type: Concept
notation: A5.139
definition: This facies is characterised by the abundance of the little clingfish [Gouania willdenovii] that live in shallow waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Greenland cockle [Serripes] in shallow coarse sand (influenced by warm low-salinity melt water) of the Arctic
type: Concept
notation: A5.13A
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop)
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Medium-coarse clean sands with [Donax trunculus] and sometimes [Donacilla cornea]
narrower: Medium-coarse clean sands with [Chamelea gallina]
narrower: Medium-coarse clean sands with [Anadara inaequivalvis]
narrower: Coarse sands with [Gouldia minima] and amphipods

Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2143
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed [Laminaria hyperborea] forest is in some areas intensely grazed by the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though encrusting algae cover the rock. In addition to these encrusting coralline algae, non-calcareous crusts such as [Cruoria pellita] and brown algal crusts also occur. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially [Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. The hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] colonise the kelp fronds. On the rock itself certain brown seaweeds such as [Cutleria multifida] may persist in this grazed environment. Fast-growing species such as the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may be present at sites recovering from grazing, opportunistically colonising the rock surfaces that have been cleared by grazing. The fauna within a grazed kelp forest is also relatively sparse and is mostly confined to cracks, crevices and under-boulders. Species such as the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] can often be found on vertical rock. Also found on the rock surface are the anthozoans [Urticina felina] and [Alcyonium digitatum]. Encrusting species such as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] are resistant to grazing and may occur in abundance. The grazers present include the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] and the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria]. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida] which can be abundant in the north-west. Moderate grazing occurs within many kelp forests; records should only be assigned to this biotope where the community has been intensively grazed leaving algal-encrusted…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2144
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed [Laminaria hyperborea] kelp park in some areas is intensively grazed by the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though coralline algal crusts and some grazing-resistant animals such as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] cover it. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially [Phycodrys rubens] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. Brown seaweeds present include [Cutleria multifida, Laminaria saccharina] and [Dictyota dichotoma]. The fauna within a grazed kelp park is also relatively sparse, though some species will survive in cracks and crevices or under boulders including the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis]. The encrusting bryozoan [Parasmittina trispinosa] and the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii] often characterise vertical or overhanging rock. Mobile species include the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] The echinoderms [Ophiocomina nigra], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Crossaster papposus], generally absent from the kelp forest, can be found in these kelp parks along with [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida]. Situation: This biotope generally occurs below a grazed kelp forest (Lhyp.GzFt) but can also occur below ungrazed kelp forests on exposed sites where wave action can dislodge urchins from shallow rock. The grazed circalittoral biotope FaAlCr often occurs on the bedrock or boulders below. Temporal variation: Fluctuations in the numbers of [E. esculentus] may give foliose seaweeds a chance to re-grow periodically. Further information is required on the temporal variation within these grazed kelp parks and the changes in community stru…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

Medium-coarse clean sands with [Donax trunculus] and sometimes [Donacilla cornea]
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B1
definition: Other species present in the biocenosis: [Ciclopa perinitea], [Nassarius nitidus], [Diogenus pugillatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations

Medium-coarse clean sands with [Chamelea gallina]
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B2
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations

Medium-coarse clean sands with [Anadara inaequivalvis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B3
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations

Coarse sands with [Gouldia minima] and amphipods
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B4
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Bacescu about Kaneva and Marinov
broader: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations

Pontic offshore infralittoral coarse sand banks
type: Concept
notation: A5.13C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic [Aonides ornatus], [Modiolus adriaticus] and [Gouldia minima] in coarse sand with shell gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.13D
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic [Branchiostoma lanceolatum], [Protodorvillea kefersteini] and [Ophelia limacina] in coarse sand with shell gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.13E
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic infralittoral wave-lashed fine gravels and coarse sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.13F
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic infralittoral sheltered cobbles, pebbles and shelly gravels with encrusting spirorbid worms
type: Concept
notation: A5.13G
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic scoured sublittoral cobbles and pebbles with sparse crustaceans
type: Concept
notation: A5.13H
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic silted cobbles with [Balanus eburneus], ascidians, [Actinia aequina], [Mytilus galloprovincialis] and [Pisidia longicornis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.13I
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Circalittoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.14
definition: Tide-swept circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. This habitat may be found in tidal channels of marine inlets, along exposed coasts and offshore. This habitat, as with shallower coarse sediments, may be characterised by robust infaunal polychaetes, mobile crustacea and bivalves. Certain species of sea cucumber (e.g. [Neopentadactyla]) may also be prevalent in these areas along with the lancelet [Branchiostoma lanceolatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: [Pomatoceros triqueter] with barnacles and bryozoan crusts on unstable circalittoral cobbles and pebbles
narrower: [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris] spp. and venerid bivalves in circalittoral coarse sand or gravel
narrower: [Protodorvillea kefersteini] and other polychaetes in impoverished circalittoral mixed gravelly sand
narrower: [Neopentadactyla mixta] in circalittoral shell gravel or coarse sand
narrower: [Branchiostoma lanceolatum] in circalittoral coarse sand with shell gravel
narrower: Scallops on shell gravel and sand with some sand scour

[Sabellaria spinulosa] with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2145
definition: [Laminaria hyperborea] kelp forest on shallow infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by encrustations of [Sabellaria spinulosa] tubes which cover much of the rock, together with sand-tolerant red seaweeds such as [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Dilsea carnosa] and [Polysiphonia elongata] and [Polysiphonia fucoides]. Red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Delesseria sanguinea] may also be found beneath the kelp canopy, although typically low in abundance. They can be colonised by the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. The cowrie [Trivia arctica] can also be found here. Much of the available rock is covered with encrusting coralline algae together with patches of the encrusting sponge [Halichondria panicea] and the anthozoan [Urticina felina]. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens, Henricia sanguinolenta, Echinus esculentus], and [Ophiothrix fragilis], the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus]. The scouring effect of mobile sand adjacent to the rock maintains a reduced underflora and fauna compared to the association of species found in non-scoured kelp forests (Lhyp.Ft). Scour-resistant fauna such as the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] can be locally abundant on the rock, while the bivalve [Pododesmus patelliformis] can be found seeking shelter underneath the cobbles. Above the effect of scour, kelp stipes may be densely colonised by red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Palmaria palmata] and [Membranoptera alata], together with some sponges and ascidians. Situation: This biotope is found in the sand-laden waters of north-east England in conditions in which [S. spinulosa] is able to thrive. Nearby circalittoral rock is often also dominated by [S. spinulosa] (Sspi) but lacks the kelp and red seaweeds. As this biotope is not commonly recorded in the UK there is a scarcity of information relating to the surrounding biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

Dense foliose red seaweeds on silty moderately exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.215
definition: Upward-facing surfaces of shallow, infralittoral bedrock and boulders in areas of turbid water dominated by dense red seaweeds, with the notable absence of kelp. The stable rock, which can be cobbles or boulders but is more typically bedrock, is usually silted. Individual species of foliose red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum] or [Calliblepharis ciliata] often dominate. Other red seaweeds likely to be present include [Phyllophora crispa], [Rhodymenia holmesii], [Halurus flosculosus], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and coralline crusts. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] is sometimes present, although never abundant. This biotope does not generally occur below kelp park but rather occurs on shallow, silted rock on which kelp would normally grow in less turbid conditions. The fauna can be variable but is generally typified by the presence of silt-tolerant animals such as encrusting sponges, particularly [Dysidea fragilis] and [Halichondria panicea], the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa], bryozoan crusts and scattered [Sabellaria spinulosa] and [Balanus crenatus]. In the summer months the seaweeds can become heavily encrusted with the bryozoan [Electra pilosa] and the ascidian [Molgula manhattensis] which can also form dense mats on the rock. The polychaete [Lanice conchilega] can be present, where sandy and muddy patches occur. Where this biotope occurs on chalk bedrock, such as off the Sussex coast, the piddock [Pholas dactylus] is often found bored into the rock. This biotope is recorded from the English Channel, off Kent, Sussex and the Isle of Wight. Please notice that individual sites of this biotope can vary significantly in the species composition. Situation: This biotope generally occurs on discrete bedrock outcrops surrounded by areas of mixed sediment or mobile sand. Off Sussex, it occurs on the horizontal chalk bedrock forming the tops of cliffs (2-3m in height). Temporal variation: The seaweeds die ba…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)

[Laminaria hyperborea] on moderately exposed vertical rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.216
definition: LhypVt is found on moderately exposed coasts in moderately strong to weak tidal streams generally in 0-20m water depth. It is characterised by the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea], the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] and crinoid [Antedon bifida]. This biotope is relatively species poor when compared to similar biotopes in more exposed environments e.g. LhypRVt. The urchin [Echinus esculentus] may be frequently observed grazing the vertical rock face. This biotope may have 2 sub-biotopes. One is characterised by the frequent occurrence of the sea squirt [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the red seaweeds [Phycodrys rubens] and [Cryptopleura ramosa]. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] may also be frequent in this sub-biotope. The second sub-biotope is more species poor than the previous one and is characterised by the common occurrence of [Alcyonium digitatum], which is only occasional in the other variant. Situation: Open rocky coasts in northern Britain, particularly North Sea coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)

Scallops on shell gravel and sand with some sand scour
type: Concept
notation: A5.146
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop): need to check name accurately reflects components of substrate (original wording was "Scallops on shelly gravel and sand with some sand scour")
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

[Hesionura elongata] and [Protodorvillea kefersteini] in offshore coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.152
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sand may support populations of the interstitial polychaete [Hesionura elongata] with [Protodorvillea kefersteini]. Other notable species include the phyllodocid polychaete [Protomystides limbata] and the bivalve [Moerella pygmaea]. This biotope was reported in the offshore northern North Sea by Eleftheriou and Basford (1989). Relatively little data exists for this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Group Iia Eleftheriou & Basford, 1989.
broader: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment

Pontic offshore shell gravel in strong currents
type: Concept
notation: A5.153
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Pontic offshore shell gravel with crustose corallines, sparse [Phyllophora crispa] and [Mytilus galloprovincialis]
narrower: Pontic offshore barren shell gravel with [Polydora ciliata]

Pontic offshore shell gravel with crustose corallines, sparse [Phyllophora crispa] and [Mytilus galloprovincialis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.1531
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic offshore shell gravel in strong currents

Pontic offshore barren shell gravel with [Polydora ciliata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.1532
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic offshore shell gravel in strong currents

Pontic very deep Wurmian shell gravel of the shelf margin
type: Concept
notation: A5.154
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment

Sublittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.2
definition: Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets. Such habitats are often subject to a degree of wave action or tidal currents which restrict the silt and clay content to less than 15%. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: Infralittoral fine sand
narrower: Infralittoral muddy sand
narrower: Circalittoral fine sand
narrower: Circalittoral muddy sand
narrower: Deep circalittoral sand
narrower: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.21
definition: Shallow sand and muddy sand in areas of low or reduced, although relatively stable salinity (may vary annually), with largely ephemeral faunal communities. The species are often similar to that found in A5.31 and are characterised by [Arenicola marina] with other species, including mysids, tubificoid and enchytraeid oligochaetes, [Corophium volutator], [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Hydrobia ulvae] and [Cerastoderma glaucum], which commonly occur in lagoons. Filamentous green algae such as [Chaetomorpha linum] may also be present. In some examples of this biotope the polychaete [Fabricia sabella] may be super-abundant and the isopod [Sphaeroma hookeri] common.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Baltic sand bars of the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: Baltic sand banks of the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: [Macoma balthica] in brackish environment (seasonally ice-covered)

Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions
type: Concept
notation: A3.22
definition: Sheltered infralittoral rock exposed to strong tidal streams. In the sublittoral fringe dense [Laminaria digitata] is found together with erect seaweeds, sponges, ascidians and bryozoans (A3.221). Below this, on bedrock and stable boulders a canopy of mixed kelp (primarily [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina]) occurs with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (A3.222). This biotope is typically found in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs. Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, that also occurs in the tidal rapids of Scottish sealochs, supports a reduced kelp canopy ([L. hyperborea] and [L. saccharina]; typically Frequent), with a rich red seaweed component and maerl at some sites (A3.223). In south-west Britain, sheltered, tide-swept rock is restricted to estuarine conditions where variable salinity and increased turbidity of the water have a significant effect on the biota, limiting the infralittoral zone to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by a relatively low abundance of [L. saccharina] (< Common) with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (A3.224). [L. hyperborea] is rarely present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria digitata], ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock
narrower: Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
narrower: Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and [Balanus crenatus] on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Halopteris filicina] with coralline crusts on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

[Laminaria digitata], ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.221
definition: Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to moderate to strong tidal water movement characterised by dense [Laminaria digitata], coralline crusts and sponges such as [Halichondria panicea]. Other seaweeds present include the foliose red [seaweeds Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] as well as the calcareous [Corallina officinalis]. Green seaweeds present include [Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora rupestris]. The increased water movement encourages several filter-feeding faunal groups to occur. The sponges [Leucosolenia] spp., [Scypha ciliata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] frequently occur on steep and overhanging rock faces. The bryozoans [Electra pilosa], [Membranoptera membranipora] and [Alcyonidium hirsutum] encrust the kelp and other foliose seaweeds. In addition, ascidians such as [Ascidiella scabra], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and colonial ascidians [Botryllus byssoides] and [Botryllus leachi] often thrive in this environment encrusting both the rock and the seaweeds. The tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be found on the rock and on the kelp holdfasts along with the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. More mobile species such as the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are also common. Areas where increased tidal movement influences this community can be found in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of sealochs. Situation: This biotope often occurs immediately below the tide-swept [Fucus serratus] biotope (SLR.Fserr.T) consequently, some [F. serratus] may occur in this biotope (typically only Occasional). The sublittoral fringe of similarly sheltered shores that are not tide-swept are generally characterised by mixed [Laminaria saccharina] and [L. digitata] (Lsac.Ldig) or [L. saccharina] (Lsac). Below LdigT, at these sheltered, tide-swept sites, a canopy of mixed kelp species often oc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.222
definition: Stable, tide-swept rock characterised by dense kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] and/or [Laminaria saccharina] forest on scoured, coralline-encrusted rock. This biotope occurs in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs, where there is an increase in tidal flow. Although [L. hyperborea] (typically Common) generally occurs in greater abundance than [L. saccharina] (Frequent), either kelp may dominate, sometimes to the exclusion of the other. (This biotope should not be confused with sheltered, but silted LhypLsac). Large stands of the brown seaweed [Halidrys siliquosa] may also occur amongst the kelp along with [Dictyota dichotoma] on bedrock and boulders. In contrast to the scoured rock surface the kelp stipes themselves often support prolific growths of foliose red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens, Membranoptera alata, Delesseria sanguinea] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. Other foliose seaweeds may be present among the kelp holdfasts include [Chondrus crispus] [and Dilsea carnosa]. The scoured rock surface is characterised by encrusting coralline algae, barnacles [Balanus crenatus] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The sponge [Halichondria panicea], anthozoans [Urticina felina, Anemonia viridis] and [Sagartia elegans] can also occur on the scoured rock. Sponges, particularly [Halichondria panicea] and colonial and solitary ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and [Ascidiella aspersa] encrust the stipes, whilst hydroid growth of [Obelia geniculata] and seamats [Membranoptera membranacea] can cover the fronds, optimising the increased tidal flow. Mobile species such as the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] can often be found on and around the kelp. The echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Echinus esculentus] can be found underneath the kelp canopy on the rock along with the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Where some protection is afforded from the scour anthozoans may occur on the rock such as [Alcyonium digitatum] or [Metridium se…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.211
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Baltic units are reduced/low salinity, not estuarine, and should be separated (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity

Baltic sand bars of the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.212
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Baltic units are reduced/low salinity, not estuarine, and should be separated (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity

Baltic sand banks of the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.213
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Baltic units are reduced/low salinity, not estuarine, and should be separated (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity

[Macoma balthica] in brackish environment (seasonally ice-covered)
type: Concept
notation: A5.214
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop)
broader: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity

Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.22
definition: Clean sands that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is moderately strong, allowing the sedimentation of sand but not the finer silt fraction. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by brackish-water tolerant fauna, particularly amphipods, polychaetes and mysid shrimps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Infralittoral mobile sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Macoma balthica] in variable salinity infralittoral mobile sand
narrower: [Neomysis integer] and [Gammarus] spp. in fluctuating low salinity infralittoral mobile sand
narrower: Pontic mobile sands of the Danube mouths

[Nephtys cirrosa] and [Macoma balthica] in variable salinity infralittoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.222
definition: Mobile sand in variable salinity conditions where tidal currents create an unstable shifting habitat. Characteristic species include the polychaetes [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Scoloplos armiger] along with amphipods of the genus [Bathyporeia] and [Haustorius arenarius]. The bivalve [Macoma balthica] may occur in more stable examples of this biotope, although not in the abundances found in the NhomMac. The biotope contains relatively few species, each typically in low to moderate abundance. It is found in tidal channels with moderate tidal streams. Care should be taken in identification of this biotope due to the presence juveniles and species washed in during slack water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)

Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids
type: Concept
notation: A3.223
definition: Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, typically found in tidal rapids with kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweeds. [L. saccharina] usually dominates this habitat although [L. hyperborea] may occur in equal abundance at some sites. The kelp in these tidal rapids does not form the same dense canopies associated with stable tide-swept bedrock, but generally occurs at lower abundance (Frequent). Other brown seaweeds occur in significant amounts in these tidal rapids including [Dictyota dichotoma], [Halidrys siliquosa] and [Chorda filum]. These mixed substrata support a greater diversity of species than scoured bedrock narrows (XKT). In particular, there is an increase in red algal species such as [Corallina officinalis, Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and [Ceramium nodulosum], although none occur in any great abundance. Red seaweeds common to both XKT and this biotope include [Chondrus crispus], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Good examples of this biotope often have maerl gravel ([Lithothamnion] sp.) or rhodoliths between cobbles and boulders. Where maerl dominates, the biotope should be recorded as a maerl bed (SS.SMP.Mrl). The sponges associated with more stable, tide-swept conditions are generally absent, but the anthozoan [Anemonia viridis] might be present. Cobbles and pebbles are encrusted by the ubiquitous polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and provide shelter for scavenging crabs such as [Carcinus maenas] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], gastropods such as [Gibbula cineraria] and echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiothrix fragilis] which favour these sites of increased water movement. Additional infaunal species, inhabiting the sediment pockets, include [Lanice conchilega] and [Sabella pavonina], which can be locally abundant. Situation: Where stable rock fringes the shallows the tide-swept [Laminaria digitata] biot…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

[Laminaria saccharina] with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.224
definition: Sheltered, tide-swept rock in south-western Britain tends to be restricted to estuarine conditions, where variable salinity and increased turbidity have a significant effect on the biota. Due to the turbidity of the water, the infralittoral zone is restricted to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, which support a mixed kelp canopy, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by [Laminaria saccharina] alone, occurring in relatively low abundance (Frequent). The brown alga [Desmarestia ligulata] can occur in this biotope, though never dense, along with the non-native brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum]. Beneath the sparse kelp, cobbles and boulders, often surrounded by sediment, are encrusted by fauna and often a dense turf of red seaweed. The foliose red seaweeds associated with this biotope include [Callophyllis laciniata], [Nitophyllum punctatum], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Gracilaria gracilis], [Gymnogongrus crenulatus], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Rhodophyllis divaricata], [Chylocladia verticillata], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Erythroglossum laciniatum] as well as the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum] and [Pterothamnion plumula]. Green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca], [Bryopsis plumosa] and [Cladophora] spp. may be locally abundant. The dominating faunal species vary from site to site but include sponges such as [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] as well as ascidians, particularly [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Morchellium argus], which can cover the rocks. Also present is the anthozoan [Anemonia viridis], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The hydroid [Plumularia setacea] can cover rocks and seaweed fronds Of the range of solitary ascidians found in the north-west, only [Ascidiella aspersa] tends also to be present in these south-western inlets. There is also a general absence of echinoderms. Where there is vertical rock present, it…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Pontic mobile sands of the Danube mouths
type: Concept
notation: A5.224
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)

Infralittoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.23
definition: Clean sands which occur in shallow water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by robust fauna, particularly amphipods ([Bathyporeia]) and robust polychaetes including [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Lanice conchilega].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Infralittoral mobile clean sand with sparse fauna
narrower: [Sertularia cupressina] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept sublittoral sand with cobbles or pebbles
narrower: [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Bathyporeia] spp. in infralittoral sand
narrower: Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in sublittoral sand
narrower: Mediterranean communities of fine sands in very shallow waters
narrower: Mediterranean communities of well sorted fine sands
narrower: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Mediterranean communities of fine sands in very shallow waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.235
definition: These assemblages occur in very shallow water with seabottoms characterised by fine sands, usually with homogenous granulometry and of terrigenous origin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Infralittoral fine sand
narrower: Facies with [Lentidium mediterraneum]

Facies with [Lentidium mediterraneum]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2351
definition: This facies is present in shallow water and is characterised by the mollusc bivalve [Lentidium mediterraneum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of fine sands in very shallow waters

Mediterranean communities of well sorted fine sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.236
definition: This biocenosis often occupies vast areas along low coasts and in the bottoms of wide bays at depths 2 - 25 metres.The characteristic species are pelecypod molluscs (e.g. [Donax venustus], [Tellina pulchella], [Tellina planata], [Cardium tuberculatum]), gastropods (e.g. [Nassa mutabilis] and [Neverita josephina]), crustaceans (e.g. [Crangon crangon] and [Iphinoe josephina]) and small fish (e.g. [Gobius microps], [Callionymus belenus], [Solea solea] and [Trachinus draco]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.237
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand
narrower: Pontic shallow fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Cerastoderma glaucum], [Cyclope neritea] and amphipod tubes
narrower: Pontic well sorted fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Mya arenaria], [Anadara inaequivalvis] and [Crangon crangon]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Donax venustus], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Lucinella divaricata]
narrower: Pontic shallow clean fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Divaricella divaricata]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Loripes lacteus], [Pestarella candida] and [Tellina tenuis ]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Lucinella divaricata], [Abra alba] and [Upogebia pusilla]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Arenicola marina]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Cyclope neritea] and [Nassarius nitidus]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Solen marginatus]
narrower: Pontic fine sand with [Anadara inequivalvis]
narrower: Pontic fine and muddy sands with [Mya arenaria]

Pontic shallow fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Cerastoderma glaucum], [Cyclope neritea] and amphipod tubes
type: Concept
notation: A5.2371
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and [Balanus crenatus] on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.225
definition: Tide-swept infralittoral rock subject to variable salinity and turbid waters occurs in the mid to upper reaches of the rias of south-west Britain, where riverine freshwater input reduces the salinity. Very shallow rock under these conditions is characterised by a covering of filamentous red seaweed such as [Callithamnion] spp., [Antithamnion] spp., [Ceramium] spp., [Griffithsia devoniensis], [Pterothamnion plumula] and [Polysiphonia fucoides], as well as the filamentous green seaweed [Cladophora] spp. Foliose red seaweeds such as [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Erythroglossum laciniatum] commonly occur, as does the foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca]. Although [Laminaria saccharina] is often present it is usually in very low abundance (Occasional). The fluctuating salinity limits the number of species able to exist in this habitat. The animal community is dominated by the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. The ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Dendrodoa grossularia] can be locally abundant at some sites. The crab [Carcinus maenas] is usually present, as is the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The bryozoan [Bugula plumosa] is sometimes present. Where vertical rock is present, the seaweeds [Ceramium nodulosum], [P. plumula], [C. ramosa], [H. hypoglossoides] and [E. laciniatum] are typically found. Situation: This biotope is usually found amidst sediment or rock and as such there is no defined zonation of the surrounding biotopes. Shallow sediments nearby may support seagrass beds ([Zostera] spp.) or infaunal-dominated sediments (SS.SCS.ICS). Nearby, deeper tide-swept rock may support circalittoral communities dominated by sponges, hydroids and ascidians on stable rock (CuSpH.As) or dense bryozoans on mixed substrata (SpNemAdia & FluHocu).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.241
definition: In the Black Sea this habitat is distributed across wide areas, in the mediolittoral as well as into the infralittoral, from the spray zone to 55 m, where the dominant species is the bivalve mollusc [Mytilus galloprovincialis], the most widespread mussel in the Black Sea (Zaitsev and Aleksandrov, 1998). The biocenosis consists of 105 animal species (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998) of which the most characteristic are: Polychaeta - [Nereis (Neanthes) succinea], [Nereis diversicolor], [Polydora ciliata limicola]; Mollusca - [Mytilus galloprovincialis], [Mytilaster lineatus]; Crustacea - [Balanus improvisus], [Jaera sarsi], [Stenothoe monoculoides], [Marinogammarus olivii], [Melita palmate], [Microdeutopus gryllotalpa], [Amphitoe viallanti], [Jassia ocia], [Erichthonius difformis] (Alexandrov, 2006). On the NW shelf the mass species are: [Mya arenaria], [Balanus improvisus], [Nereis succinea], [Prionopsio cirrifera]. On the Crimean shelf the mass species are:the mollusc, [Modiolus adriaticus], and the polychaete [Terebellides stroemi]. Along the Turkish coasts, the most encountered amphipod species are: [Jassa marmorata], [Hylae crassipes], [Ampithoe ramondi], [Corophium acherisicum], [Corophium acutum] (Sezgin et al., 2001). Ephemeral algae may cover Mytilus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.311
definition: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on upper infralittoral moderately exposed or sheltered rock is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Unlike [L. hyperborea], however, [L. ochroleuca] has a smooth stipe and it lacks the epiphytic growth of seaweeds. The bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] may encrust the very lower part of the stipe but the rest of the stipe is characteristically bare. The fronds too are generally free of encrusting hydroids, bryozoans and grazing gastropods as compared to [L. hyperborea]. [L. ochroleuca] holdfasts, however, are often encrusted with sponges and colonial ascidians. A large variety of foliose and filamentous red seaweeds are often present underneath the canopy. These include [Callophyllis laciniata], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Dilsea carnosa Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Erythroglossum laciniatum, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, Polyneura bonnemaisonii] and [Corallina officinalis]. The foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] is frequently found in this biotope along with the occasional kelp such as [Saccorhiza polyschides] and [Laminaria saccharina]. The faunal composition of the biotope as a whole is often sparse. The anthozoans [Corynactis viridis] and [Caryophyllia smithii] are common on vertical surfaces with scattered bryozoan turf species such as Crisiidae. Grazers such as the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] are often present. [L. ochroleuca] occurs across a wide range of wave exposures (in common with [L. hyperborea]) and consequently it occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) that occur in the South-West between Dorset to Lundy. In such cases, records should be considered as regional variations of the usual kelp biotopes. Records should only be assigned to this biotope when the canopy is dominated by [L. ochroleuca] alone, or by a mixture of both [L. hyperbor…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity

Pontic well sorted fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Mya arenaria], [Anadara inaequivalvis] and [Crangon crangon]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2372
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Donax venustus], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Lucinella divaricata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2373
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic shallow clean fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Divaricella divaricata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2374
definition: This is a facies of the Pontic well sorted infralittoral fine sands. The [Chamelea gallina] community characterised by the dominant species - [Neanthes succinea], [Spio filicornis], [Mohrensternia lineolata], occurred in Karkinitska Bay (Sinegub 2006). Since 2005 this mollusc (with [Neanthes succinea], [Polydora ciliata], [Heteromastus filiformis], [Melinna palmata], [Balanus improvisus]) has formed a community in the Odessa region (Sinegub unpubl). This habitat has been commercially exploited in Turkey between 1985-2000.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.312
definition: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on bedrock and boulders in sheltered infralittoral habitats. Typically subject to weak tidal streams and rather silty conditions. Beneath the kelp is an associated under-storey flora of foliose red seaweeds including [Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Callophyllis laciniata] as well as the brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma], [Cutleria multifida] and [Desmarestia aculeata]. The stipes of [L. hyperborea] may be densely covered with red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens] and [Delesseria sanguinea] as well as the solitary ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. The fronds are often epiphytised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests, dominated by the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus] and [Asterias rubens], but the tops shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] can be common as well. The crab [Necora puber] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] can be found in cracks and crevices, while the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and coralline crusts are present on the rock surface. Although there is a reduced number of species by comparison to the more exposed [L. hyperborea] forests (Lhyp.Ft), there are considerably more algae species than occur in the more sheltered [L. saccharina] forests (Lsac.Ft). This biotope is predominately found in the shelter of fjordic sealochs in Scotland. Where it does occur in south-west Britain the mixed kelp forest may also include the southern kelp [Laminaria ochroleuca]. Three variants has been described: The kelp forest in the upper infralittoral (LhypLsac.Ft), grading to a kelp park with increasing depth (LhypLsac.Pk) as well as a grazed variant (LhypLsac.Gz).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Grazed, mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3121
definition: Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Cryptopleura ramosa] occur on top of encrusting coralline algae. Often, a dense algal turf of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] (tetrasporophyte) carpets the rock. The stipes of [L. hyperborea] may be densely covered with seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Porphyropsis coccinea]. There can also be a prominent faunal component on the stipes including the solitary ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the colonial ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Brown seaweeds, occurring here in low abundance, include [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp [Saccorhiza polyschides] may also occur but rarely in equal abundance to [L. hyperborea] or [L. saccharina]. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests (Lhyp). The silted rock supports a sparse fauna of gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and occasional starfish [Asterias rubens] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Steeper, less silted rock, may have the anthozoans [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Alcyonium digitatum].Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as [Deless…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock

Pontic fine sands with [Loripes lacteus], [Pestarella candida] and [Tellina tenuis ]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2375
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Lucinella divaricata], [Abra alba] and [Upogebia pusilla]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2376
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Arenicola marina]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2377
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Cyclope neritea] and [Nassarius nitidus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2378
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Solen marginatus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2379
definition: This habitat is found in or around [Zostera] meadows when the latter is sparse.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sand with [Anadara inequivalvis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.237A
definition: This facies was found out in Zhebriyanska Bay (1992-2002) and is considered a habitat that is vulnerable to pollution.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Infralittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.24
definition: Non-cohesive muddy sand (with 5% to 20% silt/clay) in the infralittoral zone, extending from the extreme lower shore down to more stable circalittoral zone at about 15-20 m. The habitat supports a variety of animal-dominated communities, particularly polychaetes ([Magelona mirabilis], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Chaetozone setosa]), bivalves ([Fabulina fibula] and [Chamelea gallina]) and the urchin [Echinocardium cordatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: [Echinocardium cordatum] and [Ensis] spp. in lower shore and shallow sublittoral slightly muddy fine sand
narrower: [Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] with venerid bivalves and amphipods in infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand
narrower: [Arenicola marina] in infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand
narrower: [Spisula subtruncata] and [Nephtys hombergii] in shallow muddy sand
narrower: [Turritella] in muddy sands
narrower: [Ervillia castanea] beds in infralittoral sand
narrower: Pontic thalassinid-dominated muddy sands with [Upogebia pusilla]
narrower: Pontic muddy sands with [Mya arenaria] and [Anadara inaequivalvis]

[Turritella] in muddy sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.245
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs checking.
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

[Ervillia castanea] beds in infralittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.246
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3122
definition: Sheltered silted, bedrock and boulders with a park of mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina]. Both kelp species are sparse in the park (Frequent). Beneath the often 'cape-form' kelp canopy, foliose red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa], [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and [Brongniartella byssoides] are often present at high densities on the silted rock. Other red seaweeds such as encrusting coralline algae, [Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Plocamium cartilagineum] can be present. Other brown seaweeds include [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Desmarestia aculeata]. The animal component of this biotope is generally richer than the upper infralittoral mixed kelp forest (LhypLsac.Ft). A variety of hydroids such as [Obelia geniculata] grow epiphytically on the kelp fronds along with the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. The echinoderm [Antedon bifida] and ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] attach to the kelp stipes, above the silted rock. The rock itself supports anthozoans such as [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Urticina felina] as well as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the crap [Necora puber]. Grazers include the prominent echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. Where pockets of sediment occur, there may be an increase in infaunal species such as the burrowing anthozoan [Cerianthus lloydii], the brittlestar [Ophiura albida], and starfish [Asterias rubens]. Although there is a decrease in the number of algal species in the kelp park, the abundance remains relatively high. Situation: These mixed kelp parks are generally found below the mixed kelp forest (LhypLsac.Ft) where there is a continuation of suitable hard substrata present. These sheltered kelps are also frequently found on bedrock or boulder exposures (XFa) adjacent to sediment seabed characterised by infaunal species. Where silted, circalittoral ro…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock

Grazed, mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3123
definition: Silted infralittoral rock with mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] kelp forest, intensively grazed by the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. Although both kelp species can occur in equal abundance (Common), [L. hyperborea] usually dominates. The grazing-resistant brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata] and [Cutleria multifida] may be present. A similar variety of red seaweeds to those found in the ungrazed kelp forest (LhypLsac.Ft) may occur beneath the kelp canopy, but in much lower abundance. As grazing intensity increases the seaweed cover decreases - and some sites are reduced to the bare appearance of encrusting brown and coralline algae beneath the kelp canopy. The [L. hyperborea] stipes generally support more seaweeds than the rock beneath, including [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Bonnemaisonia hamifera]. The stipes may also support sometimes dense ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis] and the echinoderm [Antedon bifida]. The kelp fronds are often densely covered by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata]. At the most intensively grazed sites even the kelp stipes are bare. Although the rock appears bare, between boulders and in crevices there are often the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the crabs [Necora puber] and [Pagurus bernhardus]. The tube-building [Pomatoceros triqueter] and bryozoan crusts are commonly found on any vertical surfaces. Situation: This biotope can be found in similar conditions as LhypLsac.Ft and LhypLsac.Pk but where the numbers of grazers present are in high enough numbers to cause substantially community impoverishment through grazing. Generally occurs on isolated rock, surrounded by sediment biotopes. Although it has been recorded from sites astride the ungrazed kelp biotopes (LhypLsac.Ft and LhypLsac.Pk) it is more usually found on bedrock or boulder exposures (XFa) adjacent to sediment seab…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock

[Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.313
definition: Very sheltered infralittoral rock dominated by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. Typically very silty and often with few associated seaweeds due to siltation, grazing or shading from the dense kelp canopy. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens, Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and coralline crusts. In addition to the kelp the brown seaweed [Chorda filum] and Ectocarpaceae are often present. As well as lacking [Laminaria hyperborea], the Lsac biotopes have fewer foliose and filamentous red seaweed species by comparison to LhypLsac biotopes. A depauperate assemblage of animals is present (by comparison to Lhyp.Ft and Lhyp.Pk) predominantly consisting of the encrusting polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Pagurus bernhardus] and the ubiquitous gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. The echinoderms [Antedon bifida], starfish [Asterias rubens], brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and urchin [Echinus esculentus] occur in low abundance. Ascidians are commonly found in all the Lsac biotopes, but the large solitary ascidian [Ascidia mentula] are most prolific in very sheltered conditions of [L. saccharina] forests (Lsac.Ft). This biotope is most commonly associated with the sheltered fjordic sealochs of Scotland where sublittoral hard substrata can be found at the sheltered head of the lochs. Similarly the sheltered loughs of Ireland (Lough Hyne, Strangford Lough and Carlingford Lough). It is also found where suitable hard substrata exist in the sheltered inlets of south-west Britain, such as Milford Haven or Plymouth Sound. 4 variants has been described: A mixture of [L. saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] (Lsac.Ldig), dense [L. saccharina] forest in the upper infralittoral (Lsac.Ft), sparse [L. saccharina] in the lower infralittoral (Lsac.Pk) and urchin-grazed (Lsac.Gz).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Grazed [Laminaria saccharina] with [Echinus], brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock

Pontic thalassinid-dominated muddy sands with [Upogebia pusilla]
type: Concept
notation: A5.247
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

Pontic muddy sands with [Mya arenaria] and [Anadara inaequivalvis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.248
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

Circalittoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.25
definition: Clean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay in deeper water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m. The habitat may also extend offshore and is characterised by a wide range of echinoderms (in some areas including the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus]), polychaetes and bivalves. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: [Echinocyamus pusillus], [Ophelia borealis] and [Abra prismatica] in circalittoral fine sand
narrower: [Abra prismatica], [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand
narrower: Medium to very fine sand, 100-120 m, with polychaetes [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Amphipectene auricoma], [Myriochele] sp., [Aricidea wassi] and amphipods [Harpinia antennaria]

[Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3131
definition: Sheltered bedrock and boulders in the sublittoral fringe characterised by a mixed canopy of the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (usually in its broad-fronded cape-form) and [Laminaria saccharina] - both species are generally Frequent or greater. Beneath the kelp canopy, the understorey of red seaweeds often includes [Chondrus crispus, Dumontia contorta, Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. The surface of the rock is usually covered with encrusting coralline algae as well as non-calcified red crusts and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The brown seaweeds [Chorda filum], Ectocarpaceae and [Fucus serratus] can be present along with the green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Patches of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] can frequently be found in cracks and crevices. Beneath and between boulders a variety of mobile crustaceans such as [Carcinus maenas], the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are common. Situation: Where hard substrata occur on the shore, this biotope will be found below the [F. serratus] zone (Fser.Fser, Fser or FserX on mixed substrata). With such sheltered shores, the transition between sublittoral fringe and the true sublittoral zone may not be distinct; this biotope therefore extends into the shallow sublittoral kelp forest below (LhypLsac.Ft, Lsac.Ft or LhypCape).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock

[Laminaria saccharina] forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3132
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered sublittoral fringe and infralittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles characterised by a dense canopy of the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. In such sheltered conditions, a distinct sublittoral fringe is not always apparent and this biotope can therefore extend from below the [Fucus serratus] zone (Fserr) into the upper infralittoral zone, though there may be a mixed [L. saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] zone (Lsac.Ldig) in between. There is a relatively low species diversity and species density due to a combination of heavy siltation of the habitat and the lack of light penetrating through the dense kelp canopy. Only a few species of red seaweeds are present compared with Lsac.Ldig or LhypLsac. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens], [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and coralline crusts. Brown seaweeds are also sparse and generally comprise [Chorda filum] and ectocarpoids. At extremely sheltered sites, where there is a heavy silt cover on the rock and the kelp fronds, the sub-flora is reduced to a few specialised species able to tolerate these conditions, such as the cartilaginous seaweeds [Polyides rotundus] and [Chondrus crispus]. Ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ascidiella aspersa] and [Ascidia mentula] can remain prominent in such conditions, often occurring on steep or vertical rock which is subject to less siltation. The variety of red seaweeds is further reduced where grazers such as the urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] are present. The keelworm [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] can be present. Geographical variations: Northern sites: in sheltered sealochs the most conspicuous fauna in these forests are the large solitary ascidians [Ciona intestinalis], [Ascidiella] spp. and [A. mentula] which tend to occur in greater abundance than in the mixed kelp forests (LhypLsac). In common with m…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock

[Echinocyamus pusillus], [Ophelia borealis] and [Abra prismatica] in circalittoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.251
definition: Circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sand (from 40m to 140m) characterised by the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus], the polychaete [Ophelia borealis] and the bivalve [Abra prismatica]. Other species may include the polychaetes [Spiophanes bombyx], [Pholoe] sp., [Exogone] spp., [Sphaerosyllis bulbosa], [Goniada maculata], [Chaetozone setosa], [Owenia fusiformis], [Glycera lapidum], [Lumbrineris latreilli] and [Aricidea cerrutii] and the bivalves [Thracia phaseolina] and [Moerella pygmaea] and to a lesser extent [Spisula elliptica] and [Timoclea ovata]. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine sand

Medium to very fine sand, 100-120 m, with polychaetes [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Amphipectene auricoma], [Myriochele] sp., [Aricidea wassi] and amphipods [Harpinia antennaria]
type: Concept
notation: A5.253
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Group Iib of Eleftheriou & Basford, 1989.
broader: Circalittoral fine sand

Circalittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.26
definition: Circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20%. This habitat is generally found in water depths of over 15-20 m and supports animal-dominated communities characterised by a wide variety of polychaetes, bivalves such as [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa], and echinoderms such as [Amphiura] spp and [Ophiura] spp., and [Astropecten irregularis]. These circalittoral habitats tend to be more stable than their infralittoral counterparts and as such support a richer infaunal community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa] in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment
narrower: [Amphiura brachiata] with [Astropecten irregularis] and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand
narrower: Pontic muddy sands with [Spisula subtruncata], [Abra alba], [Parvicardium exiguum] and [Cerastoderma glaucum]
narrower: Pontic muddy sands with [Paphia aurea] and [Spisula subtruncata]
narrower: Pontic upper circalittoral mud with [Spisula subtruncata] and [Aricidea claudiae]

[Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa] in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.261
definition: Non-cohesive muddy sands or slightly shelly/gravelly muddy sand characterised by the bivalves [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa]. Other important taxa include [Nephtys] spp., [Chaetozone setosa] and [Spiophanes bombyx] with [Fabulina fabula] also common in many areas. The echinoderms [Ophiura albida] and [Asterias rubens] may also be present. The epibiotic biotope EcorEns may overlap this biotope. This biotope is part of the [Abra] community defined by Thorson (1957) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

[Laminaria saccharina] park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3133
definition: Silty bedrock or boulders with a [Laminaria saccharina] park (often the cape-form). Beneath the canopy, the rock is covered by encrusting coralline algae, and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] is often present. Due to the amount of silt cover on the rock and the reduced light intensity beneath the broad-fronded kelp, only a few red seaweeds typically survive, the most common species being [Phycodrys rubens], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Bonnemaisonia] spp. and [Brongniartella byssoides]. The brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Cutleria multifida] may be present in low abundance. Compared to the kelp forest zone above (Lsac.Ft) both the kelp and other seaweeds are sparse (Occasional). The most conspicuous animals are large solitary ascidians, particularly [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], together with the smaller [Clavelina lepadiformis]. In general, the faunal component of this biotope is similar to other sheltered kelp biotopes and includes a variety of mobile crustaceans such [Carcinus maenas] and [Pagurus bernhardus], the keelworm [Pomatoceros] spp., terebellid worms, echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. The hydroid [Kirchenpauria pinnata], although only rare is often found in the kelp park along with the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. Situation: [L. saccharina] park can be found below a similar forest (Lsac.Ft) where suitable hard substrata exist or on isolated rock exposures surrounded by sediment communities. It may also occur below a zone of mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [L. saccharina] forest (LhypLsac). [L. saccharina] can also form a band below [L. hyperborea] forest (Lhyp.Ft) where some shelter from wave-action is afforded with depth ([L. saccharina] is not tolerant of surge), or more likely where [L. hyperborea] has been grazed out (below Lhyp.GzFt) since [L. saccharina] grows far quicker than [L. hyperborea]. Where such a narrow band occurs it is gener…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock

Grazed [Laminaria saccharina] with [Echinus], brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3134
definition: Coralline encrusted rock with scattered tufts of red seaweed and a relatively high abundance of grazing echinoderms which typically include the urchin [Echinus esculentus] and/or the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] or [Ophiocomina nigra]. The rock often looks bare, with few conspicuous species present although [Laminaria saccharina] may occur it is generally in low abundance (Rare or Occasional). The red seaweeds, reduced to small tufts through grazing, include [Phycodrys rubens], [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Brongniartella byssoides] and although these seaweeds also occur in Lsac.Pk they are far less frequent in this biotope. Brown seaweeds, such as [Desmarestia viridis], [Chorda filum] and [Cutleria multifida], may be present. Grazing molluscs, such as [Gibbula cineraria] and can be common. Under-boulder habitats can harbour the crabs Necora puber and [Pagurus bernhardus], terebellid polychaetes and the polychaete [Pomatoceros] spp. with ascidians [Ascidia mentula]. and [Clavelina lepadiformis] on the open rock along with the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the hydroids [Kirchenpauria pinnata] and [Obelia dichotoma]. Situation: This biotope generally occurs on rock below a dense kelp forest of [L. saccharina] (Lsac.Ft) or mixed kelp (LhypLsac.Ft). Temporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) a richer kelp community may develop (Lsac.Pk or LhypLsac.Pk).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock

Silted cape-form [Laminaria hyperborea] on very sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.314
definition: Cape-form of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] on very silted rock, particularly in extremely sheltered sealochs of western Scotland. Below the huge kelp fronds (which often trail onto the seabed) foliose seaweeds form a silted understorey on the rock including [Phycodrys rubens, Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Plocamium cartilagineum] as well as coralline crusts. At some sites the filamentous red seaweed [Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Heterosiphonia plumosa] and [Brongniartella byssoides] may carpet the seabed. Ascidians, particularly [Ascidiella aspersa], [Ascidia mentula, Ciona intestinalis] and [Clavelina lepadiformis] thrive well in these conditions. The echinoderms [Antedon bifida, Echinus esculentus] and [Asterias rubens] are often present along with the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. An abundant growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] can cover the silted kelp fronds along with the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. The anthozoan [Caryophyllia smithii] can be present among the kelp holdfasts. The tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be present on the rock surface along with the crab [Necora puber]. This biotope generally occurs on shallow bedrock or boulder slopes or isolated rocks protruding through muddy sediment. Situation: This biotope is often present on rocky outcrops surrounded by muddy sediments (such as VirOphPmax). Deeper, nearby rock, beyond the limit of foliose seaweeds, is often dominated by solitary ascidians (AmenCio).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity

Pontic muddy sands with [Spisula subtruncata], [Abra alba], [Parvicardium exiguum] and [Cerastoderma glaucum]
type: Concept
notation: A5.263
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

Pontic muddy sands with [Paphia aurea] and [Spisula subtruncata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.264
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

Pontic upper circalittoral mud with [Spisula subtruncata] and [Aricidea claudiae]
type: Concept
notation: A5.265
definition: This type of habitat occurs in the Black Sea around mussel bed patches. The distinguishing species are [Aricidea claudiae] and [Spisula subtruncata]. In general the community is characterised by the extremely high abundance of polychaetes such as [Aricidea claudiae], [Melinna palmata] and [Heteromastus filiformis]. Todorova & Konsulova (2003) state that this community has equivalents to Marinov's (1990) traditional classification of the [Melinna palmata] coastal mud community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

Deep circalittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.27
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Maldanid polychaetes and [Eudorellopsis deformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand
narrower: [Owenia fusiformis] and [Amphiura filiformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand
narrower: Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone

Maldanid polychaetes and [Eudorellopsis deformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.271
definition: In deep offshore sand or non-cohesive muddy sand dense populations of maldanid polychaetes such as [Maldane sarsi] and the cumacean [Eudorellopsis deformis] may be found. Accompanying these species are abundant ophiuroids including [Amphiura filiformis], polychaetes such as Terebellidae sp., [Chaetozone setosa], [Levinsenia gracilis], [Scoloplos armiger], the amphipod [Harpinia antennaria] and the bivalves [Nuculoma tenuis] and [Parvicardium minimum]. This biotope is similar to the [Maldane sarsi]-[Ophiura sarsi] community defined by Glemarec (1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral sand

[Sargassum muticum] on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.315
definition: Mixed substrata from the sublittoral fringe to 5m below chart datum dominated by the brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum]. This invasive non-native brown seaweed can form a dense canopy on areas of mixed substrata (typically 0-10% bedrock on 90-100% sandy sediment). The substrate on which this [S. muticum]-dominated community is able to develop is highly variable, but particularly prevalent on broken rock and pebbles anchored in sandy sediment. The pebbles, cobbles and broken bedrock provide a substrate for alga such as the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. During the spring, [S. muticum] has large quantities of epiphytic ectocarpales and may also support some epifauna e.g. the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] commonly found on kelp. The brown seaweed [Chorda filum], which thrives well on these mixed substrata, is also commonly found with [S. muticum] during the summer months. In Strangford Lough, where this biotope occurs, the amphipod [Dexamine spinosa] has been recorded to dominate the epiphytic fauna (this is known to be commonly found in [Zostera] spp. beds). [S. muticum] is also found on hard, bedrock substrates within [L. saccharina] canopies. [S. muticum] plants on hard substrate area, under a dense [L. saccharina] canopy, are typically smaller and at a much lower density, especially where a lush, under-storey exists with red seaweeds such as [Ceramium nodolosum, Gracilaria gracilis, Chylocladia verticillata, Pterosiphonia plumula] and [Polysiphonia elongata] and the green seaweeds [Cladophora sp., Ulva lactuca] and [Bryopsis plumosa]. The anthozoan [Anemonia viridis] and the crab [Necora puber] can be present. More information is necessary to validate this description. Situation: Where there is a greater proportion of bedrock or boulders (15-100%) [L. saccharina] will typically dominate the canopy. Areas with pebble cover on a hard substrate are colonised by [S. muticum], but individuals quickly become peripatetic and are lost.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity

Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.32
definition: Very wave-sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to only weak tidal streams in the sublittoral fringe and infralittoral zone, in areas of variable/reduced salinity. This habitat type is characterised by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and coralline crusts such as [Lithothamnion glaciale]. Grazers such as the urchins [Psammechinus miliaris] and [Echinus esculentus], and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Buccinum undatum] may be present. The tube-dwelling polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the ascidians [Ciona intestinalis], [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidiella scabra], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] may also be present. Red algal communities are composed primarily of [Phycodrys rubens]. The crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Pagurus bernhardus], and the bivalve [Modiolus modiolus] may also be observed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Codium] spp. with red seaweeds and sparse [Laminaria saccharina] on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and [Psammechinus miliaris] on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] with [Phyllophora] spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

[Codium] spp. with red seaweeds and sparse [Laminaria saccharina] on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.321
definition: Very shallow, heavily-silted infralittoral rock characterised by dense stands of [Codium] spp., together with silt-tolerant red seaweeds, the green seaweed [Ulva] spp. and often only a sparse covering of the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. This biotope appears to have a restricted distribution, being known at present only from the sheltered voes of Shetland, some Scottish lagoons and from the harbours of south-west England. These locations suggest the habitat is likely to be subject to reduced salinity conditions (although the habitat data indicate mostly fully marine records). Dense [Codium] spp. can occur at very sheltered sites, on cobbles or boulders, often in dense patches interspersed with filamentous red seaweeds [Bonnemaisonia hamifera], [Antithamnionella spirographidis] and [Ceramium] spp. Where sediment is present the red seaweed [Polyides rotundus] is commonly found along the rock-sediment interface, and the sponge [Dysidea fragilis] often occurs on the rock. Other red seaweeds that may be present include [Chondrus crispus], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Gelidium latifolium], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. The brown seaweeds [Halidrys siliquosa], [Desmarestia viridis] or [Chorda filum] may be present in high abundance and although kelp [L. saccharina] may occur, it is usually sparse. There are no conspicuous fauna that typify this biotope, though polychaetes such as terebellids and spirorbids may occur. The opisthobranch [Elysia viridis] may be locally abundant on the seaweeds and is known to favour [Codium fragilis] in particular. Large stands of [Codium] sp. (generally Common abundance) are accompanied by red seaweeds such as [G. latifolium], [C. laciniata] and [A. spirographidis] on the rock beneath. Cod has been reported to occur in the shallows of The Fleet, Bembridge Ledges, Pagham Harbour and Jersey (Tittley et al. 1985). In Ireland, species-poor shallow, silted bedrock in the North Water of Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, is characterised by [Gr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock

Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.273
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep circalittoral sand

Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.28
definition: These habitats are located in protected coves, in sheltered environments, where a substrate consisting of a muddy-sandy sediment, sometimes mixed with a small amount of gravel, occurs. Depth is mostly around 1 metre, rarely more than 3 metres. These shallow areas are characterised by very variable environmental conditions and may present facies with epiflora or major developments of filtering or burrowing species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check for overlap with BioMar or HELCOM units, and whether this unit should be grouped in A4.2 (sublittoral sands and muddy sands). There is overlap with both BioMar's IMU and CMU types (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Facies with [Callianassa tyrrhena] and [Kellia corbuloides]
narrower: Facies with fresh water resurgences with [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata]
narrower: Facies with [Loripes lacteus], [Tapes] spp.
narrower: Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
narrower: Facies of hydrothermal oozes with [Cyclope neritea] and nematodes

Facies with [Callianassa tyrrhena] and [Kellia corbuloides]
type: Concept
notation: A5.281
definition: This facies of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters is characterised by the dominance of the ghost shrimp [Callianassa tyrrhena] and the bivalve mollusc [Kellia corbuloides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Facies with fresh water resurgences with [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.282
definition: This facies, typical of fresh water springs, is characterised by the bivalve mulluscs [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Facies with [Loripes lacteus], [Tapes] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A5.283
definition: This facies is characterised by the bivalve molluscs [Loripes lacteus] and [Tapes] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.284
definition: This facies is characterised by the green alga [Caulerpa prolifera] and is present in the warmest areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

[Laminaria saccharina] and [Psammechinus miliaris] on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.322
definition: Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles, in areas of reduced salinity, with kelp [Laminaria saccharina], and depauperate coralline-encrusted rock supporting few foliose seaweeds but many grazing urchins [Psammechinus miliaris] and [Echinus esculentus]. The coralline crusts are typically [Lithothamnion glaciale], while the brown crusts can be [Pseudolithoderma extensum]. Encrusting polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter], resistant to the grazing, are also present on most of the rock. The grazing fauna are a significant component of this biotope; large numbers of [P. miliaris] are typically present, although where absent the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] may occur. Other grazers prevalent on the rock include the chiton [Tonicella marmorea], the limpet [Tectura testudinalis] and the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. A combination of grazing pressure and lowered salinity maintains a low diversity of species in this biotope, with foliose and filamentous seaweeds generally absent or reduced to small tufts by grazing. In stark contrast to the range of seaweeds present in the [L. saccharina] forests (Lsac.Ft) the only red seaweed consistently found in this biotope is [Phycodrys rubens]. The range of fauna is similarly low, with a conspicuous absence of hydroids and bryozoans. Bedrock and boulders provide a firm substrate on which ascidians [Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula] and the bivalve [Modiolus modiolus] can attach. The crabs [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Carcinus maenas] can usually be found here, though [Necora puber] typically is absent due to the brackish conditions. The starfish [Asterias rubens] along with the whelk [Buccinum undatum] can be present. The substratum on which this biotope occurs varies from bedrock to boulders or cobbles on sediment. The kelp band is relatively narrow and shallow (upper 5 m) compared to Lsac.Ft, although the grazed coralline encrusted rock extends deeper. This depth limit becomes shallower towards the heads of the sealochs. Geogr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock

[Laminaria saccharina] with [Phyllophora] spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.323
definition: Shallow infralittoral bedrock or boulder slopes, in reduced or low salinity conditions, characterised by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] with dense stands of silted filamentous green seaweeds and red seaweeds [Phyllophora crispa], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides] and [Phycodrys rubens]. The filamentous green seaweeds e.g. [Chaetomorpha melagonium] and [Cladophora] spp. can form a blanket cover amongst the [L. saccharina] in the upper zone, which is under greater influence of freshwater input. In deeper water the green seaweeds are replaced by red seaweed [Phyllophora] spp. or [Polysiphonia fucoides] which may form a distinct sub-zone in the biotope. Coralline crust can be present. The solitary ascidians [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidiella scabra] are often epiphytic on the seaweed (particularly [Phyllophora] spp.) and dominate the animal community along with the starfish [Asterias rubens]. The small ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] occur on the rock surface. More mobile species include the crab [Carcinus maenas], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the whelk [Buccinum undatum]. Bryozoans [Electra pilosa] and [Spirorbis] sp. may cover kelp fronds. The red seaweed [Odonthalia dentata] may be present in the north. Situation: The ascidians found in LsacPhyVS may continue onto the circalittoral rock below where dense colonies of anthozoans and brachiopods can also be found (NeoPro.Den). Where tidal streams are increased, sponge and hydroid communities may occur below (HbowEud).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock

Mixed fucoids, [Chorda filum] and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.341
definition: Permanently submerged mixed fucoids on rock in lagoons. The main species are the wracks [Fucus serratus] and [Fucus vesiculosus], but the brown seaweeds [Chorda filum], [Ascophyllum nodosum] and Ectocarpaceae can be present as well. Red seaweeds are normally present and include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Polyides rotundus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium] spp. and coralline crusts. A variety of green seaweeds is also present and include [Enteromorpha] spp., while dense patches of [Cladophora rupestris] may occur on vertical rock faces. The faunal component is restricted to the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the polychaete [Arenicola marina] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Opossum shrimps Mysidae can be present as well. The kelp [Laminaria saccharina] is absent, possibly due to the low salinity conditions. Situation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids (AscSpAs and FcerEnt) or where salinity is further reduced ProtFur can occur. Slightly deeper rock often supports [Laminaria saccharina] (Lsac.Ft), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sediments of the lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both [Ruppia] spp. and [Zostera marina] and some locations in the Outer Hebrides support dense beds of the nationally rare stonewort [Lamprothamnion papulosum] (Rup and Zmar). The sublittoral mud, which abuts most of the submerged rock, can become anoxic and covered by a bacterial mat of [Beggiatoa] spp. (Beg).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

Facies of hydrothermal oozes with [Cyclope neritea] and nematodes
type: Concept
notation: A5.285
definition: These facies are characterised by the gastropod [Cyclope neritea] and some species of nematodes. The facies are present between 3 - 15 metres depth with high hydrothermal activity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Sublittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.3
definition: Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud extending from the extreme lower shore to offshore, circalittoral habitats. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle. Such habitats are often by dominated by polychaetes and echinoderms, in particular brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. Seapens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and burrowing megafauna including [Nephrops norvegicus] are common in deeper muds. Estuarine muds tend to be characterised by infaunal polychaetes and oligochaetes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: Infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: Infralittoral fine mud
narrower: Circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: Circalittoral fine mud
narrower: Deep circalittoral mud
narrower: Mediterranean communities of muddy detritic bottoms
narrower: Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds

Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.31
definition: Shallow, typically anoxic, muddy and sandy mud sediments in areas of low or reduced, although stable, salinity (may vary annually) with largely ephemeral faunal communities. Characterised by [Arenicola marina] and blue-green algae with other species, including mysids, [Carcinus maenas] and [Corophium volutator] which commonly occur in lagoons. Important infaunal species may include [Hediste diversicolor], [Heterochaeta costata] and chironomids; however infaunal records for this biotope are limited.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity

[Ascophyllum nodosum] and epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.342
definition: Dense subtidal stands of [Ascophyllum nodosum], heavily epiphytised by sponges and ascidians in lagoon-like habitats. The wracks [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus] can be present along with the brown seaweed [Chorda filum] and the red seaweed [Polyides rotundus]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present between the [A. nodosum] holdfasts along with the shrimps Mysidae. Situation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids and green seaweeds (FChoG). Slightly deeper rock often supports [Laminaria saccharina] (Lsac.Ft), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sand of these lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both [Ruppia maritima] and [Zostera marina] (Rup and Zmar).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

[Polyides rotundus] and/or [Furcellaria lumbricalis] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.343
definition: Bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense turf of the red seaweeds [Polyides rotundus] and/or [Furcellaria lumbricalis], often with a dense mat of filamentous brown and green seaweeds including Ectocarpaceae and [Cladophora] spp. Other red seaweeds presents include [Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis] and coralline crusts as well as the odd brown seaweed [Chorda filum] or [Laminaria] spp. Associated with these seaweeds are a variety of ascidians including [Clavelina lepadiformis, Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra] and [Ciona intestinalis] as well as the anemones [Anemonia viridis] and [Actinia equina] and the sponge [Halichondria panicea]. More mobile fauna include the starfish [Asterias rubens], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the gastropod [Littorina littorea]. Attached to the rock or cobbles are spirorbid polychaetes and the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Please notice that part of this diversity is due to large differences between sites. Situation: Nearby rock (AscSpAs and FChoG) and seagrass [Ruppia maritima] dominating much of the surrounding muddy sediment (Rup). Mixed sediment supports filamentous green seaweeds e.g. [Cladophora] spp. and [Derbesia marina] on (FiG).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

[Mytilus edulis] beds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.361
definition: This biotope occur in shallow, often tide-swept, reduced salinity conditions. Dense beds of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] with the occasional barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. A wide variety of epifaunal colonisers on the mussel valves, including seaweeds, hydroids and bryozoans can be present. Predatory starfish [Asterias rubens] can be very common in this biotope. This biotope generally appears to lack large kelp plants, although transitional examples containing mussels and kelps plants may also occur. More information needed to validate this description. Situation: Occurs in tide-swept entrance channels in very enclosed basins of sealochs where the basins are typically of lowered salinity. Also occurs in very sheltered subtidal rock (often vertical) in lagoons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

[Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and [Conopeum reticulum] on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.363
definition: Upper estuarine mixed hard substrata colonised by very sparse communities of animals with low species richness and with a few seaweeds in very shallow water. In the Tamar estuary the hydroid [Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and bryozoan [Conopeum reticulum] are found on stones. In the River Dart the bryozoan [Bowerbankia imbricata] is most abundant. The mussel [Mytilus edulis], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the hydroid [Obelia dichotoma] can be present. A similar brackish-water rocky biotope is recorded from the Bann Estuary, Northern Ireland. There are considerable differences in species composition between sites, but all occur in brackish turbid-water conditions. More information required to validate this description.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Features of infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.7
definition: Includes surge gulleys (A3.71), which are found throughout the infralittoral rock zone, and usually consist of vertical bedrock walls, occasionally with overhanging faces, and support communities, which reflect the degree of wave surge they are subject to and any scour from mobile substrata on the cave/gully floors. The larger cave and gully systems, such as found in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles and St Kilda, typically show a marked zonation from the entrance to the rear of the gully/cave as wave surge increases and light reduces. Also includes habitats in hard substrata in the infralittoral zone characterised by the presence of seeping or bubbling gases, oils or water (A3.73) and recently colonised artificial hard substrata in the infralittoral zone (A3.72).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves
narrower: Infralittoral fouling seaweed communities
narrower: Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock
narrower: Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock

Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.311
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved to level 5 to join other reduced or variable salinity units (CEH). Check title (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Baltic muds of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Boreal Baltic narrow inlets with soft mud substrate

Baltic muds of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.3111
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity

Boreal Baltic narrow inlets with soft mud substrate
type: Concept
notation: A5.3112
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity

Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.32
definition: Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore into the subtidal in variable salinity (estuarine) conditions. Such habitats typically support communities characterised by oligochaetes, and polychaetes such as [Aphelochaeta marioni]. In lowered salinity conditions the sediments may include a proportion of coarser material, where the silt content is sufficient to yield a similar community to that found in purer muds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Polydora ciliata] and [Corophium volutator] in variable salinity infralittoral firm mud or clay
narrower: [Aphelochaeta marioni] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mud
narrower: [Nephtys hombergii] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral soft mud
narrower: Infralittoral fluid mobile mud
narrower: [Capitella capitata] and [Tubificoides] spp. in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: [Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri], [Tubifex tubifex] and [Gammarus] spp. in low salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: Pontic mud with [Spisula subtruncata], [Syndesmia fragilis], and [Cardium paucicostatum] in low and variable salinity

[Nephtys hombergii] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral soft mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.323
definition: Variable salinity soft infralittoral mud and sandy mud characterised by the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] and oligochaetes of the genus [Tubificoides]. Other characterising species that may be present are the polychaetes [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Aphelochaeta marioni], and the cumacean [Diastylis rathkei typica]. Situation: The biotope is found in areas of silt deposition in soft and sandy muds but may not form a stable habitat. It may be found adjacent to AphTubi, separated by the abundance of [Aphelochaeta marioni] and its more cohesive sediments
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Infralittoral fluid mobile mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.324
definition: Fluid mobile mud suspended and deposited on each tide. In areas with very high quantities of suspended particulate material in the water column it may become deposited around slack water when tidal currents fall. This can form fluid mud layers up to several metres thick (Warwick & Uncles 1980) becoming a transient habitat in its own right. Species present within this biotope will be those washed in from other communities such as [Nephtys hombergii] or [Capitella capitata]. This biotope may be under-recorded due to sampling problems, and also where sediment descriptions are absent from field data. Situation: It may be found adjacent to; OlVS, NhomTubi and to some extent AphTubi.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.33
definition: Infralittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, in depths of less than 15-20 m. This habitat is generally found in sheltered bays or marine inlets and along sheltered areas of open coast. Typical species include a rich variety of polychaetes including [Melinna palmate], tube building amphipods ([Ampelisca] spp.) and deposit feeding bivalves such as [Macoma balthica] and [Mysella bidentata]. Sea pens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. may be present but not in the same abundances as found in deeper circalittoral waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Nephtys hombergii] and [Macoma balthica] in infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Sagartiogeton undatus] and [Ascidiella aspersa] on infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Melinna palmata] with [Magelona] spp. and [Thyasira] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Ampelisca] spp., [Photis longicaudata] and other tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Capitella capitata] in enriched sublittoral muddy sediments
narrower: Pontic sandy mud with [Melinna palmata]
narrower: Pontic sandy mud with [Abra alba], Cardiidae and [Mytilus]

Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves
type: Concept
notation: A3.71
definition: Infralittoral rocky habitats subject to strong wave surge conditions, as found in surge gullies and shallow caves, and typically colonised by faunal communities of encrusting or cushion sponges, colonial ascidians, short turf-forming bryozoans, anthozoans, barnacles and, where there is sufficient light, red seaweeds. These features usually consist of vertical bedrock walls, occasionally with overhanging faces, and support communities which reflect the degree of wave surge they are subject to, and any scour from mobile substrata on the cave/gully floors. The larger cave and gully systems, such as found in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles and St Kilda, typically show a marked zonation from the entrance to the rear of the gully/cave as wave surge increases and light reduces. This is reflected in communities of anthozoans, ascidians, bryozoans and red seaweeds near the entrance, leading to sponge crust-dominated communities and finally barnacle and spirorbid worm communities in the most severe surge conditions. Gully/cave floors usually have mobile boulders, cobbles, pebbles or coarse sediment. The mobile nature of the gully/cave floors leads to communities of encrusting species, tolerant of scour and abrasion or fast summer-growing ephemeral species. The lower zone of the gully side walls are also often scoured, and typically colonised by coralline crusts and barnacles. Situation: On open rocky coasts with moderate or greater wave action. Temporal variation: Unknown, although winter storms likly to yield scouring on gully/cave walls; some ephemeral growth likely in calmer summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: All subunits are derived from the BioMar classification. They need to be checked to ensure completeness across the geographic range of EUNIS.
broader: Features of infralittoral rock
narrower: Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in surge gully entrances
narrower: Anemones, including [Corynactis viridis,] crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged vertical infralittoral rock
narrower: Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with [Dendrodoa grossularia] or barnacles on wave-surged infralittoral rock
narrower: [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Clathrina coriacea] on wave-surged vertical infralittoral rock
narrower: Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged infralittoral cave or gully walls
narrower: Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock

Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in surge gully entrances
type: Concept
notation: A3.711
definition: This biotope is found on steep wave-surged entrances to gullies and caves and on unstable boulders in the entrance to caves and gullies. The rock may be abraded by the movement of the boulders and cobbles in heavy surge and tends to be dominated by dense foliose seaweeds that grow rapidly in the calmer summer months. Beneath the foliose seaweeds the rock surface is typically covered with coralline crusts, which are longer-lived, and tolerant of abrasion. The flora of this biotope is relatively varied, depending upon the amount of light and degree of abrasion or rock mobility with red seaweeds such as [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Odonthalia dentata], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Phycodrys rubens], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Phyllophora crispa] and [Corallina officinalis]. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] also occurs in these conditions, since it is tolerant of some sand scour. During the summer months small fast-growing kelp plants can arise in this biotope, although the mobility of the substratum prevents the kelp from forming a kelp forest. Dense swathes of very young kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] are, however, not uncommon. The faunal community consist of the anemone [Urticina felina], the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia]. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: Further into the cave or gully, beyond the dense red seaweeds of FoSwCC, the vertical rock grades to either an ascidian and sponge dominated community or sponge crusts and anthozoans (CrSpAsAn/CrSpAsDenB). Further into the cave or gully the floor and any boulders or cobbles are generally scoured clean or may support coralline encrusting algae (CC.Mo). Above the red seaweeds, steep rock surfaces often support a kelp community (LhypR or Lhyp) or in shallower water [Alaria esculenta] is usually present (Ala.Myt).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

Anemones, including [Corynactis viridis,] crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged vertical infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.712
definition: Vertical very exposed and exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave-surge dominated by sponge crusts such as [Clathrina coriacea, Myxilla incrustans, Pachymatisma johnstonia] and [Halichondria panicea] and anthozoans such as [Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum, Corynactis viridis] and dwarf [Metridium senile] generally dominate the area; the anthozoans often appearing to protrude through the sponge layer. There may be dense aggregations of the hydroid [Tubularia] [indivisa], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the colonial ascidians [Botrylloides leachi] and [Polyclinum aurantium]. There may be a short crisiid turf, interspersed with [Scrupocellaria reptans]. Encrusting coralline algae may occur on well-illuminated rock faces. The echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Echinus esculentus], [Antedon bifida] and [Ophiothrix fragilis], the topshell [Calliostona zizphinum] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may also be present on the rock face. The crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber] may also be recorded. Due to the wave-surged nature and vertical orientation of these biotopes, kelps are rare and certainly never dominate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

[Sagartiogeton undatus] and [Ascidiella aspersa] on infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.332
definition: Sheltered sublittoral mud or sandy mud in shallow water with relatively few conspicuous species may be characterised by the anemone [Sagartiogeton undatus] in low numbers and the tunicate [Ascidiella] [aspersa]. Other taxa may include [Carcinus maenas], [Pagurus bernhardus] and terebellid polychaetes. The burrowing anemones [Cerianthus lloydii] may also be found occasionally. The status of this biotope is uncertain at present as it is not known whether it is an impoverished, disturbed or epifaunal variant of other sheltered, shallow mud biotopes such as PhiVir or if the areas in which it has been recorded have been incompletely surveyed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

[Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.333
definition: Cohesive sandy mud, sometimes with a small quantity of shell in shallow water may contain the bivalves [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. (typically [A. alba] and [A. nitida]). Other characteristic taxa may include [Scoloplos armiger], [Mya] sp., and [Thyasira flexuosa]. Tube building amphipods are also characteristic of this biotope in particular [Ampelisca] spp. and Aoridae such as [Microprotopus maculatus]. Situation: This biotope is generally found in sheltered marine inlets or sealochs such as Strangford Lough.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

Pontic sandy mud with [Melinna palmata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.337
definition: The most abundant species is [Aricidea claudiae], considered as a species sensitive to disturbance. However the habitat is named after the terebellid worm ([Melinna palmata]) which ranks second in the abundance but has highest contribution to within-group similarity and is a key structural species. Its dense vertical tubes consolidate the sediment and determine the specific character of the habitat. The [Melinna palmata] biocenosis is considered a new biocenosis recorded in the mid 1970s along the Rumenian coasts (Gomoiu 1976) but was already known in 1971 in Bulgaria for quite some time (Kalugina-Gitneck, 1975). Bacescu had described this community in 1971 but had included it as a subtype of Mytilus beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with [Dendrodoa grossularia] or barnacles on wave-surged infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.713
definition: Vertical and overhanging, exposed to moderately exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave surge, and dominated by the crustose sponges [Halichondria panicea], [Myxilla incrustans], [Clathrina coriacea], [Leucosolenia botryoides], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Grantia compressa]. There may also be dense aggregations of the anthozoan [Sagartia elegans], dwarf [Metridium senile], [Alcyonium digitatum], and [Urticina felina], and a dense covering of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] on the bare rock face. Dense aggregations of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa] may be recorded, growing through the sponge crust. Colonial ascidians such as [Polyclinum aurantium], [Botryllus schlosseri], [Botrylloides leachi], [Aplidium nordmanni] and the solitary ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia] may all be recorded. The echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus], [Henricia] sp., the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may also be present on the rock face, along with encrusting coralline algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

[Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Clathrina coriacea] on wave-surged vertical infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.714
definition: Vertical or overhanging infralittoral rock subject to considerable wave-surge, especially in the middle or back of caves but also in gullies and tunnels, and dominated by dense sheets of the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia], together with variable quantities of the sponge [Clathrina coriacea]. At some sites [D. grossularia] forms continuous sheets, with few other species present. Other sponges such as [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Leucosolenia botryoides], [Scypha ciliata] and [Halichondria panicea] regularly occur in this biotope, though generally at low abundance. Other ascidians, especially [Polyclinum aurantium], [Diplosoma] spp. and other didemnids may also occur, though only [P. aurantium] is ever as abundant as [D. grossularia]. Being characteristically found in the middle or towards the backs of the caves mean that there is generally insufficient light to support any foliose seaweeds, although encrusting coralline algae are not uncommon. More scoured areas may also contain the anemone [Urticina felina], whilst [Sagartia elegans] is often present in low numbers. Mobile fauna are often limited to the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Henricia] spp., the brittlestar [Ophiopholis aculeata] and crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] can occur, usually in low densities. Situation: Where this biotope develops in a cave or tunnel it can occur anywhere from the entrance to the rear of the system. Typically, it will give way to sponge crust or barnacle and encrusting tubeworm communities at the rear of the cave, where surge forces are amplified (CrSp or CC.BalPom). The vertical rock below the DenCla zone, abutting the cave/gully floor, is likely to be severely scoured, colonised by the robust CC.BalPom biotope. The cave or gully floor is generally scoured clean by boulders and/or cobbles (CC.Mo). The cave or gully entrance has more available light for algal growth so dense foliose seaweeds usually dominate the roc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged infralittoral cave or gully walls
type: Concept
notation: A3.715
definition: Walls, or massive boulders, in caves or gullies that are subject to severe wave-surge and characterised by extensive thin crusts of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] with smaller patches of other sponges such as [Esperiopsis fucorum] or [Clathrina coriacea]. Small turfs of robust hydroids, such as [Diphasia rosacea] and [Ventromma halecioides], and patches of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], coralline crusts and tube-building spirorbid polychaetes may be present. The starfish [Henricia] spp., the brittlestar [Ophiopholis aculeata] and the crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber] can be present. The anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Urticina felina] and [Actinia equina] can be found in cracks and crevices or under boulders. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] may be present in low densities. Situation: This surge-tolerant biotope of low-growing fauna is typically confined to the mid or rear section of caves (or the narrowest part of gullies) where the wave-surge is intensified. It generally abuts the less surged ascidian-sponge communities (CrSpAsAn, DenCcor and CrSpAsDenB). A highly scoured zone of barnacles and calcareous tubeworms often form a zone below, abutting the cave/gully floor (CC.BalPom).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

Pontic sandy mud with [Abra alba], Cardiidae and [Mytilus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.338
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

[Ocnus planci] aggregations on sheltered sublittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.344
definition: Dense aggregations of [Ocnus planci [?brunneus]] on various substrata, typically muddy but occasionally with stones or shells, in sheltered conditions such as sealochs. [Philine aperta] also characterises this biotope but is present in lower abundances than in PhiVir. Other associated species vary but are typical of very sheltered muddy habitats and include the ophiuroids [Ophiura] spp. and [Ophiothrix fragilis]. [Melanella alba], which parasitises holothurians, has been found in large numbers at one site.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

[Astarte crenata] beneath high salinity cold polar water
type: Concept
notation: A5.345
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Need to check position in hierarchy.
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

Oligochaetes in mobile mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.346
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Need to check position in hierarchy. Is this the same as A4.327? (David Connor)
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

Pontic mobile muds of the River Danube mouths
type: Concept
notation: A5.347
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

Circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.35
definition: Circalittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally in water depths of over 10 m, with weak or very weak tidal streams. This habitat is generally found in deeper areas of bays and marine inlets or offshore from less wave exposed coasts. Sea pens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. are particularly characteristic of this habitat whilst infaunal species include the tube building polychaetes [Lagis koreni] and [Owenia fusiformis], and deposit feeding bivalves such as [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Amphiura filiformis], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra nitida] in circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Thyasira] spp. and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Amphiura filiformis] and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral and offshore muddy sand
narrower: [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus] on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud
narrower: [Lagis koreni] and [Phaxas pellucidus] in circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: Pontic circalittoral sandy muds with [Heteromastus filiformis], [Dipolydora quadrilobata] and [Nephthys hombergii]

Pontic circalittoral sandy muds with [Heteromastus filiformis], [Dipolydora quadrilobata] and [Nephthys hombergii]
type: Concept
notation: A5.356
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

Circalittoral fine mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.36
definition: Sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs. The seapens [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea] are characteristic of this habitat type together with the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the ophiuroid [Amphiura] spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as [Nephrops norvegicus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Seapens and burrowing megafauna in circalittoral fine mud
narrower: Burrowing megafauna and [Maxmuelleria lankesteri] in circalittoral mud
narrower: [Brissopsis lyrifera] and [Amphiura chiajei] in circalittoral mud
narrower: Silty sediments > 140 m with polychaetes [Lumbrineris fragilis], [Levinsenia gracilis] and amphipods [Eriopisa elongata]
narrower: [Spiochaetopterus] beneath high salinity Atlantic water
narrower: [Macoma calcarea] in deep-water soft clayey mud
narrower: Pontic very soft, organic-rich muds of the Danube front
narrower: Pontic thalassinid-dominated circalittoral muds
narrower: Pontic circalittoral muds with [Acanthocardia paucicostata], [Papillicardium papillosum] and hydroids
narrower: Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mya arenaria] and Spisula subtruncata
narrower: Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mellina palmata] and [Aricidea claudiae]

Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.716
definition: Scoured rock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of [Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available and scour is severe, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of [P. triqueter] and/or [B. crenatus] immediately above. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts such as [Halichondria panicea] and occasional anemones [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans]. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderms [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus] as well as the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Two variants have been identified: Wave-surged bedrock with coralline crust, [B. crenatus] and [P. triqueter] (CC.BalPom) and coralline crusts on mobile boulders in severely scoured caves (CC.Mo). Situation: Generally occurring at the base of walls in caves and gullies and on the floors of caves and gullies. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (CrSpAsAn, CrSpAsDenB); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (DenCcor); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (CrSp). At some sites with extreme wave surge, CC.BalPom can form a zone towards the rear of the cave, beyond the sponge crust zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves
narrower: [Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely scoured vertical infralittoral rock
narrower: Coralline crusts and crustaceans on mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies

[Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely scoured vertical infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.7161
definition: Severely scoured bedrock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of [Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of [P. triqueter] and or [B. crenatus] immediately above. In some caves extreme wave surge at the back of the cave leads to a zone of this biotope which may also be dominated solely by sprorbids or by the barnacle [Verruca stroemia]. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts, small [Mytilus edulis] and occasional [Actinia equina], [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans]. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. During periods of relative stability in the summer, small quantities of foliose red seaweeds and opportunistic kelps may occur where sufficient light is available; the seaweeds however do not dominate (compare with FoSwCC). Situation: Generally occurs at the base of walls in caves and gullies, but in extreme surge may occur as a zone at the back of caves. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (CrSpAsAn, CrSpAsDenB); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (DenCcor); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (CrSp). …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock

Coralline crusts and crustaceans on mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies
type: Concept
notation: A3.7162
definition: Highly mobile and scoured boulders and cobbles found on cave and gully floors and which often appear bare. Where there is sufficient light and stability, however, the boulders are encrusted by coralline algal crusts. Barnacles [Balanus crenatus] and keelworms [Pomatoceros triqueter] may survive in areas protected from severe abrasion. Crabs such as [Cancer pagurus] and [Carcinus maenas] may occur, often beneath and between the rocks, along with the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. The anemone [Actinia equina] may be present in low numbers. Situation: The slightly less-scoured walls often found above this biotope in caves and gullies are generally characterised by a similar, but richer community of scour-tolerant [Balanus crenatus], [Pomatoceros triqueter], coralline crusts and spirorbid worms (CC.BalPom). This impoverished biotope may form an intermediate between barren gravel and slightly more stable larger pebbles and cobbles which are covered by algae that are often found in the mouths of caves (FoSwCC). Temporal variation: Winter storms periodically mobilise the boulders and cobbles, causing abrasion to any seasonal biota that may have developed over the calmer summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock

Burrowing megafauna and [Maxmuelleria lankesteri] in circalittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.362
definition: In circalittoral stable mud distinctive populations of megafauna may be found. These typically include [Nephrops norvegicus], [Calocaris macandreae] and [Callianassa subterranea]. Large mounds formed by the echiuran [Maxmuelleria lankesteri] are also frequent in this biotope. The seapen [Virgularia mirabilis] may occur occasionally in this biotope but not in the same abundance as SpnMeg to which MegMax is closely allied. Infaunal species may include [Nephtys hystricis], [Chaetozone setosa, Amphiura chiajei] and [Abra alba].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Silty sediments > 140 m with polychaetes [Lumbrineris fragilis], [Levinsenia gracilis] and amphipods [Eriopisa elongata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.364
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Group IV of Eleftheriou & Basford, 1989. Need to check position in hierarchy.
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

[Spiochaetopterus] beneath high salinity Atlantic water
type: Concept
notation: A5.365
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

[Macoma calcarea] in deep-water soft clayey mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.366
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Pontic very soft, organic-rich muds of the Danube front
type: Concept
notation: A5.367
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud
narrower: Very soft muds with [Nephthys hombergii]
narrower: Soft muds with [Abra prismatica], [Acanthocardia paucicostata] and [Spisula subtruncata]

Very soft muds with [Nephthys hombergii]
type: Concept
notation: A5.3671
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic very soft, organic-rich muds of the Danube front

Soft muds with [Abra prismatica], [Acanthocardia paucicostata] and [Spisula subtruncata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.3672
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic very soft, organic-rich muds of the Danube front

Pontic thalassinid-dominated circalittoral muds
type: Concept
notation: A5.368
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Pontic circalittoral muds with [Acanthocardia paucicostata], [Papillicardium papillosum] and hydroids
type: Concept
notation: A5.369
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4
definition: Circalittoral rock is characterised by animal dominated communities (a departure from the algae dominated communities in the infralittoral zone). The circalittoral zone can itself be split into two sub-zones; upper circalittoral (foliose red algae present but not dominant) and lower circalittoral (foliose red algae absent). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin just below water level at mean low water springs (MLWS). The biotopes identified in the field can be broadly assigned to one of three energy level categories: high, moderate and low energy circalittoral rock (used to define the habitat complex level). The character of the fauna varies enormously and is affected mainly by wave action, tidal stream strength, salinity, turbidity, the degree of scouring and rock topography. It is typical for the community not to be dominated by single species, as is common in shore and infralittoral habitats, but rather comprise a mosaic of species. This, coupled with the range of influencing factors, makes circalittoral rock a difficult area to satisfactorily classify; particular care should therefore be taken in matching species and habitat data to the classification.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Baltic exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Baltic moderately exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Baltic sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: Features of circalittoral rock

Very tide-swept faunal communities on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.11
definition: This habitat type occurs in wave-exposed, tide-swept narrows and straits on circalittoral bedrock and boulders. The biotopes within this complex are characterised by a high abundance of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] is characteristic of A4.111, the cushion sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Myxilla incrustans] are characteristic of A4.1121 and [Alcyonium digitatum] is characteristic of A4.1122. The anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Urticina felina], [Corynactis viridis] and [Metridium senile] are all found within this complex. Other species present in this high-energy complex are the sponges [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia], the bryozoans [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea], [Cancer pagurus], [Sertularia argentea] and [Asterias rubens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Balanus crenatus] and [Tubularia indivisa] on extremely tide-swept circalittoral rock
narrower: [Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock

[Balanus crenatus] and [Tubularia indivisa] on extremely tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.111
definition: This biotope typically occurs on upward-facing, extremely tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles found in a broad spectrum of wave-exposures. It is characterised by a few species that are capable of maintaining a foothold in strong tides. These species either form a flat, adherent crust in the case of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], or have strong attachment points and are flexible, bending with the tide, such as the turf of the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. Other species able to tolerate these very strong tides, or just situated slightly out of the main force of the current, include the sponge [Halichondria panicea], the robust hydroid [Sertularia argentea] and current-tolerant anemones such as [Sagartia elegans], [Urticina felina] and [Metridium senile]. Mobile species such as the starfish [Asterias rubens], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] may also be present. Situation: This biotope is typically occurs in deep, very tide-swept straights, sounds and narrows with a bedrock/boulder/cobble slope. Kelp forest (LhypT) occurs in shallower water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Very tide-swept faunal communities on circalittoral rock

[Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.112
definition: This biotope is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is characterised by a dense carpet of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus], where present, is recorded as common. The accompanying species in the community are determined by tidal stream strength. On the more sheltered sides of headlands, where tidal streams are accelerated, sponges such as [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Myxilla incrustans] and [Halichondria panicea] proliferate forming the CTub.CuSp sub-biotope. There may also be a scattered bryozoan turf, formed by criisid bryozoans. However, where tidal streams are slightly reduced, but on more wave-exposed coasts, anthozoans such as [Alcyonium digitatum] become more prominent forming the CTub.Adig biotope. Other species recorded in this biotope include the anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Corynactis virdis] and [Urticina felina]. There may be scattered clumps of hydroids such as [Sertularia argentea] and [Nemertesia antennina]. Where `relative shelter' is afforded by the topography of the seabed, the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be found. More ubiqutous species such as [Asterias rubens] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may also be present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Very tide-swept faunal communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Tubularia indivisa] and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid circalittoral bedrock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum] with dense [Tubularia indivisa] and anemones on strongly tide-swept circalittoral rock

Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mya arenaria] and Spisula subtruncata
type: Concept
notation: A5.36A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mellina palmata] and [Aricidea claudiae]
type: Concept
notation: A5.36B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Deep circalittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.37
definition: In mud and cohesive sandy mud in the offshore circalittoral zone, typically below 50-70 m, a variety of faunal communities may develop, depending upon the level of silt/clay and organic matter in the sediment. Communities are typically dominated by polychaetes but often with high numbers of bivalves such as [Thyasira] spp., echinoderms and foraminifera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop): name clarified by CEH.
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Ampharete falcata] turf with [Parvicardium ovale] on cohesive muddy sediment near margins of deep stratified seas
narrower: Foraminiferans and [Thyasira] spp. in deep circalittoral soft mud
narrower: [Styela gelatinosa], [Pseudamussium septemradiatum] and solitary ascidians on sheltered deep circalittoral muddy sediment
narrower: [Capitella capitata] and [Thyasira] spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
narrower: [Levinsenia gracilis] and [Heteromastus filifirmis] in offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
narrower: [Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amphiura filiformis] in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Myrtea spinifera] and polychaetes in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
narrower: Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Modiolula phaseolina]
narrower: Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Terebellides stroemi] and [Amphiura] sp.
narrower: Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Pachycerianthus solitarius]
narrower: Pontic periazoic white calcareous muds with [Bougainvillia ramosa] and nematodes

[Styela gelatinosa], [Pseudamussium septemradiatum] and solitary ascidians on sheltered deep circalittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.373
definition: This biotope is known only from deep water in Loch Goil (Clyde sealochs) in fine mud at 65 m with terrigenous debris. Large numbers of solitary ascidians, including [Styela gelatinosa], [Ascidia conchilega], [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidiella] spp., are characteristic of this biotope together with the bivalve [Pseudamussium septemradiatum]. Terebellid worms, the bivalve [Abra alba] and the polychaete [Glycera tridactyla] may also occur. It is possibly an ice age relict biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

[Capitella capitata], [Thyasira] spp. and [Ophryotrocha dubia] inorganically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud or sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.3741
definition: In deep offshore sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the pollution tolerant opportunist [Capitella capitata] and the polychaete [Ophryotrocha dubia] (or other species of [Ophryotrocha]). These species are generally found in extremely high abundances and accompanied by [Thyasira] spp., [Raricirrus beryli], [Paramphinome jeffreysii] and [Chaetozone setosa]. Other taxa including [Exogone verugera], [Pholoe inornata] and [Idasola simpsoni] may also be present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Capitella capitata] and [Thyasira] spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud

[Myrtea spinifera] and polychaetes in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.377
definition: Deep, offshore habitats with cohesive sandy mud (>20% mud) may support communities characterised by infaunal polychaetes and the bivalve [Myrtea spinifera]. Polychaetes typically include [Chaetozone setosa], [Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Levinsenia gracilis], [Aricidea catherinae] and [Prionospio malmgreni]. The bivalves [Thyasira] spp. and [Abra nitida] may also be found as may seapens, such as [Pennatula phosphorea]. Some examples of the biotope AfilNten contain [Myrtea spinifera] (Mackie 1990) in lower numbers but these habitats are generally sandier than those in MyrPo. Situation: This biotope has been recorded in the northern North Sea but may also exist in the Irish Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

[Tubularia indivisa] and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid circalittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1121
definition: This variant is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is commonly associated with areas where turbidity levels are high for much of the year, for example, around Anglesey and the Lleyn Penisula. From afar, this variant appears as a dense carpet of [Tubularia indivisa] covering tide-swept gully walls, floors and boulders. [T. indivisa] is frequently observed growing through sheets of sponges such as [Myxilla incrustans] and [Halichondria panicea] as well as through dense patches of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and tubes of the amphipod [Jassa] spp. Several other species of sponge appear to be tolerant of the high turbidity in areas where this variant occurs, many of which are common in other biotopes. These include [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Hemimycale columella], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Clathrina coriacea]. Robust hydroids (other than [T. indivisa]) such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Sertularia argentea] occur in patches. The anemones [Urticina felina], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Sagartia elegans] are typically common. A short bryozoan turf consisting of crisiid bryozoans, [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bicellariella ciliata], [Bugula turbinata] and [Bugula flabellata] may be present. [Alcyonium digitatum] may occasionally be seen although it doesn't tend to be as dominant as in CTub.Adig. Individual [Corynactis viridis] may be seen scattered across the gully walls and boulders. The starfish [Henricia oculata] may be seen on boulders and gully floors whilst typical under-boulder fauna includes the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: Above this biotope, [Laminaria] forest (LhypR) may be found.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock

[Alcyonium digitatum] with dense [Tubularia indivisa] and anemones on strongly tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1122
definition: This variant is typically found on exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders in sounds, narrows and around tide-swept promontories in accelerated tidal streams. It is dominated by aggregations of dead man's fingers [Alcyonium digitatum], and dense clumps or continuous cover of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa], particularly on prominent ledges and ridges. Anemones such as [Sagartia elegans], [Urticina felina], [Metridium senile], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Corynactis virdis] form a prominent component of the community. Occasionally, massive sponges such as [Pachymatisma johnstonia] and [Esperiopsis fucorum] may be present. Encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] may be dotted around the rocks, and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may also be observed. Clumps of the bryozoan [Flustra foliacea] are occasionally seen. The starfish [Asterias rubens] may be seen amongst a patchy turf of [Crisia denticulata] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. This variant may also be found on tideswept wrecks and other artificial sustratum. Situation: Above this biotope, it is usual to find well-developed kelp forest in the upper infralittoral, dominated by [Laminaria hyperborea] (LhypR). In the lower infralittoral, it is usual to find a tide-swept turf of hydroids and red algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Sponge communities on deep circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.12
definition: This habitat type typically occurs on deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge habitat type (A4.131) although in this case, the sponges [Phakellia ventilabrum], [Axinella infundibuliformis], [Axinella dissimilis] and [Stelligera stuposa] dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include [Cliona celata], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Haliclona viscosa], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis], [Suberites carnosus], [Stelligera rigida], [Hemimycale columella] and [Tethya aurantium]. The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the anemone [Corynactis virdis] may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian [Holothuria forskali]. The soft corals [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] are frequently observed. The bryozoans [Pentapora foliacea] and [Porella compressa] are also more frequently found in this deep-water habitat type. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Sertularella gayi] may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Luidia ciliaris], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Strichastrella rosea], [Henricia oculata] and [Aslia lefevrei] may also be present. The sea fan [Eunicella verucosa] may be locally common but to a lesser extent than in A4.1311. The top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] is often recorded as present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Phakellia ventilabrum] and axinellid sponges on deep, wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.378
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Modiolula phaseolina]
type: Concept
notation: A5.379
definition: Discriminated by the mussel [Modiolula phaseolina]. The habitat is characterised by bulk of dead shells and shelly detritus of the same species, decreasing oxygen concentration and increasing salinity in comparison to coastal habitats. Other specific species are [Amphiura stepanovi] and [Notomastus profundus]. In Bulgarian waters the community is not present below 100m.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Terebellides stroemi] and [Amphiura] sp.
type: Concept
notation: A5.37A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Pachycerianthus solitarius]
type: Concept
notation: A5.37B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Pontic periazoic white calcareous muds with [Bougainvillia ramosa] and nematodes
type: Concept
notation: A5.37C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Mediterranean communities of muddy detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A5.38
definition: This biocenosis develops in areas where a detritus bottom is covered with mud formed by terrigenous deposits from rivers. The sediment is a very muddy sand or sandy mud, or even a rather compacted mud, rich in shell debris or valocanic fragments (scoriae); sedimentation is slow enough to allow the development of sessile epifauna. Gravel, sand and mud are mixed in varying quantities, but mud always predominates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Facies with [Ophiothrix quinquemaculata]

Facies with [Ophiothrix quinquemaculata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.381
definition: This facies is exclusive to the muddy detritic biocenosis and is characterised by an unusual community of the brittlestar [Ophiothrix quinquemaculata] ([Ophiuroidea]). This species in some places forms an extremely dense population which is almost 90% ophiuran.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of muddy detritic bottoms

Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds
type: Concept
notation: A5.39
definition: The sediment is always pure mud, more or less clayey, almost always of fluvial origin. Such coarse debris as may be deposited is quickly covered, with the result that no epifauna develops.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Facies of soft muds with [Turritella tricarinata communis]
narrower: Facies of sticky muds with [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]
narrower: Facies of sticky muds with [Alcyonium palmatum] and [Stichopus regalis]

[Phakellia ventilabrum] and axinellid sponges on deep, wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.121
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. Although it occurs in exposed and very exposed conditions, at such depth, the turbulent wave action appears to have a much-attenuated effect on the fauna compared with shallower depths. As the majority of records are from depths between 30-50+ m, slightly deeper than the depths of most surveys, it is possible that this biotope is more widespread than the available dataset indicates. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge biotope complex (BrErSp) although in this case, the sponges [Phakellia ventilabrum], [Axinella infundibuliformis], [Axinella dissimilis] and [Stelligera stuposa] dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include [Cliona celata], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Haliclona viscosa], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis], [Suberites carnosus], [Stelligera rigida], [Hemimycale columella] and [Tethya aurantium]. The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the anemone [Corynactis virdis] may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian [Holothuria forskali]. The soft corals [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] are frequently observed. The bryozoans [Pentapora foliacea] and [Porella compressa] are also more frequently found in this deep-water biotope. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Sertularella gayi] may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Luidia ciliaris], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Strichastrella rosea], [Henricia oculata] and [Aslia lefevrei] may also be present. The seafan [Eunicella verucosa] may be locall…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sponge communities on deep circalittoral rock

Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.13
definition: This habitat type occurs on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, subject to tidal streams ranging from strong to moderately strong. This complex is characterised by its diverse range of hydroids ([Halecium halecinum], [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa]), bryozoans ([Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Flustra foliacea], [Bugula flabellata] and [Bugula plumosa]) and sponges ([Scypha ciliata], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Cliona celeta], [Raspailia ramosa], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Hemimycale columella] and [Dysidea fragilis]) forming an often dense, mixed faunal turf. Other species found within this complex are [Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Caryophyllia smithii], [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Balanus crenatus], [Cancer pagurus], [Necora puber], [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus] and [Clavelina lepadiformis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock
narrower: [Corynactis viridis] and a mixed turf of crisiids, [Bugula], [Scrupocellaria], and [Cellaria] on moderately tide-swept exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with [Swiftia pallida] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Sparse sponges, [Nemertesia] spp., and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] on circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Suberites] spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and [Bugula] spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed shallow circalittoral rock
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] and [Haliclona oculata] with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Molgula manhattensis] with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Sponges and anemones on vertical circalittoral bedrock

Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.131
definition: This biotope is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to tidal streams ranging from moderately strong to strong. It often has a thin layer of silt covering the seabed, and is characterised by a bryozoan/hydroid turf with erect sponges. Typical bryozoans to be found include crisiids, [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Flustra foliacea], [Pentapora foliacea], [Bugula plumosa] and [Bugula flabellata], while typical hydroids include [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halecium halecinum]. The soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] is frequently recorded on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Characteristic erect sponges include [Raspailia ramosa], [Stelligera stuposa] and [Stelligera rigida]; other sponges present include [Cliona celata], [Dysidea fragilis], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Hemimycale columella], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Polymastia mamillaris] and [Tethya aurantium]. Other species present include [Caryophylia smithii], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Corynactis viridis], [Urticina felina], [Balanus crenatus], [Asterias rubens], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Henricia oculata], [Echinus esculentus], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Necora puber]. Three variants of this biotope have been described, but all are characterised by a bryozoan turf with erect sponges. ByErSp.Eun is found primarily on circalittoral bedrock and is dominated by the seafan [Eunicella verrucosa]. ByErSp.DysAct is found under slightly stronger tide-swept conditions, and is characterised particularly by the sponge [D. fragilis] and the anemone [A. sphyrodeta]. Finally ByErSp.Sag is characterised by the anemone [Sagartia elegans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Eunicella verrucosa] and [Pentapora foliacea] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Dysidia fragilis] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] on tide-swept wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Sagartia elegans] on tide-swept ciraclittoral rock

Facies of soft muds with [Turritella tricarinata communis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.391
definition: This facies is characterised by presence of the gastropod [Turritella tricarinata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds

Facies of sticky muds with [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]
type: Concept
notation: A5.392
definition: This facies is characterised by the soft corals [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea] on sticky muddy bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds

Facies of sticky muds with [Alcyonium palmatum] and [Stichopus regalis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.393
definition: This facies is characterised by the soft coral [Alcyonium palmatum] and the echinoderm [Stichopus regalis] on sticky muddy bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds

Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.41
definition: Shallow, muddy mixed sediments in areas of low or reduced, although stable, salinity (may vary annually) with largely ephemeral faunal communities. Characterised infaunally by oligochaetes, including [Heterochaeta costata] and members of the Enchytraeidae, polychaetes such as [Hediste diversicolor], [Polydora ciliata] and [Pygospio elegans],and bivalves such as [Mya arenaria] and the lagoon cockle [Cerastoderma glaucum]. These bivalve species may also form conspicuious members of the epifauna together with more ubiquitous species like the common goby [Pomatoschistus microps].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone

Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.411
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity

Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.412
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity

Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.42
definition: Shallow sublittoral mixed sediments in estuarine conditions, often with surface shells or stones, enabling the development of diverse epifaunal communities, e.g. [Crepidula fornicata] (A5.422), as well as infaunal communities. This habitat type is therefore often quite species rich, compared with purer sediments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Aphelochaeta] spp. and [Polydora] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Crepidula fornicata] and [Mediomastus fragilis] in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment

[Eunicella verrucosa] and [Pentapora foliacea] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1311
definition: This variant typically occurs on wave-exposed, steep, circalittoral bedrock, boulder slopes and outcrops, subject to varying tidal streams. This silty variant contains a diverse faunal community, dominated by the seafan [Eunicella verrucosa], the bryozoan [Pentapora foliacea] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. There are frequently numerous [Alcyonium digitatum], and these may become locally abundant under more tide-swept conditions. [Alcyonium glomeratum] may also be present. A diverse sponge community is usually present, including numerous erect sponges; species present include [Cliona celata], [Raspailia ramosa], [Raspailia hispida], [Axinella dissimilis], [Stelligera stuposa], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Polymastia boletiformis]. [Homaxinella subdola] may be present in the south west. A hydroid/bryozoan turf may develop in the understorey of this rich sponge assemblage, with species such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], crisiids, [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Bugula plumosa]. The sea cucumber [Holothuria forskali] may be locally abundant, feeding on the silty deposits on the rock surface. Other echinoderms encountered include the starfish [Marthasterias glacialis] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Other fauna includes aggregations of colonial ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Stolonica socialis]. Anemones such as [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Parazoanthus axinellae] may be seen dotted across the rock surface. This biotope is present in south west England and Wales. Situation: This biotope is commonly found on rocky outcrops, surrounded by coarse sediment. This may be in the form of shelly gravel or muddy gravel, supporting [Urticina felina], [Cerianthus lloydi] and [Neopentadactyla mixta]. Above ByErSp.Eun, dense kelp forest containing [Saccorhiza polyschides] is usually found.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Dysidia fragilis] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] on tide-swept wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1312
definition: This variant typically occurs on exposed and moderately wave-exposed bedrock and boulders subject to a variety of tidal regimes (from strong through to weak). It is found mainly in the 10-20m depth range and does not usually occur deeper than 30 m. It therefore often straddles the upper circalittoral and lower infralittoral. It often has a light covering of silt and sand may be in the vicinity. Sponges form a dominant part of this variant, although cover usually appears patchy, with no single species dominating. Species present include [Dysidea fragilis], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Hemimycale columella], [Cliona celata], [Stelligera rigida], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Stelligera stuposa], [Raspailia ramosa], [Tethya aurantium], [Polymastia mamillaris] and [Axinella dissimilis]. Tufts of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], frequently recorded on the tops of outcrops and boulders, stand out more clearly than the understorey of finer hydroid and bryozoan turf such as [Aglaophenia pluma], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula plumosa], crisiids, [Cellaria sinuosa] and [Bugula turbinata]. Other bryozoans such as [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea] are also frequently recorded. Other more widespread species present include [Asterias rubens], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Balanus crenatus], [Caryophyllia smithii], [Corynactis viridis], [Necora puber] and [Clavelina lepadiformis]. This variant has been recorded off the south east coast of Ireland, the welsh coast and Lundy Island. Situation: This biotope is typically found on exposed coasts, with exposed kelp forest in the infralittoral zone, characterised by species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. The ByErSp.DysAct variant is usually found below ByErSp.Eun, with similar geographic range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Sagartia elegans] on tide-swept ciraclittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1313
definition: This variant is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, on steep slopes and upper faces in moderate tidal streams. This species-rich biotope is characterised by a dense sponge, hydroid and bryozoan turf and frequent [Alcyonium digitatum]. There are frequently large growths of [Cliona celata] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia]. Other species present in this diverse sponge community include [Polymastia boletiformis], [Haliclona viscosa], [Polymastia mamilliaris], [Scypha ciliata], [Hemimycale columella] and [Dysidea fragilis]. Axinellid sponges such as [Stelligera stuposa] and [Raspailia ramosa] may be present in low abundance, and are usually more abundant in deeper water. A dense hydroid turf forms a significant part of this biotope, with tufts of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] frequently recorded. Other hydroid turf component species include [Halecium halecinum], [Aglaophenia tubulifera] and [Abietinaria abietina]. Anemones are also well represented, with species such as [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans] and [Metridium senile] recorded. The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the anemone [Corynactis viridis] are also frequently seen. The bryozoan turf is composed predominantly of [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea], whilst crustose species such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] contribute to a lesser extent. The delicate [Bugula plumosa] may also be present. There is a significant echinoderm component in this biotope. Species such as the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata], [Marthasterias glacialis] and [Luidia ciliaris], the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the crinoid [Antedon bifida] are all regularly recorded. Other species which may be observed include the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinium], the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. The crab [Cancer pagurus] is typically found under boulders. This variant has been recorded from from…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock

[Aphelochaeta] spp. and [Polydora] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.421
definition: In sheltered muddy mixed sediments in estuaries or marine inlets with variable or reduced/low salinity communities characterised by [Aphelochaeta marioni] and [Polydora ciliata] may be present. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes [Nephtys hombergii], [Caulleriella zetlandica] and [Melinna palmata], tubificid oligochaetes and bivalves such as [Abra nitida]. Conspicuous epifauna may include members of the bivalve family Cardiidae (cockles) and the slipper limpet [Crepidula fornicata]. This biotope is often found in polyhaline waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Cerianthus lloydii] with [Nemertesia] spp. and other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.4411
definition: In sheltered muddy sandy gravel with appreciable quantities of surficial cobbles, pebbles and shells a community similar to ClloMx may develop with frequent [Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones. However, the pebbles and cobbles embedded in the sediment are colonised by hydroids and in particular [Nemertesia antennina] and [N. ramosa]. Other hydroids may include [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and [Halecium halecinum] whilst ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspersa] or [Corella parallelogramma] may also be present locally. [Pecten maximus] and [Pomatoceros triqueter] may also be frequent in certain areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment

[Corynactis viridis] and a mixed turf of crisiids, [Bugula], [Scrupocellaria], and [Cellaria] on moderately tide-swept exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.132
definition: This biotope typically occurs on wave-exposed, vertical or steep, circalittoral bedrock or large boulders, usually subject to moderate or strong tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the anemone [Corynactis viridis] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] intermixed with a short bryozoan turf of one or more [Crisia] spp., [Scrupocellaria] spp., [Bugula] spp. and [Cellaria] spp. Occasionally, this turf obscures the underlying [C. virdis] and [C. smithii]. Cushion and encrusting sponges, particularly [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Cliona celata], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis], are present in moderate amounts at many sites. The axinellid sponges [Stelligera] spp. and [Raspailia] spp. are less frequently recorded. Clumps of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] as well as the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum] may be found covering the hard substratum. The anemones [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Sagartia elegans] are typically present in low numbers, while the hard `coral' [Pentapora foliacea] is also occasionally observed. The most frequently recorded echinoderms are [Marthasterias glacialis] and [Asterias rubens], although other species such as [Echinus esculentus] may also be seen. The rocky substratum may have a patchy covering of encrusting red seaweeds/algae. The crabs [Necora puber] and [Cancer pagurus] may be seen in crevices or under overhangs. This biotope is regularly recorded around south west England and Wales, often on vertical rock faces. Situation: Due to its wave-exposed nature, kelp park and forest biotopes (LhypR and Ala) are commonly found in the infralittoral zone shallower than this biotope, and feature species such as [Laminaria hyperborea], [Sacchoriza polyschides] and [Alaria esculenta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with [Swiftia pallida] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.133
definition: This biotope typically occurs from exposed through to sheltered circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is found in water depths ranging from 4m to 37m. This biotope is distinguished by frequently occurring [Swiftia pallida], abundant [Caryophilia smithii] and a diverse range of ascidians including [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ascidia mentula], [Polycarpa pomaria], [Diazona violacea] and [Corella parallelogramma]. A sparse, yet diverse hydroid turf is often apparent, with species such as [Aglaophenia tubulifera], [Nemertesia antennina], [Polyplumaria frutescens], [Halecium halecinum], [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halopteris catharina] often recorded. Spaces amongst the turf are usually colonised by the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and encrusting red algae. Crinoids such as [Antedon petasus], [Antedon bifida] and [Leptometra celtica] may be seen filter feeding on the tops of outcrops and boulders, along with the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum]. Other echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Crossaster papposus] and [Asterias rubens] may also be recorded. There may also be a bryozoan component to the sparse faunal turf. Species such as [Securiflustra securifrons] and [Eucratea loricata] as well as the crustose [Parasmittina trispinosa] are all usually present. There may be a few isolated growths of sponge, such as [Iophonopsis nigricans], [Axinella infundibuliformis] and [Haliclona urceolus]. Other species that may be present include the brachiopod [Terebratulina retusa] and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. The crustacean [Munida rugosa] may be visible in crevices. All records are from the west coast of Scotland (east coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides). Situation: Above this biotope, kelp forests and parks are typically found in the infralittoral, with [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea]. This biotope is found in Scottish Sealochs and, in the most sheltered situations, may gr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.134
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders (although a variant is found on mixed substrata). It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is exposed to varying amounts of scour (due to nearby patches of sediment) and, as a consequence, is characteristically dominated by dense [Flustra folicaea], a range of colonial ascidians and a variety of other scour/silt-tolerant species. In addition to [F. foliacea], other bryozoans present in this biotope include [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bugula flabellata] and [Bugula plumosa]. Varying amounts of the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] may be recorded, depending on the amount of scouring which may vary locally. Where scour is a major factor, species such as the scour-tolerant [Urticina felina] are frequently observed. Hydroids present in this biotope include [Nemertesia antennina], [Halecium halecium], [Tubularia indivisa] and [Hydrallmania falcata]. Other species present include silt-tolerant sponges such as [Scypha ciliata], [Cliona celata], [Leucosolenia botryoides], and the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Botryllus schlosseri]. [Balanus crenatus] may be recorded occasionally on the boulder/rock surface, and the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be observed finding refuge in crevices and under boulders. More ubiquitous species present include [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Pagurus bernhardus]. Three variants of this biotope have been defined. FluCoAs.SmAs tends to have a high abundance of barnacles, which populate the rocky seabed. The second variant (FluCoAs.Paur) is characterised by abundant [Polyclinum aurantium] in addition to [F. foliacea], which often incorporates sand grains into itself, giving the crustose appearance of sandy rock nodules. Finally, FluCoAs.X is found on mixed substrata and is characterised by a dense hydroid turf growing alongside [F. foliacea] and other …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Polyclinum aurantium] and [Flustra foliacea] on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Flustra foliacea], small solitary and colonial ascidians on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock or boulders
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed circalittoral mixed substrata

Sandy mixed sediment with [Alcyonidium diaphanum]
type: Concept
notation: A5.446
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop)
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

Deep circalittoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.45
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available. Such habitats are often highly diverse with a high number of infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore gravels and coarse sands and in some areas populations of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus may develop in these habitats (see A5.622).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Polychaete-rich deep [Venus] community in offshore mixed sediments

Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A5.46
definition: These communities occur on a substratum whose nature varies widely and depends largely on the typology of the nearby coast and of nearby infralittoral formations. This implies that substrata can sometimes be gravels and sands originating from predominant local rocks, sometimes shell debris from various molluscs, sometimes debris from branched bryozoans or debris of dead and more or less corroded [Melobesiae] spp. The interstices between these various components are partially filled by a greater or lesser proportion of sand and mud.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Facies with [Ophiura texturata]
narrower: Facies with Synascidies
narrower: Facies with large Bryozoa

[Polyclinum aurantium] and [Flustra foliacea] on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1341
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper face of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. Sand and silt are periodically re-suspended in the water column, resulting in scour-tolerant species being characteristic of these areas. There is a dense covering of the scour-resistant bryozoan [Flustra foliacea] attached to the bedrock plains and boulders. The colonial ascidian [Polyclinum aurantium] commonly covers the rock surface at most locations within this biotope - itself incorporating sand grains into its surface to give it the appearance of sandy rock nodules. Other ascidians that may occur in this crust are the flat, encrusting colonial [Botrylloides leachi], [Botryllus schlosseri] and the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], although in varying quantities at each location. A short turf of other bryozoans such as [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bugula plumosa] and [Bugula flabellata] occur amongst the ascidians. Other species found in this biotope are the sponges [Cliona celata], [Leucosolenia botryoides] and [Scypha ciliata], the hydroids [Tubularia indivisa], [Nemertesia antennina], [Halecium halecinum] and the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina]. Echinoderms which may be present include the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis]. Crustaceans such as the crab [Cancer pagurus], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the lobster [Homarus gammarus] may be observed in crevices and under boulders. The palps of the polychaete [Polydora] spp. may be observed whilst the nudibranch [Janolus cristatus] may be seen preying on the hydroid/bryozoan turf. This variant is commonly found on the Northumberland coast, Flamborough Head and the Lleyn Peninsula. Situation: As FluCoAs.Paur tends to occur in waters with a sediment load, the resulting light penetration is reduced, meaning that kelp forests such as Lhyp, normally found shallower than FluCoAs.Paur in the inf…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Flustra foliacea], small solitary and colonial ascidians on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock or boulders
type: Concept
notation: A4.1342
definition: This sub-biotope is typically found on the upper faces of exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept, scoured, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is characteristically dominated by dense [Flustra foliacea] with a variety of slightly scour/silt-tolerant species forming a dense turf. This turf is primarily composed of bryozoans ([Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula plumosa], [Bicellariella ciliata]) and hydroids ([Tubularia indivisa], [Nemertesia antennina], [Sertularia argentea], [Hydrallmania falcata], [Abietinaria abietina]). Where space permits, barnacles such as [Balanus crenatus] may be found encrusting on the rock surface. There may also be occasional crusts formed by the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa], especially where the rock is most influenced by sand. Anthozoans which may be observed include [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans], whilst the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] may be recorded on the tops of boulders and bedrock ridges. A range of small solitary and colonial ascidians may be seen, including [Polycarpa scuba], [Dendrodoa grossularia], [Molgula manhattensis], [Botryllus schlosseri], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and polyclinids. Sponges found include [Scypha ciliata], [Cliona celata], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis]. Echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata] and [Crossaster papposus] may be seen on the rock surface. Other species found include the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber]. Situation: Above this variant, exposed kelp forest supporting [Laminaria hyperborea] is commonly found (LhypR). At locations where wave-exposure and/or tidal streams are less, this biotope may be replaced by [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Securiflustra securifrons] (FaAlCr.Sec). Where the substrata changes to a less stable mixed substrata, then this biotope will be replaced by the sub-biotope FluCoAs.X, with more `sedi…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.1343
definition: This variant is typically found on very exposed to moderately exposed, circalittoral mixed substrata subject to moderately strong tidal streams. It most frequently occurs between 10m and 20m water depth. This variant is characterised by a dense hydroid and [Flustra foliacea] turf, along with other scour-tolerant species, growing on the more stable boulders and cobbles which overlie coarse muddy sand and gravel. Although [Nemertesia antennina] is the dominant species within the hydroid turf, other species such as [Halecium halecinum], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Hydrallmania falcata] may also be present. Other bryozoans found amongst the hydroid and [Flustra] turf include [Cellepora pumicosa], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula turbinata], and a crisiid turf. Encrusting red algae, the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and barnacles such as [Balanus crenatus] may be found on the smaller cobbles and pebbles, which may become mobile during extreme storms. Echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] and [Ophiothrix fragilis] may be present on the boulders, or the coarse sediment in between. On the larger, more stable boulders, isolated sponge communities may develop, with species such as [Scypha ciliata], [Dysidea fragilis], [Hemimycale columella], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Stelligera rigida]. In addition, small [Alcyonium digitatum], various ascidians ([Clavelina lepadiformis], [Botryllus schlosseri]), [Pododesmus patelliformis] and top shells ([Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Gibbula cineraria]) may colonise the upper faces and vertical sides of larger boulders. At some shallower sites, the foliose red algae [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] may be found on the tops of larger boulders. Within the coarse sediment underlying these boulders and cobbles, anemones such as [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Urticina felina] may be recorded. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of terebellid worms, and crabs such as [Pisidia longicornis] and [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: This variant is found in wave-expose…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Facies with [Ophiura texturata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.461
definition: This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the Echinoderm [Ophiura texturata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms

Facies with Synascidies
type: Concept
notation: A5.462
definition: This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of tunicate colonial ascidians or "Synascidies".
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms

Facies with large Bryozoa
type: Concept
notation: A5.463
definition: This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of big colonies of arborescent bryozoans, unattached or fixed to small substrata.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms

Sparse sponges, [Nemertesia] spp., and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] on circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.135
definition: This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed sand-scoured, circalittoral boulders, cobbles and pebbles that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams (referred to as lag-cobbles locally). It is characterised by sparse sponges and a diverse bryozoan and hydroid turf. The sparse sponge community is primarily composed of [Dysidea fragilis] and [Scypha ciliata]. The mixed faunal turf is composed of [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Halecium halecinum], [Sertularia argentea], [Alcyonium digitatum], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula turbinata], [Bugula plumosa], [Flustra foliacea], [Cellepora pumicosa], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Cellaria fistulosa] and crisiid bryozoans. The anemones [Epizoanthus couchii], [Sagartia elegans] and [Cerianthus lloydii] may also be recorded. Echinoderms such as the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], [Henricia oculata] and the crinoid [Antedon bifida]. Other species present include the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria], the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the ascidian [Morchellium argus], [Prosthecareus vittatus] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. It is distributed off Pen Llyn and over considerable areas of the Irish Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Suberites] spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and [Bugula] spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed shallow circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.136
definition: This biotope is found on heavily silted, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders (often limestone) that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams. A very high silt loading in the water column means that this 'circalittoral' biotope occurs at unusually shallow depths (1 - 10 m BCD). It is characterised by a mixed faunal turf and `massive' examples of the sponges [Suberites ficus], [Suberites carnosus] and [Hymeniacidon perleve]. Other sponges recorded in this biotope are [Cliona celata], [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Raspailia ramosa], [Polymastia mamillaris], [Dysidea fragilis], [Scypha ciliata], [Stelligera rigida] and [Haliclona oculata]. Also characteristic of this biotope is a dense bryozoan turf with one or more crisiid species, [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa]. The polychaete [Polydora] spp. and the rock-boring bivalve [Hiatella arctica] are able to bore into the relatively soft limestone. There is an ascidian component to the biotope, with [Morchellium argus] and [Clavelina lepadiformis] among the most abundant. There may be scattered clumps of the hydroids [Abietinaria abietina] and [Hydrallmania falcata]. Other species present include the anemones [Metridium senile], [Sagartia elegans] and [Urticina felina], the starfish [Asterias rubens], the crab [Necora puber], the nudibranch [Janolus cristatus] and the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum]. This biotope has currently only been recorded off the east coast of Anglesey, Wales.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Flustra foliacea] and [Haliclona oculata] with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.137
definition: This biotope is typically found on exposed slopes of silty cobble and pebble subject to strong to moderate tidal streams. From afar, large 'finger' growths of the sponge [Haliclona oculata] occur amongst a rich faunal turf of hydroids and bryozoans with [Flustra foliacea] prominent. The dense faunal turf growing on the cobbles is composed of the bryozoans [F. foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Crisia eburnea] and sporadic occurrences of the hydroids [Nemertesia antennina], [Hydrallmania falcata], [Tubularia larynx], [Rhizocaulus verticillatus] and [Halecium halecinum]. Caprellid shrimps may be observed within this faunal turf. The hard substratum frequently has a dense covering of the sponge [H. oculata] and occasionally [Esperiopsis fucorum], while the softer gravely/sand between the cobbles provides a habitat for anemones such as [Urticina felina] and [Cerianthus lloydii]. The nudibranch [Janolus cristatus] may be seen preying on the faunal turf and the fan worm [Sabella pavonia] is occasionally seen amongst the cobbles. The soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] is often attached to the upper faces of more stable cobbles and rocks, while in the crevices between cobbles, the anemone [Sagartia elegans], the crab [Cancer pagurus], the prawn [Pandalus montagui] and the amphipod [Dyopedos porrectus] may be observed. Under-cobble fauna includes terebellid worms and [Harmothoe] spp. This biotope has been recorded from the Menai Strait, Milford Haven and Morecambe Bay.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Molgula manhattensis] with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.138
definition: This biotope is typically found on slightly sand-scoured, tide-swept, moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock and cobbles. It is commonly recorded from the shallower reaches of the circalittoral around depths from 5m to 15m BCD, as it occurs mostly in very turbid waters. From afar, the physical characteristics are usually silted bedrock reefs and cobble, interspersed with patches of clean sand, causing a scour effect on the rock. Dense aggregations of the ascidian [Molgula manhattensis] form a silty mat on the rock and there is a sparse hydroid and bryozoan turf. A hydroid turf, composed of [Nemertesia antennina], [Halecium beanii], [Hydrallmania falcata], [Sertularella gaudichaudi], [Tubularia indivisa] and [Alcyonium digitatum], in varying amounts, occurs at most sites on the tops of boulders and ridges. A bryozoan turf is also present, but not usually dense and includes [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Electra pilosa] and the crust-forming bryozoan [Conopeum reticulum]. The polychaete [Lanice conchilega] thrives in the sandy patches which often occur between the rock ridges. The scour effect tends to reduce the diversity of sponges present with only [Halichondria panicea] occasionally present. Isolated clumps of the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] may be present but they do not occur in dense aggregations as in the Sspi.ByB biotope. The anemones [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia troglodytes] may occur in cracks between cobbles or on stones buried in the sandy substratum. The anemone [Sagartia elegans] is more commonly found attached to crevices in the bedrock. Other species such as the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the polychaete [Sabella pavonia] and [Pomatoceros triqueter] may all be present whilst the crab [Pisidia longicornis] may be found under cobbles and stones. Records of this biotope are distributed along the south coast of England and the north Wales coast as well as Pembrokeshire near the entrance to M…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

Mediterranean communities of shelf-edge detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A5.47
definition: These communities are present in detritic bottoms with abundance of dead shells, bryozoans and coral skeletons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Maybe referring to shell substrate (A4.73). Need to check with G. Bellan.
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Facies with [Neolampas rostellata]
narrower: Facies with [Leptometra phalangium]

Sponges and anemones on vertical circalittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A4.139
definition: This biotope is found on exposed to moderately wave exposed , vertical and overhanging, circalittoral bedrock, subject to strong through to weak tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by a mixed faunal turf of hydroids ([Nemertesis antennina], [Tubularia indivisa] and [Halecium halecium]) and bryozoans ([Alcyonidium diaphanum] and crisiid turf). There is frequently a diverse range of sponges recorded, including [Cliona celata], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Hemimycale columella]. There may be dense aggregation of dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] along with clumps of the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii], and the anthozoans [Corynactis viridis], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Sagartia elegans] and [Metridium senile]. Other species present include the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus], [Asterias rubens], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Henricia oculata], [Holothuria forskali] and [Antedon bifida], clumps of the lightbulb tunicate [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. The first variant is characterised by a [Bugula] turf along with the pink sea fan [Eunicella verrucosa], and has been recorded from around southwest England and Wales. The second variant, characterised by a dense 'carpet' of [Corynactis viridis] and [Metridium senile] has been recorded predominantly from the west coast of Ireland. The final variant is characterised by a very diverse, dense faunal turf of hydroids, bryozoans and ascidians and has been recorded from the coasts around Northern Ireland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.211
definition: This biotope is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of very exposed through to wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulders, which are typically subject to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the sea fan [Swiftia pallida] on the silty substratum. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and encrusting red algae may be seen. This biotope may have a grazed appearance, perhaps attributable to the frequently occurring [Echinus esculentus]. There may be a sparse hydroid turf present, with species such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halecium halecinum] present. The soft corals [Alcyonium glomeratum] and [Alcyonium digitatum] may be present on the tops of boulders along with the crinoids [Antedon petasus] and [Antedon bifida]. Other echinoderms occasionally observed include the starfish [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens] and [Luidia ciliaris]. Sponges feature only occasionally in this biotope, including species such as [Cliona celata]. The bryozoan [Porella compressa] may also be recorded. Ascidians occasionally present include [Ascidia mentula], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of the crustacean [Munida rugosa]. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be seen encrusting the rocky surface. Two variants of this biotope have been identified; CarSwi.Aglo and CarSwi.LgAs. CarSwi.Aglo is a heavily silted biotope characterised by the sea fan [S. pallida], the cup coral [C. smithii] and the soft coral [A. glomeratum] and is only present in Irish waters. CarSwi.LgAs has been recorded off the west coast of Scotland, and is characterised by large solitary ascidians and the cup coral [C. smithii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2111
definition: This variant typically occurs on sheltered, ridged, circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to only weak tidal streams, but may be found in somewhat more exposed conditions. It is found in water depths ranging from 15m to 32m. Commonly occurring [Swiftia pallida] characterises this heavily silted biotope along with [Caryophyllia smithii] and frequent [Alcyonium glomeratum]. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] may be found. There is a strong echinoderm component to the community, with the tentacles of [Aslia lefevrei] frequently seen protruding from crevices in the ridged bedrock. [Holothuria forskali] is often seen on the upper faces of boulders and bedrock. [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus], [Henricia oculata] and [Luidia ciliaris] may also be present. A sparse hydroid turf may also be present, with species such as [Polyplumaria frutescens], [Halecium halecinum] and [Nemertesia antennina]. In addition, there may be anthozoans such as [Isozoanthus sulcatus] and [Corynactis viridis]. The sponge [Suberites carnosus] is typically associated with a heavily silted habitat. Other sponges present include [Cliona celata], [Stelligera stuposa] and [Polymastia boletiformis]. The only records are from the west coast of Ireland. Situation: Usually found on bedrock ridges and outcrops surrounded by sand and muddy gravel.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock

Facies with [Neolampas rostellata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.471
definition: This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the sea urchin [Neolampas rostellata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of shelf-edge detritic bottoms

Facies with [Leptometra phalangium]
type: Concept
notation: A5.472
definition: This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the crynoid [Leptometra phalangium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of shelf-edge detritic bottoms

Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.5
definition: This habitat type includes maerl beds, seaweed dominated mixed sediments (including kelps such as [Laminaria saccharina] and filamentous/foliose red and green algae), seagrass beds, and lagoonal angiosperm communities. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to lagoons and are found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Change in name and generalisation to include Posidonia, which had been separated at level 3 in 1999 (Southampton workshop).
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Maerl beds
narrower: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

Maerl beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.51
definition: Beds of maerl in coarse clean sediments of gravels and clean sands, which occur either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets (the latter often stony). In fully marine conditions the dominant maerl is typically [Phymatolithon calcareum] (A5.511), whilst under variable salinity conditions in some sealochs beds of [Lithothamnion glaciale] (A5.512) may develop.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
narrower: [Lithothamnion glaciale] maerl beds in tide-swept variable salinity infralittoral gravel
narrower: [Lithothamnion corallioides] maerl beds on infralittoral muddy gravel
narrower: [Lithophyllum fasciculatum] maerl beds on infralittoral mud
narrower: Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents
narrower: Association with rhodolithes on coastal detritic bottoms

[Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with red seaweeds in shallow infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5111
definition: Upper infralittoral maerl beds characterised by [Phymatolithon calcareum] in gravels and sand with a wide variety of associated red seaweeds. These algae typically include [Dictyota dichotoma], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Phycodrys rubens], [Chondrus crispus], [Halarachnion ligulatum], [Chylocladia verticillata], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] and [Nitophyllum punctum]. These species are not restricted to maerl beds but their abundance on maerl beds differentiates this biotope from Pcal.Nmix. Anthozoans and echinoderms are much less common in this biotope than in Pcal.Nmix, which typically occurs deeper than Pcal.R.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand

[Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with [Neopentadactyla mixta] and other echinoderms in deeper infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5112
definition: Lower infralittoral maerl beds characterised by [Phymatolithon calcareum] in gravels and sand with a variety of associated echinoderms. The echinoderm [Neopentadactyla mixta] is frequently observed in this biotope. Other echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Ophiura albida] and rarely [Luidia ciliaris] may also be present. Red seaweed such as [Plocamium cartilagineum] may be present but at a much lower abundance than in Pcal.R and with fewer species present. Other, more ubiquitous echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] may also be found in low numbers throughout Pcal biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand

[Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2112
definition: This variant typically occurs on exposed to moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral bedrock and boulders rock subject to mainly weak tidal streams and has a thin layer of silt present. It is found predominantly from 10-30m water depth. From afar, this biotope is mostly distinguished by the frequently occurring seafan [Swiftia pallida], encrusting red algae and the abundant cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. This biotope has quite an impoverished appearance, compared with SwiLgAs which has a strong sponge component. Other species present are typically in low abundance. Echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Antedon bifida], [Antedon petasus], [Leptometra celtica], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Luidia ciliaris] and [Asterias rubens] may be recorded. Large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] may occasionally be seen in isolated clumps on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. The anthozoan [Parazoanthus anguicomus] may be recorded. Bryozoans such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and [Porella compressa] are occasionally observed. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be observed encrusting the sides of rocks and boulders while occasional [Alcyonium digitatum] may also be seen. A small suite of large ascidians may be present, including [Ascidia mentula], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ciona intestinalis], [Diazona violacea] and [Ascidia virginea]. Sponges are typically absent from this biotope, although [Cliona celata] may be recorded occasionally. The top shell [Gibbula cineraria] is usually present. Under boulders and overhangs, the squat lobster [Munida rugosa] can usually be seen hiding. All these records are from the west coast of Scotland (East coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides). Situation: Above this biotope in the infralittoral zone, sheltered kelp forests are usually found, with species such as [Laminaria hyperborea], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Sacchoriza polyschides]. This biotope is found on bedrock and boulders, which may either be pr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.212
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper and vertical faces of wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders, with a water depth range of 20-30m. This often silty biotope has a typically sparse fauna, appearing grazed, and is characterised by common cup corals [Caryophyllia smithii], frequent [Alcyonium digitatum] and occasional urchins [Echinus esculentus]. There may be occasional large growths of the sponge [Cliona celata], [Haliclona viscosa], [Pachymatisma johnstonia] and the axinellid sponge [Stelligera stuposa]. Echinoderms form a prominent feature of the fauna within this biotope, with species such as [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens], [Luidia ciliaris], [Henricia oculata], [Holothuria forskali], [Antedon bifida] and [Aslia lefevrei] present. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and encrusting red algae cover the rock/boulder surface. The bryozoan [Porella compressa] may also be recorded occasionally. Isolated clumps of hydroids feature species such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Abietinaria abietina], [Halecium halecinum] and [Sertularella gayi]. Other species observed include the anemone [Corynactis viridis], [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans], [Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Balanus crenatus] and [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Two variants within this biotope have been distinguished: CarSp.PenPcom and CarSp.Bri. While CarSp.PenPcom tends to have the bryozoans [Pentapora foliacea] and [P. compressa], while CarSp.Bri features a dynamic community of brittlestars covering the seabed in a dense mat. [Ophiothrix fragilis] is usually the dominant species in shallow water but tends to be replaced by [Ophiocomina nigra] in deeper water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts, [Parasmittina trispinosa] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii] and sponges with [Pentapora foliacea], [Porella compressa] and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts, [Parasmittina trispinosa] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2121
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, on open coasts. However, the depth at which the variant occurs means that wave action is not so severe on the seabed as to displace the dense mat of brittlestars that covers the seabed. [Ophiothrix fragilis] is usually the most dominant species in shallow water, with [Ophiocomina nigra] usually found amongst them, but sometimes becoming the dominant species in deeper water. Although brittlestar biotopes are typically species-poor, the underlying fauna in this variant is relatively diverse and resembles that of CarSp.PenPcom. Species such as the anemone [Urticina felina], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii], and the anemone [Corynactis viridis] may occasionally be present. There may also be sparse clumps of various hydroids including [Halecium halecinum], [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Sertularella gayi] and [Abietinaria abietina]. Soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] is occasionally present and there may be sparse specimens of the sponges [Cliona celata] and [Polymastia boletiformis]. In addition, various echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens], [Antedon bifida], [Echinus esculentus], [Henricia oculata], [Marthasterias glacialis] and [Luidia ciliaris] may be observed. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be seen attached to any available space on the bedrock and boulders not smothered by brittlestars. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] may also be present. Situation: Wave-exposed seabed composed of bedrock ridges and/or boulder or cobble slope. Shallower than this biotope, the lower infralittoral kelp park is dominated by [Laminaria hyperborea]. A dense understorey may be present, containing [Antedon] spp., [Phycodrys rubens] and [Plocamium cartilagineum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Caryophyllia smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents
type: Concept
notation: A5.515
definition: This facies is characterised by the presence of small calcareous algae species exposed to strong bottom currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check that this is truly a biogenic structure
broader: Maerl beds

Association with rhodolithes on coastal detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A5.516
definition: This association characterised by "balls" of calcareous encrusting algae occurs on coastal detritic bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds

Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.52
definition: Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina], the bootlace weed [Chorda filum] and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum] on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] with [Psammechinus miliaris] and/or [Modiolus modiolus] on variable salinity infralittoral sediment
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina], [Gracilaria gracilis] and brown seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral sediment
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and [Gracilaria gracilis] with sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral sediment
narrower: Mats of [Trailliella] on infralittoral muddy gravel
narrower: Loose-lying mats of [Phyllophora crispa] on infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: Filamentous green seaweeds on low salinity infralittoral mixed sediment or rock
narrower: Facies with [Ficopomatus enigmaticus]
narrower: Association with [Gracilaria] spp.
narrower: Association with [Chaetomorpha linum] and [Valonia aegagropila]
narrower: Association with [Halopitys incurva]
narrower: Association with [Ulva laetevirens] and [Enteromorpha linza]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira barbata]
narrower: Association with [Lamprothamnium papulosum]
narrower: Association with [Cladophora echinus] and [Rytiphloea tinctoria]
narrower: Association with [Peyssonnelia rosa-marina]
narrower: Association with [Arthrocladia villosa]
narrower: Association with [Osmundaria volubilis]
narrower: Association with [Kallymenia patens]
narrower: Association with [Laminaria rodriguezii]
narrower: Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] biocenosis on shell gravel
narrower: Pontic degraded facies of the [Phyllophora] biocenosis

[Caryophyllia smithii] and sponges with [Pentapora foliacea], [Porella compressa] and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2122
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces and vertical sides of wave-exposed bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The fauna is often sparse with the frequently observed [Echinus esculentus] giving it a grazed appearance, but the community may also be affected by violent storm action working into deep water during winter storms. Despite this spartan appearance, the community is relatively diverse and contains a wide range of sponges, hydroids, bryozoans and echinoderms. This variant is found on open coasts or offshore, and is characterised by the cup-coral [Caryophyllia smithii], [Alcyonium digitatum], the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus], large specimens of the sponge [Cliona celata], encrusting bryozoans and encrusting red algae. Although this variant tends to occur in deep water (depth range of 20-30m), a high degree of water clarity allows some red algae to grow at these depths. Other species recorded include large specimens of [Haliclona viscosa], the bryozoans [Parasmittina trispinosa], [Porella compressa] and [Pentapora foliacea], the sea cucumbers [Holothuria forskali] and [Aslia lefevrei] and sparse hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halecium halecinum]. Anemones such as [Corynactis viridis], [Sagartia elegans] and [Urticina felina] are also frequently seen. Various other species characteristic of wave-exposed rock include the sponges [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Stelligera stuposa], the starfish [Luidia ciliaris], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata], the crinoid [Antedon bifida], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The majority of the records within this variant originate from the west coast of Ireland. Situation: Exposed kelp forest and park biotopes such as LhypR with species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] are typically found shallower than this biotope…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Caryophyllia smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Urticina felina] and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.213
definition: This biotope typically occurs on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, rock adjacent to mobile sand/gravel in gullies, and cobbles on gravel and sand, characterised by scour-tolerant robust species. Although many of these species are found on subtidal rock, they tend to occur in larger numbers in these highly sand-influenced conditions. The dominant species by far is the anemone [Urticina felina] which commonly occurs on rocks at the sand-rock interface, where the scour levels are at a maximum and few species can tolerate this abrasion. The sponge [Ciocalypta penicillus] is also very characteristic of shifting sand-covered rock. This biotope is only occasionally recorded as a separate entity, because its extent is typically restricted to a very narrow band of rock at the sediment interface. Only occasionally does it cover a large extent of rock (e.g. where the wave action is strong enough to cause sand abrasion well up the rock face or where the rock is low-lying). More often, this scoured zone is recorded as part of whatever biotope occurs on the nearby hard substrata. Other species (which are able to survive, and benefit from the reduced competition) include [Balanus crenatus], [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Cellepora pumicosa], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Cliona celata], encrusting red algae and [Asterias rubens]. Situation: This biotope tends to be found in close proximity to mobile sand or gravel, producing scour that tends to limit the number of species found.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock

Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.214
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the vertical and upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to mostly moderate to weak tidal streams (a variant of this biotope containing brittlestar is found on bedrock, boulders and cobbles). The biotope is dominated by faunal (e.g. [Parasmittina trispinosa]) and algal (Corallinaceae) crusts, and tends to have a grazed appearance; this may be partially attributable to the abundance of [Echinus esculentus] found in this biotope. Occasionally, the rock may appear pink from a distance, due to the expanses of encrusting red algae on the rock surface. [Alcyonium digitatum] is one of the few species to stand erect from the encrusted rock surface and are frequently encountered, on the tops of rocky outcrops and boulders. Hydroids do not form a prominent feature of this biotope, with only robust species such as [Abietinaria abietina] frequently recorded. Sponges and [Caryophyllia smithii] are rarely present while erect bryozoans and ascidians are scarce (although there are exceptions, see variants). The [E. esculentus] grazed substratum may be interspersed with other encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis]. Other species present include [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Urticina felina], [Ophiocomina nigra], [Pagurus bernhardus], [Flustra foliacea], [Gibbula cineraria], [Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Ophiura albida], [Ciona intestinalis] and [Antedon bifida]. Six variants of this biotope have been recorded. FaAlCr.Flu is dominated by the silt and scour tolerant bryozoan [F. foliacea]. FaAlCr.Adig is dominated by [A. digitatum]. FaAlCr.Sec is dominated by [Securiflustra securifrons]. FaAlCr.Pom looks extremely impoverished (even for a grazed community). FaAlCr.Bri has a dense covering of brittlestars while FaAlCr.Car is only found under weak/very weak tides and is dominated by [C. smithii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] on slightly scoured silty circalittoral rock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum], [Pomatoceros triqueter], algal and bryozoan crusts on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum] with [Securiflustra securifrons] on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Faunal and algal crusts with [Pomatoceros triqueter] and sparse [Alcyonium digitatum] on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii] with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Mats of [Trailliella] on infralittoral muddy gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.526
definition: Dense loose-lying beds of the '[Trailliella]' phase of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] may occur in extremely sheltered shallow muddy environments. Beds of this alga are often 10 cm thick but may reach 100 cm at some sites. Other loose-lying algae may also occur such as [Audouinella floridula, Phyllophora crispa] and species of [Derbesia]. Often the mud is gravelly or with some cobbles and may be black and anoxic close to the sediment surface. This biotope is widely distributed in lagoons, sealochs and voes but should only be described as SMP.Tra when a continuous mat is found. It is likely that the infaunal component of this biotope may be considerably modified by the overwhelming quantity of loose-lying algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Facies with [Ficopomatus enigmaticus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.529
definition: The characteristic species of this association is the Annelid [Ficopomatus enigmaticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Gracilaria] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A5.52A
definition: This association is characterised by the red algae belonging to the genus [Gracilaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Chaetomorpha linum] and [Valonia aegagropila]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52B
definition: This association is characterised by the green algae [Chaetomorpha linum] and [Valonia aegagropila].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

[Flustra foliacea] on slightly scoured silty circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2141
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong tidal streams. These rocky patches may be interspersed with gravelly sand patches, causing a scouring effect. From afar, the variant appears dominated by the bryozoan [Flustra foliacea]. [Alcyonium digitatum] may also be seen attached to the rocky substratum. Under closer inspection, the white tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be observed on the rock and boulders, especially on vertical faces. There may be sandy/gravelly patches in between the boulders colonised by the anemone [Urticina felina]. The regular occurrence of large numbers of the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] in this biotope may be responsible for grazing the faunal and algal turf, thus keeping species richness relatively low. Other echinoderms that may be seen include the ubiquitous starfish [Asterias rubens] and the common brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis]. Sparse clumps of the hydroids [Thuiaria thuja], [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia antennina] and [Tubularia indivisa] are occasionally seen attached to the rocky substratum. The hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], the polychaete [Sabella pavonina] and sparse bryozoan crusts may also be present. This biotope is characteristic of the bedrock terraces along the Northumberland coast that are generally species impoverished compared to similar [F. foliacea] biotopes on the west coasts of the UK, which have a more diverse range of sponges, hydroids and bryozoans. As the turbidity levels increase in this fairly silty biotope, so the species diversity is reduced. Situation: This biotope typically occurs around coasts subject to sand scour and siltation. Associated biotopes common around the north-east coast of England include circalittoral gravel and coarse sands. Typical species present include [Echinocardium], [Lanice conchilega], [Ensis] spp., [Mya truncata] and [Myxicola]. Where suitable substr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Alcyonium digitatum], [Pomatoceros triqueter], algal and bryozoan crusts on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2142
definition: This variant is typically found on the vertical, steep and upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to varying amounts of current. The variant has a very grazed, sparse appearance, dominated only by the presence of [Alcyonium digitatum] and large expanses of encrusting red alage and bryozoan crusts particularly ([Parasmittina trispinosa]). The sparse appearance can be attributed to the frequently observed sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be locally abundant, and may in some cases cover far more rock surface than [A. digitatum], especially on vertical faces. Clumps of robust hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina] occur occasionally. Other species present include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Henricia sanguinolenta], [Ophiothrix fragilis], the anemone [Urticina felina], [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: Shallower than this biotope, dense kelp forest is typically found, containing species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Alaria esculentus]. Occasionally, this biotope may be found on rocky outcrops surrounding by coarse sand. With this increased scour, MCR.UrtScr may develop at the rock/sand interface. Below this biotope, coarse sediments, muddy gravel and sand are typically recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Alcyonium digitatum] with [Securiflustra securifrons] on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2143
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The rock surface is dominated by [Alcyonium digitatum] and the bryozoan [Securiflustra securifrons]. The rock between these species appears fairly sparse and grazed, with expanses of encrusting red algae. The sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] is frequently seen, and in collaboration with the light attenuating effects of depth, is probably the principal reason for the lack of algal turf. Other species found include the hydroids [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia antennina], [Thuiaria thuja], the bryozoans [Cellepora pumicosa], [Parasmittina trispinosa], [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and other bryozoan crusts. Encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacle [Balanus balanus] are frequently observed. Other species present include [Asterias rubens], [Antedon bifida], [Ophiura albida], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Caryophyllia smithii], [Urticina felina], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Calliostoma zizphinium] and [Pandalus montagui]. Situation: Above this biotope, you tend to find exposed kelp forest and park (LhypR). There is a tendency for slight scouring to occur in this biotope. However, if this scour increases further, for example if water movement increases, mobilising more sand, this biotope may graduate into UrtScr. In more silty sites, there is a tendency for [S. securifrons] to be replaced by [F. foliacea] as the dominant bryozoan, turning the biotope into FaAlCr.Flu. Temporal variation: Whilst the great majority of species in this variant are most likely present throughout the year, [C. lepadiformis] grows in spring and may show great variation in abundance from year to year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Association with [Halopitys incurva]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52C
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga [Halopitys incurvus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Ulva laetevirens] and [Enteromorpha linza]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52D
definition: This association is characterised by the green algae [Ulva laetevirens] and [Enteromorpha linza].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Cystoseira barbata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52E
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira barbata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Lamprothamnium papulosum]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52F
definition: This association is characterised by the foxtail stonewort (charophyte) [Lamprothamnium papulosum]. [Lamprothamnium papulosum] is a rare, brackish water stonewort growing to a height of up to 40 cm with regular whorls of slender cylindrical branches each with several spine-like bracts which give the plant a furry appearance. The foxtail stonewort has a sporadic distribution around the coast of Europe from Norway to the Iberian Peninsula. In the Mediterranean it extends eastwards to Tunisia and Sicily with isolated records from Cyprus and the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Cladophora echinus] and [Rytiphloea tinctoria]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52G
definition: The characteristic species of this association are the green alga [Cladophora echinus] and the red alga [Rytiphloea tinctoria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Peyssonnelia rosa-marina]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52H
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga [Peyssonnelia rosa-marina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2144
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by high densities of brittlestars (predominantly [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiura albida]). In fact, they may form such dense beds that the seabed underneath may not be visible. The rocky substratum is usually colonised by species such as encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Only robust hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina], [Alcyonium digitatum] and bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are able to tolerate the significant smothering effect from the dense mat of brittlestars. Other species typically seen include [Echinus esculentus], [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus], [Anapagurus hyndmanni], [Gibbula cineraria], [Urticina felina], [Pododesmus patelliformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]. Situation: Shallower than the FaAlCr.Bri variant, kelp park and forest may be found with species such as [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Faunal and algal crusts with [Pomatoceros triqueter] and sparse [Alcyonium digitatum] on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2145
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. From afar, the seabed has a rather sparse, grazed appearance, reminiscent of a brittlestar bed after the brittlestars have moved elsewhere. The rocky substratum is generally covered with encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], dotted with the abundant urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Under closer inspection, [Alcyonium digitatum] are usually seen attached to the rocky surface underneath rock overhangs and large boulders. Although they may be recorded as abundant or common in some areas, their relatively small size means that their biomass is generally lower than in other biotopes. Sparse clumps of robust hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina] are frequently observed, and bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are occasionally seen. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiocomina nigra], and the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be seen within crevices in the boulders/rock whilst the starfish [Asterias rubens] may be seen on the rock surface. Muddy-gravel patches between boulders (especially within Scottish sealochs) provide a suitable habitat for the anemone [Urticina felina]. The top shell [Gibbula cineraria] is occasionally seen grazing on the rock surface. Within this biotope, there is some regional variation. The robust hydroid [A. abietina] is typically found in higher abundances in northern (Scottish) regions, especially around the Isle of May. Situation: Above the FaAlCr.Pom variant in the infralittoral zone, species such as [Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria hyperborea] are found in more wave exposed sites (KFaR.Ala/KFaR.Lhyp) while species such as [Laminaria saccharina] may be found above FaAlCr.Pom in the more sheltered examples. Due to moderately tide-swept conditions this variant is found in, clean, coa…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia smithii] with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2146
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock, subject to very little water movement. Where this variant is found on slightly more wave-exposed sites, it tends to be found towards the bottom of its depth range. The rocky substratum has a grazed appearance, with encrusting red algae. Diversity of species is very low, possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. From afar, there is little evident epifauna attached to the rocks apart from the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the cup-coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. In addition, bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are frequently seen. Under closer inspection, a few more species become apparent but few are typically characterising of this particular variant. The echinoderms [Antedon bifida], [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Crossaster papposus] are occasionally present. Sparse clumps of hydroids such as [Halecium halecinum], [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and [Nemertesia antennina] may be found attached to rocky outcrops or boulders. Small specimens of [Alcyonium digitatum] may be present. The ascidians [Ciona intestinalis], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ascidia mentula] also occur in this variant but are found in greater numbers in other biotopes. The top shells [Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Gibbula cineraria], and the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] may be seen on the rock surface whilst the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be seen under boulders and in crevices. The anemone [Metridium senile] may be found under rocky overhangs and on the sides of boulders. Situation: As FaAlCr.Car occurs on moderately wave-exposed coasts, kelp forests in the infralittoral zone shallower than this variant tend to be dominated by robust kelp species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] (Lhyp) and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. Immediately belo…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Association with [Arthrocladia villosa]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52I
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga [Arthrocladia villosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Osmundaria volubilis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52J
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga [Osmundaria volubilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Kallymenia patens]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52K
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga [Kallymenia patens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Laminaria rodriguezii]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52L
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga [Laminaria rodriguezii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

[Alcyonium digitatum] and faunal crust communities on vertical circalittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A4.215
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the vertical faces and overhangs of exposed to moderately exposed lower infralittoral and upper circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. Due to the large numbers of the urchin [Echinus esculentus] often recorded, this biotope tends to have a grazed appearance, and the bedrock is often encrusted with pink coralline algae, encrusting bryozoans such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Dense aggregations of dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] may be present along with the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Other species present include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Antedon bifida], the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula], the anthozoans [Urticina feline], [Cortynactis viridis], [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia elegans], the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the crustacean [Cancer pagurus]. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. One variant found typically off the north-east coast of Scotland and around the Northern Isles, has a very impoverished appearance dominated by anthozoans. A second variant occurs along the west coast of Scotland, extending to Rockall in the west, and the Northern Isles in the north-east, and has a more fauna, characterised by hydroids, sponges, anthozoans and echinoderms. A third variant occurs along the north-east coast of England (Northumberland) up to the Northern Isles and is dominated by [Alcyonium digitatum], brittlestars and [Echinus esculentus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock

[Sabellaria] reefs on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.22
definition: This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to moderately strong tidal streams. It is characterised by dense crusts of the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] covering the substratum. Other fauna present in many cases reflects the biotopes found on nearby rock, so to a certain extent, is quite variable. Species typically present include the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Pentapora foliacea], the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina], the sponges [Tethya aurantium] and [Phorbas fictitius], the anemones [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans], and the ascidians [Distomus variolosus], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Polycarpa scuba]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the polychetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Salmacina dysteri], the starfish [Crossaster papposus], and [Alcyonium digitatum] may also be recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa] encrusted circalittoral rock

[Sabellaria spinulosa] encrusted circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.221
definition: This biotope is typically found encrusting the upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to strong/moderately strong tidal streams in areas with high turbidity. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm [Sabellaria spinulosa] may even completely cover the rock, binding the substratum together to form a crust. A diverse fauna may be found attached to, and sometimes obscuring the crust, often reflecting the character of surrounding biotopes. Bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea], [Pentapora foliacea] and [Alcyonidium diaphanum], anemones such as [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans], the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Alcyonium digitatum], the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] and echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] and [Crossaster papposus] may all be recorded within this biotope. There are two variants. The first (Sspi.ByB) contains significant cover of barnacles ([Balanus crenatus]) and bryozoans. The second (Sspi.As) has a dense turf of didemnid ascidians as well as scour-tolerant bryozoans such as [F. foliacea], sponges such as [Tethya aurantium] and [Phorbas fictitius], colonies of the serpulid worm [Salmacina dysteri] and patchy occurrences of the ascidians [Distomus variolosus], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Polycarpa scuba]. This biotope has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, Lundy Island (including the wreck of the MV Robert) and the north-east and south coast of England.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Sabellaria] reefs on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa] with a bryozoan turf and barnacles on silty turbid circalittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa], didemnid and small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Sabellaria spinulosa] with a bryozoan turf and barnacles on silty turbid circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2211
definition: This variant is typically found encrusting the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral rock and mixed substrata, subject to strong and moderately strong currents and high turbidity levels. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm [Sabellaria spinulosa] may completely cover the rock, binding gravel and pebbles together. A diverse fauna may be found attached to this crust, and in many cases reflects the character of nearby biotopes. There is normally considerable variation in the associated fauna encountered. There may be a sparse bryozoan turf ([Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bicellariella ciliata], [Bugula plumosa] and [Vesicularia spinosa]) attached to the [Sabellaria] crust and available rocky substrata. Other scour-tolerant species such as [Urticina felina] are occasionally observed. Clumps of robust hydroids such as [Tubularia indivisa], [Nemertesia antennina], [Hydrallmania falcata] and [Halecium halecinum] may also be observed. Other species which may be present include the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Balanus crenatus], [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Gibbula cineraria]. Occasionally, sponges such as [Haliclona oculata] and [Halichondria panicea], and ascidians such as [Dendrodoa grossularia] may also be observed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Sabellaria spinulosa] encrusted circalittoral rock

Pontic degraded facies of the [Phyllophora] biocenosis
type: Concept
notation: A5.52N
definition: This facies represents a degraded form of the [Phyllophora nervosa] biocenosis in which [Phyllophora nervosa] is substituted by [Phyllophora brodiaei] and [Mytilus galloprovincialis] is dominant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Sublittoral seagrass beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.53
definition: Beds of submerged marine angiosperms in the genera [Cymodocea], [Halophila], [Posidonia], [Ruppia], [Thalassia], [Zostera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: [Cymodocea] beds
narrower: [Halophila] beds
narrower: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments
narrower: [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
narrower: [Posidonia] beds

[Cymodocea] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.531
definition: Formations of [Cymodocea nodosa] of the Atlantic shores of southern Iberia, northwestern Africa and the Macaronesian Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Macaronesian [Cymodocea] beds
narrower: Lusitanian [Cymodocea] beds
narrower: Mediterranean [Cymodocea] beds

Macaronesian [Cymodocea] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5311
definition: Formations of [Cymodocea nodosa] or [Cymodocea] and [Caulerpa] spp., in particular [Caulerpa prolifera], occupying large surfaces, on sandy substrates at depths of 1-15 metres, around the Macaronesian Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cymodocea] beds

Lusitanian [Cymodocea] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5312
definition: Formations of [Cymodocea nodosa] of the southernmost Atlantic coasts of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cymodocea] beds

Mediterranean [Cymodocea] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5313
definition: [Cymodocea nodosa] formations of the Mediterranean, permanently submerged in waters down to 10 metres deep, often in sheltered areas behind [Posidonia] reefs, monospecific or associated with either the alga [Caulerpa prolifera] or the phanerogam [Halophila stipulacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cymodocea] beds
narrower: Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on well sorted fine sands
narrower: Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on well sorted fine sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.53131
definition: This association, characterised by the seagrass [Cymodocea nodosa], lives on soft bottoms formed by well sorted fine sands and can constitute a local facies with epiflora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean [Cymodocea] beds

[Sabellaria spinulosa], didemnid and small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2212
definition: This variant is typically found on tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to slight sand-scour. It occurs predominantly in the lower circalittoral. This variant normally appears as a bedrock/boulder outcrop or reef with a dense crust of the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] and a dense turf of didemnid ascidians and scour-tolerant bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea], [Pentapora foliacea] and [Cellaria] species. There may be discreet clumps of [Alcyonium digitatum] and sparse sponges such as [Tethya aurantium] and [Phorbas fictitius]. Patchy occurrences of the small ascidians [Polycarpa scuba], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Distomus variolosus] may be present on the tops of rocks and boulders whilst in crevices between, the anemone [Urticina felina] may be found. Species such as [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], the serpulid worm [Salmacina dysteri] and the anemone [Sagartia elegans] are occasionally seen on the rock surface. This variant has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, the Skerries and around Pembrokeshire in Wales.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Sabellaria spinulosa] encrusted circalittoral rock

Communities on soft circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.23
definition: This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral soft bedrock subject to moderately strong tidal streams. As this complex is found in highly turbid water conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin at the low water mark, due to poor light penetration. This complex is dominated by the piddock [Pholas dactylus]. Other species typical of this complex include the polychaete [Polydora] and [Bispira volutacornis], the sponges [Cliona celata] and [Suberites ficus], the bryozoan [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonium digitatum], the starfish [Asterias rubens], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the crab [Necora puber] and [Cancer pagurus]. Foliose red algae may also be present. Please note: in areas subject to very high turbidity, biotopes within this habitat type may occur in the infralittoral and even the littoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in sublittoral very soft chalk or clay
narrower: [Polydora] sp. tubes on moderately exposed sublittoral soft rock
narrower: [Hiatella]-bored vertical sublittoral limestone rock

Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in sublittoral very soft chalk or clay
type: Concept
notation: A4.231
definition: This biotope occurs on circalittoral soft rock, such as soft chalk or clay, most often in moderately exposed tide-swept conditions. As soft chalk and firm clay are often too soft for sessile filter-feeding animals to attach and thrive in large numbers, an extremely impoverished epifauna results on upward-facing surfaces, although vertical faces may be somewhat richer. The rock is sufficiently soft to be bored by bivalves. Species vary with location, but [Pholas dactylus] is the most widespread borer and may be abundant. Other species present may include the sponges [Dysidea fragilis] and [Suberites carnosus] and the polychaete [Bispira volutacornis]. Foliose red algae may be present on the harder, more stable areas of rock. Mobile fauna often include the crabs [Necora puber] and [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: Subtidal chalk reefs or clay outcrops, mostly known from south-east England.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities on soft circalittoral rock

[Polydora] sp. tubes on moderately exposed sublittoral soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.232
definition: Large patches of chalk and soft limestone are occasionally covered entirely by [Polydora] sp. tubes to the exclusion of almost all other species. This tends to occur in highly turbid conditions and spans the infralittoral and circalittoral in limestone areas such as the Great and Little Ormes (North Wales) and Gower (South Wales). It is even present on the lower shore in the Severn estuary. The boring form of the sponge [Cliona celata] often riddles the surface layer of the stone. Other sponges present include [Halichondria panicea], [Haliclona oculata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve]. [Polydora] sp. also frequently occurs in small patches as part of other biotopes (e.g. FluCoAs). Other species present include [Alcyonium digitatum], [Sarcodictyon roseum], the hydroids [Halecium halecinum], [Abietinaria abietina] and [Tubularia indivisa], the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Botryllus schlosseri] and [Morchellium argus], the anemones [Urticina felina], [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia elegans] and the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea] and a crisiid turf. The starfish [Asterias rubens], the crabs [Inachus phalangium] and [Carcinus maenas], the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] may also be seen. Please note: this biotope may extend into the infralittoral and littoral zone in areas where water turbidity is sufficiently high.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities on soft circalittoral rock

[Hiatella]-bored vertical sublittoral limestone rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.233
definition: Moderately exposed vertical and overhanging soft rock (typically chalk), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, bored by the rock-boring mollusc [Hiatella arctica]. As with other biotopes in the soft rock complex, it is found in areas of high turbidity, where there is poor light penetration. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] and a sparse bryozoan turf formed by various crisiids, [Bugula plumosa] and [Bugula flabellate] (often being grazed on by the nudibranch [Janolus cristatus]), [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Flustra foliacea] and [Cellapora pumicosa]. A patchy 'carpet' of the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] is often recorded along with other echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] and [Henricia sanguinolenta]. Other species present include the colonial ascidians [Polyclinum aurantium], [Botrylloides leachi], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Aplidium punctatum] and [Botryllus schlosseri], dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Sponges present include the boring sponge [Cliona celata], [Halichondria panicea], [Myxilla incrustans], [Leucosolenia botryoides]and [Dysidea fragilis]. Occasionally, the foliose red seaweed [Delessaria sanguinea] may be recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities on soft circalittoral rock

Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.53132
definition: This association is characterised by the seagrass [Cymodocea nodosa] and is present when the water is actively renewed and there is no trace of desalination.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean [Cymodocea] beds

[Halophila] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.532
definition: Deep water colonies of [Halophila] spp. or [Thalassia] spp. of the Mediterranean and the Macaronesian Atlantic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Canary Island [Halophila] beds
narrower: Mediterranean [Halophila] beds

Canary Island [Halophila] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5321
definition: [Halophila decipiens] colonies of Tenerife, at depths between 10 and 14 metres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Halophila] beds

Mediterranean [Halophila] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5322
definition: The facies characterised by the seagrass [Halophila stipulacea] lives on soft bottoms with fine sands that are fairly enriched by fine particles. Colonies of [Halophila stipulacea] have invaded the Mediterranean as a result of the opening of the Suez Canal; they have been reported from continental Greece, the Cyclades, Crete, Rhodes, Samos, the Maltese Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Halophila] beds

[Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.533
definition: Beds of seagrass ([Zostera marina] or [Ruppia] spp.) in shallow sublittoral sediments. These communities are generally found in extremely sheltered embayments, marine inlets, estuaries and lagoons, with very weak tidal currents. They may inhabit low, variable and full salinity marine habitats. Whilst generally found on muds and muddy sands they may also occur in coarser sediments, particularly marine examples of [Zostera] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar, Palaearctic, Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. A mixture of parameters (plant species, salinity, substrate and depth) is used to define level 4 units: a decision is needed on the primary criterion. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: [Zostera marina]/[angustifolia] beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic [Zostera noltii] beds
narrower: Association with [Zostera marina] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment
narrower: Mediterranean [Zostera hornemanniana] beds

Mussel beds on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.24
definition: This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed upper circalittoral bedrock subject to strong or moderately strong tidal streams. This complex is characterised by dense aggregations of the mussels [Mytilus edulis] or [Musculus discors] carpeting the underlying substrata. Sponges that may be recorded in this complex are [Scypha ciliata], [Tethya aurantium], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Cliona celata]. A sparse hydroid/bryozoan turf composed primarily of [Nemertesia antennina], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea] is often recorded. Anemones present are [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans]. Other species recorded are the crabs [Cancer pagurus], [Carcinus maenas] and [Necora puber], the starfish [Crossaster papposus] and [Asterias rubens], and [Alcyonium digitatum] and in this upper circalittoral complex, algae species such as [Dictyota dichotoma], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Plocamium cartilagineum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Musculus discors] beds on moderately exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral rock

[Mytilus edulis] beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.241
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, boulders and mixed substrata exposed to varying amounts of wave action. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] forms dense beds, to the exclusion of other species. The starfish [Asterias rubens] is frequently recorded, and it predates heavily on the mussels. Occasionally, the anemone [Urticina felina] may be seen within crevices in the rock or on gravel patches. Crabs such as [Necora puber] and [Carcinus maenas] may be seen on the rock or mussels whilst fauna observed in crevices typically consists of the lobster [Homarus gammarus] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. The anemone [Sargatia elegans] can be seen attached to bedrock and cobbles, whereas the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] may be seen attached to the mussels themselves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel beds on circalittoral rock

[Musculus discors] beds on moderately exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.242
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept bedrock, boulders and cobbles in slightly silty conditions. The mussel [Musculus discors] occurs in dense mats and occasionally completely coats all available surfaces. There is also often a layer of pseudofaeces, forming a thick, silty matrix. A relatively diverse fauna of cushion and branching sponges is often present on rocky outcrops and other hard substratum that is free of mussels. These include [Tethya aurantium], [Scypha ciliata], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis], [Cliona celata] and [Stelligera stuposa]. There may be isolated clumps of silt-tolerant bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa]. Various species may be observed on top of the mussels, including [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and the brittlestar [Ophiura albida]. Occasional [Alcyonium digitatum] and clumps of the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] are found attached to rocky outcrops and boulders whilst the anemone [Urticina felina] may be seen in crevices in the rock or on gravely patches between boulders. Colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] and didemnids may occasionally be present. A wide range of seaweeds may be present, including [Dictyota dichotoma], [Plocamium cartliagineum], [Dictyopteris membranacea], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Heterosiphonia plumosa]. The crab [Cancer pagurus] may be observed in crevices. The majority of the records for this biotope are from the Lleyn Peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel beds on circalittoral rock

Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity
type: Concept
notation: A4.25
definition: This habitat type occurs on wave-sheltered, variable salinity bedrock and cobbles, subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This complex contains a suite of sponges able to tolerate the variable salinity conditions like [Hymeniacidon perleve], [Suberites ficus], [Halichondria panicea], [Halichondria bowerbanki], [Cliona celata] and [Leucosolenia botryoides]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] is frequently recorded in this complex. A sparse hydroid/bryozoan turf composed primarily of [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemerteis ramosa], [Plumularia setacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Bugula plumosa] is often recorded. Other species recorded are the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Morchellium argus] and [Dendrodoa grossularia], the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia troglodytes], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Carcinus maenas].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Halichondria bowerbanki], [Eudendrium arbusculum] and [Eucratea loricata] on reduced salinity tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata

Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.251
definition: This biotope is found in variable salinity environments and tends to occur on the upper faces of circalittoral bedrock and boulders, in sheltered sites subject to moderately strong tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by aggregations of cushion sponges such as [Hymeniacidon perleve], [Halichondria panicea], [Halichondria bowerbanki] and [Cliona celata], other sponges ([Leucosolenia botryoides] and [Suberites ficus]) along with occasional hydroid tufts of [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Plumularia setacea]. Other species that may be present include the colonial ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Morchellium argus], [Dendrodoa grossularia], the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia troglodytes], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], [Asterias rubens], [Carcinus maenas] and [Bugula plumosa]. Two variants of this biotope have been recorded: CuSpH.VS and CuSpH.As.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity
narrower: Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock

Mediterranean and Pontic [Zostera noltii] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5332
definition: Sparse meadows formed on muddy sands of the upper part of the infralittoral zone of Mediterranean coasts. This association is found in euryhaline and eurythermal waters and is characterised by the dwarf eel-grass [Zostera noltii] and the alga [Giraudya sphacelarioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments
narrower: Association with [Zostera noltii] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment
narrower: Association with [Zostera noltii] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Association with [Zostera noltii] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment
type: Concept
notation: A5.53321
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic [Zostera noltii] beds

Association with [Zostera noltii] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.53322
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic [Zostera noltii] beds

Association with [Zostera marina] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment
type: Concept
notation: A5.5333
definition: This association is found in euryhaline and eurythermal waters and it is characterised by the eel-grass [Zostera marina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments

Mediterranean [Zostera hornemanniana] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5334
definition: Formations of the Mediterranean endemic [Zostera hornemanniana], vicariant of [Zostera marina], often confined to coastal lagoons, recorded also from the Istrio-Dalmatian archipelago.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments

[Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
type: Concept
notation: A5.534
definition: Beds of seagrass ([Zostera marina] or [Ruppia] spp.) in shallow sublittoral sediments. These communities are generally found in extremely sheltered embayments, marine inlets, estuaries and lagoons, with very weak tidal currents. They may inhabit low, variable and full salinity marine habitats. Whilst generally found on muds and muddy sands they may also occur in coarser sediments, particularly marine examples of [Zostera] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar, Palaearctic, Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. A mixture of parameters (plant species, salinity, substrate and depth) is used to define level 4 units: a decision is needed on the primary criterion. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Middle European [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
narrower: Tethyan marine [Ruppia] communities
narrower: [Ruppia maritima] in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sand

Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2511
definition: This sub-biotope typically occurs in a mixture of turbid, full and variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered and moderately exposed bedrock or boulders. Tidal streams are typically moderately strong but may vary considerably. This sub-biotope occurs in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 11m water depth) and is dominated by cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians. On the silty, rocky substrata, large growths of sponge are usually associated with this biotope ([Suberites ficus], [Hymeniacidon perleve], [Cliona celata], [Halichondria panicea], [Raspailia ramosa]). The tasselled form of [Esperiopsis fucorum] is also notably present. Other epifauna present includes silty hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Plumularia setacea], [Hydrallmania falcata] and [Halecium halecinum]. Individual colonies of dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] and plumose anemones [Metridium senile] may be seen attached to the tops of boulders and ridges. At some sites, whole sides of rocks may be colonised by the anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Sagartia troglodytes] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta]. Within crevices in the rocky substratum and at the base of boulders [Urticina felina] and [Cereus pedunculatus] may be found. Ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Morchellium argus], [Dendrodoa grossularia], [Diplosoma listerianum] and [Distomus variolosus] may all be observed. Other ubiquitous species which may be recorded include [Polydora], terebellid worms, [Balanus crenatus], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Asterias rubens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock

Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2512
definition: This sub-biotope typically occurs in turbid, variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered bedrock in estuaries subject to strong tidal regimes where circalittoral communities occur in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 8m water depth). Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians dominate the biotope. Large growths (often up to 50cm across) of the sponges [Halichondria panicea] mixed with [Halichondria bowerbanki] almost entirely cover the bedrock, appearing in places like a continuous cushion. [Haliclona oculata], [Suberites ficus], [Leucosolenia botryoides], various hydroids such as [Plumularia setacea], [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and various bryozoans such as [Bugula plumosa], [Bugula turbinata] and [Bowerbankia pustulosa] protude through the [Halichondria] spp. sponge growth. Colonial ascidians such as the lightbulb ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Morchellium argus] may also be observed. Other more ubiquitous species include [Balanus crenatus], [Carcinus maenas], [Asterias rubens], [Metridium senile], [Sagartia elegans] and [Ophiothrix fragilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock

[Halichondria bowerbanki], [Eudendrium arbusculum] and [Eucratea loricata] on reduced salinity tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.252
definition: This biotope typically occurs on circalittoral mixed substrata (bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel) in the moderately strong, tide-swept narrows near the entrance of Loch Etive, although not in the extremely tide-swept Falls of Lora. This sea loch is unique in having a substantial freshwater input from the surrounding moorland, yielding the most brackish, large sea loch in Scotland. Large growths of the brackish-tolerant sponge [Halichondria bowerbanki] cover the cobble and boulder seabed, interspersed with [Mycale lobata], the hydroid [Eudendrium arbusculum] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum] which are particularly characteristic of these conditions. Tufts of the bryozoan [Eucratea loricata] are occasional in most areas. Other species recorded include [Carcinus maenas], [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], [Buccinum undatum], [Pagurus berhardus], [Henricia] spp., [Onchidoris bilamellata] and [Palio dubia], tolerant of the low salinity, are found in the circalittoral throughout this area. Ascidians such as [Ascidiella scabra] and [Corella parallelogramma] may also be present. A very impoverished low salinity version is present in the upper basin of Loch Etive. The biotope CuSpH is similar in several respects to this biotope and will develop in less brackish situations where species-richness is generally greater.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity

Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.31
definition: This habitat type occurs on the wave-sheltered, circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to weak tidal streams. The biotopes within this complex are typically found in the Scottish sealochs (with the exception of A4.312, recorded off Ireland) and are characterised by brachipod and ascidian communities. Ascidians often recorded in this complex are [Ciona intestinalis], [Ascidia mentula], [Ascidia virginea] and [Clavelina lepadiformis]. The brachiopod [Neocrania anomala] is also characteristic of the biotopes within this complex recorded in Scottish sealochs. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and encrusting red algae are frequently recorded on the rocky substrata. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fraglis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiura albida], the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and [Henricia oculata], the crinoid [Antedon bifida] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] are all found in this complex. Other species present include the squat lobster [Munida rugosa], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], [Alcyonium digitatum], the anemone [Protanthea simplex] and the hydroid [Kirchenpaueria pinnata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Antedon] spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock

Middle European [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
type: Concept
notation: A5.5341
definition: Submerged beds of [Ruppia maritima], [Ruppia cirrhosa], [Zannichellia pedicellata], [Chara] spp., [Tolypella nidifica] of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons of Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts of boreal and temperate Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities

Tethyan marine [Ruppia] communities
type: Concept
notation: A5.5342
definition: Submerged beds of [Ruppia maritima] or [Ruppia cirrhosa] and of [Chara] spp. of sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the subtropical Atlantic, north to southwestern Iberia, south to 27øN.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities

[Posidonia] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.535
definition: This assemblage is characterised by the presence of the marine seagrass (phanerogam) [Posidonia oceanica]. This species is endemic to the Mediterranean and constitutes characteristic formations called Posidonia meadows, located between the surface and up to 50 metres depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Ecomorphosis of striped [Posidonia oceanica] meadows
narrower: Ecomorphosis of "barrier-reef" [Posidonia oceanica] meadows
narrower: Facies of dead "mattes" of [Posidonia oceanica] without much epiflora
narrower: Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on [Posidonia] beds

Ecomorphosis of striped [Posidonia oceanica] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A5.5351
definition: The striped [Posidonia oceanica] meadows facies is found at depth 0 - 5 metres. It appears as fairly narrow ribbons that can be several dozen metres long. These ribbons are separated by stretches of dead mat colonised by [Cymodocea nodosa] and/or [Caulerpa] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Posidonia] beds

Ecomorphosis of "barrier-reef" [Posidonia oceanica] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A5.5352
definition: This ecomorphosis can be found in [Posidonia oceanica] beds present in sheltered bays. The vertical growth of the rhizomes leads to the raising of the mat, thus enabling the meadow to reach the surface.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Posidonia] beds

Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.311
definition: This biotope predominantly occurs on the upper faces of wave-sheltered (often sealochs) circalittoral bedrock, boulder and cobble slopes with little tidal flow. Apart from the solitary ascidians [Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula], this biotope has a rather barren, pink appearance (due to the encrusting red algae), possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Other organisms found encrusting the rocky surface include the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Other species occasionally encountered include [Alcyonium digitatum], [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus berhardus], [Crossaster papposus], [Antedon bifida] and [Metridium senile]. Crustaceans such as [Munida rugosa] and [Cancer pagurus] may be recorded in crevices. Two variants of this biotope exist: AmenCio.Ant and AmenCio.Bri. AmenCio.Bri occurs where is a dense carpet of brittlestars which sometimes completely cover the rocky substratum. Species present include [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiura albida]. Temporal variation: The abundance of [C. intestinalis] tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other solitary ascidian species such as [A. mentula] and [Ascidiella aspersa] tend to be longer-lived (approximately 7 years and 3 years, respectively).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], with [Antedon] spp. on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: Dense brittlestars with sparse [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis] on sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], with [Antedon] spp. on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.3111
definition: This variant occurs on circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes in generally wave-sheltered conditions (often in sea lochs) with little tidal flow. It is frequently found on vertical or steeply-sloping rock. Apart from the large ascidians, [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], the rock surface usually has a rather sparse appearance. Scyphistomae larvae are often present on any vertical surfaces. Grazing by the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] leaves only encrusting red algae (giving the bedrock/boulder substratum a pink appearance), cup corals [Caryophyllia smithii] and the keelworm [Pomatoceros triqueter]. There may be a few hydroid species present, such as [Nemertesia] spp. and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], occasional [Alcyonium digitatum] and occasional [Metridium senile]. Barnacles [Balanus] spp. and the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] also occasionally occur. At some sites, echinoderms such as the crinoid [Antedon] spp., the starfish [Crossaster papposus] and [Asterias rubens] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] (in low densities) may be found. The squat lobster [Munida rugosa] is likely to be found in crevices, under boulders, and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] may be observed moving around the rock surface. The brachiopod [Neocrania anomala] is frequently observed (especially where this biotope occurs shallower than NeoPro for example). The saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] may occasionally be seen attached to the rock/boulder face. Situation: This biotope is typical of one found in sheltered sealochs. On slightly more wave and tide exposed sites, a transition to the more diverse AntAsH biotope will occur. Below AmenCio.Ant, you may find the NeoPro biotope (especially situated on the sills of sealochs). Temporal variation: The abundance of [C. intestinalis] tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other s…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Dense brittlestars with sparse [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis] on sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.3112
definition: This biotope is typically found on wave-sheltered sites (although it may be found in wave-exposed through to extremely wave-sheltered conditions), on circalittoral mixed substrata (Bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This biotope often has a silty appearance in parallel with AmenCio.Ant but is characterised by a dense carpet of brittlestars ([Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and to a lesser extent [Ophiura albida]) which virtually cover the seabed. Where the underlying substratum is visible, pink coralline crusts and the white calcareous tubes of the keelworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] are often observed. Hydroids and bryozoans are scarce, perhaps partly due to the smothering effect of the brittlestars and possibly due to the grazing pressure of the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] which is occasionally recorded. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Crossaster papposus]. The solitary ascidian [Ciona intestinalis] may be seen attached to isolated rocks and boulders, whilst on the tops and sides of larger boulders, dead man's fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] may be recorded. The hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] is often recorded, whilst under boulders and in crevices the claws belonging to the long-clawed squat lobster [Munida rugosa] may be seen. Situation: AmenCio.Bri is found in predominantly sheltered areas, so in the infralittoral zone above, kelp forest formed by dense [Laminaria saccharina] and cape-form [Laminaria hyperborea] are frequently recorded. A dense understorey of red algae is also present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Facies of dead "mattes" of [Posidonia oceanica] without much epiflora
type: Concept
notation: A5.5353
definition: This facies is characterised by a dead mat of [Posidonia oceanica] without macro-epiflora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Posidonia] beds

Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on [Posidonia] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5354
definition: This facies is characterised by the presence of the green alga [Caulerpa prolifera] in association with the [Posidonia oceanica] bed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Posidonia] beds

Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.54
definition: Beds of submerged or slightly emergent vascular vegetation of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Phragmites australis]
narrower: Association with [Potamogeton pectinatus]
narrower: Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Ranunculus baudotii]
narrower: Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Scirpus lacustris] or [Scirpus tabernaemontani]
narrower: [Zostera] beds in reduced salinity infralittoral sediments

Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Phragmites australis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.541
definition: Permanently low salinity muds or peaty muddy sands with some gravel which supports [Phragmites australis] reed beds. These reed beds are often found in enclosed water bodies influenced by freshwater inflow and may have notable quantities of decaying reed material. The substratum may be mixtures of mud, peaty mud, sand and some gravel. Filamentous green algae and charaphytes such as [Lamprothamnium papulosum] and [Chara aspera] may also be found in association with this biotope as well as a the freshwater quillwort [Myriophyllum] spp. The infaunal component of this biotope is poorly known. This biotope is further described as NVC type S4 (Rodwell 1995).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Ranunculus baudotii]
type: Concept
notation: A5.543
definition: [Ranunculus] spp.-dominated communities developed in shallow-waters of very low salinity of coastal lagoons, coastal basins and coastal waters of the Palaearctic region, including the Atlantic, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. The most widespread characteristic species is [Ranunculus baudotii]. Locally, other crowfoots may be typical, as, in particular, in the Gulf of Bothnia, [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.312
definition: A4.312 is characteristic of the wave-sheltered conditions found in the Kenmare River on the west coast of Ireland. This biotope is typically found on silty circalittoral bedrock and boulders in wave-sheltered channels subject to varying amounts of tidal flow. These fully marine inlets and channels have steep, often vertical sides with small terraces or ledges. This biotope, characterised by erect sponges and large solitary ascidians, appears to be biologically diverse. A diverse ascidian fauna is generally present, including [Ascidia mentula], [Aplidium punctum], [Corella parallelogramma], [Ascidia virginea], [Botryllus schlosseri], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]. An equally diverse sponge fauna, with massive erect sponges particularly noticeable, compliments these species. Dominant species include [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Dysidea fragilis], [Tethya aurantium], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Raspailia ramosa], [Stelligera stuposa], [Polymastia mamilliaris] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia]. Other sponges present are [Suberites carnosus], [Haliclona fistulosa], [Stelligera rigida], [Mycale rotalis], [Haliclona simulans], [Iophon hyndmani] and [Hemimycale columella]. Various sponge crusts may also be present but in most cases in lower abundances. Other significant components of the community include the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and various echinoderms, including the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the starfish [Henricia oculata] and [Marthasterias glacialis]. Small isolated clumps of [Nemertesia antennina] and individual [Alcyonium digitatum] may be seen, whilst the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may also be present. At present, there are relatively few records in this biotope, as it is only reported from around the south-western coast of Ireland, where sponge diversity is very high. Situation: Due to the sheltered nature of the biotope, LgAsSp is usually situated on bedrock/boulder outcrops associated with mud slopes and plains. Typical spe…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock

[Antedon] spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.313
definition: This biotope is typically found on silty boulder or rock slopes, in the sheltered parts of sealochs, subject to weak or very weak tidal currents. The seabed consists of smooth, silty bedrock or boulders, often as outcrops on mixed muddy sediment. There are often small vertical faces on the sides of rock ridges, and at few sites, there may be more extensive steep or vertical bedrock. In sharp contrast to the barren, grazed appearance of AmenCio.Ant, the species composition of AntAsH is quite diverse, although no one phyla dominates. A wide range of encrusting species may be found, including the brachiopod [Neocrania anomala], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis], encrusting red algae and polychaetes ([Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Protula tubularia]). Other conspicuous species include crinoids on the tops of boulders ([Antedon bifida], commoner in shallower water and [Antedon petasus], commoner in deeper water), scattered solitary and colonial ascidians ([Ascidia mentula], [Ascidia virginea], [Corella parallelogramma], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]) and tufts of fine hydroids ([Kirchenpaueria pinnata], [Nemertesia antennina], [Obelia dichotoma] and [Halceum halecinum]). The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the crustose bryozoan [Parasmittina trispinosa] are all typically present, as are a wide range of echinoderms, including the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Crossaster papposus], and the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiura albida]. Other species recorded are the squat lobster [Munida rugosa], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the chiton [Tonicella marmorea]. Situation: The range of biotopes shallower and deeper than AntAsH is typical of a sheltered sealoch. Silted kelp biotopes (e.g. LhypLsac, Lsac) are typically found shallower than AntAsH in the infralittoral zone. Deeper than AntAsH, the boulder slope typically grades into a muddy slope or plain (CMU or CMX), along with fauna c…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock

Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Scirpus lacustris] or [Scirpus tabernaemontani]
type: Concept
notation: A5.544
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

[Zostera] beds in reduced salinity infralittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.545
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

Sublittoral biogenic reefs
type: Concept
notation: A5.6
definition: This habitat type includes polychaete reefs, bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) and cold water coral reefs. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries, marine inlets and deeper offshore habitats and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed change of unit and level (Southampton workshop) to allow new grouping
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment
narrower: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: Circalittoral coral reefs
narrower: Pontic [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs on mobile seabottom

Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.61
definition: Sublittoral reefs of polychaete worms in mixed sediments found in a variety of hydrographic conditions. Such habitats may range from extensive structures of considerable size to loose agglomerations of tubes. Such communities often play an important role in the structural composition or stability of the seabed and provide a wide range of niches for other species to inhabit. Consequently polychaete worm reefs often support a diverse flora and fauna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa] on stable circalittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Sabellaria alveolata] on variable salinity sublittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Serpula vermicularis] reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand

Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.62
definition: Sublittoral mussel beds comprised of either the horse mussel [Modiolus modiolus] or the common mussel [Mytilus edulis]. These communities may be sublittoral extensions of littoral reefs or exist independently. Found in a variety of habitats ranging from sheltered estuaries and marine inlets to open coasts and offshore areas they may occupy a range of substrata, although due to the stabilising effect such communities have on the substratum muddy mixed sediments are typical. A diverse range of epibiota and infauna often exists in these communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop), with name ("mussel beds") clarified by CEH.
broader: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: [Modiolus modiolus] beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Modiolus modiolus] beds on open coast circalittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Modiolus modiolus] beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Modiolus modiolus] beds with [Chlamys varia], sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on sublittoral sediment
narrower: [Hiatella arctica] beds on silty clay with small pebbles and shells
narrower: Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment

[Hiatella arctica] beds on silty clay with small pebbles and shells
type: Concept
notation: A5.626
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit. Needs further clarification. (Southampton workshop).
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.627
definition: Communities of Atlantic, Baltic and Mediterranean mussel beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Baltic mussel beds of the infralittoral photic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.6271
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed move to new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone

[Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.314
definition: This biotope typically occurs in full to variable salinity conditions on very wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulder slopes subject to negligible tidal streams (this tends to be in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs). This biotope is characterised by often dense populations of the anemone [Protanthea simplex], growing on the silty bedrock. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered by encrusting red algae, the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the brachiopods [Neocrania anomala] and [Terebratulina retusa], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] and the polychaete [Sabella pavonina]. Scattered colonies of [Alcyonium digitatum] and the hydroid [Bougainvillia ramosa] may occasionally be recorded. A diverse range of ascidians including [Ciona intestinalis], [Ascidia mentula], [Corella parallelogramma], [Ascidia virginea], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Dendrodoa grossularia] are also occasionally recorded. Echinoderms such as the common brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] are frequently reported with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata], and the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and [Psammechinus miliaris] are occasionally found on the boulder/rock surface. The whelk [Buccinum undatum] is often present but in very low numbers. The squat lobster [Munida rugosa] may be seen hiding in crevices. The hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] may also be recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Neocrania anomala], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Sarcodictyon roseum] on variable salinity circalittoral rock

[Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.3141
definition: This variant typically occurs on deep, lower circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes (often-vertical walls) in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs. In these very sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the anemone [Protanthea simplex] growing on the silty boulder or rock slope, and on the tubes of the parchment worm [Chaetopterus variopedatus]. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered with encrusting red algae, the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the brachiopod [Neocrania anomala], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] and the conspicuous fan worm [Sabella pavonina]. Scattered colonies of [Alcyonium digitatum] are occasionally present along with the hydroid [Bougainvillia ramosa]. The barnacle [Balanus balanus] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] is occasionally seen on boulder or rock surface, whilst underneath in crevices, the squat lobster [Munida rugosa] may be present. A diverse range of solitary ascidians, typically found in sheltered conditions, are often present including [Ciona intestinalis], [Corella parallelogramma], [Polycarpa pomaria], [Ascidia mentula] and [Ascidia virginea]. Echinoderms such as brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] are frequently seen with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish [Asterias rubens], the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and [Psammechinus miliaris] are occasionally found on the boulder or rock surface. The whelk [Buccinum undatum] is often present but in very low numbers. Situation: Where this biotope occurs on vertical rock cliffs, you tend to find silted sugar kelp [Laminaria saccharina] communities above NeoPro, in the infralittoral zone (Lsac). Where NeoPro occurs on a rock or boulder slope and due to the very sheltered nature of the habitat, it is common to find a mud plain community where slope ends (CMU). Species such as the seapen [Funiculina quadrangularis], the anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the Norway lobster [Nephrop…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock

[Neocrania anomala], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Sarcodictyon roseum] on variable salinity circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.3142
definition: This variant typically occurs on lower circalittoral silty, bedrock or boulder cliffs and ridges in very wave-sheltered fjordic sealochs subjected to variable salinity regimes (such as Loch Etive). In these sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia], the brachiopod [Neocrania anomala] and to a lesser extent, the brachiopod [Terebratulina retusa], which are able to tolerate the variable salinity. Other solitary ascidians that may be present include [Ciona intestinalis], [Corella parallelogramma], [Ascidiella scabra], [Ascidia mentula], [Ascidia virginea] and [Polycarpa pomaria]. The anemone [Protanthea simplex] is occasionally seen, although to a lesser extent than in NeoPro, possibly due to the variable salinity. The hydroids [Bougainvillia ramosa] and [Lafoea dumosa], the cup-coral [Caryophilia smithii] and [Sarcodictyon roseum] are occasionally present. The tubes formed by the polychaete [Sabella pavonina] may be observed standing erect from the rock surface. The rest of the rock surface is usually covered by encrusting red algae and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Protula tubularia]. The sea cucumber [Psolus phantapus] may be found on the underside of boulders. Other species such as the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the spider crab [Hyas araneus] may be found amongst the rock/boulders. The starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], and [Henricia] spp. and the sea urchin [Psammechinus miliaris] are also recorded within this variant. The relatively bare, silty rock supports low numbers of a relatively few species. Although barren rock grazed by the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] is found in other sea loch biotopes (see FaAlCr.Pom and FaAlCr.Car), [E.esculentus] is virtually absent within NeoPro.VS. Situation: Due to the variable or reduced salinity conditions present where this biotope is found, you tend to find reduced salinity kelp biotopes above NeoPro.VS, such as LsacVSPsa and…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock

Baltic mussel beds of the infralittoral photic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.6272
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.628
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral shelly gravel
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral sand
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral mud

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral shelly gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.6281
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.6282
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.6283
definition: Found especially in muddy sediments forming seabed features as elongated patches perpendicular to predominant currents. These are destroyed by disturbance such as that generated by trawling activities and extreme siltation processes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment

Pontic [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs on mobile seabottom
type: Concept
notation: A5.64
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: Deep massive [Ostrea edulis] reefs on bottoms of shelly gravel and boulders
narrower: [Crassostrea gigas] beds

Deep massive [Ostrea edulis] reefs on bottoms of shelly gravel and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A5.641
definition: This habitat is composed of [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs of three dimensional structure on soft bottoms. The massive reefs can reach dimensions of up to 7m in height and are composed of dead [Ostrea edulis] shells and cemented tubes of serpulid are overgrown by blue mussels, sponges, the red algae [Delesseria ruscifolia], the brown algae [Xanardinia prototypus], crabs such as [Eriphia verrucosa] and also constitute essential habitat for the bivalve [Petricola lithophaga]. It is unknown whether live [Ostrea edulis] reefs can still be found in the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs on mobile seabottom

Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.711
definition: This biotope occurs on shaded and overhanging rock, such as on cave walls and ceilings although there are very few records of caves in conditions not subject to wave surge (i.e. deeper circalittoral habitats) and almost all are different in species composition. There are also a few examples of similar communities on very deep (70-100 m+) upward-facing rock (in Loch Hourn) and more may be found through the use of ROVs. These often species-rich habitats are almost invariably adjacent to well-mixed turbulent water. Characteristic species include the sponges [Stryphnus ponderosus], [Dercitus bucklandi], [Chelonaplysilla noevus], [Pseudosuberites] sp. and [Spongosorites] sp., the anemones [Parazoanthus] spp., the cup corals [Leptopsammia pruvoti], [Hoplangia durotrix], [Caryophyllia inornatus] and the soft coral [Parerythropodium coralloides]. [Thymosia guernei] is sometimes present. This biotope is likely to need further splitting with further data and analysis. Situation: Subtidal rocky coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Circalittoral fouling faunal communities
type: Concept
notation: A4.72
definition: This habitat type contains two biotopes which, although have different physical habitat characteristics, share the fact that they colonise new areas of artificial substrata relatively quickly. The [Ascidiella aspersa] fouling biotope (A4.722) is found on wave-sheltered artificial substrata such as discarded fishing nets/mooring lines. A separate fouling biotope (A4.721) is described for open coast wrecks. This biotope has a characteristic faunal community of [Alcyonium digitatum] and the anemone [Metridium senile]. Other species recorded in this complex (primarily under the AdigMsen biotope) include the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina], the anemones [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Sagartia elegans], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii], the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa], the crabs [Necora puber], [Cancer pagurus] and [Maja squinado] and the lobster [Homarus gammarus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of circalittoral rock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Metridium senile] on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks
narrower: [Ascidiella aspersa] on circalittoral artificial substrata
narrower: Pontic large Hydrozoa and [Molgula manhattensis] on circalittoral steel wrecks

[Alcyonium digitatum] and [Metridium senile] on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks
type: Concept
notation: A4.721
definition: This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks that are subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The vertical and upward facing sides of the wreck stand proud of the seabed, and may be colonised by dense aggregations of [Alcyonium digitatum], [Metridium senile] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta]. [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Corynactis viridis] are also recorded with varying abundance. A mixed faunal turf may also be present on the vertical sides, with [Nemertesia antennina], [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa]. Where tidal stream strength is elevated, for example if the wreck is situated in a straight or sound, the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa] may prevail. Crustaceans such as the crabs [Necora puber], [Maja squinado] and [Cancer pagurus], the lobster [Homarus gammarus] and barnacles are all recorded. The top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] is also recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fouling faunal communities

[Ascidiella aspersa] on circalittoral artificial substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.722
definition: Sheltered artificial substrata (such as discarded fishing nets or scrap metal on muddy sediment plains), sometimes subject to variable salinity, with high numbers of the ascidian [Ascidiella aspersa] which is capable of rapidly colonising hard substrata. Other species that are quickly able to take advantage of such substrata include the dahlia anemone [Urticina felina] and the plumose anemone [Metridium senile]. The edible crab [Cancer pagurus], the velvet swimming crab [Necora puber] and the shore crab [Carcinus maenas] may occasionally be found hiding under the discarded nets, lobster pots or anchor chains. Situation: As a fouling community, this biotope may be found throughout the circalittoral zone in coastal waters. It may be more prevalent around harbours, moorings, and fishing grounds where suitable substratum is available. In situations where wave exposure or tidal stream increase, biotopes dominated by bryozoans and/or robust hydroids (EcCr) may arise. Temporal variation: A gradual development of more long-lived species is expected, where the artificial substrata are of a more permanent nature (e.g. wooden or concrete pier pilings).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fouling faunal communities

Sparse fauna on highly mobile sublittoral shingle (cobbles and pebbles)
type: Concept
notation: A5.131
definition: Sublittoral clean shingle and pebble habitats with a lack of conspicuous fauna. Unstable, rounded pebbles and stones (as opposed to sub-angular cobbles, which are often found lying on or embedded in other sediment) that are strongly affected by tidal steams and/or wave action can support few animals and are consequently faunally impoverished. The species composition of this biotope may be highly variable seasonally and is likely to comprise of low numbers of robust polychaetes or bivalves with occasional epibiota including echinoderms and crustacea such as [Liocarcinus] spp. and [Pagurus] spp. In more settled periods there may be colonisation by anemones such as [Urticina felina] and small populations of hydroids and Bryozoa. Situation: This biotope is found in marine inlets with very strong tidal currents as well as in very wave exposed open coast environments. Temporal variation: The faunal composition of this biotope is likely to be highly variable as a result of seasonal changes in wave and tidal energy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Crassostrea gigas] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.642
definition: New habitat created by the introduction of allochthonous species used for for cultivation such as [Crassostrea gigas] and [Ostrea virginica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs on mobile seabottom

Features of sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.7
definition: Features of sublittoral sediments include sublittoral habitats characterised by the presence of gases or liquids bubbling or seeping through sediments (A5.71) and sublittoral sediments which are organically-enriched or permanently or periodically anoxic (A5.72).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Organically-enriched or anoxic sublittoral habitats

Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.71
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: No changes proposed (Southampton workshop)
broader: Features of sublittoral sediments
narrower: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone
narrower: Bubbling reefs in the aphotic zone
narrower: Freshwater seeps in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Methane seeps in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Oil seeps in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Vents in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral sediments

Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.711
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.7111
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone

Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.7112
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone

Bubbling reefs in the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.712
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Freshwater seeps in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.713
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Methane seeps in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.714
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Oil seeps in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.715
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Vents in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.716
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.717
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Organically-enriched or anoxic sublittoral habitats
type: Concept
notation: A5.72
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of sublittoral sediments
narrower: Periodically and permanently anoxic sublittoral muds

[Halcampa chrysanthellum] and [Edwardsia timida] on sublittoral clean stone gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.132
definition: Periodically (seasonally?) disturbed sublittoral stone gravel with small pebbles characterised by the presence of the anemones [Halcampa chrysanthellum] and [Edwardsia timida]. Associated species are often typical of a hydroid/bryozoan turf with polychaetes such as [Pomatoceros] spp. encrusting larger pebbles and low numbers of syllid and phyllodocid polychaetes living interstitially. In some areas this biotope may also contain opportunistic red seaweeds and infauna such as [Sabella pavonina]. It should be noted that this habitat may show considerable variation in community composition and it is possible that it is a sub-biotope of other gravel biotopes. Situation: This biotope tends to occur at the entrance to marine inlets where tidal currents are moderately strong. Temporal variation: The faunal composition and species richness of this biotope may vary seasonally as a result of disturbance from increased wave or tidal action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Moerella] spp. with venerid bivalves in infralittoral gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.133
definition: Infralittoral medium to coarse sand and gravelly sand which is subject to moderately strong water movement from tidal streams may be characterised by [Moerella] spp. with the polychaete [Glycera lapidum] (agg.) and venerid bivalves. Typical species include [Moerella pygmaea] or [M. donacina] with other robust bivalves such as [Dosinia lupinus], [Timoclea ovata], [Goodallia triangularis] and [Chamelea gallina]. Other infauna include nephtyd and spionid polychaetes and amphipod crustacea. Another important component of this biotope in some areas is the bivalve [Spisula solida] (see Khne & Rachnor 1996) which may be common or abundant. In conjunction with FfabMag this biotope may form part of the 'Shallow [Venus] Community', the 'Boreal Off-shore Sand Association' and the '[Goniadella-Spisula] association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Salzwedel, Rachor & Gerdes 1985). Epifaunal communities may be reduced in this biotope when compared to FfabMag; both types may have surface sand waves which may be indicative of the presence of venerid bivalves (Warwick & Davies 1977). This hypothesis, however, requires testing. Remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate venerid bivalves and other deep-burrowing and more dispersed species such as [Paphia], [Ensis] and [Spatangus]. In southern areas of the UK and the North Sea, in slightly siltier sand and shelly sand, SCS.MoeVen may give way to the other [Spisula] biotope SSA.SsubNhom. Together these two biotopes replace the old biotope IGS.Sell. Situation: This biotope is found on the exposed open coast and in estuaries with moderately strong tidal currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Hesionura elongata] and [Microphthalmus similis] with other interstitial polychaetes in infralittoral mobile coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.134
definition: On infralittoral sandbanks and sandwaves and other areas of mobile medium-coarse sand, populations of interstitial polychaetes may be found. These habitats consist of loosely packed grains of sand forming waves up to several metres high often with gravel, or occasionally silt, in the troughs of the waves. This biotope is commonly found both inshore along the east coast of the UK e.g. around the Race Bank, Docking Shoal and Inner Dowsing banks (IECS, 1995; IECS, 1999), and in the Southern Bight of the North Sea and off the Belgian coast (Degraer [et al]. 1999; Vanosmael [et al]. 1982). These habitats support interstitial communities living in the spaces between the grains of sand, in particular hesionurid polychaetes such as [Hesionura elongata] and [Microphthalmus similis], along with protodrilid polychaetes such as [Protodrilus] spp. and [Protodriloides] spp. Other important species may include Turbellaria spp. and larger deposit feeding polychaetes such as [Travisia forbesii]. An important feature of this biotope which is not reflected in much of the available data is the importance of the meiofaunal population which may exceed the macrofaunal population both in terms of abundance and biomass (Willems [et al]. 1982). Situation: This biotope is commonly found both in shore adjacent to the coast, and further away from the coast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Glycera lapidum] in impoverished infralittoral mobile gravel and sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.135
definition: In infralittoral mixed slightly gravelly sands on exposed open coasts impoverished communities characterised by the polychaete [Glycera lapidum] (agg.) may be found. [Glycera lapidum] is a species complex and as such some variability in identification may be found in the literature. It is also quite widespread and may occur in a variety of coarser sediments and is often present in other SCS biotopes. However, it is rarely considered a characteristic species and where this is the case it is normally due to the exclusion of other species. Consequently it is considered that habitats containing this biotope may be subject to continual or periodic sediment disturbance from wave action, which prevents the establishment of a more stable community. Other taxa include spionid polychaetes such as [Spio martinensis] and [Spiophanes bombyx, Nephtys] spp. and in some areas the bivalve [Spisula elliptica]. It is possible that SCS.Glap it is not a true biotope, rather an impoverished, transitional community, which in more settled conditions develops into other more stable communities. Situation: In many cases e.g. along the East Yorkshire coast this biotope is found in shallow inshore areas facing directly into the prevailing wind and subject to considerable wave action. Temporal variation: Due to the variability in sediment regime at these habitats there may be high seasonal or spatial variability within this community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Periodically and permanently anoxic sublittoral muds
type: Concept
notation: A5.721
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Definition widened to include permanently anoxic muds (CEH). Agreed (David Connor)
broader: Organically-enriched or anoxic sublittoral habitats
narrower: [Beggiatoa] spp. on anoxic sublittoral mud

Deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6
definition: The sea bed beyond the continental shelf break. The shelf break occurs at variable depth, but is generally over 200 m. The upper limit of the deep-sea zone is marked by the edge of the shelf. Includes areas of the Mediterranean Sea which are deeper than 200 m but not of the Baltic Sea which is a shelf sea. Excludes caves in the deep sea which are classified in A4.71 irrespective of depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata
narrower: Deep-sea mixed substrata
narrower: Deep-sea sand
narrower: Deep-sea muddy sand
narrower: Deep-sea mud
narrower: Deep-sea bioherms
narrower: Raised features of the deep-sea bed
narrower: Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
narrower: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea

Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A6.1
definition: Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of bedrock, immobile boulders or artificial hard substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Deep-sea bedrock
narrower: Deep-sea artificial hard substrata
narrower: Deep-sea manganese nodules
narrower: Boulders on the deep-sea bed

Deep-sea bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A6.11
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed split of previous unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata

Deep-sea artificial hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A6.12
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed split of previous unit A5.11 (Southampton workshop) and combination with previous A6.12.
broader: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata

Deep-sea manganese nodules
type: Concept
notation: A6.13
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed split of previous unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata

Boulders on the deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6.14
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Omitted from list produced at Southampton workshop, but originally proposed at Oban. Proposed re-instatement (CEH). Needs checking.
broader: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata

Deep-sea mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A6.2
definition: Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of mixed particle size or gravel. Includes habitats with mobile substrates of biogenic origin but no longer living, and of allochthonous material such as macrophyte debris. Deep-sea habitats with living biogenic substrates are included in A6.6.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of unit. Content expanded to include combination substrates in the abyssal zone, not included in 1999 version (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Deep-sea lag deposits
narrower: Deep-sea biogenic gravels (shells, coral debris)
narrower: Deep-sea calcareous pavements
narrower: Communities of allochthonous material

Cumaceans and [Chaetozone setosa] in infralittoral gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.136
definition: In shallow medium-fine sands with gravel, on moderately exposed open coasts, communities dominated by cumacean crustaceans such as [Iphinoe trispinosa] and [Diastylis bradyi] along with the cirratulid polychaete [Chaetozone setosa] (agg.) may occur. [Chaetozone setosa] is a species complex so it is likely that some variability in nomenclature will be found in the literature. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes [Anaitides] spp., [Lanice conchilega], [Eteone longa] and [Scoloplos armiger]. This community may be subject to periodical sedimentary disturbance, such that a sub-climactic community may develop with opportunistic taxa such as [C. setosa] and [S. armiger] often dominating the community (Allen 2000). Situation: This biotope may be found in areas with moderate currents and wave action often facing into the prevailing wind and along the Holderness coast of the North Sea. It is possible that this biotope has developed due to chronic sedimentary disturbance in areas where the biotopes AalbNuc or FfabMag would normally develop as these biotopes are often found in more sheltered areas adjacent to CumCset. Temporal variation: The importance of the cumacean crustaceans in this biotope is unusual, and their numbers are likely to fluctuate over time; at times of increased disturbance it is likely that C. setosa will become more dominant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Dense [Lanice conchilega] and other polychaetes in tide-swept infralittoral sand and mixed gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.137
definition: Dense beds of [Lanice conchilega] occur in coarse to medium fine gravelly sand in the shallow sublittoral, where there are strong tidal streams or wave action. Several other species of polychaete also occur as infauna e.g. [Spiophanes bombyx], [Scoloplos armiger], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Magelona mirabilis]. Lanice beds are found in a wide range of habitats including muddier mixed sediment. The dense [Lanice] biotope (LGS.Lan) on certain lower shores may be a littoral extension of the current biotope. The presence of [L. conchilega] in high numbersmay, over time, stabilise the sediment to the extent where a more diverse community may develop (Wood, 1987). Possibly as a result of this, there is a high level of variation with regard the infauna found in SCS.SLan. It is likely that a number of sub-biotopes may subsequently be identified for this biotope. Offshore from the Wash and the North Norfolk coast [Lanice] beds are often found intermixed with [Sabellaria spinulosa] beds in muddier mixed sediment, particularly in the channels between the shallow sandbanks, which are so prevalent in this area (IECS, 1995; NRA, 1995). It is possible that the presence of [Lanice] has stabilised the habitat sufficiently to allow the deposition of finer material, which has subsequently assisted the development of [S. spinulosa]. It may be more accurate to define SLan as an epibiotic biotope which overlays a variety of infaunal biotopes (e.g. NcirBat in finer sands and AalbNuc or FfabMag in slightly muddier areas).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Pomatoceros triqueter] with barnacles and bryozoan crusts on unstable circalittoral cobbles and pebbles
type: Concept
notation: A5.141
definition: This biotope is characterised by a few ubiquitous robust and/or fast growing ephemeral species which are able to colonise pebbles and unstable cobbles and slates which are regularly moved by wave and tidal action. The main cover organisms tend to be restricted to calcareous tube worms such as [Pomatoceros triqueter] (or [P. lamarcki)], small barnacles including [Balanus crenatus] and [Balanus balanus], and a few bryozoan and coralline algal crusts. Scour action from the mobile substratum prevents colonisation by more delicate species. Occasionally in tide-swept conditions tufts of hydroids such as [Sertularia argentea] and [Hydrallmania falcata] are present. This biotope often grades into SMX.FluHyd which is characterised by large amounts of the above hydroids on stones also covered in [Pomatoceros] and barnacles. The main difference here is that SMX.FluHyd, seems to develop on more stable, consolidated cobbles and pebbles or larger stones set in sediment in moderate tides. These stones may be disturbed in the winter and therefore long-lived and fragile species are not found. Situation: This biotope is found on exposed open coasts as well as at the entrance to marine inlets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

[Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris] spp. and venerid bivalves in circalittoral coarse sand or gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.142
definition: Circalittoral gravels, coarse to medium sands, and shell gravels, sometimes with a small amount of silt and generally in relatively deep water (generally over 15-20m), may be characterised by polychaetes such as [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris] spp., [Glycera lapidum] with the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus]. Other taxa may include Nemertea spp., [Protodorvillea kefersteini, Owenia fusiformis, Spiophanes bombyx] and [Amphipholis squamata] along with amphipods such as [Ampelisca spinipes]. This biotope may also be characterised by the presence of conspicuous venerid bivalves, particularly [Timoclea ovata]. Other robust bivalve species such as [Moerella] spp., [Glycymeris glycymeris] and [Astarte sulcata] may also be found in this biotope. [Spatangus purpureus] may be present especially where the interstices of the gravel are filled by finer particles, in which case, [Gari tellinella] may also be prevalent (Glemarec 1973). Venerid bivalves are often under-sampled in benthic grab surveys and as such may not be conspicuous in many infaunal datasets. Such communities in gravelly sediments may be relatively species-rich and they may also contain epifauna such as [Hydroides norvegicus] and [Pomatoceros lamarcki]. In sand wave areas this biotope may also contain elements of the FfabMag biotope, particularly [Magelona] species. This biotope has previously been described as the 'Deep [Venus] Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950) and may also be part of the Venus community described by Thorson (1957) and in the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973). SCS.MedLumVen may be quite variable over time and in fact may be closer to a biotope complex in which a number of biotopes or sub-biotopes may yet be defined. For example, Ford (1923) describes a 'Series A' and a 'Series B' characterised by [Echinocardium cordatum-Chamelea gallina] and [Spatangus purpurea-Clausinella fasciata]. Furthermore, mosaics of co…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

Deep-sea lag deposits
type: Concept
notation: A6.21
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of name (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea mixed substrata

Deep-sea biogenic gravels (shells, coral debris)
type: Concept
notation: A6.22
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of name (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea mixed substrata

[Protodorvillea kefersteini] and other polychaetes in impoverished circalittoral mixed gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.143
definition: In coarse gravelly or shelly sand sometimes with a slight mud content, along open coasts in depths of 10 to 30m, and in shallower offshore areas, an impoverished community characterised by [Protodorvillea kefersteini] may be found. This biotope has a number of other species associated with it including Nemertea spp., [Caulleriella] [zetlandica], [Minuspio cirrifera], [Glycera lapidum], [Ampelisca spinipes] and numerous other polychaete species all occurring at low abundances. The polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] is also found in low numbers in this biotope Situation: This biotope has been reported in the North Sea along the Norfolk/Lincolnshire coast located in and around marine aggregate dredging areas (IECS, 1999). Temporal variation: This biotope may be quite variable both spatially and temporally in terms community structure and also sediment type which is often borderline between the SCS complex and the SMX complex.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

[Neopentadactyla mixta] in circalittoral shell gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.144
definition: Sublittoral plains of clean, shell, maerl and / or stone gravels or sometimes coarse sands, with frequent [Neopentadactyla mixta]. [Pecten maximus] may occur occasionally along with [Lanice conchilega]. Other epifaunal species may include [Ophiura albida, Pagurus] spp. and [Callionymus] spp. These sediments may be thrown into dunes by wave action or tidal streams. Widespread species such as [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Chaetopterus variopedatus] are present in many examples of this biotope. Scarcely recorded species such as [Molgula oculata], [Ophiopsila annulosa] and [Amphiura securigera] may also be found. [O. annulosa] only occurs in records from the south-west of the British Isles. It should be noted that [Neopentadactyla] may exhibit periodicity in its projection out of, and retraction into, the sediment (Picton 1993).This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of the biotope MedLumVen. Situation: This biotope may occur adjacent to maerl beds and to some extent in the lower infralittoral where some seaweeds may occur in low abundances.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

[Branchiostoma lanceolatum] in circalittoral coarse sand with shell gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.145
definition: Gravel and coarse sand with shell gravel often contains communities of robust venerid bivalves (SCS.MedLumVen). Shallower examples, such as the biotope presented here, may support a significant population of [Branchiostoma lanceolatum]. Other conspicuous infauna may include [Echinocyamus pusillus], [Glycera lapidum], [Polygordius, Pisione remota] and [Arcopagia crassa] (in the south of UK). Sessile epifauna are typically a minor component of this community. This biotope has been described from a limited number of records and as such may need revising when further data become available. This biotope is related to the 'Boreal Offshore Gravel Association' and 'Deep [Venus] Community' described by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951), and may also be closely allied (the same?) as the '[Venus fasciata]' community of Cabioch (Glemarec 1973). This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of the biotope SCS.MoeVen or SCS.MedLumVen.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

Deep circalittoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.15
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available. Such habitats are quite diverse compared to shallower versions of this habitat and generally characterised by robust infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore mixed sediments and in some areas settlement of [Modiolus modiolus] larvae may occur and consequently these habitats may occasionally have large numbers of juvenile [M. modiolus]. In areas where the mussels reach maturity their byssus threads bind the sediment together, increasing stability and allowing an increased deposition of silt leading to the development of the biotope A5.622.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: [Glycera lapidum], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amythasides macroglossus] in offshore gravelly sand
narrower: [Hesionura elongata] and [Protodorvillea kefersteini] in offshore coarse sand
narrower: Pontic offshore shell gravel in strong currents
narrower: Pontic very deep Wurmian shell gravel of the shelf margin

[Glycera lapidum], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amythasides macroglossus] in offshore gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.151
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel, stone or shell and occasionally a little silt (<5%) may be characterised by the polychaetes [Glycera lapidum] and [Amythasides macroglossus] with the bivalve [Thyasira] spp. (particularly [Thyasira succisa]). Other taxa include polychaetes such as [Exogone verugera], [Notomastus latericeus], [Spiophanes kroyeri],[Aphelochaeta marioni] ([Tharyx marioni]) and [Lumbrineris gracilis] and occasional numbers of the bivalve [Timoclea ovata]. This biotope bears some resemblance to the shallow SCS.Glap and also to the circalittoral and offshore venerid biotopes (SCS.MedLumVen and SMX.PoVen) but differs by the range of polychaete and bivalve fauna present. This biotope is notable for the presence of the rarely recorded ampharetid polychaete [Amythasides macroglossus] and also for the small ear file clam [Limatula subauriculata] which is common in some examples of this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment

Deep-sea calcareous pavements
type: Concept
notation: A6.23
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of name (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea mixed substrata

Communities of allochthonous material
type: Concept
notation: A6.24
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea mixed substrata
narrower: Communities of macrophyte debris

Communities of macrophyte debris
type: Concept
notation: A6.241
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Communities of allochthonous material

Deep-sea sand
type: Concept
notation: A6.3
definition: Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of sand.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Communities of bathyal detritic sands with [Grypheus vitreus]

Communities of bathyal detritic sands with [Grypheus vitreus]
type: Concept
notation: A6.31
definition: These communities are characterised by detritic sand substrata and by the abundant presence of the brachiopod [Grypheus vitreus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check position in hierarchy (is this a bioherm?).
broader: Deep-sea sand

Deep-sea muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A6.4
definition: Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of muddy sand.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of unit. Content expanded to include part of soft substrates in the abyssal zone (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea bed

Deep-sea mud
type: Concept
notation: A6.5
definition: Bathyal and abyssal benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of yellowwish or blue-grey mud, relatively consistent, whose population is extremely sparse. This biocoenosis is characterised by constant homothermy and an almost total absence of light.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds
narrower: Communities of abyssal muds

Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds
type: Concept
notation: A6.51
definition: This biocenosis is characterised by a constant homothermy of around 13° C and an almost total absence of light. The granulometry and thickness of the sediment is not homogeneous. It is present, generally, at depths of 150 - 250 metres. The faunal composition is characterised by foraminifera, sponges, polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea mud
narrower: Facies of sandy muds with [Thenea muricata]
narrower: Facies of fluid muds with [Brissopsis lyrifera]
narrower: Facies of soft muds with [Funiculina quadrangularis] and [Apporhais seressianus]
narrower: Facies of compact muds with [Isidella elongata]

Facies of sandy muds with [Thenea muricata]
type: Concept
notation: A6.511
definition: This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the mollusc [Thenea muricata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds

Facies of fluid muds with [Brissopsis lyrifera]
type: Concept
notation: A6.512
definition: This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the echinoderm [Brissopsis lyrifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds

Facies of soft muds with [Funiculina quadrangularis] and [Apporhais seressianus]
type: Concept
notation: A6.513
definition: This facies, present on the upper part of the continental slope, is characterised by sandy muds in which the cnidarian [Funiculina quadrangularis] and the gastropod [Apporhais serresianus] are present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds

Infralittoral mobile sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.221
definition: Very mobile sand in areas of strong tidal currents and variable salinity. No stable community is able to develop within this extremely mobile and abrasive habitat. The fauna encountered in this habitat consists of epifaunal crustaceans or relatively low numbers of robust species, such as the isopod [Eurydice pulchra] or [Mesopodopsis slabberi]. The polychaete [Capitella capitata] may occur frequently in some areas. Other taxa such as the polychaetes [Eteone] spp. and [Arenicola marina], the mysid [Neomysis integer] and the amphipods [Bathyporeia] spp. and [Haustorius arenarius] may also be washed in from adjacent communities. This biotope is found in tidal channels of estuaries and areas where water movement keeps silt and mud in suspension, and excludes even the more robust infauna. If oligochaetes, polychaetes and bivalves are present in any numbers within this habitat type then care must be taken to avoid the inclusion of juvenile or spat recruitment counts which may mask the presence of this biotope. This is particularly relevant as sampling usually occurs at slack water periods when settlement takes place
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Neomysis integer] and [Gammarus] spp. in fluctuating low salinity infralittoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.223
definition: Upper estuary mobile fine muddy sands with very low fluctuating salinity characterised by the mysid shrimp [Neomysis integer] (see Arndt 1991) and amphipods of the genus [Gammarus] spp. This habitat has a rather sparse infauna and species such as [N. integer] will most likely be found on the sediment surface or just above it whilst [Gammarus] may be under loose weed, stones or other detritus on the sediment surface. The harsh physicochemical regime imposed by such environmental conditions in the upper estuary leads to a relatively impoverished community but high densities of the mobile, salinity-tolerant, crustaceans can occur. The biotope is found in the transitional zone between freshwater and brackish environments, relying on the decreased freshwater input during the summer for penetration of the brackish species up-stream. As such this biotope may also contain elements of freshwater communities. Situation: It may be found in conjunction with SMuVS.LhofTtub, although it lacks appreciable numbers of oligochaetes. Temporal variation: Numbers of [Neomysis] may to fluctuate on a seasonal basis due high over wintering mortality (Gameson 1982) and the location of this biotope within the estuary may also shift upstream or downstream on a seasonal or yearly basis related in part to the freshwater flow into the estuary as has been noted in the Humber (Allen [et al]. 2003).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)

Infralittoral mobile clean sand with sparse fauna
type: Concept
notation: A5.231
definition: Medium to fine sandy sediment in shallow water, often formed into dunes, on exposed or tide-swept coasts often contains very little infauna due to the mobility of the substratum. Some opportunistic populations of infaunal amphipods may occur, particularly in less mobile examples in conjunction with low numbers of mysids such as [Gastrosaccus spinifer], the polychaete [Nephtys cirrosa] and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra]. Sand eels [Ammodytes] sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others). This biotope is more mobile than SSA.NcirBat and may be closely related to LSa.BarSa on the shore. Common epifaunal species such as [Pagurus bernhardus], [Liocarcinus depurator], [Carcinus maenas] and [Asterias rubens] may be encountered and are the most conspicuous species present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

[Sertularia cupressina] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept sublittoral sand with cobbles or pebbles
type: Concept
notation: A5.232
definition: Shallow sands with cobbles and pebbles, exposed to strong tidal streams, with conspicuous colonies of hydroids, particularly [Hydrallmania falcata] and to a lesser extent [Sertularia cupressina] and [S. argentea]. These hydroids are tolerant to periodic submergence and scour by sand. Both diving and dredge surveys will easily record this biotope. [Flustra foliacea, Balanus crenatus] and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] may also occur on the more stable cobbles and pebbles, with [Urticina felina] and occasional [Lanice conchilega] present in the sand. Infaunal components of the other biotopes in the SSA or SCS complex may occur in this biotope as may elements of the 'Venus' associations; indeed, this biotope may be at one extreme of the spectrum of such associations (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997) and this biotope may be best considered an epibiotic overlay.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

[Nephtys cirrosa] and [Bathyporeia] spp. in infralittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.233
definition: Well-sorted medium and fine sands characterised by [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Bathyporeia] spp. (and sometimes [Pontocrates] spp.) which occur in the shallow sublittoral to at least 30 m depth. This biotope occurs in sediments subject to physical disturbance, as a result of wave action (and occasionally strong tidal streams). The magelonid polychaete [Magelona mirabilis] may be frequent in this biotope in more sheltered, less tideswept areas whilst in coarser sediments the opportunistic polychaete [Chaetozone setosa] may be commonly found. The faunal diversity of this biotope is considerably reduced compared to less disturbed biotopes (such as FfabMag) and for the most part consists of the more actively-swimming amphipods. Sand eels [Ammodytes] sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others) and spionid polychaetes such as [Spio filicornis] and [S. martinensis] may also be present. Occasional [Lanice conchilega] may be visible at the sediment surface. Temporal variation: Stochastic recruitment events in the [Nephtys cirrosa] populations may be very important to the population size of other polychaetes present and may therefore create a degree of variation in community composition (Bamber 1994).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

Facies of compact muds with [Isidella elongata]
type: Concept
notation: A6.514
definition: This facies is present at the base of the continental slope and bathyal plain and is characterised by compact muds in which the cnidarian [Isidella elongata] is present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds

Communities of abyssal muds
type: Concept
notation: A6.52
definition: These are the communities populating the muddy seabottoms of the abyssal zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea mud

Deep-sea bioherms
type: Concept
notation: A6.6
definition: A bioherm is a mound, dome, or reef-like mass of rock that is composed almost exclusively of the remains of sedentary marine organisms and is embedded in rock of different physical character. This habitat type includes deep-sea coral reefs (A6.61) and sponge beds (A6.62).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Need to confirm terminology (why not "biogenic structures" as in A2.8 and A5.6).
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Communities of deep-sea corals
narrower: Deep-sea sponge aggregations

Facies with [Pheronema grayi]
type: Concept
notation: A6.621
definition: This facies is characterised by the presence of the sponge [Pheronema grayi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea sponge aggregations

Raised features of the deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6.7
definition: Habitats on the deep-sea bed with significant elevation (typically >200m) in relation to their surroundings. Includes permanently submerged flanks of oceanic islands (A6.71), seamounts, knolls and banks (A6.72), oceanic ridges (A6.73), abyssal hills (A6.74) and carbonate mounds (A6.75).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Permanently submerged flanks of oceanic islands
narrower: Seamounts, knolls and banks
narrower: Oceanic ridges
narrower: Abyssal hills
narrower: Carbonate mounds

Permanently submerged flanks of oceanic islands
type: Concept
notation: A6.71
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed

Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in sublittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.234
definition: Sublittoral marine sand in moderately exposed or sheltered inlets and voes in shallow water may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. Typically dominated by [Corophium crassicorne] with other tube building amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp. also common. Other taxa include typical shallow sand fauna such as [Spiophanes bombyx], [Urothoe elegans], [Bathyporeia] spp. along with various polychaetes including [Exogone hebes] and [Lanice conchilega]. [Polydora ciliata] may also be abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface, Arenicola marina worm casts may be visible and occasional seaweeds such as [Laminaria saccharina] may be present. As many of the sites featuring this biotope are situated near to fish farms it is possible that it may have developed as the result of moderate nutrient enrichment. The distribution of this biotope is poorly known and like the muddier SMU.AmpPlon, to which it is related, appears to have a patchy distribution. Temporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal or spatial variant of other more stable biotopes resulting from localised changes to sediment stability and organic status.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

Pontic fine and muddy sands with [Mya arenaria]
type: Concept
notation: A5.237B
definition: The [Mya arenaria] biocoenosis can be found on sandy and silty-sandy sediments, in habitats which mainly disperse into fresh waters (Gomoiou 1981, Petran and Gomoiou 1972, Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998). This allochtonous species, recorded for the first time in the Black Sea in 1966, is tolerant to pollution and as such has substituted [Lentidium mediterraneum], where this biocenosis has disappeared as a result of habitat degradation. This biocenosis is now present in the estuarine regions of the northwestern Black Sea. The dominant species (Mya) accounts for an average of 80% of the total density and biomass of the biocenosis itself. In areas with conspicuous river run-off such as the Danube-Dnester this value can rise to as much as 96%. The accompanying species are the polichaetes [Nereis succinea] and [Polydora ciliata limicola]. (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

[Echinocardium cordatum] and [Ensis] spp. in lower shore and shallow sublittoral slightly muddy fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.241
definition: Sheltered lower shore and shallow sublittoral sediments of sand or muddy fine sand in fully marine conditions, support populations of the urchin [Echinocardium cordatum] and the razor shell [Ensis siliqua] or [Ensis ensis]. Other notable taxa within this biotope include occasional [Lanice conchilega], [Pagurus] and [Liocarcinus] spp. and [Asterias rubens]. This biotope has primarily been recorded by epifaunal dive, video or trawl surveys where the presence of relatively conspicuous taxa such as E. cordatum and Ensis spp. have been recorded as characteristic of the community. However, these species, particularly [E. cordatum] have a wide distribution and are not necessarily the best choice for a characteristic taxa (Thorson, 1957). Furthermore, detailed quantitative infaunal data for this biotope is often rather scarce, possibly as a result of survey method as remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate deep-burrowing species such as [Ensis] sp. (Warwick & Davis 1977). Consequently, it may be better to treat this biotope as an epibiotic overlay which is likely to overlap a number of other biotopes such as FfabMag, NcirBat and AalbNuc with infaunal components of these biotopes occurring within EcorEns. The precise nature of this infaunal community will be related to the nature of the substratum, in particular the quantity of silt/clay present. Infaunal species may include the polychaetes [Spiophanes bombyx], [Magelona mirabilis], [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Chaetozone setosa] and the amphipod [Bathyporeia] spp. This biotope is currently broadly defined and needs further consideration as to whether it should be placed at biotope or biotope complex level. AreISa is another biotope based primarily on epibiotic data. It is likely that this biotope and EcorEns form a wider epibiotic sand /muddy sand community with EcorEns biased towards sandier areas and SSA.AreISa towards slightly muddier areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

[Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] with venerid bivalves and amphipods in infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.242
definition: In stable, fine, compacted sands and slightly muddy sands in the infralittoral and littoral fringe, communities occur that are dominated by venerid bivalves such as [Chamelea gallina]. This biotope may be characterised by a prevalence of [Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] or other species of [Magelona (e.g. [M. filiformis)]. Other taxa, including the amphipod [Bathyporeia] spp. and polychaetes such as [Chaetozone setosa], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Nephtys] spp. are also commonly recorded. In some areas the bivalve [Spisula elliptica] may also occur in this biotope in low numbers. The community is relatively stable in its species composition, however, numbers of [Magelona] and [F. Fabulina] tend to fluctuate. Around the Scilly Isles numbers of [F. fabulina] in this biotope are uncommonly low whilst these taxa are often found in higher abundances in muddier communities (presumably due to the higher organic content). Consequently it may be better to revise this biotope on the basis of less ubiquitous taxa such as key amphipod species (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002) although more data is required to test this. FfabMag and MoeVen are collectively considered to be the 'shallow [Venus] community' or 'boreal off-shore sand association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1950; Thorson 1957). These communities have been shown to correlate well with particular levels of current induced 'bed-stress' (Warwick & Uncles 1980). The 'Arctic [Venus] Community' and 'Mediterranean [Venus] Community' described to the north and south of the UK (Thorson 1957) probably occur in the same habitat and appears to be the same biotope described as the [Ophelia borealis] community in northern France and the central North Sea (Künitzer [et al]. 1992). Sites with this biotope may undergo transitions in community composition. The epibiotic biotopes EcorEns and AreISa may also overlay this biotope in some areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within euphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A6.721
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks

Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within the mesopelagic zone, i.e. interacting with diurnally migrating plankton
type: Concept
notation: A6.722
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks

Deep summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank (i.e. below mesopelagic zone)
type: Concept
notation: A6.723
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks

Flanks of seamount, knoll or bank
type: Concept
notation: A6.724
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks

Base of seamount, knoll or bank
type: Concept
notation: A6.725
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks
narrower: Moat around base of seamount, knoll or bank

Moat around base of seamount, knoll or bank
type: Concept
notation: A6.7251
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Base of seamount, knoll or bank

Oceanic ridges
type: Concept
notation: A6.73
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed change of name (Southampton workshop).
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed
narrower: Communities of ridge flanks
narrower: Communities of ridge axial trough (i.e. non-vent fauna)
narrower: Oceanic ridge without hydrothermal effects

[Arenicola marina] in infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.243
definition: In shallow fine sand or non-cohesive muddy sand in fully marine conditions (or occasionally in variable salinity) a community characterised by the polychaete [Arenicola marina] may occur. This biotope appears quite faunally sparse. Those other taxa present however, include scavenging crustacea such as [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator], terebellid polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega] and the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii]. Occasional [Sabella pavonina] and frequent [Ensis] spp. may also be observed in some areas. The majority of records for this biotope are derived from epifaunal surveys and consequently there is little information available for the associated infaunal species. It is possible that this biotope, like EcorEns (to which it is broadly similar) is an epibiotic overlay on other biotopes from the SSA complex. Temporal variation: At certain times of the year a diatom film may be present on the sediment surface.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

[Spisula subtruncata] and [Nephtys hombergii] in shallow muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.244
definition: In shallow non-cohesive muddy sands, in fully marine conditions, a community characterised by the bivalve [Spisula subtruncata] and the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] may occur. The sediments in which this community is found may vary with regard silt content but they generally have less than 20% silt/clay and in some areas may contain a degree of shell debris. This biotope falls somewhere between SSA.FfabMag and SSA.AalbNuc with regard sediment type (i.e. somewhat muddier than SSA.FfabMag and less muddy than SSA.AalbNuc) and may have species in common with both. As a result, other important species in this community include [Abra alba], [Fabulina fabula] spp. and [Mysella bidentata] spp. In addition, [Diastylis rathkei/typical], [Philine aperta] (in muddier sediments), [Ampelisca] spp., [Ophiura albida], [Phaxas pellucidus] and occasionally [Bathyporeia] spp, may also be important, although this is not clear from the data available. In areas of slightly coarser, less muddy sediment [S. solida] or [S. elliptica] may appear occasionally in this biotope. Abundances of [Spisula subtruncata] in this biotope are often very high and distinguish it from other closely related biotopes. Extensive areas of this community to the north east of the Dogger Bank were recorded in the 1950s, but these seem to have declined since then (Kroncke 1990). More information is required with regard the status of this biotope. Temporal variation: In some areas this biotope may be a temporal variant or sub-biotope of SSA.FfabMag and SSA.AalbNuc rather than an established biotope in itself. For example SSA.SsubNhom has been recorded in Red Wharf Bay and Conwy Bay where it appears to be short term variant of other more established biotopes (e.g. SSA.AalbNuc) and appears to have only intermittent occurrence in single age cohort patches possibly due to predation in some areas (e.g. Red Wharf Bay) by the common Scoter [Melanitta nigra] (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

[Abra prismatica], [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.252
definition: In circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sands between 25m and 100m a community characterised by the bivalve [Abra prismatica], the amphipod [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes such as [Scoloplos armiger], [Spiophanes bombyx], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Chaetozone setosa], [Ophelia borealis] and [Nephtys longosetosa] may be found. Crustacea such as the cumacean [Eudorellopsis deformis] and the opheliid polychaetes such as [Ophelia borealis], [Travisia forbesii] or [Ophelina neglecta] are often present in this biotope and the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis] may also be common at some sites. This biotope has been reported in the central and northern North Sea ( Basford and Eleftheriou, 1989; Künitzer et al., 1992).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine sand

[Amphiura brachiata] with [Astropecten irregularis] and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.262
definition: In shallow, circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sand (typically less than 20% silt/clay) abundant populations of the brittlestar [Amphiura brachiata] may occur with other echinoderms such as [Astropecten irregularis], [Asterias rubens], [Ophiura ophiura] and [Echinocardium cordatum]. Other infaunal species typically include [Mysella bidentata, Lanice conchilega] and [Magelona filiformis]. This biotope is likely to form part of the non-cohesive/cohesive muddy sand communities, which make up the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). It is possible that in some areas this biotope forms an epifaunal overlay which may cover a range of biotopes in years of good recruitment but does not develop into a settled or established community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

Communities of ridge flanks
type: Concept
notation: A6.731
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Oceanic ridges

Communities of ridge axial trough (i.e. non-vent fauna)
type: Concept
notation: A6.732
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs checking - is this different from Palaearctic 11.214?
broader: Oceanic ridges

Oceanic ridge without hydrothermal effects
type: Concept
notation: A6.733
definition: Benthic communities occupying raised features of the deep sea-floor; they include assemblages colonizing active or nonactive constructive midocean ridges, as well as those developed on asismic ridges, but with the exception of hydrothermal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oceanic ridges

Abyssal hills
type: Concept
notation: A6.74
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed

Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
type: Concept
notation: A6.8
definition: Habitats on the deep-sea bed significantly below the deep-sea bed, including deep ocean trenches, often greater than 6000 m depth with an active margin reduction zone (A6.82), and downslope or along-slope channels on the deep-sea bed (A6.81).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
narrower: Deep-sea trenches

Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
type: Concept
notation: A6.81
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Need to check criteria.
broader: Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
narrower: Active downslope channels
narrower: Inactive downslope channels
narrower: Alongslope channels
narrower: Turbidites and fans

Active downslope channels
type: Concept
notation: A6.811
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Inactive downslope channels
type: Concept
notation: A6.812
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Alongslope channels
type: Concept
notation: A6.813
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Turbidites and fans
type: Concept
notation: A6.814
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Deep-sea trenches
type: Concept
notation: A6.82
definition: Benthic communities of the oceanic trenches, deep elongated subduction troughs of the ocean floor.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea
type: Concept
notation: A6.9
definition: Deep-sea habitats characterised by chemical conditions. Includes interface habitats on the deep-sea bed where reducing conditions exist (A6.91), not generally associated with drastically elevated temperatures, including the carcasses of large cetaceans (A6.913). These habitats are often indicated by the presence of seeping or bubbling gases or liquids, hypoxic and/or anoxic conditions in the water column above. Also includes vents in the deep-sea bed (A6.94).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Deep-sea reducing habitats
narrower: Deep-sea bed influenced by hypoxic water column
narrower: Isolated ‘oceanic’ features influenced by hypoxic water column
narrower: Vents in the deep sea
narrower: Pontic anoxic H2S black muds of the slope and abyssal plain, with anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria and nematodes

Deep-sea reducing habitats
type: Concept
notation: A6.91
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit to accommodate seeps and other reducing habitats (Southampton workshop).
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea
narrower: Seeps in the deep-sea bed
narrower: Gas hydrates in deep-sea
narrower: Cetacean and other carcasses on the deep-sea bed

Seeps in the deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6.911
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed expansion to include seeps in the abyssal zone (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea reducing habitats
narrower: Cold seep benthic communities of hadal zone

[Owenia fusiformis] and [Amphiura filiformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.272
definition: Areas of slightly muddy sand (generally <20% mud) in offshore waters may be characterised by high numbers of the tube building polychaete [Owenia fusiformis] often with the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis]. Whilst [O. fusiformis] is also found in other circalittoral or offshore biotopes it usually occurs in lower abundances than in SSA.OfusAfil. Other species found in this community are the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Pholoe inornata], [Diplocirrus glaucus], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Spiophanes kroyeri] with occasional bivalves such as [Timoclea ovata] and [Thyasira equalis]. The sea cucumber [Labidoplax buski] and the cumacean [Eudorella truncatula] are also commonly often found in this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral sand

[Polydora ciliata] and [Corophium volutator] in variable salinity infralittoral firm mud or clay
type: Concept
notation: A5.321
definition: Variable salinity clay and firm mud characterised by a turf of the polychaete [Polydora ciliata] along with the amphipod [Corophium volutator]. Other important taxa include the polychaetes [Pygospio elegans], [Hediste diversicolor, Streblospio shrubsolii] and the oligochaete [Tubificoides benedii]. [P. ciliata] also occurs in high densities elsewhere (see MCR.Pol) and may be a specific feature of the Humber Estuary in these conditions. This biotope occurs only in very firm mud and clay and possibly submerged relict saltmarsh with a high detrital content. It is characterised, and can be separated from other biotopes, by a combination of the sediment characteristics and the very high density of [Polydora ciliata]. In some areas, such as the Humber estuary, cyclical behaviour with regard its characteristic taxa has been reported with either [P. ciliata] or [C. volutator] increasing in dominance at the expense of the other (Gameson 1982). It is possible that changes in water quality or the sediment regime may be responsible for this.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Aphelochaeta marioni] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.322
definition: Variable salinity cohesive muddy sediment (sometimes with some coarser material) dominated by the polychaete [Aphelochaeta marioni] (or other [Aphelochaeta] species e.g. [A. amplivasatus]) and the oligochaete [Tubificoides] spp. These taxa are generally accompanied by [Nephtys hombergii] whilst the polychaetes [Capitella capitata] and [Melinna palmata] may also occur in high numbers in some areas. Other members of the cirratulid polychaete group e.g. [Caulleriella zetlandica]. and [Tharyx] spp[]. may also occur in high numbers, sometimes replacing [A. marioni] as the dominant polychaete. However, there is still inconsistency in the identification of the cirratulid group which is further compounded by fragmentation during sample processing. This biotope is very common in stable muddy environments and may extend from reduced salinity to fully marine conditions. Situation: This biotope may also be found in conjunction with MacAbr.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Capitella capitata] and [Tubificoides] spp. in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.325
definition: Reduced or variable salinity muddy sediment characterised by the [Capitella capitata] species complex with a relatively low species richness. Large numbers of the oligochaetes [Tubificoides] spp. may be found in conjunction with [C. capitata], along with other species such as [Marenzellaria] sp, [Macoma balthica], [Arenicola marina] and [Eteone longa]. In some estuaries this biotope may also include high numbers of the polychaete [Ophryotrocha]. This biotope usually has a moderate organic content, and is found away from tidal channels in estuaries. The presence of dense [Capitella] has classically been associated with organically enriched and physically disturbed habitats in the marine environment (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) and areas of higher organic loads in estuaries will typically fall into the biotope Cap. Where Capitella is less abundant and accompanied by other typical estuarine species the dominance of Capitella may be associated with other natural factors including the occurrence of a competitive refuge for [C. capitata] in the reduced-salinity environment (Wolff 1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.326
definition: Reduced or variable salinity muddy and sandy mud sediments characterised by oligochaetes, particularly of the genus [Tubificoides] or from the group Enchytraeidae. The abundance of the oligochaetes may vary by several orders of magnitude but very few other species will be present. Organic loading and poor water-exchange within the sediment lead to anoxic conditions which may explain the low species richness within this biotope. Situation: This biotope is found towards the edges of tidal channels in estuaries where current velocities allow deposition of silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. The biotope may occur downstream of SMU.LhofTtub, differentiated by the absence of the freshwater species, and adjacent to more mobile and sandier biotopes in the tidal channels.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Cold seep benthic communities of hadal zone
type: Concept
notation: A6.9111
definition: Highly distinctive benthic communities of large bivalves, sponges and bryozoans, inhabiting the vicinity of oceanic methane-laden seeps, mostly localized in subduction trenches.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps in the deep-sea bed

Gas hydrates in deep-sea
type: Concept
notation: A6.912
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea reducing habitats

Cetacean and other carcasses on the deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6.913
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed change of name (CEH).
broader: Deep-sea reducing habitats

Deep-sea bed influenced by hypoxic water column
type: Concept
notation: A6.92
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of unit to include all deep-sea anoxic habitats (Southampton workshop).
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea

Isolated ‘oceanic’ features influenced by hypoxic water column
type: Concept
notation: A6.93
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Further clarification required.
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea

Active vent fields
type: Concept
notation: A6.941
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation, especially relationship with level 3 unit.
broader: Vents in the deep sea

Inactive vent fields
type: Concept
notation: A6.942
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Vents in the deep sea

Pontic anoxic H2S black muds of the slope and abyssal plain, with anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria and nematodes
type: Concept
notation: A6.95
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea

Pelagic water column
type: Concept
notation: A7
definition: The water column of shallow or deep sea, or enclosed coastal waters. Note that because of the strong temporal nature of the pelagic environment, the water column at a given location will be classified differently at different times of the year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Revised to omit ice-associated habitats (Southampton workshop).
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Neuston
narrower: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Completely mixed water column with full salinity
narrower: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time
narrower: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Fronts in reduced salinity water column
narrower: Unstratified water column with full salinity
narrower: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity
narrower: Fronts in full salinity water column

Neuston
type: Concept
notation: A7.1
definition: The interface between air and sea water, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed raising to level 3 (Southampton workshop).
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Temporary neuston layer
narrower: Permanent neuston layer

Temporary neuston layer
type: Concept
notation: A7.11
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Neuston

Permanent neuston layer
type: Concept
notation: A7.12
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Neuston

Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.2
definition: A water column which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time
narrower: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time
narrower: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

[Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri], [Tubifex tubifex] and [Gammarus] spp. in low salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.327
definition: Upper estuary muddy sediments with very low fluctuating salinity, characterised by the oligochaetes [Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri] and [Tubifex tubifex]. Other taxa may include [Marenzelleria wireni], [Gammarus zaddachi], [Paranais litoralis] and [Heterochaeta costata]. The biotope contains elements of both freshwater and brackish communities. Situation: This biotope is found in the transitional zone between the freshwater and brackish environments where tidal currents are sufficiently reduced to allow the deposition of fine silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. It may be found adjacent to NeoGam away from the stronger tidal streams. Temporal variation: The position of this biotope in the estuary may vary seasonally depending on freshwater input (Gameson, 1982).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Pontic mud with [Spisula subtruncata], [Syndesmia fragilis], and [Cardium paucicostatum] in low and variable salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.328
definition: The biocenosis has been observed in areas of low salinity in proximity of estuaries (Tiganus, 1976 describes an area in proximity of the Danube estuary). The dominant species is [Syndesmia fragilis] in terms of numerical presence. The biocenosis is characterised by a lower quantitative presence of [Spisula subtruncata] and [Cardium paucicostatum], a high presence of the polychaete [Melinna palmata] and a rich meiobenthic fauna characterised by Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Oligochaeta and Copepods (Tiganus 1976). The biocenosis is recently characterised by the dominant presence of the allochtonous mollusc, [Mya arenaria], which has caused a variation in the composition of this biocenosis (Gomoiu 1976).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Nephtys hombergii] and [Macoma balthica] in infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.331
definition: Near-shore shallow sandy muds and muds, and sometimes mixed sediments, may be characterised by the presence of the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] and the bivalve [Macoma balthica]. [Abra alba], and [Nucula nitidosa] may also be important although they may not necessarily occur simultaneously or in high numbers. Other taxa include [Spiophanes bombyx], Lagis koreni], and [Echinocardium cordatum]. In some areas [Scoloplos armiger] and [Crangon crangon] may also be present. The community appears to be quite stable (Dewarumez [et al]. 1992) and the substratum is typically rich in organic content. This community has been included in the 'Boreal Offshore Muddy Sand Association' of Jones (1950) and is also described by several other authors (Petersen 1918; Cabioch & Gla‡on 1975). A similar community may occur in deep water in the Baltic (Thorson 1957). This biotope may occur in slightly reduced salinity estuarine conditions where [Mya] sp. may become a significant member of the community (Thorson 1957). Situation: The community may occur in small patches or swathes in shallow waters parallel to the shore (Jones 1950; Cabioch & Gla‡on 1975) or in shallow nearshore depressions or trenches where finer material collects e.g. off the Suffolk coast (IECS 1991). This biotope is known to occur in patches between Denmark and the western English Channel. Temporal variation: Sites with SMU.NhomMac may develop into [Amphiura] biotopes with time (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1996)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

[Melinna palmata] with [Magelona] spp. and [Thyasira] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.334
definition: In infralittoral cohesive sandy mud, in sheltered marine inlets, and occasionally variable salinity environments, dense populations of the polychaete [Melinna palmata] may occur, often with high numbers of [Magelona] spp. and the bivalve [Thyasira flexuosa]. Other important taxa may include [Chaetozone gibber, Nephtys hombergii, Galathowenia oculata], [Euclymene oerstedii], [Ampelisca tenuicornis], [Ampharete lindstroemi], [Abra alba], and [Phoronis] sp. In addition the polychaete [Aphelochaeta] spp. and the gastropod [Turritella communis] may be common or abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface visible taxa may include occasional [Virgularia mirabilis], and mobile epifauna such as [Pagurus bernhardus]. This biotope is characteristic in many southern UK marine inlets and in some areas e.g. Plymouth Sound during high levels of recruitment when [M. palmata] often occurs in abundances between 500 to 1000 per m2 moderate numbers of the species often 'overspill' into adjacent biotopes (Allen [et al]. 2001). Situation: In many areas this biotope is found on or near the boundary between euryhaline and polyhaline waters and in such areas moderately high numbers of [Aphelochaeta] spp. are often recorded. Temporal variation: Numbers of [M. palmata] tend to vary considerably from year to year presumably due to recruitment and/or adult mortality.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.21
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Baltic outer unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water

Baltic outer unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water
type: Concept
notation: A7.211
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time

Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.22
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Baltic inner unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water

Baltic inner unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water
type: Concept
notation: A7.221
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time

Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.23
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Water body of Baltic eutrophic coastal lakes
narrower: Water body of Baltic mesotrophic coastal lakes
narrower: Water body of Baltic eutrophic glo-lakes
narrower: Water body of Baltic mesotrophic glo-lakes

Water body of Baltic eutrophic coastal lakes
type: Concept
notation: A7.231
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Water body of Baltic mesotrophic coastal lakes
type: Concept
notation: A7.232
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Water body of Baltic eutrophic glo-lakes
type: Concept
notation: A7.233
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Water body of Baltic mesotrophic glo-lakes
type: Concept
notation: A7.234
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Completely mixed water column with full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.3
definition: A water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time
narrower: Completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time
narrower: Completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time

Completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.31
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with full salinity

Completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.32
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with full salinity

Completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.33
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with full salinity

Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.41
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time

Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.42
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time

Unstratified water column with reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.5
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
narrower: Mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
narrower: Bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
narrower: Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water

[Ampelisca] spp., [Photis longicaudata] and other tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.335
definition: Sublittoral stable cohesive sandy muds occurring over a wide depth range may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. In particular large numbers of the amphipods [Ampelisca] spp. and [Photis longicaudata] may be present along with polychaetes such as [Lagis koreni]. Other important taxa may include bivalves such as [Nucula nitidosa], [Chamelea gallina], [Abra alba] and [Mysella bidentata] and the echinoderms [Echinocardium cordatum] and [Amphiura brachiata]. In some areas polychaetes such as [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Polydora ciliata] may also be conspicuously numerous. This community is poorly known, appearing to occur in restricted patches. In some areas it is possible that AmpPlon may develop as a result of moderate organic enrichment. A similar community in mud has also been reported in the Baltic which is characterised by large populations of amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp., [Corophium] spp. and [Haploops tubicola] (see Petersen 1918; Thorson 1957) and it is not known if SMU.AmpPlon is a UK variant of this biotope. Temporal variation: In some areas of the Irish Sea this biotope is reported to be a temporal variant of AalbNuc, SsubNhom and LkorPpel. Some researchers consider these biotopes to be part of a wider muddy sand community which varies temporally depending on changes in sediment deposition and recruitment as was reported in areas of Red Wharf Bay off the Welsh coast (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

[Capitella capitata] in enriched sublittoral muddy sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.336
definition: The polychaete [Capitella capitata] (agg.) a widely-occurring, opportunist species complex that is particularly associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) where it may be superabundant. In very polluted/disturbed areas only [Capitella], Nematodes and occasional [Malacoceros fuliginosus] may be found whilst in slightly less enriched areas and estuaries species such as [Tubificoides], [Cirriformia tentaculata], [Pygospio elegans] and [Polydora ciliata] may also be found. In some areas e.g. the Tees estuary, high numbers of the polychaete [Ophryotrocha] may also be present. Cap may become established as a result of anthropogenic activities such as fish farming and sewerage effluent but may also occur with natural enrichment as a result of, for example, coastal bird roosts. This biotope may also occur to some extent in the intertidal and in estuaries. Situation: This biotope typically occurs in marine inlets, embayments or estuaries where organic enrichment allows [C. capitata] to out compete other taxa, although the species may also occur in enriched muddy coastal sediments and also offshore where there is a high organic input from adjacent oil drilling platforms (CapThy & CapThy.Odub).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

Infralittoral fine mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.34
definition: Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore to about 15-20 m depth in fully marine or near marine conditions, predominantly in extremely sheltered areas with very weak tidal currents. Such habitats are found in sealochs and some rias and harbours. Populations of the lugworm [Arenicola marina] may be dense, with anemones, the opisthobranch [Philine aperta] and synaptid holothurians also characteristic in some areas. The extent of the oxidised layer may be shallow with some areas being periodically or permanently anoxic. In these areas bacterial mats may develop on the sediment surface. Infaunal records for this habitat type are limited encompassing only one biotope. They are therefore not representative of the full suite of infaunal species found in this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Cerastoderma edule] with [Abra nitida] in infralittoral mud
narrower: [Arenicola marina] in infralittoral mud
narrower: [Philine aperta] and [Virgularia mirabilis] in soft stable infralittoral mud
narrower: [Ocnus planci] aggregations on sheltered sublittoral muddy sediment
narrower: [Astarte crenata] beneath high salinity cold polar water
narrower: Oligochaetes in mobile mud
narrower: Pontic mobile muds of the River Danube mouths

[Cerastoderma edule] with [Abra nitida] in infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.341
definition: Sheltered shallow sublittoral muds and gravelly muds in marine embayments, inlets or harbours may contain populations of the edible cockle [Cerastoderma edule] with [Abra nitida]. Other taxa may include the gastropod [Hydrobia ulvae], cirraltulid polychaetes such as [Caulleriella] spp. and other polychaetes including [Hediste diversicolor] and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. Available data for this biotope are limited to parts of Southampton Water, Chichester Harbour and also in the Wash. The species list given here may therefore be far from complete. It is not known at this stage whether this biotope is a sublittoral extension of intertidal cockle beds (e.g. LSA.CerPo) or whether it exists independently of intertidal populations of [C. edule].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

[Arenicola marina] in infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.342
definition: In very shallow, extremely sheltered, very soft muds [Arenicola marina] may form very conspicuous mounds and casts. This biotope may also contain synaptid holothurians such as [Labidoplax media] and [Leptosynapta bergensis] or [L. inhaerens]. However these species may be under recorded (possibly due to periodicity in feeding) and are not considered characteristic of this biotope. Other conspicuous fauna may include [Carcinus maenas], [Asterias rubens] and [Pagurus bernhardus] whilst the scallop [Pecten maximus] and the turret shell [Turritella] [communis] may also be present in some areas. Situation: This biotope typically occurs in waters shallower than about 5 m in sheltered basins of sealochs and lagoons that may be partially separated from the open sea by tidal narrows or rapids. Temporal variation: Sediment surfaces may become covered by a diatom film at certain times of the year
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.51
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity

Mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.52
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity

Bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.53
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity

Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.54
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.61
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.62
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.63
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.64
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.65
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.66
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Baltic offshore deep water above the halocline
narrower: Baltic offshore deep water below the halocline

Baltic offshore deep water above the halocline
type: Concept
notation: A7.661
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity

Baltic offshore deep water below the halocline
type: Concept
notation: A7.662
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity

Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.67
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

[Philine aperta] and [Virgularia mirabilis] in soft stable infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.343
definition: Physically very stable muds, occasionally with small stones, with a high proportion of fine material (typically greater than 80 %) may contain the opisthobranch [Philine aperta] and the seapen [Virgularia mirabilis]. These muds typically occur in shallow water down to about 12-15 m where significant seasonal variation in temperature is presumed to occur. This habitat is restricted to the most sheltered basins in, for example, sealochs. Although most records suggest full salinity conditions are prevalent, some sites may be subject to variable salinity. [Philine aperta] is the most characteristic species of this habitat, occurring in high densities at many sites, whilst [Virgularia mirabilis], a species found more widely in muddy sediments, appears to reach its highest densities in this shallow mud but may not be present in all examples of this biotope. Other conspicuous species found in this shallow muddy habitat include [Cerianthus lloydii], [Pagurus bernhardus], [Sagartiogeton] spp. and [Hydractinia echinata]. Burrowing crustacean megafauna, characteristic of deeper mud, are rare or absent from this shallow sediment although [Nephrops norvegicus] may sometimes be recorded. This biotope has been primarily recorded on the basis of its epifauna and a few conspicuous infauna. Little data exists on the infaunal component of this biotope but it may include [Nephtys] spp., spionid polychaetes, [Ampelisca] spp. and the bivalves [Nucula] spp., [Thyasira flexuosa], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. In the south of Great Britain, the polychaete [Sternaspis scutata] is also characteristic of this biotope. This polychaete is rare in Great Britain (Sanderson 1996). Indeed, this southern variant of the biotope is very restricted in the UK to Portland Harbour but is known to occur further south in the Gulf of Gascony and the Mediterranean (Glemarec 1973; Dauvin [et al]. 1994). Temporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal variant of other SMU biotopes. The k…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

[Amphiura filiformis], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra nitida] in circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.351
definition: Cohesive sandy mud off wave exposed coasts with weak tidal streams can be characterised by super-abundant [Amphiura filiformis] with [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra nitida]. This community occurs in muddy sands in moderately deep water (Hiscock 1984; Picton [et al]. 1994) and may be related to the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and is part of the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec. This community is also characterised by the sipunculid [Thysanocardia procera] and the polychaetes [Nephtys incisa], [Phoronis] sp. and [Pholoe] sp., with cirratulids also common in some areas. Other taxa such as [Nephtys hombergii], [Echinocardium cordatum], [Nucula nitidosa], [Callianassa subterranea] and [Eudorella truncatula] may also occur in offshore examples of this biotope (e.g. Künitzer [et al]. 1992).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

[Thyasira] spp. and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.352
definition: Circalittoral cohesive sandy muds with small quantities of gravel, off sheltered or moderately exposed coasts may support populations characterised by [Thyasira] spp. and in particular [Thyasira flexuosa]. Other characteristic taxa may include [Nuculoma tenuis], [Goniada maculate] and in some areas [Rhodine gracilior]. [Mysella bidentata], [Abra alba], [Harpinia antennaria] and [Amphiura filiformis] may be abundant in some examples of this biotope. Whilst moderately diverse, animal abundances are often low and it is possible that the biotope is the result of sedimentary disturbance e.g. from trawling and is possibly an impoverished version of AfilNten. Collectively the biotopes ThyNten, AfilMysAnit, AfilNten and OfusAfil, may form the [Amphiura] dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

[Amphiura filiformis] and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral and offshore muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.353
definition: In cohesive and non-cohesive sandy mud, off moderately exposed coasts in deep water dense populations of [Amphiura filiformis] with the bivalve [Nuculoma tenuis] may occur. This biotope together with AfilMysAnit, ThyNten and OfusAfil may be part of the [Amphiura filiformis] dominated infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973) and part of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). Other species characteristic of this biotope may include the echinoderms [Ophiura albida] and [Echinocardium flavescens] and the bivalve [Mysella bidentata]. [Phaxas pellucidus], [Owenia fusiformis] and [Virgularia mirabilis] may also be present. At the sediment surface the hydroid [Sertularia argentea] may be present although only at very low abundances. Variations of this biotope exist in the northern North Sea (see below) and it is possible that more than one entity exists for this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.68
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.69
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Fronts in reduced salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.7
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column
narrower: Seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column
narrower: Persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column

Ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.71
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in reduced salinity water column

Seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.72
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in reduced salinity water column

Persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.73
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in reduced salinity water column

Unstratified water column with full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.8
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water
narrower: Mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
narrower: Bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
narrower: Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water

Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.81
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with full salinity

Mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.82
definition: Waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unstratified water column with full salinity

[Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus] on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.354
definition: Circalittoral fine sandy mud may contain [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. A variety of species may occur, and species composition at a particular site may relate, to some extent, to the proportions of the major sediment size fractions. Several species are common to most sites including [Virgularia mirabilis] which is present in moderate numbers, [Ophiura albida] and [Ophiura ophiura] which are often quite common, and [Pecten maximus] which is usually only present in low numbers. [Virgularia mirabilis] is usually accompanied by occasional [Cerianthus lloydii], [Liocarcinus depurator] and [Pagurus bernhardus]. [Amphiura chiajei] and [Amphiura filiformis] may occur in some examples of this biotope. Polychaetes and bivalves are generally the main components of the infauna, although the nemerteans, [Edwardsia claparedii], [Phoronis muelleri] and [Labidoplax buski] may also be widespread. Of the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Nephtys incisa], [Minuspio cirrifera], [Chaetozone setosa], [Notomastus latericeus] and [Owenia fusiformis] are often the most widespread species whilst [Myrtea spinifera], [Lucinoma borealis], [Mysella bidentata], [Abra alba] and [Corbula gibba] are typical bivalves in this biotope. This biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as SpnMeg, AfilMysAnit and AfilNten. Situation: Such sediments are very common in sealochs, often occurring shallower than the finest mud or in somewhat more exposed parts of the lochs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus], hydroids and ascidians on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with shells or stones

[Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus], hydroids and ascidians on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with shells or stones
type: Concept
notation: A5.3541
definition: Circalittoral fine sandy mud with shell gravel and notable quantities of shells or small stones scattered over the sediment surface. These sediments, like SMU.VirOphPmax, may contain [Virgularia mirabilis, Pecten maximus] and [Ophiura] spp. but shells and small stones scattered over the sediment surface provided sufficient stable substrata for a variety of sessile epifaunal species to occur. Of these the hydroids [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] are most common with solitary ascidians such as [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidia mentula] also present. The anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] is often found in the sediment together with occasional [Lanice conchilega]. The serpulids [Protula tubularia], [Serpula vermicularis] and [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacles [Balanus balanus] and [Balanus crenatus] are also often present on pebbles and shells. [Munida rugosa] are occasionally found under larger stones. All these species are typical of more rocky habitats in such sheltered conditions. As with SMU.VirOphPmax this biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as AfilMysAnit and AfilNten.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus] on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud

[Lagis koreni] and [Phaxas pellucidus] in circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.355
definition: In stable circalittoral sandy mud dense populations of the tube building polychaete [Lagis koreni] may occur. Other species found in this habitat typically include bivalves such as [Phaxas pellucidus], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra alba] and polychaetes such as [Mediomastus fragilis], [Spiophanes bombyx], [Owenia fusiformis] and [Scalibregma inflatum]. At the sediment surface easily visible fauna include [Lagis koreni] and [Ophiura ophiura]. [Lagis koreni] is an important source of food for commercially important demersal fish, especially dab and plaice (Macer, 1967; Lockwood, 1980 and Basimi & Grove, 1985). Temporal variation: In some areas e.g. Liverpool Bay, AalbNuc and LkorPpel have exhibited cyclical behaviour with the community periodically switching from one biotope to another - possibly in relation to dredge spoil disposal (Rees [et al]. 1992) along with other environmental and biological factors. Both [Lagis koreni] and [Phaxas pellucidus], are capable of tolerating sudden increases in the deposition of sediment and often dominate such areas following such an event. Indeed it is likely that the two biotopes are merely different aspects of the same community as [Lagis koreni] is often recorded with high densities of [Abra alba] (Eagle 1975; Rees and Walker 1983). Densities of mature populations of [L. koreni] may exceed 1000m-2
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

Seapens and burrowing megafauna in circalittoral fine mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.361
definition: Plains of fine mud at depths greater than about 15 m may be heavily bioturbated by burrowing megafauna; burrows and mounds may form a prominent feature of the sediment surface with conspicuous populations of seapens, typically [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]. The burrowing crustacea present typically include [Nephrops norvegicus], which is frequently recorded from surface observations although grab sampling may fail to sample this species. Indeed, some forms of sampling may also fail to indicate seapens as characterising species. This biotope also seems to occur in deep offshore waters in the North Sea, where densities of [Nephrops norvegicus] may reach 68 per 10 m2 (see Dyer [et al]. 1982, 1983), and the Irish Sea. The burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the ubiquitous epibenthic scavengers [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator] are present in low numbers in this biotope whilst the brittlestars [Ophiura albida] and [Ophiura ophiura] are sometimes present, but are much more common in slightly coarser sediments. Low numbers of the anemone [Pachycerianthus multiplicatus] may also be found, and this species, which is scarce in the UK, appears to be restricted to this habitat (Plaza & Sanderson 1997). The infauna may contain significant populations of the polychaetes [Pholoe] spp., [Glycera] spp., [Nephtys] spp., spionids, [Pectinaria belgica] and [Terebellides stroemi], the bivalves [Nucula sulcata], [Corbula gibba] and [Thyasira flexuosa], and the echinoderm [Brissopsis lyrifera]. Situation: These soft mud habitats occur extensively throughout the more sheltered basins of sealochs and voes and are present in quite shallow depths (as little as 15 m) in these areas probably because they are very sheltered from wave action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud
narrower: Seapens, including [Funiculina quadrangularis], and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud

Bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.83
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with full salinity

Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.84
definition: Waters beyond the continental shelf. They occupy the greatest part of the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, the Mediterranean Sea, the Ligurian Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ionian Sea, as well as the central part of the Aegean Sea, the Black Sea, the southern Adriatic Sea, the eastern part of the northern North Sea. They are absent from the Baltic Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Unstratified water column with full salinity

Vertically stratified water column with full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.9
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent halocline and full salinity
narrower: Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity

Seapens, including [Funiculina quadrangularis], and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.3611
definition: Deep muds, especially in sealochs, support forests of the nationally scarce [Funiculina quadrangularis], in addition to populations of the seapens [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]. The sediment is usually extensively burrowed by crustaceans, the most common of which is [Nephrops norvegicus], but [Calocaris macandreae] and [Callianassa subterranea] may also be present (the latter is likely to be under-recorded by grab sampling because it is deep burrowing). The burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] is present in low numbers in this biotope and the rare anemone [Pachycerianthus multiplicatus] may also be found occasionally. [Amphiura] spp. are also often present in high densities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seapens and burrowing megafauna in circalittoral fine mud

[Brissopsis lyrifera] and [Amphiura chiajei] in circalittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.363
definition: Mud in deep offshore, or shallower stable nearshore, waters can be characterised by the urchin [Brissopsis lyrifera] and the brittle star [Amphiura chiajei]. Where intense benthic dredge fishing activity occurs, populations of the indicator species, [Brissopsis lyrifera] may be depressed, although broken tests may still remain (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997; M. Costello pers. comm. 1997). Low numbers of the seapen [Virgularia mirabilis] may be found in many examples of this biotope. In addition, in certain areas of the UK such as the northern Irish Sea, this community may also contain [Nephrops norvegicus] and can consequently be the focus for fishing activity (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). Infaunal species in this community are similar to those found in SpnMeg and include the polychaetes [Nephtys hystricis], [Pectinaria belgica], [Glycera] spp. and [Lagis koreni] and the bivalves [Myrtea spinifera] and [Nucula sulcata]. This community is the 'Boreal Offshore Mud Association' and '[Brissopsis - Chiajei]' communities described by other workers (Petersen 1918; Jones 1950).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

[Ampharete falcata] turf with [Parvicardium ovale] on cohesive muddy sediment near margins of deep stratified seas
type: Concept
notation: A5.371
definition: Dense stands of [Ampharete falcata] tubes which protrude from muddy sediments, appearing as a turf or meadow in localised areas. These areas seem to occur on a crucial point on a depositional gradient between areas of tide-swept mobile sands and quiescent stratifying muds. Dense populations of the small bivalve [Parvicardium ovale] occur in the superficial sediment. Other infauna in this diverse biotope includes [Lumbrineris scopa], [Levinsenia] sp., [Prionospio steenstrupi], [Diplocirrus glaucus] and [Praxillella affinis] although a wide variety of other infaunal species may also be found. Both the brittlestars [Amphiura filiformis] and [Amphiura chiajei] may be present together with [Nephrops norvegicus] in higher abundance than the BlyrAchi or AfilEcor biotopes. Substantial populations of mobile epifauna such as [Pandalus montagui] and smaller fish also occur, together with those that can cling to the tubes, such as [Macropodia] spp. A similar turf of worm tubes formed by the maldanid polychaete [Melinna cristata] has been recorded from Northumberland (Buchanan 1963). Nephrops trawling may severely damage this biotope and it is possible that such activity has destroyed examples of this biotope in the Irish Sea (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Foraminiferans and [Thyasira] spp. in deep circalittoral soft mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.372
definition: In deep water and soft muds of Boreal and Arctic areas, a community dominated by foraminiferans and the bivalve [Thyasira] sp. (e.g. [T. croulinensis and T. pygmaea]) may occur (Thorson 1957; Künitzer [et al]. 1992). Foraminiferans such as [Saccammina], [Psammosphaera], [Haplophragmoides], [Crithionina] and [Astorhiza] are important components of this community with dead tests numbering thousands per m2 (see Stephen 1923; McIntyre 1961) and sometimes visible from benthic photography (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). It is likely that a community dominated by [Astorhiza] in fine sands in the Irish Sea may be another distinct biotope (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002). Polychaetes, e.g. [Paraonis gracilis], [Myriochele heeri], [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Tharyx] sp., [Lumbrineris tetraura], are also important components of this biotope. These communities appear to have no equivalent on the continental plateau further south (Glemarec 1973) but are known from the edge of the Celtic Deep in the Irish Sea (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). The benthos in these offshore areas has been shown to be principally Foraminifera and similar, rich communities may exist in Scottish sealochs (McIntyre 1961). Communities from yet deeper (northern) waters at the extremes of the North Sea may be reminiscent, although dissimilar to ForThy (see Pearson [et al]. 1996) reflecting a higher proportion of silt/clay. A fully Arctic version of this biotope has also been described (Thorson 1934, 1957) although it should be noted that Jones (1950) considered this Boreal foraminiferan community to be part of a 'Boreal Deep Mud Association'. Situation: This community typically occurs in water deeper than 100 m in the northern North Sea (Knitzer [et al]. 1992) and have been referred to as 'Foraminifera communities' by other workers (e.g. Stephen 1923; Thorson 1957; McIntyre 1961).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.91
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.92
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.93
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.94
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.95
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with permanent halocline and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.96
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.97
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.98
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.99
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity
narrower: Anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity

Anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.991
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (CEH, following Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity

Fronts in full salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.A
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column
narrower: Seasonal fronts in full salinity water column
narrower: Persistent fronts in full salinity water column

Ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.A1
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in full salinity water column

[Capitella capitata] and [Thyasira] spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.374
definition: In circalittoral and deep offshore mud and sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the [Capitella capitata], an opportunist especially associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments as described for Cap (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978). The bivalves [Thyasira flexuosa] or [Thyasira sarsi] may also be found in moderate numbers at some sites. Other taxa may be present in low numbers in areas of less severe enrichment including [Pholoe inornata], [Lagis koreni], [Philine scabra], [Anaitides groenlandica], [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Paramphinome jeffreysii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud
narrower: [Capitella capitata], [Thyasira] spp. and [Ophryotrocha dubia] inorganically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud or sandy mud

[Levinsenia gracilis] and [Heteromastus filifirmis] in offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.375
definition: In deep offshore mud and sandy mud a community characterised by the polychaetes [Levinsenia gracilis] and [Heteromastus filiformis] may occur. Other important taxa may include [Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Nephtys hystricis] and [N. incisa], [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Orbinia norvegica], [Terebellides stroemi], [Thyasira gouldi] and [Thyasira equalis]. Burrowing megafauna such as [Calocaris macandreae] may also be found in this biotope. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea. A similar community, dominated by [L. gracilis] but accompanied by [Glycera] spp. (particularly [Glycera rouxii]) and [Monticellina dorsobranchialis], has also been reported from the Irish Sea. This Irish community also contains [Calocaris macandreae], [Mediomastus fragilis], [Tubificoides amplivasatus], [Nephtys incisa], [Ancistrosyllis groenlandica], [Nucula sulcata], [Litocorsa stremma] and [Minuspio] sp. and it is not known at present whether this represents a separate biotope or whether it is a geographic variant of a wider [Levinsenia] biotope. Situation: This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea and may also occur in the Irish Sea
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

[Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amphiura filiformis] in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.376
definition: Deep, offshore cohesive sandy mud communities characterised by the polychaete [Paramphinome jeffreysii], bivalves such as [Thyasira equalis] and [Thyasira gouldi] and the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis]. Other taxa may include Laonice cirrata, the sea cucumber Labidoplax buski and the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Spiophanes kroyeri] and [Aricidea catherinae]. [Amphiura chiajei] may be occasional in this biotope as may [Philine scabra], [Levinsenia gracilis] and [Pholoe inornata]. This biotope along with SMU.ThyNten, SMU.AfilMysAnit, SMU.AfilNten and SSA.OfusAfil, may comprise the [Amphiura] dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Sublittoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.4
definition: Sublittoral mixed (heterogeneous) sediments found from the extreme low water mark to deep offshore circalittoral habitats. These habitats incorporate a range of sediments including heterogeneous muddy gravelly sands and also mosaics of cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon sand, gravel or mud. There is a degree of confusion with regard nomenclature within this complex as many habitats could be defined as containing mixed sediments, in part depending on the scale of the survey and the sampling method employed. The BGS trigon can be used to define truly mixed or heterogeneous sites with surficial sediments which are a mixture of mud, gravel and sand. However, another 'form' of mixed sediment includes mosaic habitats such as superficial waves or ribbons of sand on a gravel bed or areas of lag deposits with cobbles/pebbles embedded in sand or mud and these are less well defined and may overlap into other habitat or biological subtypes. These habitats may support a wide range of infauna and epibiota including polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms, anemones, hydroids and Bryozoa. Mixed sediments with biogenic reefs or macrophyte dominated communities are classified separately in A5.6 and A5.5 respectively.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: Infralittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Circalittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Deep circalittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms
narrower: Mediterranean communities of shelf-edge detritic bottoms

[Crepidula fornicata] and [Mediomastus fragilis] in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.422
definition: Variable salinity mixed sediment characterised by the slipper limpet [Crepidula fornicata] and the polychaetes [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. Other numerically important taxa include the oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii], syllids such as [Exogone] [naidina] and [Sphaerosyllis], and [Nephtys hombergii]. [Lepidonotus squamatus] and [Scoloplos armiger] may also be common. Shell debris and cobbles are colonised by the ascidians [Ascidiella aspersa], [Ascidiella scabra], [Molgula] sp. and [Dendrodoa grossularia] (the ascidians may not be recorded adequately by remote infaunal survey techniques). Situation: This biotope occurs in the lower estuary where currents allow a stable environment to develop. It is associated with oyster beds and relict oyster beds, (Ost) in southern England and Wales. It may be found adjacent to or in conjunction with AphTubi and AphPol. It may be associated with VsenAsquAps and possibly form a component of SundAasp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)

Seasonal fronts in full salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.A2
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in full salinity water column

Persistent fronts in full salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.A3
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in full salinity water column

Ice-associated marine habitats
type: Concept
notation: A8
definition: Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Raised from level 3 to 2 with expanded contents (Southampton workshop)
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Sea ice
narrower: Freshwater ice
narrower: Brine channels
narrower: Under-ice habitat

Sea ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.1
definition: Ice formations floating on sea water, usually constituting an incomplete cover, variable in form and structure, unstable and dynamic under the influence of surface air and water currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ice-associated marine habitats
narrower: Seasonal pack-ice
narrower: Permanent pack-ice
narrower: Ice floes

Seasonal pack-ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.11
definition: Semi-continuous ice sheets forming on the sea for part of the year, characteristic of the Arctic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, Bothnia Bay, the Bothnia Sea, and coastal areas of the Åland Sea, the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga, exceptional in other areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sea ice

Permanent pack-ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.12
definition: Semicontinuous ice sheets covering the sea throughout the year, limited to the Arctic Ocean.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sea ice

Ice floes
type: Concept
notation: A8.13
definition: Discontinuous formations of floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks detached from the sea pack, remaining after the break-up of seasonal ice packs or drifting to more southern regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sea ice

Freshwater ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.2
definition: Floating and drifting blocks of ice detached from coastal glaciers (H4.2). These are separated by size at level 4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ice-associated marine habitats
narrower: Large tabular iceberg
narrower: Medium iceberg
narrower: Small iceberg
narrower: Bergy bit
narrower: Growler

Large tabular iceberg
type: Concept
notation: A8.21
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new units (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'
broader: Freshwater ice

Medium iceberg
type: Concept
notation: A8.22
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new units (CEH, May 2001)
broader: Freshwater ice

Small iceberg
type: Concept
notation: A8.23
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new units (CEH, May 2001)
broader: Freshwater ice

Infralittoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.43
definition: Shallow mixed (heterogeneous) sediments in fully marine or near fully marine conditions, supporting various animal-dominated communities, with relatively low proportions of seaweeds. This habitat may include well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in mud, sand or gravel. Due to the quite variable nature of the sediment type, a widely variable array of communities may be found, including those characterised by bivalves (A5.433, A5.431, and A5.435), polychaetes (A5.432) and file shells (A5.434). This has resulted in many species being described as characteristic of this habitat type all contributing only a small percentage to the overall similarity (see below). This habitat type may also include a newly proposed [Chaetopterus] biotope (Rees pers com.) recently found in the eastern English Channel. This biotope is characterised by an undescribed [Chaetopterus] sp. and small [Lanice conchilega]. Further sampling is need in order to assess and fully characterise this potential biotope. As a result, the Chaetopterus biotope has not been included in this revision. Infaunal data for this habitat type are limited to that described in the biotope A5.433 and so are not representative of the infaunal component of the whole habitat type.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Crepidula fornicata] with ascidians and anemones on infralittoral coarse mixed sediment
narrower: [Sabella pavonina] with sponges and anemones on infralittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Venerupis senegalensis], [Amphipholis squamata] and [Apseudes latreilli] in infralittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Limaria hians] beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment
narrower: [Ostrea edulis] beds on shallow sublittoral muddy mixed sediment

[Crepidula fornicata] with ascidians and anemones on infralittoral coarse mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.431
definition: Medium-coarse sands with gravel, shells, pebbles and cobbles on moderately exposed coasts may support populations of the slipper limpet [Crepidula fornicata] with ascidians and anemones. [C. fornicata] is common in this biotope though not as abundant as in the muddier estuarine biotope CreMed to which this is related. Anemones such as [Urticina felina] and [Alcyonium digitatum] and ascidians such as [Styela clava] are typically found in this biotope. Bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea] are also found along with polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega]. Little information is available with regard the infauna of this biotope but given the nature of the sediment the infaunal communities are liable to resemble those in biotopes from the SCS habitat complex. As with FluHyd this biotope could be considered a superficial or epibiotic overlay but more data is required to support this.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

[Sabella pavonina] with sponges and anemones on infralittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.432
definition: Muddy gravelly sand with pebbles off shallow, sheltered or moderately exposed coasts or embayments may support dense populations of the peacock worm [Sabella pavonina]. This community may also support populations of sponges such as [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Haliclona oculata] and [Halichondria panicea] and anemones such as [Sagartia elegans], [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Urticina felina]. Hydroids such as [Hydrallmania falcata] and the encrusting polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] are also important. This biotope may have an extremely diverse epifaunal community. Less is known about its infaunal component, although it is likely to include polychaetes such as Nephtys spp., [Harmothoe] spp., [Glycera] spp., syllid and cirratulid polychaetes, bivalves such as [Abra] spp., Aoridae amphipods and brittlestars such as [Amphipholis squamata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

[Venerupis senegalensis], [Amphipholis squamata] and [Apseudes latreilli] in infralittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.433
definition: Sheltered muddy sandy gravel and pebbles in marine inlets, estuaries or embayments with variable salinity or fully marine conditions, support large populations of the pullet carpet shell [Venerupis senegalensis] with the brittlestar [Amphipholis squamata] and the tanaid [Apseudes latreilli]. This biotope may be found at a range of depths from 5m to 30m although populations of [V. senegalensis] may also be found on the low shore. Other common species within this biotope include the gastropod [Calyptraea chinensis], a range of amphipod crustacea such as [Corophium sextonae] and [Maera grossimana] and polychaetes such as [Mediomastus fragilis], [Melinna palmata], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Syllids] and tubificid oligochaetes. Many of the available records for this biotope are from southern inlets and estuaries such as Plymouth Sound and Milford Haven but [V. senegalensis] has a much wider distribution and it should be noted that northern versions of this biotope may a have a much lower species diversity than reported here.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

[Limaria hians] beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.434
definition: Mixed muddy gravel and sand often in tide-swept narrows in the entrances or sills of sealochs with beds or 'nests' of [Limaria hians]. The [Limaria] form woven 'nests' or galleries from byssus and fragments of seaweeds so that the animals themselves cannot be seen from above the seabed. [Modiolus modiolus] sometimes occur at the same sites lying over the top of the [Limaria] bed. Other fauna associated with this biotope include echinoderms ([Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Asterias rubens]), [Buccinum undatum], mobile crustaceans (e.g. [Pagurus bernhardus]), [Alcyonium digitatum] and hydroids such as [Plumularia setacea], [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and [Nemertesia] spp. Sometimes red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens] occur if the beds are in shallow enough water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

Bergy bit
type: Concept
notation: A8.24
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new units (CEH, May 2001)
broader: Freshwater ice

Growler
type: Concept
notation: A8.25
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Freshwater ice

Brine channels
type: Concept
notation: A8.3
definition: During freezing of seawater, salt is rejected from the ice crystals. The remaining brine solution forms a three-dimensional network of tubes and channels with typical diameters of 200 µm within the ice matrix. Despite the harsh environmental conditions (low light intensities, low temperature, high salinity), a specialised community has developed and adapted to live within the brine channel system. Minute unicellular algae like diatoms are the dominant primary producers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Ice-associated marine habitats
narrower: Brine channels in first year ice
narrower: Brine channels in multi-year ice

Brine channels in first year ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.31
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Brine channels

Brine channels in multi-year ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.32
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Brine channels

Under-ice habitat in first-year ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.41
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Under-ice habitat

Under-ice habitat in multi-year ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.42
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Under-ice habitat

Coastal habitats
type: Concept
notation: B
definition: Coastal habitats are those above spring high tide limit (or above mean water level in non-tidal waters) occupying coastal features and characterised by their proximity to the sea, including coastal dunes and wooded coastal dunes, beaches and cliffs. Includes free-draining supralittoral habitats adjacent to marine habitats which are normally only affected by spray or splash, strandlines characterised by terrestrial invertebrates and moist and wet coastal dune slacks and dune-slack pools. Excludes supralittoral rock pools and habitats adjacent to the sea which are not characterised by salt spray, wave or sea-ice erosion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Coastal shingle
narrower: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral

[Ostrea edulis] beds on shallow sublittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.435
definition: Dense beds of the oyster [Ostrea edulis] can occur on muddy fine sand or sandy mud mixed sediments. There may be considerable quantities of dead oyster shell making up a substantial portion of the substratum. The clumps of dead shells and oysters can support large numbers of [Ascidiella aspersa] and [Ascidiella scabra]. Sponges such as [Halichondria bowerbanki] may also be present. Several conspicuously large polychaetes, such as [Chaetopterus variopedatus] and terebellids, as well as additional suspension-feeding polychaetes such as [Myxicola infundibulum] and [Sabella pavonina] may be important in distinguishing this biotope, whilst the Opisthobranch [Philine aperta] may also be frequent in some areas. A turf of seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Nitophyllum punctatum] and [Spyridia filamentosa] may also be present. This biotope description may need expansion to account for oyster beds in England.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

Circalittoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.44
definition: Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. A wide range of infaunal polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms and burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii are often present in such habitat and the presence of hard substrata (shells and stones) on the surface enables epifaunal species to become established, particularly hydroids such as [Nemertesia] spp and [Hydrallmania falcata]. The combination of epifauna and infauna can lead to species rich communities. Coarser mixed sediment communities may show a strong resemblance, in terms of infauna, to biotopes within the A5.1. However, infaunal data for this habitat type is limited to that described under the biotope A5.443, and so are not representative of the infaunal component of this habitat type.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
narrower: Sparse [Modiolus modiolus], dense [Cerianthus lloydii] and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment
narrower: [Mysella bidentata] and [Thyasira] spp. in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Ophiothrix fragilis] and/or [Ophiocomina nigra] brittlestar beds on sublittoral mixed sediment
narrower: Sandy mixed sediment with [Alcyonidium diaphanum]

[Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.441
definition: Circalittoral plains of sandy muddy gravel may be characterised by burrowing anemones such as [Cerianthus lloydii]. Other burrowing anemones such as [Cereus pedunculatus], [Mesacmaea mitchellii] and [Aureliania heterocera] may be locally abundant. Relatively few conspicuous species are found in any great number in this biotope but typically they include ubiquitous epifauna such as [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator] with occasional terebellid polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega] and also the clam [Pecten maximus]. [Ophiura albida] may be frequent in some areas, and where surface shell or stones are present ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspersa] may occur in low numbers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Cerianthus lloydii] with [Nemertesia] spp. and other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment

Sparse [Modiolus modiolus], dense [Cerianthus lloydii] and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.442
definition: Pebbles and cobbles on mud or muddy gravel in sealochs with frequent [Cerianthus lloydii] and occasional [Modiolus modiolus]. Large burrowing holothurians may include [Psolus phantapus], [Paracucumaria hyndmani], [Thyonidium commune], [Thyone fusus] and [Leptopentacta elongate]. Many of these species only extend their tentacles above the sediment surface seasonally and are likely to be under recorded by epifaunal surveys. Other more conspicuous characterising taxa include [Pagurus bernhardus], [Asterias rubens], and [Buccinum undatum]. This biotope is well developed in the Clyde sealochs, although many examples are rather species-poor. Some examples in south-west Scottish sealochs have greater quantities of boulders and cobbles and therefore have a richer associated biota (compared with other sheltered [Modiolus] bed biotopes such as ModHAs). Examples in Shetland are somewhat different in having the cucumber [Cucumaria frondosa] amongst sparse [Modiolus] beds and a slightly different balance in abundance of other species; for example the brittlestar [Ophiopholis aculeata] is more abundant in these far northern examples in the voes and narrows
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

[Mysella bidentata] and [Thyasira] spp. in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.443
definition: In moderately exposed or sheltered, circalittoral muddy sands and gravels a community characterised by the bivalves [Thyasira] spp. (often [Thyasira flexuosa]), [Mysella bidentata] and [Prionospio fallax] may develop. Infaunal polychaetes such as [Lumbrineris gracilis], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Scoloplos armiger] are also common in this community whilst amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp. and the cumacean [Eudorella truncatula] may also be found in some areas. The brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis] may also be abundant at some sites. Conspicuous epifauna may include encrusting bryozoans [Escharella] spp. particularly [Escharella immersa] and, in shallower waters, maerl ([Phymatolithon calcareum]), although at very low abundances and not forming maerl beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

Coastal dunes and sandy shores
type: Concept
notation: B1
definition: Sand-covered shorelines of the oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, fashioned by the action of wind or waves. They include gently sloping beaches and beach-ridges, formed by sands brought by waves, longshore drift and storm waves, as well as dunes, formed by aeolian deposits, though sometimes re-fashioned by waves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal habitats
narrower: Sand beach driftlines
narrower: Sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: Shifting coastal dunes
narrower: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)
narrower: Coastal dune heaths
narrower: Coastal dune scrub
narrower: Coastal dune woods
narrower: Moist and wet dune slacks
narrower: Machair

Sand beach driftlines
type: Concept
notation: B1.1
definition: The lowest level of the supralittoral, just above the normal tide limit, where drift material accumulates and the sand may be rich in nitrogenous organic matter. Vegetation, if present at all, is very open and composed of annuals, e.g. [Atriplex] spp., [Cakile] spp., [Salsola kali], [Polygonum] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Boreo-Arctic sand beach annual communities
narrower: Middle European sand beach annual communities
narrower: Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

Boreo-Arctic sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.11
definition: Annual communities of sand beaches of the low Arctic and high Arctic oceanic zones of the Palaearctic Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, with [Cakile edentula ssp. islandica] ([Cakile arctica]), [Atriplex lapponica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beach driftlines

Middle European sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.12
definition: Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of the sand beaches of the temperate North Atlantic, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Baltic, with [Suaeda maritima], [Bassia hirsuta], [Cakile maritima], [Salsola kali], [Beta maritima], [Atriplex] spp., [Glaucium flavum], [Polygonum] spp., [Mertensia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beach driftlines
narrower: Baltic sand beach annual communities

Baltic sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.121
definition: Annual driftline communities of central and southern Baltic sand beaches, with [Cakile maritima ssp. baltica], [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex calotheca], [Atriplex hastata], [Salsola kali], [Polygonum aviculare], [Polygonum oxyspermum], [Senecio vulgaris], [Matricaria perforata], [Matricaria maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European sand beach annual communities

Tethyan sand beach driftline communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.13
definition: Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Mediterraneo-Atlantic coasts. [Zosterion marinae] and [Cymodoceion nodosae] communities with e.g. [Caulerpa prolifera], [Zostera noltii], [Cymodocea nodosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beach driftlines
narrower: Western Tethyan sand beach annual communities
narrower: Pontic sand beach annual communities
narrower: Pontic sand beach perennial communities

[Flustra foliacea] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.444
definition: This biotope represents part of a transition between sand-scoured circalittoral rock where the epifauna is conspicuous enough to be considered as a biotope and a sediment biotope where an infaunal sample is required to characterise it and is possibly best considered an epibiotic overlay. [Flustra foliacea] and the hydroid [Hydrallmania falcata] characterise this biotope; lesser amounts of other hydroids such as [Sertularia argentea], [Nemertesia antennina] and occasionally [Nemertesia ramose], occur where suitably stable hard substrata is found. The anemone [Urticina feline] and the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] may also characterise this biotope. Barnacles [Balanus crenatus] and tube worms [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be present and the robust bryozoans [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Vesicularia spinosa] appear amongst the hydroids at a few sites. [Sabella pavonina] and [Lanice conchilega] may be occasionally found in the coarse sediment around the stones. In shallower (i.e. upper circalittoral) examples of this biotope scour-tolerant robust red algae such as [Polysiphonia nigrescens], [Calliblepharis] spp. and [Gracilaria gracilis] are found. Situation: This biotope is found around most coasts, although regional differences are seen where one or two similarly scour-tolerant species such as [Styela clava] and [Crepidula fornicata] (Solent) occupy the hard substrata
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

[Ophiothrix fragilis] and/or [Ophiocomina nigra] brittlestar beds on sublittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.445
definition: Circalittoral sediment dominated by brittlestars (hundreds or thousands m-2) forming dense beds, living epifaunally on boulder, gravel or sedimentary substrata. [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiocomina nigra] are the main bed-forming species, with rare examples formed by [Ophiopholis aculeate]. Brittlestar beds vary in size, with the largest extending over hundreds of square metres of sea floor and containing millions of individuals. They usually have a patchy internal structure, with localized concentrations of higher animal density. [Ophiothrix fragilis] or [Ophiocomina nigra] may dominate separately or there may be mixed populations of the two species. [Ophiothrix] beds may consist of large adults and tiny, newly-settled juveniles, with animals of intermediate size living in nearby rock habitats or among sessile epifauna. Unlike brittlestar beds on rock, the sediment based beds may contain a rich associated epifauna (Warner, 1971; Allain, 1974; Davoult & Gounin, 1995). Large suspension feeders such as the octocoral [Alcyonium digitatum], the anemone [Metridium senile] and the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] are present mainly on rock outcrops or boulders protruding above the brittlestar-covered substratum. The large anemone [Urticina feline] may be quite common. This species lives half-buried in the substratum but is not smothered by the brittlestars, usually being surrounded by a 'halo' of clear space (Brun, 1969; Warner, 1971). Large mobile animals commonly found on Ophiothrix beds include the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and [Luidia ciliaris], the urchins [Echinus esculentus] and [Psammechinus miliaris], edible crabs [Cancer pagurus], swimming crabs [Necora puber], [Liocarcinus] spp., and hermit crabs [Pagurus bernhardus]. The underlying sediments also contain a diverse infauna including the bivalve [Abra alba]. Warner (1971) found that numbers and biomass of sediment dwelling animals were not significantly reduced under dense brittlestar pat…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

Polychaete-rich deep [Venus] community in offshore mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.451
definition: In offshore circalittoral slightly muddy mixed sediments, a diverse community particularly rich in polychaetes with a significant venerid bivalve component may be found. Typical species include the polychaetes [Glycera lapidum], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Laonice bahusiensis], [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris gracilis], [Pseudomystides limbata], [Protomystides bidentata] and syllid species and bivalves such as [Timoclea ovata], [Glycymeris glycymeris], [Spisula elliptica] and [Goodallia triangularis]. This biotope has been recorded on surveys of the Lambay and Codling Deeps and other areas of the Irish Sea and collectively with MedLumVen comprise the 'Deep [Venus] Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' as defined by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950). Some examples of this biotope may have abundant juvenile [Modiolus modiolus]
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mixed sediments

[Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.511
definition: Maerl beds characterised by [Phymatolithon calcareum] in gravels and sands. Associated epiphytes may include red algae such as [Dictyota dichotoma, Halarachnion ligulatum], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Brongniartella byssoides] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. Algal species may be anchored to the maerl or to dead bivalve shells amongst the maerl. Polychaetes, such as [Chaetopterus variopedatus], [Lanice conchilega], [Kefersteinia cirrata], [Mediomastus fragilis, Chone duneri, Parametaphoxus fultoni] and [Grania] may be present. Gastropods such as [Gibbula cineraria], [Gibbula magus], [Calyptraea chinensis] [Dikoleps pusilla] and [Onoba aculeus] may also be present. [Liocarcinus depurator] and [Liocarcinus corrugatus] are often present, although they may be under-recorded; it would seem likely that robust infaunal bivalves such as [Circomphalus casina], [Mya truncata], [Dosinia exoleta] and other venerid bivalves are more widespread than available data currently suggests. It seems likely that stable wave-sheltered maerl beds with low currents may be separable from SMP.Pcal; having a generally thinner layer of maerl overlying a sandy /muddy substratum with a diverse cover of epiphytes (e.g. Bosence 1976; Blunden [et al]. 1977; 1981; Davies & Hall-Spencer 1996) but insufficient data currently exists on a national scale. Wave and current-exposed maerl beds, where thicker depths of maerl accumulate, frequently occur as waves and ridge / furrows arrangements (see Bosence 1976; Blunden [et al]. 1977; 1981; Irvine & Chamberlain 1994; Hall-Spencer 1995). At some sites where Pcal occurs, there may be significant patches of maerl gravel containing the rare burrowing anemone [Halcampoides elongatus]; this may be a separate biotope, but insufficient data exists at present. Northern maerl beds in the UK do not appear to contain [L. corallioides] but in south-west England and Ireland [L. corallioides] may occur to some extent in Pcal as well as Lcor, where it do…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds
narrower: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with red seaweeds in shallow infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
narrower: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with [Neopentadactyla mixta] and other echinoderms in deeper infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand

Western Tethyan sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.131
definition: Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean and the subtropical Atlantic, between Portugal and the southern limit of the Mediterraneo-Saharan transition zone at 27øN.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

Pontic sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.132
definition: Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of sand beaches of the Black Sea, with [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica], [Salsola kali ssp. tragus], [Atriplex hastata], [Polygonum maritimum], [Euphorbia peplis], [Euphorbia paralias], [Glaucium flavum], [Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum], [Convolvulus lineatus], [Convolvulus persicus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

[Lithothamnion glaciale] maerl beds in tide-swept variable salinity infralittoral gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.512
definition: Upper infralittoral tide-swept channels of coarse sediment in full or variable salinity conditions support distinctive beds of [Lithothamnion glaciale] maerl 'rhodoliths'. [Phymatolithon calcareum] may also be present as a more minor maerl component. Associated fauna and flora may include species found in other types of maerl beds (and elsewhere), e.g. [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Cerianthus lloydii], [Sabella pavonina], [Chaetopterus variopedatus], [Lanice conchilega], [Mya truncata], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Lgla, however, also has a fauna that reflects the slightly reduced salinity conditions, e.g. [Psammechinus miliaris] is often present in high numbers along with other grazers such as chitons and [Tectura] spp. [Hyas araneus], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] are also typically present at sites. In Scottish lagoons this biotope may show considerable variation but the community falls within the broad description defined here. Situation: This biotope can often be found at the upper end of Scottish sealochs where the variable salinity of the habitat may not be immediately obvious.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds

[Lithothamnion corallioides] maerl beds on infralittoral muddy gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.513
definition: Live maerl beds in sheltered, silty conditions which are dominated by [Lithothamnion corallioides] with a variety of foliose and filamentous seaweeds. Live maerl is at least common but there may be noticeable amounts of dead maerl gravel and pebbles. Other species of maerl, such as [Phymatolithon calcareum] and [Phymatolithon purpureum], may also occur as a less abundant component. Species of seaweed such as [Dictyota dichotoma], [Halarachnion ligulatum]. and [Ulva] spp. are often present, although are not restricted to this biotope, whereas [Dudresnaya verticillata] tends not to occur on other types of maerl beds. The anemones [Anemonia viridis] and [Cerianthus lloydii], the polychaetes [Notomastus latericeus] and [Caulleriella alata], the isopod [Janira maculosa] and the bivalve [Hiatella arctica] are typically found in SMP.Lcor where as [Echinus esculentus] tends to occur more in other types of maerl. The seaweeds [Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum] may also be present in some habitats. Lcor has a south-western distribution in Britain and Ireland. Sheltered, stable, fully saline maerl beds in the north of Great Britain (where [L. corallioides] has not been confirmed to occur) may need to be described as an analogous biotope to Lcor (see Pcal).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds

[Lithophyllum fasciculatum] maerl beds on infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.514
definition: Shallow, sheltered infralittoral muddy plains with [Lithophyllum fasciculatum] maerl. This rarely recorded maerl species forms flattened masses or balls several centimetres in diameter (Irvine & Chamberlain 1994). Lfas may be found on mud and muddy gravel mixed with shell. Species of anemone typical of sheltered conditions may be found in association, for example, [Anthopleura ballii], [Cereus pedunculatus] and [Sagartiogeton undatus]. Polychaetes such as [Myxicola infundibulum] and terebellids, also characteristic of sheltered conditions, may be present as may hydroids such as [Kirchenpaueria pinnata]. Occasional [Chlamys varia] and [Thyone fuscus] are present in all records of this biotope and red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Calliblepharis jubata] and [Chylocladia verticillata] are often present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds

[Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.521
definition: On infralittoral mixed muddy substrata communities characterised by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and mixed filamentous and foliose red algae can be found. This biotope contains a number of sub-biotopes distinguished by the degree of either wave or tidal exposure. In moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas [Laminaria] is sparse and dense stands of red seaweeds are found attached to the boulders and cobbles that make up a large proportion of the sediment (LsacR.CbPb). As the degree of wave and/or tidal exposure decreases there is a change in community structure, with the density of [Laminaria] and the diversity of red algal species increasing (LsacR.Gv). As the environment becomes more stable a number of brown algal species are able to inhabit this environment and a rich infauna develops (LsacR.Sa). In the most sheltered examples of this biotope a diverse muddy sediment infauna can be found and the ['Trailliella'] phase of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] may develop (LsacR.Mu).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
narrower: Red seaweeds and kelps on tide-swept mobile infralittoral cobbles and pebbles
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and robust red algae on infralittoral gravel and pebble
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] with red and brown seaweeds on lower infralittoral muddy mixed sediment

Red seaweeds and kelps on tide-swept mobile infralittoral cobbles and pebbles
type: Concept
notation: A5.5211
definition: Shallow mixed substrata of cobbles and pebbles swept by moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas, and characterised by dense stands of red seaweeds. Tide-swept infralittoral cobbles and pebbles which may be highly mobile, create an environment that is difficult for many algae to survive in. Foliose and filamentous seaweeds with an encrusting phase in their life history, or those that are able to withstand rolling of the substratum and scouring, can form dense turfs of seaweed in the more settled summer months. Characteristic red seaweeds include [Halarachnion ligulatum] which is able to survive attached to the pebbles and cobbles. Ephemeral algae grow rapidly in periods of relative stability. Other characteristic red seaweeds include [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Brongniartella byssoides]. Coralline encrusting algae cover many of the cobbles and pebbles; some areas of cobbles may be quite barren, dominated only by encrusting coralline algae and brittlestars. Of the brown seaweeds scattered [Laminaria] spp. and [Desmarestia] spp. may be present on more stable large boulders or bedrock outcrops. [Chorda filum] and [Halidrys siliquosa] may be present in low abundance but where these seaweeds occur in greater abundance (typically >Frequent) refer to MIR.LsacChoR and MIR.HalXK respectively. Although the faunal component of this biotope is usually relatively sparse it can include a wide variety of species. Turfs of hydroids ([Nemertesia] spp., [Aglaophenia tubulifera]) and bryozoans ([Crisia] spp. and [Bugula] spp.) are the major components but sponges and anemones may also occur. Brittlestars, sea-urchins, hydroids and solitary ascidians are more prominent in the Scottish examples of this biotope, which tend to occur in deeper water, due in part to clearer waters. Situation: Although not common, this biotope is widely distributed from Sussex to the shallow areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, the west co…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments

[Laminaria saccharina] and robust red algae on infralittoral gravel and pebble
type: Concept
notation: A5.5212
definition: Shallow kelp community found on gravel and gravelly sand in slightly less exposed areas than SMP.LsacR.CbPb but in moderately strong tidal currents, and characterised by occasional [Laminaria saccharina] with an undergrowth of robust red seaweeds. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with LsacR.CbPb, include [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Halarachnion ligulatum] and [Brongniartella byssoides]; however the greater stability of this biotope allows a slightly more diverse range of red seaweeds to become established including [Polyides rotundus], [Rhodophyllis divaricata], [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Nitophyllum punctatum]. Coralline encrusting algae may be found covering the larger pebbles. [Laminaria hyperborea] may also be present within this biotope, although at low densities. Other brown algal species present include [Desmarestia] spp., [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Chorda filum], all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed [Ulva] sp. may be found attached to larger pebbles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments

[Laminaria saccharina] and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5213
definition: Shallow kelp community found on sand and slightly gravelly sand, in moderately exposed and sheltered conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by occasional [Laminaria saccharina] with an undergrowth of red algae. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with LsacR.Gv, include [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Polyides rotundus], [Polysiphonia elongate] and [Lomentaria clavellosa]. Coralline encrusting algae is much less important in this biotope as a result of a lack of suitable substrate. Brown algal species present, as with other LsacR biotopes, include [Desmarestia] spp., [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Chorda filum], all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed [Ulva] sp. may also be present. The sandy substrate is home to a variety of typical sand dwelling infauna including polychaetes ([Scoloplos armiger], [Exogone hebes], and [Aricidea minuta]), amphipods ([Ampelisca brevicornis]), and bivalves ([Lucinoma borealis] and [Abra alba]). [Arenicola] worm casts and [Lanice] worm tubes may be visible at the sediment surface.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments

[Laminaria saccharina] with red and brown seaweeds on lower infralittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.5214
definition: Slightly deeper kelp community in the lower infralittoral, found on sandy gravelly mud, in sheltered and very sheltered conditions, with very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by occasional [Laminaria saccharina] with an undergrowth of red and brown algae. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with other LsacR biotopes include [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Phycodrys rubens]. However, the sheltered conditions of this biotope allow the '[Trailliella]' phase of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] to develop (although not to the extent of forming distinct mats as in SMP.Tra), and the related species [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides]. Brown algal species present, as with other LsacR biotopes, include [Desmarestia] spp at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed [Ulva] sp. may also be present. The muddy substrate is home to a variety of typical mud dwelling fauna including the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii]. The gravelly component of this biotope provides a substrate for encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and coralline encrusting algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments

[Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum] on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.522
definition: Shallow kelp community found on sandy mud and gravelly sandy mud, in sheltered or extremely sheltered conditions, with very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of [Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum]. Beneath the kelp canopy, [Ulva lactuca] is often frequent and some filamentous and foliose red algae may be present, along with filamentous brown ectocarpoid algae although in much lower abundance than in the LsacR biotopes. At the sediment surface ubiquitous fauna such as [Asterias rubens], crabs such as [Pagurus bernhardus], [Carcinus maenas], and the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] may be visable and in some areas [Sabella pavonina] may be present. Given the nature of the sediment it is likely that a wide range of infaunal bivalves and polychaetes are present including [Arenicola marina], [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Anaitides mucosa]. In more tideswept areas with coarser and generally less muddy sediments SMP.LsacCho may be replaced by one of the sub biotopes of SMP.LsacR.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

[Laminaria saccharina] with [Psammechinus miliaris] and/or [Modiolus modiolus] on variable salinity infralittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.523
definition: Shallow kelp community found on stoney mixed sediment, in full or variable salinity, in sheltered or moderately exposed conditions, with weak or very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a dense covering of [Laminaria saccharina]. Beneath the kelp canopy, frequent [Psammechinus miliaris] may be found grazing the algal turf and scattered [Modiolus modiolus] are characteristic of this biotope. Encrusting the suface of stones and pebbles are [Pomatoceros triqueter] and in the sediment between the stones, the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] may also be present. Small patches of [Lithothamnion glaciale] may be found in this biotope, although these patches do not form distict beds as in SBR.Lgla. In addition, a more ubiquitous fauna such as [Asterias rubens] and [Pagurus bernhardus] are also present. This biotope is generally found in sealochs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Pontic sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.133
definition: Halo-nitrophilous communities of Black Sea sand beaches dominated by perennial herbs, including [Crambe maritima ssp. pontica], [Argusia sibirica], [Lactuca tatarica], [Petasites spurius] or [Trachomitum venetum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

Sand beaches above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B1.2
definition: Gently sloping sand-covered shorelines fashioned by wind action along coasts and beside associated coastal lagoons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands
narrower: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Sandy beach ridges with no or low vegetation
narrower: Sandy beach ridges dominated by shrubs or trees

Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B1.21
definition: Sandy beaches of oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, devoid of phanerogamic vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: Baltic unvegetated spits and bars above the driftline
narrower: Baltic unvegetated sandy beaches above the driftline

Baltic unvegetated spits and bars above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B1.211
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline

Baltic unvegetated sandy beaches above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B1.212
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline

Biocenosis of supralittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: B1.22
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: Facies of depressions with residual humidity
narrower: Facies of quickly-drying wracks
narrower: Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore
narrower: Facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore (upper part)

Facies of depressions with residual humidity
type: Concept
notation: B1.221
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands

Facies of quickly-drying wracks
type: Concept
notation: B1.222
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands

Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore
type: Concept
notation: B1.223
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands

Facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore (upper part)
type: Concept
notation: B1.224
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands

Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.23
definition: Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of sand, gravelly sand and gravel cordons of upper beaches of the arctic and boreal sea coasts of Eurasia formed by [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Ammophila arenaria], [Honkenya peploides], [Elymus farctus], [Elymus repens], [Mertensia maritima], accompanied by [Atriplex] spp. ([Atriplex prostrata], [Atriplex longipes ssp. praecox], [Atriplex glabriuscula]), [Polygonum aviculare], [Cakile maritima], [Cakile arctica], [Petasites spurius], [Potentilla anserina]. Representatives of these communities occur very locally within the nemoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: North Sea sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Baltic sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Boreo-Bothnian sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Icelandic sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Beach ridges consisting of algal or other plant material

[Laminaria saccharina], [Gracilaria gracilis] and brown seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.524
definition: Shallow kelp community found on muddy sand, in moderately exposed or sheltered, fully marine conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of [Laminaria saccharina]. Frequent [Chorda filum] may also form part of the canopy although not at the abundance in LsacCho. Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae [Gracilaria gracilis], and various brown algal species particularly [Dictyota dichotoma]. Other members of the understory may include a variety of other filamentous and foliose red algae in particular [Ceramium nodulosum] and the green alga [Ulva]. The muddy sand substrate supports a variety of faunal species including polychaetes ([Lanice conchilega]) and gastropods ([Hinia reticulata]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

[Laminaria saccharina] and [Gracilaria gracilis] with sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.525
definition: Shallow kelp community found on stony sediment, in extremely sheltered, variable salinity conditions, with moderately strong tidal currents. The community is characterised by a more sparse covering of [Laminaria saccharina], particularly when compared to the fully marine version of this sub biotope (SMP.LsacGraFS). Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae [Gracilaria gracilis], and a variety of faunal species in particular sponges ([Suberites ficus] and [Halichondria panacea]) and ascidians ([Ascidiella aspersa] and [Dendrodoa grossularia]). The stony substrate provides a surface for attachment for these and many other filter and suspension feeding species, particularly barnacles ([Balanus crenatus]), hydroids ([Urticina feline] and [Hydractinia echinata]) and anemones. Other members of the understory may include a variety of filamentous and foliose red algae in particular [Pterothamnion plumula], and the green alga [Ulva].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Loose-lying mats of [Phyllophora crispa] on infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.527
definition: Infralittoral muddy sand and sandy mud, sometimes with some shells or pebbles, and a dense, loose-lying cover of [Phyllophora crispa]. This biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions such as those found in sealochs and voes. SMP.Pcri is similar to other biotopes described with dense, loose-lying algae but has been less frequently recorded, and from the few records available, appears to occur in slightly deeper infralittoral waters primarily between 10m to 30m and typically in fully saline waters. The seaweeds in this biotope may be epiphytised by ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspera]. Kelp such as [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds including [Plocamium cartilagineum] may be present in some areas. The scallops [Pecten maximus] and [Aequipecten opercularis] may also be found occasionally in this biotope and [Trailliella]/[Bonnemaisonia hamifera] may also be present but not at the levels found in SMP.Tra.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Filamentous green seaweeds on low salinity infralittoral mixed sediment or rock
type: Concept
notation: A5.528
definition: Shallow muddy sediments, often with boulders, cobbles and pebbles around the edges of lagoons, or other areas that are exposed to wide salinity variations are unsuitable for colonisation by many species. Such areas may be colonised by a dense blanket of ephemeral green algae such as [Enteromorpha] spp., [Chaetomorpha linum], [Cladophora liniformis] or [Rhizoclonium riparium]. This biotope may also contain some red seaweeds, such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis], but always at low abundance (compare with PolFur). Amongst the filamentous green algae, grazing molluscs and solitary ascidians may be present. Infauna may typically include [Corophium volutator], [Heterochaeta costata], [Tubificoides benedeni] and other taxa suited for low/variable salinity environments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] biocenosis on shell gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.52M
definition: The dominant species is the alga [Phyllophora nervosa]. In addition to the dominant species there are three other species of Phyllophora: [Phyllophora brodiaei], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Phyllophora trallii]. There are 118 species of invertebrates in the Phyllophora field the most characteristic of which are: [Bittium reticulatum], [Harmothoe imbricata], [Balanus improvisus], [Synisoma capito] (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998). Studies conducted in the NW shelf area (Zernov's Phyllophora field) indicated tht the mass macrozoobenthos species are: the bivalve mollusc [Mytilus galloprovincialis], [Mytilaster lineatus], the gastropod [Rissoa parva], the barnacle [Balanus improvisus] and the polychaete [Nereis succinea]. In Egorlitsky Bay the mass species are [Mytilaster lineatus], [Nereis zonata] and [Platynereis dumerilii]. Studies conducted along the Romanian coast (Vailiu and Bodeanu, 1972) indicate that [Phyllophora nervosa] and [Phyllophora brodiae] are present between 10-56 m with highest biomass recorded in the northernmost part of the Romanian coasts, at 43-46 m depth where the presence of [Phyllophora brodiae] is favoured by the presence of a particular substrate given by the massive development of calcareous algal concretions of the red alga [Lithothamnion] present on bivalve shells (Vasiliu and Bodeanu, 1972). In Romanian waters, in the area known as Zernov's Phyllophora field, the fauna is composed mostly of [Mytilus galloprovincialis] up to 20-30 meters depth, and [Modiolus phaseolinus] at depths exceeding 30 meters (Tiganus, 1991-1992).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

North Sea sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.231
definition: [Leymus arenarius]-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of North Sea coasts of southern Norway, Jutland, Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, the Netherlands, England, Scotland and Orkney, and of the Danish coast of the Kattegat.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Baltic sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.232
definition: [Leymus arenarius]-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of southern and central Baltic upper beaches, often with [Petasites spurius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Boreo-Bothnian sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.233
definition: Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of the upper beaches of the Gulf of Bothnia dominated by [Leymus arenarius] and [Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Icelandic sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.234
definition: Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of Iceland dominated by [Leymus arenarius] or [Mertensia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Beach ridges consisting of algal or other plant material
type: Concept
notation: B1.235
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Sandy beach ridges with no or low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B1.24
definition: Sandy beach ridges may be bare or may host pioneer communities of the class [Ammophiletea] consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association [Agropyrion juncei]-[Sporoboletum pungentis]. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms. The vegetation may be ammonitrophilous, of the class [Cakiletea maritimae], enriched by many [Ammophiletea] species like [Echinophora spinosa], [Elymus farctus], [Eryngium maritimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline

[Zostera marina]/[angustifolia] beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5331
definition: Expanses of clean or muddy fine sand and sandy mud in shallow water and on the lower shore (typically to about 5 m depth) can have dense stands of [Zostera marina/angustifolia] [Note: the taxonomic status of [Z. angustifolia] is currently under consideration]. In Zmar the community composition may be dominated by these [Zostera] species and therefore characterised by the associated biota. Other biota present can be closely related to that of areas of sediment not containing [Zostera marina], for example, [Laminaria saccharina], [Chorda filum] and infaunal species such as [Ensis] spp. and [Echinocardium cordatum] (e.g. Bamber 1993). From the available data it would appear that a number of sub-biotopes may be found within this biotope dependant on the nature of the substratum and it should be noted that sparse beds of [Zostera marina] may be more readily characterised by their infaunal community. For example, coarse marine sands with seagrass have associated communities similar to MoeVen, SLan or Glap whilst muddy sands may have infaunal populations related to EcorEns, AreISa and FfabMag. Muddy examples of this biotope may show similarities to SundAasp, PhiVir, Are or AfilMysAnit. At present the data does not permit a detailed description of these sub-biotopes but it is likely that with further study the relationships between these assemblages will be clarified. Furthermore, whilst the [Zostera] biotope may be considered an epibiotic overlay of established sedimentary communities it is likely that the presence of [Zostera] will modify the underlying community to some extent. For example, beds of this biotope in the south-west of Britain may contain conspicuous and distinctive assemblages of Lusitanian fauna such as [Laomedea angulata], [Hippocampus] spp. and Stauromedusae. In addition, it is known that seagrass beds play an important role in the trophic status of marine and estuarine waters, acting as an important conduit or sink for nutrients and consequently some ex…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments

[Ruppia maritima] in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5343
definition: In sheltered brackish muddy sand and mud, beds of [Ruppia maritima] and more rarely [Ruppia spiralis] may occur. These beds may be populated by fish such as [Gasterosteus aculeatus] which is less common on filamentous algal-dominated sediments. Seaweeds such as [Chaetomorpha] spp., [Enteromorpha] spp., [Cladophora] spp., and [Chorda filum] are also often present in addition to occasional fucoids. In some cases the stoneworts [Lamprothamnium papulosum] and [Chara aspera] occur. Infaunal and epifaunal species may include mysid crustacea, the polychaete [Arenicola marina], the gastropod [Hydrobia ulvae], the amphipod [Corophium volutator] and oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata]. In some areas [Zostera marina] may also be interspersed with the [Ruppia] beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities

Association with [Potamogeton pectinatus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.542
definition: Low and variable salinity infralittoral mud with beds of [Potamogeton pectinatus]. Other associated species are broadly similar to that of Rup, with blankets of filamentous green algae such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Cladophora liniformis] and [Rhizoclonium riparium]. The grazing gastropod [Potamopyrgus antipodarum] is found in this biotope and juvenile [Mytilus edulis] have been observed settled on [Potamogeton] leaves and amongst the algae. The nationally scarce charaphyte [Lamprothamnium papulosum] may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout ([Salmo trutta]), and sticklebacks [Gasterosteus aculeatus] can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. [Mya arenaria] may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, [Arenicola marina], [Corophium volutator] and [Gammarus] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

[Sabellaria spinulosa] on stable circalittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.611
definition: The tube-building polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] at high abundances on mixed sediment. These species typically forms loose agglomerations of tubes forming a low lying matrix of sand, gravel, mud and tubes on the seabed. The infauna comprises typical sublittoral polychaete species such as [Protodorvillea kefersteini], [Pholoe synophthalmica], [Harmothoe] spp, [Scoloplos armiger], [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lanice conchilega] and cirratulids, together with the bivalve [Abra alba], and tube building amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp. The epifauna comprise a variety of bryozoans including [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Cellepora pumicosa], in addition to calcareous tubeworms, pycnogonids, hermit crabs and amphipods. The reefs formed by [Sabellaria] consolidate the sediment and allow the settlement of other species not found in adjacent habitats leading to a diverse community of epifaunal and infauna species. The development of such reefs is assisted by the settlement behaviour of larval [Sabellaria] which are known to selectively settle in areas of suitable sediment and particularly on existing [Sabellaria] tubes (Tait and Dipper, 1997; Wilson 1929). These reefs are particularly affected by dredging or trawling and in heavily dredged or disturbed areas an impoverished community may be left (e.g. Pkef) particularly if the activity or disturbance is prolonged. However, it is likely that reefs of [S. spinulosa] can recover quite quickly from short term or intermediate levels of disturbance as found by Vorberg (2000) in the case of disturbance from shrimp fisheries and recovery will be accelerated if some of the reef is left intact following disturbance as this will assist larval settlement of the species. Situation: [S. spinulosa] reefs are often found in areas with quite high levels of natural sediment disturbance. Temporal variation: In some areas the reefs are periodically destroyed by storm events leading to a cyclical shift in biotopes from SspiMx t…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment

Sandy beach ridges dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B1.25
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline

Shifting coastal dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.3
definition: Mobile sands of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, unvegetated or occupied by open grasslands; they may form tall dune ridges or, particularly along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, be limited to a fairly flat upper beach, still subject in part to inundation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Embryonic shifting dunes
narrower: White dunes
narrower: Young boreo-arctic dunes

Atlantic embryonic dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.311
definition: Embryonic dunes of the Atlantic, south to southern Iberia, of the North Sea and of the Baltic coasts of Denmark, Germany, southern Sweden, Poland, the Baltic States, Russia and southwestern Finland, with [Elymus farctus] ([Agropyron junceum]) accompanied by [Leymus arenarius] in the north, by [Euphorbia paralias] on middle and southern Atlantic shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Embryonic shifting dunes

Western Tethyan embryonic dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.312
definition: Embryonic dunes of the Mediterranean coasts, on which [Elymus farctus] is accompanied by [Sporobolus pungens], [Euphorbia peplis], [Otanthus maritimus], [Medicago marina], [Anthemis maritima], [Anthemis tomentosa], [Eryngium maritimum], [Pancratium maritimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Embryonic shifting dunes

[Sabellaria alveolata] on variable salinity sublittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.612
definition: Tide-swept sandy mixed sediments with cobbles and pebbles, in variable salinity or fully marine conditions, may be characterised by surface accumulations of the reef building polychaete [Sabellaria alveolata]. The presence of [Sabellaria] sp. has a strong influence on the associated infauna as the tubes bind the surface sediments together and provide increased stability. Such reefs may form large structures up to a metre in height although they are considerably less extensive than the intertidal reefs formed by this species (Salv). Other associated species may include the polychaete [Melinna cristata], itself often as dense aggregations, mobile surface feeding polychaetes including [Typosyllis armillary] and [Eulalia tripunctata]. Other polychaetes may include [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Pygospio elegans] whilst amphipods such as [Harpinia pectinata] and tubificid oligochaetes may also be found.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment

[Serpula vermicularis] reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.613
definition: Large clumps (mini 'reefs') of the calcareous tubes of [Serpula vermicularis], typically attached to stones on muddy sediment in very sheltered conditions in sealochs and other marine inlets. A rich associated biota attached to the calcareous tube may include [Esperiopsis fucorum], thin encrusting sponges, and the ascidians [Ascidiella aspersa], [Ascidia mentula], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Diplosoma listerianum]. The echinoderms [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Psammechinus miliaris] and the queen scallop ([Aequipecten opercularis]) are also found throughout this biotope. In shallow water dense [Phycodrys rubens] may grow on the 'reefs'. This biotope has been recorded in the U.K. from Loch Creran, where these reefs have been well studied (Moore 1996), and Loch Sween, where they are reported to have deteriorated. The only other known sites for this biotope are Salt Lake, Cliffden and Killary Harbour, Co. Galway.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed move to biogenic structures: needs confirmation.
broader: Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A5.621
definition: [Modiolus] beds on mixed substrata (cobbles, pebbles and coarse muddy sediments) in moderately strong currents or wave exposed areas, typically on the open coast but also in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. [Ophiothrix fragilis] are often common in this biotope along with the calcareous tubes of [Pomatoceros triqueter], anemones such as [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina] and hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina] and [Sertularia argentea]. [Buccinum undatum] may also be important and in some areas the clam [Chlamys varia] may be frequent but not in the same abundances as in ModCvar. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the [Modiolus] biotopes. This biotope is typified by examples off the north-west Lleyn Peninsula in N Wales and off Co. Down, Northern Ireland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

[Modiolus modiolus] beds on open coast circalittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.622
definition: Muddy gravels and coarse sands in deeper water of continental seas may contain venerid bivalves with beds of [Modiolus modiolus]. The clumping of the byssus threads of the [M. modiolus] creates a stable habitat that attracts a very rich infaunal community with a high density of polychaete species including [Glycera lapidum], [Paradoneis lyra], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Laonice bahusiensis], [Protomystides bidentata], [Lumbrineris] spp., [Mediomastus fragilis] and syllids such as [Exogone] spp. and [Sphaerosyllis] spp. Bivalves such as [Spisula elliptica], [Timoclea ovata] and other venerid species are also common. Brittlestars such as [Amphipholis squamata] may also occur with this community. This biotope is very similar to SMX.PoVen and the 'boreal off-shore gravel association' and the 'deep Venus community' described by previous workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951). Similar [Modiolus] beds (though with a less diverse infauna) on open coast stable boulders, cobbles and sediment are described under MCR.ModT.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A5.623
definition: Beds or scattered clumps of [Modiolus modiolus] in generally sheltered conditions with only slight tidal movement. Typically occurs in sealochs and the Shetland voes. Brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiocomina nigra], as well as [Ophiopholis aculeata] are often frequent, sometimes forming a dense bed as described in OphMx. The queen scallop [Aequipecten opercularis] is often present in moderate abundances. Large solitary ascidians ([Ascidiella aspersa], [Corella parallelogramma, Dendrodoa grossularia]) and fine hydroids ([Kirchenpaueria pinnata]) are present attached to the mussel shells. Decapods such as hermit crabs ([Pagurus bernhardus]) and spider crabs ([Hyas araneus]) are typically present. Coralline algal crusts may be found on the mussel shells, with some red seaweeds in shallower water such as [Phycodrys rubens]. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the [Modiolus] biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

Pontic embryonic dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.313
definition: Formations of Black Sea coasts, transitional between Pontic white dune and driftline communities, characterized by the adjunction to [Elymion gigantei] species assemblies of [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica], [Euphorbia peplis] and other sand beach annual species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Embryonic shifting dunes

Large migrating dunes with no or low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B1.314
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Embryonic shifting dunes

White dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.32
definition: Mobile dunes forming the seaward cordon or cordons of dune systems of the coasts of nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones. Communities of [Ammophilion arenariae], [Ammophilion borealis], [Zygophyllion fontanesii] and several indicator species: [Ammophila arenaria], [Eryngium maritimum], [Euphorbia paralias], [Otanthus maritimus]. White dunes are further subdivided by region: Atlantic, Western Tethyan, Canario-Saharan and Pontic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shifting coastal dunes
narrower: Atlantic white dunes
narrower: Western Tethyan white dunes
narrower: Canario-Saharan white dunes
narrower: Pontic white dunes

Atlantic white dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.321
definition: White dunes of the Atlantic, south to Aquitaine, of the North Sea and of the Baltic coasts of Denmark, southern Sweden, Germany, Poland, the Baltic States and Russia, dominated, when vegetated, by marram grass ([Ammophila arenaria]) accompanied by, among others, [Eryngium maritimum], [Euphorbia paralias], [Calystegia soldanella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White dunes
narrower: Coastal dunes: white dunes (sensu strictu)
narrower: Coastal dunes: green dunes

Coastal dunes: white dunes (sensu strictu)
type: Concept
notation: B1.3211
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic white dunes

Coastal dunes: green dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.3212
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic white dunes

Western Tethyan white dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.322
definition: White dunes of the Mediterranean coasts and of the subtropical Atlantic coasts of Iberia and mediterranean North Africa, south to Safi at 32øN, dominated, when vegetated, by the marram grass [Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea] ([Ammophila australis]), accompanied by, among others, [Otanthus maritimus], [Echinophora spinosa], [Eryngium maritimum], [Euphorbia paralias], [Cutandia maritima], [Medicago marina], [Anthemis maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White dunes

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with [Chlamys varia], sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A5.624
definition: Dense [Modiolus modiolus] beds, covered by hydroids and bryozoans, on soft gravelly, shelly mud with pebbles in areas of slight or moderate tidal currents. The variable scallop ([Chlamys varia]) is frequently found in large numbers amongst the [Modiolus] shells. Hydroids such as [Halecium] spp. and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspersa], [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ciona intestinalis] may be found attached to pebbles or mussel shells. The echinoderms [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Antedon bifida] are often frequent in this biotope as is the encrusting polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Similar communities have been found on cobble and pebble plains in stable, undisturbed conditions in some sealochs, although not all these examples have [Modiolus] beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

[Mytilus edulis] beds on sublittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.625
definition: Shallow sublittoral mixed sediment, in fully marine coastal habitats or sometimes in variable salinity conditions in the outer regions of estuaries, are characterised by beds of the common mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Other characterising infaunal species may include the amphipod [Gammarus salinus] and oligochaetes of the genus [Tubificoides]. The polychaetes [Harmothoe] spp., [Kefersteinia cirrata] and [Heteromastus filiformis] are also important. Epifaunal species in addition to the [M. edulis] include the whelks [Nucella lapillus] and [Buccinum undatum], the common starfish [Asterias rubens] the spider crab [Maja squinado] and the anemone [Urticina felina]. Relatively few records are available for this biotope and it is possible that as more data is accumulated separate estuarine and fully marine sub-biotopes may be described. Further clarification may also be required with regard to the overlap between littoral and sublittoral mussel beds and with regard to mussel beds biotopes on hard substratum.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

Circalittoral coral reefs
type: Concept
notation: A5.63
definition: The coral reef structures in UK waters are found in cold, largely aphotic waters, generally along the shelf edge and in offshore waters down to 2000 m. In the north east Atlantic, [Lophelia pertusa] is the dominant colonial coral and is the characterising species of the biotope described under this habitat type. [Lophelia] and its deep-water allies lack the symbiotic algae of their tropical relatives, so can live in the permanent darkness of the deep sea. These corals form colonies and can aggregate into patches and banks which may be described as reefs. These deep-sea corals can support and shelter hundreds of other species, including sponges, polychaete worms, echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars) and bryozoans (sea mats). Some 200-300 species can be found in one of these coral habitats, a number comparable to that found in other important deep-water habitats. Unlike tropical coral reef systems, they are dominated by only a few hard-coral species, and there are far fewer fish species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: Circalittoral [Lophelia pertusa] reefs

Circalittoral [Lophelia pertusa] reefs
type: Concept
notation: A5.631
definition: Reefs of the coral [Lophelia pertusa], typically supporting a range of other biota. [Lophelia] reefs are generally found in areas of elevated current. The coral provides a 3 dimensional structure and a variety of microhabitats that provide shelter and a surface of attachment for other species. Boring sponges, anemones, bryozoans, gorgonians including [Paragorgia arborea], [Paramuricea placomus], [Primnoa resedaeformis], polychaetes, barnacles, squat lobsters ([Munida sarsi]) and bivalves have all been recorded within and among the corals (Wilson, 1979; Mortensen et al., 1995) Other hard corals such as [Madrepora oculata] and [Solenosmilia variabilis] may also be present. Mobile species present include the redfish ([Sebastes viviparous] and [Sebastes marinus]), Ling ([Molva molva]) and tusk ([Brosme brosme]) (Husebo et al., 2002). Situation: In British waters [Lophelia] reefs have been found on fine silt sediment and rock on the continental slope, on rock on the continental shelf, and on other hard structures such as the legs of oil platforms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coral reefs

[Beggiatoa] spp. on anoxic sublittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.7211
definition: Sublittoral soft anoxic mud, often in areas with poor water exchange with the open sea, can have a conspicuous bacterial mat covering of [Beggiatoa] spp. The anoxia may be a result of natural conditions of poor water exchange in some sealochs (and many Scandinavian fjords) or artificially under fish farm cages from nutrient enrichment. The fauna is normally impoverished at such sites, with few elements of the infaunal communities present in other muddy biotopes. Scavenging species such as [Asterias rubens] and [Carcinus maenas] are typically present where the habitat is not too anoxic along with occasional [Arenicola marina] but in extreme conditions of anoxia little survives other than the [Beggiatoa]. The polychaete [Ophiodromus flexuosus] occurs in high densities at the interface between oxygenated and deoxygenated sediments (in Norwegian fjords).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Periodically and permanently anoxic sublittoral muds

Canario-Saharan white dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.323
definition: Mobile dunes of the Canary Islands and of the mediterraneo-Saharan coasts of Atlantic North Africa, with [Traganum moquini], [Euphorbia paralias], [Polycarpaea nivea], [Cyperus capitatus], [Ononis natrix], [Convolvulus caput-medusae], [Polygonum maritimum], [Lotus] spp. and the threatened Lanzarote endemic lily [Androcymbium psammophilum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White dunes

Pontic white dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.324
definition: Mobile dunes of the Black Sea coasts, with [Leymus racemosus ssp. sabulosus] ([Elymus giganteus]), [Elymus farctus ssp. bessarabicus], [Elymus pycnanthus], [Artemisia tschernieviana], [Eryngium maritimum], [Convolvulus persicus], [Petasites spurius], [Corispermum marschallii], [Lactuca tatarica], [Crambe maritima var. pontica], [Cynanchum acutum], [Centaurea arenaria ssp. odessana], [Argusia sibirica] ([Tournefortia arguzia]) and, in western formations, [Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea], [Euphorbia paralias], [Calystegia soldanella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White dunes

Young boreo-arctic dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.33
definition: Young dunes of arctic and boreal latitudes colonised by halo-nitrophilous perennial vegetation similar to that of unit B1.23, including [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Ammophila arenaria], [Honkenya peploides], [Elymus farctus] ([Elytrigia juncea]), [Elymus repens], [Mertensia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shifting coastal dunes

Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)
type: Concept
notation: B1.4
definition: Fixed or semifixed dunes of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, with the perennial grasslands, chamaephyte-dotted grasslands, forblands, subshrub or succulent communities that stabilise them and the therophyte communities that may occupy the grassland clearings.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Northern fixed grey dunes
narrower: Biscay fixed grey dunes
narrower: Mediterraneo-Atlantic fixed grey dunes
narrower: East Mediterranean fixed grey dunes
narrower: Atlantic dune [Mesobromion] grassland
narrower: Atlantic dune thermophile fringes
narrower: Dune fine-grass annual communities
narrower: Tethyan dune deep sand therophyte communities
narrower: Dune Mediterranean xeric grassland
narrower: Thermo-Atlantic succulent and semi-fixed dunes
narrower: Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Boreo-arctic grey dunes

Northern fixed grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.41
definition: Grasslands of Baltic, North Sea, English Channel and northern Atlantic fixed dunes, including those of the British Isles, the Faeroes, southern Norway, the North Sea and Baltic coasts, the Channel coasts of France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)
narrower: Crested-hairgrass dune communities
narrower: Grey-hairgrass dune communities
narrower: Mouse-ear dune communities

Communities of deep-sea corals
type: Concept
notation: A6.61
definition: The only community described is [Lophelia pertusa], a cold water, reef-forming coral, which has a wide geographic distribution ranging from 55°S to 70°N, where water temperatures typically remain between 4-8°C. These reefs are generally subject to moderate current velocities (0.5 knots). The majority of records occur in the north-east Atlantic. The extent of [L. pertusa] reefs varies, with examples off Norway several km long and more than 20 m high. These reefs occur within a depth range of 200 - >2000 m on the continental slope, and in shallower waters in Norwegian fjords and Swedish west coast. In Norwegian waters, [L. pertusa] reefs occur on the shelf and shelf break off the western and northern parts on local elevations of the sea floor and on the edges of escarpments. The biological diversity of the reef community is approximately three times as high as the surrounding soft sediment (ICES, 2003), suggesting that these cold-water coral reefs may be biodiversity hotspots. Characteristic species include other hard corals, such as [Madrepora oculata] and [Solenosmilia variabilis], the redfish [Sebastes viviparous] and the squat lobster [Munida sarsi]. [L. pertusa] reefs occur on hard substrata; this may be [Lophelia] rubble from an old colony or on glacial deposits. For this reason, [L. pertusa] reefs can be associated with iceberg plough-mark zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bioherms
narrower: Deep-sea [Lophelia pertusa] reefs

Deep-sea [Lophelia pertusa] reefs
type: Concept
notation: A6.611
definition: Lophelia pertusa, a cold water, reef-forming coral, has a wide geographic distribution ranging from 55°S to 70°N, where water temperatures typically remain between 4-8°C. These reefs are generally subject to moderate current velocities (0.5 knots). The majority of records occur in the north-east Atlantic. The extent of L. pertusa reefs vary, with examples off Norway several km long and more than 20m high. These reefs occur within a depth range of 200->2000m on the continental slope, and in shallower waters in Norwegian fjords and Swedish west coast. In Norwegian waters, L. pertusa reefs occur on the shelf and shelf break off the western and northern parts on local elevations of the sea floor and on the edges of escarpments. The biological diversity of the reef community is approximately three times as high as the surrounding soft sediment (ICES, 2003), suggesting that these cold-water coral reefs may be biodiversity hotspots. Characteristic species include other hard corals, such as Madrepora oculata and Solenosmilia variabilis, the redfish Sebastes viviparous and the squat lobster Munida sarsi. L. pertusa reefs occur on hard substrata; this may be Lophelia rubble from an old colony or on glacial deposits. For this reason, L. pertusa reefs can be associated with iceberg plough-mark zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of deep-sea corals

Deep-sea sponge aggregations
type: Concept
notation: A6.62
definition: Deep sea sponge aggregations are principally composed of sponges from two classes: [Hexactinellida] and [Desmospongia]. They are known to occur between water depths of 250 m to 1300 m (Bett & Rice, 1992), where the water temperature ranges from 4-10°C and there is moderate current velocity (0.5 knots). Deep sea sponge aggregations may be found on soft substrata or hard substrata, such as boulders and cobbles which may lie on sediment. Iceberg plough-mark zones provide an ideal habitat for sponges because stable boulders and cobbles, exposed on the seabed, provide numerous attachment/settlement points (B. Bett, pers comm.). However, with 3.5 kg of pure siliceous spicule material per m2 reported from some sites (Gubbay, 2002), the occurrence of sponge fields can alter the characteristics of surrounding muddy sediments. Densities of occurrence are hard to quantify, but sponges in the class [Hexactinellida] have been reported at densities of 4-5 per m2, whilst ‘massive’ growth forms of sponges from the class [Desmospongia] have been reported at densities of 0.5 to 1 per m2 (B. Bett, pers comm.). Deep sea sponges have similar habitat preferences to cold-water corals, and hence are often found at the same location. Research has shown that the dense mats of spicules present around sponge fields may inhibit colonisation by infaunal animals, resulting in a dominance of epifaunal elements (Gubbay, 2002). Sponge fields also support ophiuroids, which use the sponges as elevated perches.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit to accommodate wider geographic area (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea bioherms
narrower: Facies with [Pheronema grayi]

Seamounts, knolls and banks
type: Concept
notation: A6.72
definition: Seamounts are defined as undersea mountains, with a crest that rises more than 1,000 m above the surrounding sea floor (Menard, 1964 in Rogers, 1994). Seamounts can be a variety of shapes, but are generally conical with a circular, elliptical or more elongate base. Seamounts are volcanic in origin, and are often associated with seafloor ‘hot-spots’; thinner areas of the earth’s crust where magma can escape. Seamounts, often with a slope inclination of up to 60°, provide a striking contrast to the surrounding ‘flat’ abyssal plain. Their relief has profound effects on the surrounding oceanic circulation, with the formation of trapped waves, jets, eddies and closed circulations known as Taylor columns (Taylor, 1917 in Rogers, 1994). Seamounts occur frequently within the OSPAR Maritime Area. Analysis of narrow beam bathymetric data by the US Naval Oceanographic office from 1967-1989 identified more than 810 seamounts within the North Atlantic. The majority occur along the Mid-Atlantic ridge between Iceland and the Hayes fracture zone (Gubbay, 2002). The enhanced currents that occur around seamounts provide ideal conditions for suspension feeders. Gorgonian, scleratinian and antipatharian corals may be particularly abundant, and other suspension feeders such as sponges, hydroids and ascidians are also present. Concentrations of commercially important fish species, such as [Hoplostethus atlanticus] (orange roughy), aggregate around seamounts and live in close association with the benthic communities (Gubbay, 2002).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed
narrower: Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within euphotic zone
narrower: Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within the mesopelagic zone, i.e. interacting with diurnally migrating plankton
narrower: Deep summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank (i.e. below mesopelagic zone)
narrower: Flanks of seamount, knoll or bank
narrower: Base of seamount, knoll or bank

Crested-hairgrass dune communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.411
definition: Calciphile communities of fixed dunes of the North Sea, the English Channel, the north Atlantic and, locally, of the southwestern Baltic, with [Koeleria albescens], ([Koeleria glauca], [Koeleria arenaria]), [Galium verum var. maritimum], [Viola curtisii], [Ononis repens], [Festuca rubra], [Festuca polesica], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. maritima] and moss (e.g. [Tortula ruraliformis]) and lichen carpets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern fixed grey dunes

Grey-hairgrass dune communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.412
definition: Communities of less calcareous or decalcified dunes of the North Atlantic, the English Channel, the North Sea and the Baltic north to southern Norway, northern Jutland, southern Sweden, the Kalinin district and the Gulf of Riga, often rich in [Corynephorus canescens] and [Viola canina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern fixed grey dunes

Mouse-ear dune communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.413
definition: Short-lived, warmth-loving communities of the dunes of the North Atlantic and its connected seas north to extreme southern Sweden, with [Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum], [Cerastium diffusum ssp. subtetrandrum], [Cerastium semidecandrum], [Erodium lebelii], [Phleum arenarium], [Silene conica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern fixed grey dunes

Biscay fixed grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.42
definition: Fixed dune grasslands infiltrated by dwarf bushes of French Brittany and the coasts of the Bay of Biscay, with [Helichrysum stoechas], [Artemisia campestris], [Ephedra distachya].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Carbonate mounds
type: Concept
notation: A6.75
definition: Carbonate mounds are very steep-sided mounds of variety of shapes, which may be up to 350 m high and 2 km wide at their base (Weering et al, 2003). They occur offshore in water depths of 500 m-1100 m with examples present in the Porcupine Seabight and Rockall Trough (Kenyon et al, 2003). Carbonate mounds may have a sediment veneer, typically composed of carbonate sands, muds and silts. The cold-water reef-building corals [Lophelia pertusa] and [Madrepora oculata], as well as echiuran worms are characteristic fauna of carbonate mounds. Where cold-water corals (such as [Lophelia]) are present on the mound summit, coral debris may form a significant component of the overlying substratum. There is currently speculation on the origin of carbonate mounds, with possible associations with fault-controlled methane seepage from deep hydrocarbon reservoirs, or gas-hydrate dissociation (Henriet et al, 1998) through to the debris from ‘cold-water’ coral colonies such as [Lophelia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed

Vents in the deep sea
type: Concept
notation: A6.94
definition: Hydrothermal vents occur along spreading ridges (such as the mid-Atlantic ridge), subduction zones, fracture zones and back-arc basins (Gage & Tyler, 1991), and are caused by seawater penetrating the upper levels of the Earth’s crust through channels formed in cooling lava flows, reacting chemically with hot basalt in the Earth’s crust and then rising back to the sea-bed to vent as superheated water containing compounds such as sulphides, metals, CO2 and methane (Tunnicliffe et al, 1998 in Gubbay, 2002). The water may trickle out from cracks and crevices on the seabed as hot springs (5-250°C), or as very concentrated jets of superheated water (270-380°C). As these concentrated jets of water cool, minerals dissolved in the water precipitate out in black clouds, giving them their common name of ‘black smokers’. At lower temperatures, sulphides are mostly precipitated within the rocks, making the venting fluids appear cloudier. These are known as ‘white smokers’ (Gage & Tyler, 1991). Hydrothermal vent fields cover relatively small areas of the seabed in water depths of 850 - 4000 m. The biological communities associated with hydrothermal vents are unusual as they are able to derive energy under conditions where photosynthesis is not possible. These habitats contain a huge diversity of chemoautotrophic bacteria, which form the core of the trophic structure around the vent. Characteristic species include the giant vent clam [Calyptogena magnifica], the mussel [Bathymodiolus thermophilus], the tube worm [Riftia pachyptila], the crabs [Cyanograea praedator] and [Bythograea thermydron] and the shrimp [Charocaris fortunate].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea
narrower: Active vent fields
narrower: Inactive vent fields

Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.4
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time
narrower: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.6
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity

Under-ice habitat
type: Concept
notation: A8.4
definition: The boundary layer between sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is colonized by autochthonous under-ice amphipods ([Apherusa glacialis], [Onisimus] spp., [Gammarus wilkitzkii]), which live directly at the ice underside and complete their entire life-cycle here, and allochthonous sub-ice fauna, organisms originating either from the ice interior or the pelagic realm, which are found in this boundary layer temporarily, e.g. for feeding or during certain life stages. There is some evidence that the first metres below the ice are strongly stratified, particularly during the melt period in summer. Source: http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Climate/WorkingGroups/ofis/ARK-19-1/sea-ice-biology.htm.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Ice-associated marine habitats
narrower: Under-ice habitat in first-year ice
narrower: Under-ice habitat in multi-year ice

Mediterraneo-Atlantic fixed grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.43
definition: Fixed dunes of the western and central Mediterranean and of the thermo-Atlantic coasts of Portugal, southwestern Spain and North Africa, colonised by communities mostly composed of fruticose species, with [Crucianella maritima], [Artemisia crithmifolia], [Armeria pungens], [Armeria welwitschi], [Helichrysum decumbens], [Helichrysum italicum], [Teucrium] spp., [Ephedra distachya], [Pancratium maritimum] and [Ononis natrix ssp. ramosissima]. Communities of [Crucianellion maritimae] and [Ononidion ramosissimae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

East Mediterranean fixed grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.44
definition: Coastal dune communities of the Adriatic, the Ionian, the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean, dominated by dwarf shrubs and subshrubs of genera [Ephedra], [Ononis], [Artemisia], and, very locally, [Crucianella] or others, by tall canes or by succulents; they may be rich in species of genus [Silene], together with [Euphorbia terracina] among others. Vegetation of the alliances [Crucianellion maritimae], [Medicagini marinae-Triplachnion nitensis], [Ammophilion arenariae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Atlantic dune [Mesobromion] grassland
type: Concept
notation: B1.45
definition: Dunal grasslands, in particular of northern Brittany, rich in species characteristic of dry calcareous grasslands (c.f. unit E1.26).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Atlantic dune thermophile fringes
type: Concept
notation: B1.46
definition: [Geranium sanguineum]-rich forb and grass communities, related to hem formations of unit E5.2, developed within grey dune systems of western Ireland, southwestern England, Wales, Brittany and southwestern Norway.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Dune fine-grass annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.47
definition: Sparse pioneer formations of fine grasses rich in spring-blooming therophytes characteristic of oligotrophic, superficial soils in grey dune systems of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. They are closely related to grasslands of units E1.8 and E1.9.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Embryonic shifting dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.31
definition: Formations of the coasts of nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, representing the first stages of dune construction, constituted by ripples or raised sand surfaces of the upper beach or by a seaward fringe at the foot of the tall dunes. Typically [Elymus farctus], [Otanthus maritimus], [Sporobolus pungens], [Pancratium maritimum], [Medicago marina] or [Anthemis tomentosa] may be present. The vegetation may belong to the class [Ammophiletea] with communities of [Otanthus maritimus], [Agropyro juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis], [Cypero mucronati-Agropyretum juncei], [Elymetum sabulosi], [Medicagini marinae-Ammophiletum australis] and species [Elytrigia bessarabica], [Glycyrrhiza glabra], [Limonium graecum], [Limonium sinuatum], [Zygophyllum album], [Inula crithmoides], [Scirpus holoschoenus], [Paronychia argentea] and [Centaurea spinosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shifting coastal dunes
narrower: Atlantic embryonic dunes
narrower: Western Tethyan embryonic dunes
narrower: Pontic embryonic dunes
narrower: Large migrating dunes with no or low vegetation

Tethyan dune deep sand therophyte communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.48
definition: Therophyte communities of the coasts of the Mediterranean basin and the subtropical Atlantic colonizing deep sands in clearings of perennial communities of fixed or semi-fixed dune systems, and sometimes deflation depressions of white dunes with e.g. several [Malcolmia] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Dune Mediterranean xeric grassland
type: Concept
notation: B1.49
definition: Therophyte communities of shallow, calcareous fixed sands of the coastal dune systems of the Mediterranean basin. These are coastal dune representatives of unit E1.3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Thermo-Atlantic succulent and semi-fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4A
definition: Fixed or semi-fixed dunes of the Canary Islands and of the Saharo-mediterranean zone of the Atlantic coasts of North Africa, between Essaouira and Tan-Tan, dominated by the tall shrubby chenopod [Traganum moquinii] or by dwarf shrubs or subshrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B
definition: Fixed dunes of the coasts of the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)
narrower: Western Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Eastern Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Southern Pontic fixed dunes

Western Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B1
definition: Fixed dunes of the western coasts of the Black Sea, north of the Bosphorus and west of the Dniester.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Southwestern Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Northwestern Pontic fixed dunes

Southwestern Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B11
definition: Fixed dunes of the southwestern coasts of the Black Sea, between the Bosphorus and Cape Caliacra, harbouring the psammophytes [Cionura erecta], [Peucedanum arenarium], [Jurinea albicaulis ssp. kilaea], [Silene thymifolia], [Medicago marina], [Secale sylvestre], [Pancratium maritimum], [Convolvulus persicus], [Scabiosa argentea] ([Scabiosa ucranica]), [Euphorbia seguierana] and the Balkan endemic [Lepidotrichum uechtritzianum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic fixed dunes

Northwestern Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B12
definition: Dunes of the northwestern Black Sea coast, in particular, those associated with the mouth of the Danube.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic fixed dunes

Eastern Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B2
definition: Fixed dunes of the northern and eastern Black Sea coasts, east of the Dniester, southeastwards to the Kuban basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic fixed dunes

Southern Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B3
definition: Fixed dunes of the southern and southeastern coasts of the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic fixed dunes

Boreo-arctic grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4C
definition: Communities of fixed dunes of the boreal and arctic coasts of Atlantic Eurasia, characterized by the dominance of species of the [Honkenyo-Elymetea] and the presence of arcto-alpine species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.5
definition: Stable dunes with a leached surface and vegetation dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum nigrum] or [Erica] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: [Empetrum] brown dunes
narrower: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

[Empetrum] brown dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.51
definition: [Empetrum nigrum] or [Empetrum hermaphroditum] colonizing dunes of the Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune heaths

[Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.52
definition: [Erica], [Calluna] and [Ulex] heaths colonizing decalcified dunes of France, Iberia, Britain, the Baltic coast, and Scandinavia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune heaths
narrower: East Anglian ling coastal dune heaths
narrower: French ling coastal dune heaths
narrower: British bell heather coastal dune heaths
narrower: French bell heather coastal dune heaths
narrower: French Dorset heath coastal dune heaths
narrower: Iberian green heather coastal dune heaths
narrower: Iberian Dorset heath coastal dune heaths
narrower: Northern ling coastal dune heaths

East Anglian ling coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.521
definition: [Calluna vulgaris]-[Carex arenaria] heaths of inner coastal dunes of East Anglia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

French ling coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.522
definition: [Calluna vulgaris]-[Carex trinervis] heaths of northern French inner coastal dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

British bell heather coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.523
definition: [Erica cinerea]-[Carex arenaria] heaths of decalcified coastal dunes of the western British Isles, mostly dominated by [Erica cinerea], sometimes by [Calluna vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

French bell heather coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.524
definition: [Erica cinerea]-[Festuca vasconcensis] heaths of dry coastal dunes of southwestern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

French Dorset heath coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.525
definition: [Erica ciliaris]-[Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium] ([Arrhenatherum thorei]) heaths of more humid coastal dunes of southwestern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

Iberian green heather coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.526
definition: [Erica scoparia]-[Ulex parviflorus ssp. eriocladus] ([Ulex australis]) heaths of southwestern Iberian coastal dunes, dunal fraction of the thermo-Mediterranean heaths of unit 32.2C1.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

Iberian Dorset heath coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.527
definition: [Erica ciliaris]-[Ulex parviflorus ssp. eriocladus] heaths of more humid southwestern Iberian coastal dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

Northern ling coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.528
definition: Open heathlands of inner coastal dunes of Denmark, of the southern and southeastern Baltic coast, of southern Scania, the Kattegat coast of Sweden, Åland, Gotland and the Öland-Archipelago Sea dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], with [Empetrum nigrum], [Carex arenaria], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Lotus corniculatus], [Polypodium vulgare], [Salix repens], and a ground layer constituted mostly by [Dicranum scoparium] and [Pleurozium schreberi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

Coastal dune scrub
type: Concept
notation: B1.6
definition: Stable dunes with scrub, e.g. [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Salix repens] in the north, or [Juniperus] spp. or sclerophyllous shrubs in the south.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Coastal dune thickets
narrower: [Salix arenaria] mats
narrower: Dune [Juniperus] thickets
narrower: Dune sclerophyllous scrubs and thickets
narrower: Coastal dune [Rosa] thickets

Coastal dune thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.61
definition: Dense formations of large, mostly deciduous, shrubs of nemoral affinities of the coastal dunes and dune-slacks of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones of the Palaearctic region; they include sea-buckthorn, privet, elder, willow, gorse or broom, often festooned with creepers such as honeysuckle or white bryony ([Bryonia cretica]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub
narrower: [Hippophae rhamnoides] dune thickets
narrower: Western nemoral mixed dune thickets

[Hippophae rhamnoides] dune thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.611
definition: Thickets dominated by [Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. rhamnoides] colonizing dry or humid dune depressions of the coasts of the North Sea, the eastern English Channel and the southern Baltic, mostly in Denmark, Germany, Poland, the Kalinin district, the Netherlands, Belgium, Northern France and southeastern and eastern England and southeastern Scotland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune thickets

Western nemoral mixed dune thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.612
definition: Dunal pre-forest thickets of nemoral affinities of the coastal dunes of the western Palaearctic region formed of species of genera [Ulex], [Sarothamnus], [Rubus], [Ligustrum], [Daphne], [Sambucus]. Codes of subdivisions of unit 31.8 can be used, in addition to unit 16.252, to specify the habitat. Listed elsewhere are dunal formations of heaths (units 16.23, 16.24), sea-buckthorn ([Hippophae rhamnoides], unit 16.251) or creeping willow ([Salix arenaria], unit 16.26).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune thickets

[Salix arenaria] mats
type: Concept
notation: B1.62
definition: Mats of [Salix arenaria] colonizing dry or humid dune depressions of Atlantic, North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea and Baltic coasts of western and northwestern Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub

Dune [Juniperus] thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.63
definition: Juniper heaths and thickets formed by [Juniperus phoenicea], [Juniperus lycia] s.l., [Juniperus macrocarpa], [Juniperus transtagana], [Juniperus communis] in dune slacks and on dune slopes of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, mediterranean or warm-temperate humid zones of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub
narrower: Dune prickly juniper thickets
narrower: Lycian juniper thickets
narrower: Rufescent juniper thickets
narrower: Common juniper dune thickets

Dune prickly juniper thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.631
definition: [Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. macrocarpa] thickets and low woods of the outer belt of the juniper woods of fixed Mediterranean and Mediterraneo-Atlantic dunes. Well-developed woods and forests are placed in unit 16.29, with the habitat specified by unit 42.A92 (16.29 x 42.A92).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dune [Juniperus] thickets

Lycian juniper thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.632
definition: [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia] thickets of the inner belt of the juniper woods of fixed Mediterranean and Mediterraneo-Atlantic dunes. Well-developed woods and forests are placed in unit 16.29, with the habitat specified by unit 42.AA12 (16.29 x 42.AA12).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dune [Juniperus] thickets

Rufescent juniper thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.633
definition: Scrubs of the fastigiate [Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. transtagana] of the dunes of southwestern Portugal.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dune [Juniperus] thickets

Common juniper dune thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.634
definition: [Juniperus communis] scrubs of the calcareous dunes of northwest Jutland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dune [Juniperus] thickets

Dune sclerophyllous scrubs and thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.64
definition: Sclerophyllous, lauriphyllous or drought-deciduous scrubs, thickets and brushes established on dunes of mediterranean or warm-temperate humid regions. They are partially represented by classes of [Ononido-Rosmarinetea], [Quercetea ilicis], [Cisto-Lavanduletea], [Retametea raetami], [Cisto-Micromerietea] and [Ammophiletea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub

Coastal dune [Rosa] thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.65
definition: Naturalized planted [Rosa rugosa] thickets planted for stabilization of shifting sandy soils. Shrubs low (0.3–0.8 m height) and dense. Sparser thickets include species of the [Ammophiletea] class.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub

Coastal dune woods
type: Concept
notation: B1.7
definition: Coastal dunes colonised by woodland which are directly influenced by proximity to the sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Coastal brown dunes covered with natural or almost natural coniferous forest, e.g. [Pinus silvestris]
narrower: Coastal brown dunes covered with deciduous forest ([Fagus], [Betula], [Quercus])
narrower: Coastal dunes covered with planted [Pinus mugo] woodland
narrower: Coastal brown dunes covered with natural or almost natural thermophilous pines

Coastal brown dunes covered with natural or almost natural coniferous forest, e.g. [Pinus silvestris]
type: Concept
notation: B1.71
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune woods

Coastal brown dunes covered with deciduous forest ([Fagus], [Betula], [Quercus])
type: Concept
notation: B1.72
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune woods

Coastal dunes covered with planted [Pinus mugo] woodland
type: Concept
notation: B1.73
definition: Very dense [Pinus mugo] scrubland planted for stabilization of shifting sand dunes, particularly in the Curonian Spit (SE coast of the Baltic Sea).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune woods

Coastal brown dunes covered with natural or almost natural thermophilous pines
type: Concept
notation: B1.74
definition: Coastal dunes colonised by Mediterranean and Atlantic thermophilous pines, corresponding to substitution facies or in some stations climax formations of evergreen oak of artificial origin ([Quercetalia ilicis] or [Ceratonio-Rhamnetalia]). Typical species are [Pinus pinea], [Pinus pinaster], [Pinus halepensis], [Juniperus macrocarpa], [Juniperus turbinata ssp. turbinata], [Scaligeria napiformis], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Pistacia lentiscus]. This is the coastal equivalent of unit G3.7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune woods

Moist and wet dune slacks
type: Concept
notation: B1.8
definition: Moist or wet depressions in coastal dune systems, sometimes with permanent water but more often only seasonally moist or flooded by fresh water. Dune-slacks are extremely rich and specialised habitats, very threatened by the lowering of water tables.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Dune-slack pools
narrower: Dune-slack pioneer swards
narrower: Dune-slack fens
narrower: Dune-slack grassland and heaths
narrower: Dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and canebeds
narrower: Coastal dunes: wet dune slacks: dominated by shrubs or trees

Dune-slack pools
type: Concept
notation: B1.81
definition: Freshwater aquatic communities (cf. units C1.22-C1.26, C1.32-C1.34, C1.42-C1.45, C1.69) of permanent dune-slack water bodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Dune-slack pioneer swards
type: Concept
notation: B1.82
definition: Pioneer formations of humid sands and dune pool fringes on soils with low salinity. Component habitats may be found in unit C3, in particular unit C3.4132 and unit C3.512.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Dune-slack fens
type: Concept
notation: B1.83
definition: Calcareous and, occasionally, acidic fen formations of coastal dune-slacks (cf. units D2.2, D4.1, in particular units D2.29, D4.11, D4.1H), often invaded by creeping willow, occupying the wettest parts of dune-slacks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Dune-slack grassland and heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.84
definition: Humid grasslands and rushbeds (units E3.1, E3.411F, E3.418, E3.51 i.a., wet heaths and swamp-heaths (unit F4.11 i.a.) of dune-slacks, also often with creeping willows ([Salix rosmarinifolia], [Salix arenaria]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and canebeds
type: Concept
notation: B1.85
definition: Reedbeds, tall-sedge communities and canebeds (cf. units C3.2, C3.3, D5.2) of dune-slacks. Communities of [Phragmition], [Magnocaricion], [Potamogetonion], [Juncetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Coastal dunes: wet dune slacks: dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B1.86
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Coastal shingle
type: Concept
notation: B2
definition: Beaches of the oceans, of their connected seas and of their associated coastal lagoons, covered by pebbles, or sometimes boulders, usually formed by wave action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal habitats
narrower: Shingle beach driftlines
narrower: Unvegetated mobile shingle beaches above the driftline
narrower: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation
narrower: Fixed shingle beaches, with herbaceous vegetation
narrower: Shingle and gravel beaches with scrub
narrower: Shingle and gravel beach woodland

Shingle beach driftlines
type: Concept
notation: B2.1
definition: The lowest level of the supralittoral, just above the normal tide limit, where drift material accumulates and the shingle may be rich in nitrogenous organic matter. Vegetation, if present at all, is very open and composed of annuals or, particularly by the Mediterranean, especially the east Mediterranean, of annuals and perennials, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are [Cakile maritima], [Salsola kali], [Atriplex] spp., [Polygonum] spp., [Euphorbia peplis], [Mertensia maritima], and, particularly in Mediterranean formations, [Glaucium flavum], [Matthiola sinuata], [Matthiola tricuspidata], [Euphorbia paralias], [Eryngium maritimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle
narrower: Boreo-arctic gravel beach annual communities
narrower: Atlantic and Baltic shingle beach drift lines
narrower: Gravel beach communities of the mediterranean region
narrower: Biocenosis of slowly drying wracks

Boreo-arctic gravel beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.11
definition: Beach and upper beach formations, mostly of annuals of the low Arctic and high Arctic oceanic zones of the Palaearctic Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are [Cakile edentula], [Polygonum norvegicum] ([Polygonum oxyspermum ssp. raii]), [Atriplex longipes] s.l., [Atriplex glabriuscula], [Mertensia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle beach driftlines

Atlantic and Baltic shingle beach drift lines
type: Concept
notation: B2.12
definition: Formations, predominantly of annuals, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter on nemoral and boreonemoral beaches of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic; characteristic are [Cakile maritima ssp. maritima], [Cakile maritima ssp. baltica], [Salsola kali], [Atriplex] spp. (particularly [Atriplex glabriuscula]), [Polygonum] spp., [Euphorbia peplis], [Mertensia maritima], [Glaucium flavum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle beach driftlines

Machair
type: Concept
notation: B1.9
definition: Short-turf grasslands formed on dry and seasonally waterlogged, relatively flat and low-lying sand plains, where windblown calcareous sand overlies peat or impermeable bedrock. Machair grasslands are machair in the strict sense, and form part of the machair complex (X27), characteristic of the Outer Hebrides and western Ireland, with dunes (B1.3, B1.4), shallow lochs (C1) and land cultivated on a strip rotation (I1). They support a flower-rich, and correspondingly insect-rich, dune grassland studded with shallow lochs and cultivated on a strip rotation. The grassland is dominated by [Poa pratensis] and [Festuca rubra], accompanied by [Thalictrum minus ssp. arenarium], [Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus] ([Thymus drucei]), [Bellis perennis], [Prunella vulgaris], [Erodium cicutarium], [Trifolium] spp., [Euphrasia] spp. and many orchids, among which [Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. hebridensis], [Dactylorhiza purpurella], [Gymnadenia conopsea], [Coeloglossum viride], [Platanthera chlorantha] and [Orchis mascula] are the most prominent. This grassland harbours a plant community of very restricted distribution comprising vulnerable species; [Cochlearia scotica], [Euphrasia marshallii] and [Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. hebridensis] are endemic. As a whole, machair is an essential habitat for breeding waders such as [Haematopus ostralegus], [Vanellus vanellus], [Charadrius hiaticula], [Calidris alpina], [Tringa totanus] and [Gallinago gallinago]; it supports the healthiest western European population of the threatened corncrake [Crex crex].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores

Gravel beach communities of the mediterranean region
type: Concept
notation: B2.13
definition: Very open, low formations of annuals and perennials of Mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Black Sea gravel and shingle beaches, occupying accumulations of drift material, sandy gravels and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are [Cakile maritima ssp. aegyptiaca], [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Enarthrocarpus arcuatus], [Matthiola sinuata], [Matthiola tricuspidata], [Salsola kali], [Atriplex] spp., [Polygonum] spp., [Euphorbia peplis], [Euphorbia paralias], [Glaucium flavum], [Eryngium maritimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle beach driftlines

Biocenosis of slowly drying wracks
type: Concept
notation: B2.14
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle beach driftlines

Unvegetated mobile shingle beaches above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B2.2
definition: Shingle beaches lacking vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle

Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B2.3
definition: The upper beach of large shingle bars, with open pioneer communities or perennial vegetation mostly formed by [Crambe maritima], [Honkenya peploides], [Lathyrus japonicus] and a few other specialised species. Mainly in northwest Europe, from the Atlantic to the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Pioneer communities added by D. Moss in October 2006 to include B2.34
broader: Coastal shingle
narrower: Baltic [Crambe maritima] communities
narrower: Channel [Crambe maritima] communities
narrower: Atlantic [Crambe maritima] communities
narrower: Gravelly beach and shingle pioneer communities

Baltic [Crambe maritima] communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.31
definition: Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of the southern Baltic, east to Mecklenburg, where they are represented by fragmentary, endangered formations, of the Swedish, Finnish and Estonian coasts and islands of the Öland-Gotland basin, of the coasts of the Kattegat, the Oresund and the Baelts, dominated by [Crambe maritima], with [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Euphorbia palustris], [Honkenya peploides], [Angelica archangelica ssp. litoralis], [Atriplex] spp., [Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima], [Elymus repens], [Geranium robertiana ssp. rubricaule], [Glaucium flavum], [Isatis tinctoria], [Ligusticum scoticum], [Mertensia maritima], [Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima] ([Silene uniflora]), [Tripleurospermum maritimum], [Valeriana salina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation

Channel [Crambe maritima] communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.32
definition: Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of the southern North Sea and Channel coasts of southeastern England and, very locally, the Channel coast of France, dominated by [Crambe maritima], with [Lathyrus japonicus] and [Honkenya peploides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation

Atlantic [Crambe maritima] communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.33
definition: Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of Brittany, the Cotentin peninsula and Anglesey, dominated by [Crambe maritima], with [Crithmum maritimum] and a sparse representation of other nitrophiles, in particular, [Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima], [Matricaria maritima], [Rumex crispus], [Glaucium flavum], [Solanum dulcamara var. maritima], [Sonchus oleraceus], [Galium aparine].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation

Gravelly beach and shingle pioneer communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.34
definition: Gravelly beaches can host pioneer communities of the class [Ammophiletea] consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association [Agropyro juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis] and the alliance [Medicagini marinae-Triplachnion nitensis]. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation

Fixed shingle beaches, with herbaceous vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B2.4
definition: Vegetated landward expanses of large coastal shingle banks, dominated by grasses or with other herbaceous vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle
narrower: Euro-Siberian gravel bank grasslands

Euro-Siberian gravel bank grasslands
type: Concept
notation: B2.41
definition: Dense perennial grasslands of boreal and nemoral coastal gravel banks of the Palaearctic region, in particular, swards of [Arrhenatherum elatius] of large Channel gravel banks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fixed shingle beaches, with herbaceous vegetation

Shingle and gravel beaches with scrub
type: Concept
notation: B2.5
definition: Coastal gravel banks with scrub. Included are dense thermo-mediterranean brushes on gravel banks beside the Mediterranean and heaths on shingle in the nemoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle
narrower: Euro-Siberian gravel bank heaths

Euro-Siberian gravel bank heaths
type: Concept
notation: B2.51
definition: Low heaths of boreal and nemoral coastal gravel banks of the Palaearctic region, in particular, prostrate [Cytisus scoparius] formations of large Channel gravel banks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle and gravel beaches with scrub

Shingle and gravel beach woodland
type: Concept
notation: B2.6
definition: Coastal gravel banks, colonised by woodland or riparian thickets, in particular, Mediterranean gravel banks colonized by [Quercus ilex] low woods, by [Tamarix africana] or [Vitex agnus-castus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle

Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
type: Concept
notation: B3
definition: Rock exposures adjacent to the oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, or separated from them by a narrow shoreline. The faces, ledges and caves of sea-cliffs and the expanses of rocky shore are important as reproduction, resting and feeding sites for seabirds, sea-mammals and a few groups of terrestrial birds. Sea-cliffs may also harbour highly distinctive, specialised salt-tolerant vegetation with associated terrestrial fauna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal habitats
narrower: Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)
narrower: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets
narrower: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
narrower: Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated

Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)
type: Concept
notation: B3.1
definition: Cliffs and rocks of the supralittoral spray zone, mostly occupied by lichens such as [Caloplaca] spp. and [Verrucaria] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
narrower: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock
narrower: Rock stacks and islets above high tide level in splash zone

Association with [Entophysalis deusta] and [Verrucaria amphibia]
type: Concept
notation: B3.116
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

Rock stacks and islets above high tide level in splash zone
type: Concept
notation: B3.12
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)

Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets
type: Concept
notation: B3.2
definition: Hard-rock sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks, their associated seabird, sea mammal, wader and, in a few cases, terrestrial passerine, communities. Vascular plant cover is by definition very low or absent, but lichens are normally present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
narrower: High Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Atlantic low Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Temperate Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs
narrower: Subtropical Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Mediterraneo-Pontic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Rock stacks and islets above splash zone

Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.11
definition: Lichen communities typically form a distinct zone or band in a 'splash' zone on most rocky shores. This splash zone occurs above the main intertidal zone (i.e. that subject to regular covering by the tide) and blends into angiosperm-dominated communities of coastal (terrestrial) habitats at its upper limits. The width of the splash zone varies considerably, depending on the degree of exposure of the shore to wave action. On very exposed coasts the zone is very wide, extending 10s of meters up cliffs, whilst in very sheltered sites it may be only a metre or so high. Several biotopes have been identified. Yellow and grey lichens such as [Xanthoria parietina], [Caloplaca marina], [Caloplaca thallincola] or [Ramalina] sp. dominate the supralittoral rock (YG) with the distinctive black band of [Verrucaria maura] occurring below in the littoral fringe (Ver.Ver; Ver.B). Small green seaweeds can sometimes be found in this splash zone, where localised conditions allow growth in what would otherwise be inhospitable conditions for seaweeds. Such an example is the green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] which occurs in areas of nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting seabirds (Pra). The littoral fringe on soft rock can be characterised by the green seaweed [Blidingia minima] (Bli) while steep and vertical rock influenced by freshwater in the littoral fringe can be dominated by the green seaweeds [Ulothrix flacca], [Urospora penicilliformis] and [Urospora wormskioldii] (UloUro). The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is one of the few 'marine' species found in this environment. Note: in EUNIS, this habitat is placed within Coastal habitats section B, as it strictly speaking occurs above the marine environment. In the UK marine surveys have traditionally included the lichen zone within intertidal surveys, so the habitat is retained here for UK purposes]. Situation: This habitat type is found in the littoral fringe and the supralittoral zone on all rocky shores if there is sufficient seawate…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)
narrower: Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock
narrower: [Prasiola stipitata] on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Blidingia] spp. on vertical littoral fringe chalk
narrower: [Ulothrix flacca] and [Urospora] spp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock
narrower: Association with [Entophysalis deusta] and [Verrucaria amphibia]

Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.111
definition: Vertical to gently sloping bedrock and stable boulders in the supralittoral (or splash zone) of the majority of rocky shores are typically characterised by a diverse maritime community of yellow and grey lichens, such as [Xanthoria parietina], [Caloplaca marina], [Lecanora atra] and [Ramalina] spp. The black lichen [Verrucaria maura] is also present, but usually in lower abundance than in the littoral fringe zone. In wave exposed conditions, where the effects of sea-spray extend further up the shore, the lichens generally form a wide and distinct band. This band then becomes less distinct as wave exposure decreases, and in sheltered locations, cobbles and pebbles may also support the biotope. Pools, damp pits and crevices in the rock are occasionally occupied by winkles such as [Littorina saxatilis] and halacarid mites may also be present. Situation: This biotope is usually found at the top of the shore, immediately above a zone of the black lichen [V. maura] (Ver.Ver; Ver.B). Above the band of YG, and occasionally in crevices in the rock alongside the lichens, terrestrial plants such as the thrift [Armeria maritima] and other angiosperms often occur. In sheltered areas the transition from YG to Ver.Ver is often indistinct and a mixed zone of YG and Ver.Ver may occur. In estuaries, this biotope is often restricted to artificial substrata such as sea defences.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

[Prasiola stipitata] on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.112
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and large boulders in the supralittoral and littoral fringe that receives nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting sea birds and is characterised by a band or patches of the ephemeral tufty green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] or [Prasiola] spp. This typically grows over the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] in the littoral fringe or yellow and grey lichens in the supralittoral zone. In damp pits and crevices, species such as the winkle [Littorina saxatilis], amphipods and halacarid mites are occasionally found. Pra often covers a smaller area than 5m x 5m and care should be taken to notice/record this biotope. The biotope can be associated with artificial substrata such as septic tanks, and in supralittoral areas influenced by sewage seeps or agricultural run-off. Situation: This biotope is found at the top of rocky shores in the splash zone below colonies of nesting or roosting birds growing. Pra may also be found at the entrances to and on the ceilings of littoral caves or in patches on large boulders, where birds may be roosting. It can be found in the YG or Ver.Ver zones. Temporal variation: [P. stipitata] reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, when the biotope reverts to either YG or Ver.Ver. In the cooler northern areas it may be present all year round.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

High Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.21
definition: Sea-cliffs and their associated features, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the High Arctic seas bordering middle and northern Greenland, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island and the northern Siberian mainland from the north coast of the Yamal peninsula eastwards. Together with floating ice (unit A8.1), they constitute the main hauling-out places for [Odobenus rosmarus]. [Fulmarus glacialis], [Larus glaucoides], [Larus hyperboreus], [Cepphus grylle], [Plautus alle], [Uria lomvia], [Branta bernicla] are among characteristic bird species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Atlantic low Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.22
definition: Sea-cliffs, cliff-faces, ledges and caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the Low Arctic region of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean, in southern Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Bear Island, northern Scandinavia, northwestern mainland Russia, southern and middle Novaya Zemlya. They constitute the principal breeding, resting or feeding areas of multitudes of seabirds and sea-mammals during at least part of the year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Temperate Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.23
definition: Sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the Atlantic temperate region, including the North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Bay of Biscay, along the coasts of Scandinavia south of the Arctic Circle, of the Faeroes, of the British Isles and their outlying archipelagoes, of mainland Europe south to Galicia. They are the breeding, resting or feeding places of great numbers of seabirds and sea-mammals, of which [Halichoerus grypus], [Sula bassana], [Uria aalge], [Alca torda], [Rissa tridactyla], [Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis] are characteristic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs
type: Concept
notation: B3.24
definition: Sea-cliffs, their faces and ledges, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the Baltic Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets
narrower: Baltic boulder beaches
narrower: Baltic unvegetated gently sloping limestone rocky shores
narrower: Baltic unvegetated gently sloping sandstone rocky shores
narrower: Baltic unvegetated gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal limestone cliffs and caves
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal sandstone cliffs and caves
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves

Baltic boulder beaches
type: Concept
notation: B3.241
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

[Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.113
definition: Bedrock or stable boulders and cobbles in the littoral fringe which is covered by the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. This lichen typically covers the entire rock surface giving a distinct black band in the upper littoral fringe. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is usually present. Two variants are defined which both occur in a wide range of wave exposures. On exposed shores [V. maura] may occur with sparse barnacles such as [Chthamalus] spp. or [Semibalanus balanoides] and may be covered by a band of ephemeral seaweeds such as [Porphyra umbilicalis] or [Enteromorpha] spp. (Ver.B). Above Ver.B or on more sheltered shores is a species poor community consisting mainly of [V. maura] and [L. saxatilis] (Ver.Ver). Situation: This biotope occurs below the yellow and grey lichen zone (YG) and above eulittoral communities of barnacles and fuciod algae. Temporal variation: Distinct band of red or green ephemeral algae may obscure the black lichen band at certain times of the year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Verrucaria maura] on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock

[Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.1131
definition: The littoral fringe of very exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores with a sparse covering of the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and/or [Chthamalus montagui] over the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. Winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Melarhaphe neritoides] are usually present although [M. neritoides] tends to be found on more exposed shores. The limpet [Patella vulgata] is often present though at a low abundance (Occasional). This biotope can be dominated by ephemeral seaweeds including the red seaweed [Porphyra umbilicalis], the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. or, particulary in the north, microscopic blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae), which overgrow [V. maura]. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (Rare) may also be present, becoming increasingly more common with greater shelter (see PelB). Geographical variation: On northern and eastern shores the barnacle is usually [S. balanoides], which is normally restricted to the lower littoral fringe, with a band of [V. maura] only in the upper littoral fringe. On south-west and western shores the barnacle is usually [C. montagui] which may extend over the whole of the littoral fringe zone. Situation: Ver.B is usually found on more exposed coasts below the [V. maura] biotope Ver.Ver. It is found above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (MytB) or above the barnacle and [Patella] spp. zone (Cht.Cht; Sem). Ver.B also occurs on vertical faces of moderately exposed shores where the [P]. [canaliculata] biotope (PelB) usually dominates on non-vertical faces. Temporal variation: The abundance of [P. umbilicalis] shows considerable seasonal and geographical variation. During warm weather [P. umbilicalis] is often bleached light brown and sticks to the rock as it dries out. On southern shores it may be absent during the summer on all but the most exposed shores, as it dies back leaving a barnacle and lichen dominated community. In the cooler north the [P]. [umbilicalis] covering persists throughout the year. [Po…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock

[Verrucaria maura] on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.1132
definition: Upper littoral fringe bedrock, boulders and stable cobbles on very exposed to very sheltered shores which have a blanket covering of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is often present. Due to the nature of this biotope it is species poor, but occasionally a range of species may be present in low abundance. These species include the yellow lichen [Caloplaca marina] and the winkle [Melarhaphe neritoides], the barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Semibalanus balanoides] or the ephemeral seaweeds [Porphyra umbilicalis] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can be present in low abundance (see Ver.B). If one or more of these species is present compare with Ver.B. On northern shores [Littorina saxatilis var. rudis] can dominate along with the occasional presence of the lichens [Verrucaria mucosa] and [Xanthoria parietina]. V. maura can be found overlying stable mud in N. Ireland sea loughs. Situation: The black lichen zone is normally found below the yellow and grey lichen zone (YG). In very sheltered areas there is not always a clear transition from one zone to the next and a mixed zone of YG and Ver.Ver is common. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] can occur on these more sheltered shores. With increasing wave exposure the two lichen zones become wider and more distinct, and the Ver.Ver gives way to a lichen and barnacle dominated community (Ver.B) in the lower littoral fringe. Temporal variation: In areas with nitrate enrichment [V. maura] can be overgrown by the small green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] (Pra) which reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, reverting the biotope to Ver.Ver.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock

Baltic unvegetated gently sloping limestone rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.242
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated gently sloping sandstone rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.243
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.244
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal limestone cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.245
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal sandstone cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.246
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.247
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Mediterraneo-Pontic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.26
definition: Sea-cliffs, their associated faces, ledges and caves, rocky shores and isolated rocks of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The endangered [Monachus monachus] depends on their caves for reproduction. [Calonectris diomedea diomedea], [Puffinus yelkouan mauretanicus], [Puffinus yelkouan yelkouan], [Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii], [Falco eleonorae], [Larus audouinii] are characteristic breeders. Their vascular aerohaline communities, as well as the rock communities of unit H3 that colonize their less salt-influenced reaches, are particularly diverse and rich in endemics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Rock stacks and islets above splash zone
type: Concept
notation: B3.27
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
type: Concept
notation: B3.3
definition: Sea-cliffs, or parts of sea-cliffs, and rocky shores colonized by disjunct assemblages of salt-tolerant crevice plants (chasmophytes) or by more or less closed salt-tolerant grasslands with associated terrestrial invertebrate and vertebrate faunal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
narrower: Atlantic sea-cliff communities
narrower: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs
narrower: Tethyan sea-cliff communities
narrower: Canary Island and Madeiran sea-cliff communities
narrower: Azorean sea-cliff communities
narrower: Coastal lagoon cliff communities

Atlantic sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.31
definition: Vegetated cliffs of the northern Atlantic, the English Channel, the Irish Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Arctic Ocean and its seas, the northwest Pacific and its seas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms

Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs
type: Concept
notation: B3.32
definition: Vegetated cliffs of the Baltic Sea, with [Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima], [Silene uniflora], [Ligusticum scoticum], [Armeria maritima], [Odontites litoralis ssp. litoralis], [Odontites litoralis ssp. fennica], [Matricaria maritima], [Senecio viscosus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
narrower: Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees

[Blidingia] spp. on vertical littoral fringe chalk
type: Concept
notation: B3.114
definition: Vertical soft rock in the littoral fringe may be characterised by a band of the green seaweeds [Blidingia minima] and [Blidingia marginata]. Unbranched filamentous green seaweeds, including [Ulothrix flacca] and [Urospora wormskioldii], are found amongst the [Blidingia] spp. The siphonous Xanthophyceae [Vaucheria] spp. can also occur in high abundance in this biotope, where they can form dense mats. During low tide terrestrial fauna such as red mites, insects and centipedes migrate into this zone. More information is needed to improve this description. Situation: Bli is found below the [Verrucaria maura] zone (Ver.Ver) and above a band of the similar looking green algae [Enteromorpha] spp. (Ent and EntPor), where these occur in habitats not influenced by freshwater.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

[Ulothrix flacca] and [Urospora] spp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.115
definition: An assemblage of the small un-branched filamentous green seaweeds [Ulothrix flacca], [Urospora penicilliformis] and [Urospora wormskioldii] at High Water Spring Tide level on steep and vertical rock often influenced by freshwater. The community is also present in areas with freshwater seepage. It is visually recognised as a closely adherent, often shiny, green mat of filamentous growth. Associated species include the green seaweeds [Blidingia minima] and [Enteromorpha prolifera], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata], but these species are not common. Although this biotope does occur on rock other than chalk, this description has been derived from chalk coast sites. More information is needed to improve this description. Situation: On chalk coasts this community can include [Enteromorpha] spp. and the transition from UloUro to Ent is often indistinct and a mixed zone of UloUro and Ent can occur. Temporal variation: This biotope is more easily identifiable from autumn to spring as both [Urospora] spp. and [Bangia atropurpurea] may dry out and disappear during the summer. In late winter the red seaweed [B. atropurpurea] may be predominant and the community then appears as shiny blackish mats of filamentous growth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

Subtropical Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.25
definition: Sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the subtropical zone of the Atlantic, including the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, the Mediterraneo-Atlantic coasts of Iberia, the Mediterraneo-Atlantic and Saharo-Atlantic coasts of Africa, south to Cap Blanc. A major zone of upwelling developed along the north African coast and the Canary Islands enhances their value as important breeding and resting places for marine birds and mammals. Their caves harbour the two remaining Atlantic subpopulations of the gravely endangered Monk Seal [Monachus monachus], endemic to this region and the next, those of Madeira and of the Cap Blanc coasts. [Calonectris diomedea borealis], [Larus cachinnans atlantis], [Phalacrocorax carbo maroccanus], [Phalacrocorax aristotelis riggenbachi] are seabirds endemic to the region for which cliffs and rocky shores provide an important breeding habitat.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.321
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.322
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.323
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.324
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.325
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.326
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.327
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.328
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.329
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.32A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.32B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.32C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Tethyan sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.33
definition: Vegetated cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, of the Black Sea and of the subtropical eastern Atlantic with endemic [Limonium] spp. and e.g. [Silene sedoides], [Frankenia hirsuta], [Frankenia pulverulenta], [Crithmum maritimum], [Lotus cytisoides] of the [Crithmo-Staticetea] and the species of the [Saginetea]: [Anthemis rigida], [Bellium minutum], [Catapodium marinum], [Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum], [Parapholis incurva], [Phleum crypsoides], [Phleum exaratum], [Plantago weldenii], [Psilurus incurvus], [Sagina maritima], [Sedum litoreum], [Valantia muralis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
narrower: Western Tethyan sea-cliff communities
narrower: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Western Tethyan sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.331
definition: Aerohaline communities of the cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, as well as of the southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic, with [Crithmum maritimum], [Plantago subulata], [Silene sedoides], [Sedum litoreum], [Limonium] spp., [Armeria] spp., [Euphorbia] spp., [Daucus] spp., [Asteriscus maritimus]. Mediterranean sea-cliffs harbour numerous endemics of of extremely local occurrence, in particular, of genus [Limonium], which comprises at least 43 and probably closer to 120-150 Mediterranean cliff species species, many of them restricted to a few stations, and several threatened, such as, for instance, [Limonium remotispiculum] of southern Italy and [Limonium strictissimum] of Corsica and Caprera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sea-cliff communities

Pontic sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.332
definition: Communities of the cliffs of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Sea of Marmara.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sea-cliff communities
narrower: Western Pontic herbaceous sea-cliff communities
narrower: Western Pontic sea-cliff [Ficus] thickets
narrower: Western Pontic low cliff communities
narrower: Eastern Pontic sea-cliff communities
narrower: Southern Pontic sea-cliff communities

Western Pontic herbaceous sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.3321
definition: Herbaceous aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the maritime façade of the Stranja and of the Cape Kaliakra area of Bulgaria, with [Limonium gmelinii], [Goniolimon collinum], [Crithmum maritimum], [Elymus pycnanthus], [Cichorium intybus], [Atriplex hastata], [Kochia prostrata], [Melilotus officinalis], [Convolvulus lineatus] and the local endemic [Silene caliacrae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Western Pontic sea-cliff [Ficus] thickets
type: Concept
notation: B3.3322
definition: Thickets of [Ficus carica] and [Ulmus minor] of the cliffs of the western Black Sea coast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Western Pontic low cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.3323
definition: Low cliffs and neighbouring sands of the southern Romanian Black Sea coast (between Constanta and Vama Veche), harbouring communities dominated by [Scolymus hispanicus] and [Ecbalium elaterium], with [Atriplex tatarica], [Xanthium spinosum], [Lactuca saligna], [Lolium perenne] and [Polygonum aviculare].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Eastern Pontic sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.3324
definition: Aerohaline communities of the cliffs of the northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, with [Crithmum maritimum], [Kochia prostrata], [Elymus farctus ssp. bessarabicus], [Holosteum umbellatum], [Puccinellia distans], [Limonium meyeri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Southern Pontic sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.3325
definition: Aerohaline communities of the cliffs of the southern coasts of the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Canary Island and Madeiran sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.34
definition: Aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the Canaries and Madeira, with [Crithmum maritimum], [Astydamia latifolia], [Schizogyne sericea], [Andryala glutinosa], [Plantago coronopus], [Tolpis fruticosa], [Aizoon canariense], [Campylanthus salsoloides], [Limonium pectinatum], [Frankenia ericifolia], [Reichardia ligulata], [Argyranthemum frutescens], [Lotus] spp., [Asplenium marinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms

Azorean sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.35
definition: Communities of the sea-cliffs of the Azores dominated by the endemic [Festuca petraea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms

Coastal lagoon cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.36
definition: Communities of vascular chasmophytes and animals colonizing the cliffs of coastal saline or hypersaline bodies of water, which differ very significantly from the cliff communities of units B3.31-B3.35.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
narrower: Pantellerian lagoon cliff communities
narrower: Pontic saline lagoon cliffs

Pantellerian lagoon cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.361
definition: Endemic [Limonium secundirameum]-dominated formations of the cliffs overlooking Bagno dell' Acqua, Pantelleria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal lagoon cliff communities

Pontic saline lagoon cliffs
type: Concept
notation: B3.362
definition: Halocalcareous cliff communities of coastal lagoons of the Black Sea at Cape Dolosman (Romania), dominated by [Artemisia santonicum], [Limonium gmelinii], [Halimione verrucifera] ([Obione verrucifera]) and [Lepidium cartilagineum], with Irano-Turanian species such as [Camphorosma annua], [Halocnemum strobilaceum], [Leuzea salina] and [Taraxacum bessarabicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal lagoon cliff communities

Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated
type: Concept
notation: B3.4
definition: Sea-cliffs composed of relatively soft, unconsolidated or uncompacted mineral particle deposits, carved by wind and wave action. They may support scrub similar to that on dunes (B1.6), with [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Salix repens], [Sorbus aucuparia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
narrower: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs
type: Concept
notation: B3.41
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal chalk cliffs and caves
narrower: Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees

Baltic unvegetated coastal chalk cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.411
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.412
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.413
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.414
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.415
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.416
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Inland surface waters
type: Concept
notation: C
definition: Inland surface waters are non-coastal above-ground open fresh or brackish waterbodies (e.g. rivers, streams, lakes and pools, springs), including their littoral zones. Includes constructed inland freshwater, brackish or saline waterbodies (such as canals, ponds, etc) which support a semi-natural community of both plants and animals; seasonal waterbodies which may dry out for part of the year (temporary or intermittent rivers and lakes and their littoral zones). Freshwater littoral zones include those parts of banks or shores that are sufficiently frequently inundated to prevent the formation of closed terrestrial vegetation. Excludes permanent snow and ice. Note that habitats that intimately combine waterlogged mires and vegetation rafts with pools of open water are considered as complexes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Surface standing waters
narrower: Surface running waters
narrower: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies

Surface standing waters
type: Concept
notation: C1
definition: Lakes, ponds and pools of natural origin containing fresh (i.e. nonsaline), brackish or salt water. Manmade freshwater bodies, including artificially created lakes, reservoirs and canals, provided that they contain seminatural aquatic communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland surface waters
narrower: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent lake ice

Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.1
definition: Waterbodies with a low nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content, mostly acid (pH 4-6). Includes oligotrophic waters of medium or high pH, e.g. calcareous and basic unpolluted nutrient-poor lakes and pools, which are rare in much of Europe and noted as a habitat of charophytes (C1.14). Excludes peaty, dystrophic waters (C1.4). Because of the low nutrient status, beds of vascular plants, including [Callitriche] spp., [Potamogeton] spp. and isoetids [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea] are often sparse and open.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Benthic communities of oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted submerged vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Charophyte submerged carpets in oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Plankton communities of oligotrophic waters
narrower: Oligotrophic pools in inland sand dunes

Benthic communities of oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.11
definition: Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted submerged vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.12
definition: Formations of Palaearctic water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted floating vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.13
definition: Formations of Palaearctic oligotrophic waters dominated by rooted vascular aquatic plants (macrophytes) with floating leaves. Species of the genus [Potamogeton] and [Sparganium] represent usual dominants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Oligotrophic pondweed communities

Oligotrophic pondweed communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.131
definition: Sparse formations of narrow-leaved floating pondweeds, in particular, [Potamogeton polygonifolius] ([Potamogeton oblongus]), [Potamogeton gramineus], [Potamogeton alpinus], with [Callitriche] spp., [Ranunculus ololeucos], [Ranunculus omiophyllus], [Ranunculus tripartitus], [Luronium natans], [Sparganium minimum], [Apium inundatum] of shallow, oligotrophic, clean, fluctuating, but usually permanent, often small, waterbodies of the Palaearctic region. Communities of this unit often form in close proximity to those of unit C3.413 and evolve into them with regular or prolonged desiccation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted floating vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies

Charophyte submerged carpets in oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.14
definition: Charophyte (genera [Chara], [Nitella], [Tolypella], [Nitellopsis], [Lamprothamnium], [Lychnothamnus]) algal carpets of the bottom of unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes and pools. Very wide syntaxonomic background: alliances [Nitellion syncarpae-tenuissimae], [Charion fragilis], [Nitellion flexilis] and [Charion canescentis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: [Chara] carpets
narrower: [Nitella] carpets

[Chara] carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.141
definition: Charophyte carpets developed on the bottom of basic, lime-rich, unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic, lakes and pools of the Palaearctic region, formed mostly by species of genus [Chara].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Charophyte submerged carpets in oligotrophic waterbodies

[Nitella] carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.142
definition: Charophyte carpets developed on the bottom of unpolluted acid, neutral or slightly basic, lime-poor, oligotrophic to mesotrophic, lakes of the Palaearctic region, mostly formed by species of genus [Nitella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Charophyte submerged carpets in oligotrophic waterbodies

Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.15
definition: Floating, in part infra-aquatic, formations of [Sphagnum] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Utricularia minor], [Utricularia intermedia], [Utricularia ochroleuca], [Utricularia bremii], [Sparganium minimum], of dystrophic, oligotrophic or sometimes mesotrophic, bog pools, fen pools, heath pools, woodland ponds of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Plankton communities of oligotrophic waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.16
definition: Free-floating microscopic plant (phytoplankton) and animal (zooplankton) organisms of standing oligotrophic waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Oligotrophic pools in inland sand dunes
type: Concept
notation: C1.17
definition: Habitats of permanent oligotrophic waters in sand dunes, other than coastal dune-slack pools (B1.81).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.2
definition: Lakes and pools with waters fairly rich in nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and dissolved bases (pH often 6-7). Communities e.g. of [Littorelletea uniflorae] and [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea]. Many unpolluted lowland lakes and ponds are naturally mesotrophic, and support dense beds of macrophytes, which are absent in polluted waters. Beds of charophytes can occur in mesotrophic (C1.25) as well as in oligotrophic (C1.14) waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Benthic communities of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Charophyte submerged carpets in mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Plankton communities of mesotrophic standing waters

Benthic communities of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.21
definition: Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.22
definition: Free-floating surface communities of more or less nutrient-rich waters. The habitat is typically formed by species of duckweed ([Lemna], [Spirodela], [Wolffia]), small ferns ([Azolla]), liverworts ([Riccia], [Ricciocarpus]) or vascular plants, e.g. [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Duckweed covers
narrower: Floating [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae] rafts
narrower: Floating [Stratiotes aloides] rafts
narrower: Floating [Utricularia australis] and [Utricularia vulgaris] colonies
narrower: Floating [Salvinia natans] mats
narrower: Floating [Aldrovanda vesiculosa] communities

Duckweed covers
type: Concept
notation: C1.221
definition: Free-floating surface communities of duckweed ([Lemna], [Spirodela], [Wolffia]), small ferns ([Azolla]) or liverworts ([Riccia], [Ricciocarpus]) of Palaearctic waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae] rafts
type: Concept
notation: C1.222
definition: Free-floating surface communities of Palaearctic waters rich in [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Stratiotes aloides] rafts
type: Concept
notation: C1.223
definition: Free-floating communities of Palaearctic waters dominated by [Stratiotes aloides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Utricularia australis] and [Utricularia vulgaris] colonies
type: Concept
notation: C1.224
definition: Free-floating communities of more or less nutrient-rich Palaearctic waters dominated by bladderworts ([Utricularia australis], [Utricularia vulgaris]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Salvinia natans] mats
type: Concept
notation: C1.225
definition: Free-floating communities of Central and Eastern Europe dominated by the free-floating non-indigenous fern [Salvinia natans], often forming dense and extensive mats.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Aldrovanda vesiculosa] communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.226
definition: Rare aquatic formations of Central and Eastern Europe, dispersed from southern Brandenburg and Lake Constance east to the Ukraine, with a former outpost in eastern Lithuania, harbouring the carnivorous, free-floating Droseraceae [Aldrovanda vesiculosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.23
definition: 'Formations of water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton]. Some habitats of this unit can be dominated by other species, such as [Zannichellia palustris], [Elodea canadensis], [Elodea nuttallii], [Ceratophyllum submersum], [Myriophyllum spicatum] and [Najas marina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Large pondweed beds
narrower: Small pondweed communities

Large pondweed beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.231
definition: Associations of large pondweeds ([Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton praelongus], [Potamogeton zizii], [Potamogeton perfoliatus]) characteristic of deep, open Palaearctic waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Small pondweed communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.232
definition: Formations of smaller pondweeds, in particular, [Potamogeton crispus], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Potamogeton pusillus], [Potamogeton obtusifolius], [Potamogeton berchtoldii], [Potamogeton trichoides], [Potamogeton acutifolius], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton nitens], [Potamogeton friesii] ([Potamogeton mucronatus]), [Groenlandia densa], waterthymes and waterweeds ([Elodea] spp., [Hydrilla] spp., [Ottelia] spp.), horned pondweeds ([Zannichellia palustris] s.l.), naiads ([Najas] spp.), tapegrass ([Vallisneria spiralis]), water crowfoots ([Ranunculus circinatus]) that colonize shallower, more sheltered Palaearctic waters. Eurasian formations dominated by usually free-floating hornworts of genus [Ceratophyllum], in particular by [Ceratophyllum demersum], are included because of closer ecological and physiognomic similarity with communities of this unit than with those of unit 22.41.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Rooted floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.24
definition: Formations of waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves. Usually species-poor habitats with dominance of one or several species. Ttypical species are [Nymphaea alba], [Nuphar lutea], [Nymphoides peltata], [Trapa natans], [Potamogeton natans], [Callitriche palustris], [Polygonum amphibium] and [Ranunculus] sp. (=[Batrachium]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Floating broad-leaved carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.241
definition: Formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with large floating leaves, often with a stratum of submerged species ([Ceratophyllum], [Myriophyllum], [Potamogeton]) and occasionally free-floating [Utricularia] spp., characteristic of large, permanent water bodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Waterlily beds
narrower: Water chestnut carpets
narrower: Fringed waterlily carpets
narrower: Broad-leaved pondweed carpets
narrower: Amphibious bistort carpets
narrower: [Nelumbo nucifera] beds

Waterlily beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.2411
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of family Nymphaeaceae, in particular of genera [Nymphaea], [Nuphar], [Euryale].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets
narrower: [Nuphar] beds
narrower: Northern [Nymphaea] beds
narrower: Transylvanian hot-spring lotus beds

[Nuphar] beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.24111
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of genus [Nuphar], in particular [Nuphar pumila] and [Nuphar lutea], characteristic of temperate and cold regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Waterlily beds

Northern [Nymphaea] beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.24112
definition: Floating-leaved formations of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of genus [Nymphaea], in particular [Nymphaea alba], [Nymphaea candida], [Nymphaea tetragona], [Nymphaea pygmaea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Waterlily beds

Transylvanian hot-spring lotus beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.24113
definition: Formations of [Nymphaea lotus] of geothermal waters (unit 66.94) of Petea Lake, western Romania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Waterlily beds

Water chestnut carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.2412
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by the trapid [Trapa natans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Fringed waterlily carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.2413
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of genus [Nymphoides], in particular by [Nymphoides peltata] or [Nymphoides indica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Broad-leaved pondweed carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.2414
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by the parvonymphaeid [Potamogeton natans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Amphibious bistort carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.2415
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by the parvonymphaeid [Polygonum amphibium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

[Nelumbo nucifera] beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.2416
definition: Formations of [Nelumbo nucifera], occurring in the Volga delta and from the south Caspian lowlands to the Far East, with a naturalised population in Romania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Charophyte submerged carpets in mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.25
definition: Charophyte (genera [Chara], [Nitella], [Tolypella], [Nitellopsis], [Lamprothamnium], [Lychnothamnus]) algal carpets of the bottom of unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes and pools of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.26
definition: Floating, in part infra-aquatic, formations of [Sphagnum] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Utricularia minor], [Utricularia intermedia], [Utricularia ochroleuca], [Utricularia bremii], [Sparganium minimum], of dystrophic, oligotrophic or sometimes mesotrophic, bog pools, fen pools, heath pools, woodland ponds of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Plankton communities of mesotrophic standing waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.27
definition: Free-floating microscopic plant (phytoplankton) and animal (zooplankton) organisms of slightly muddy, poorly pellucid standing mesotrophic waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.3
definition: Lakes and pools with mostly dirty grey to blue-green, more or less turbid, waters, particularly rich in nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and dissolved bases (pH usually > 7). Moderately eutrophic waters can support dense beds of macrophytes, but these disappear when pollution causes nutrient levels to rise further.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Benthic communities of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: Free-floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted submerged vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: Plankton communities of eutrophic standing waters

Benthic communities of eutrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.31
definition: Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities of eutrophic waters. Because of the seasonal dynamics of the ecological factors, siliceous algae [Bacillariophyta] dominate in late autumn and winter and blue-green ([Cyanobacteriophyta]) and green ([Chlorophyta]) algae during summer and autumn.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Free-floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.32
definition: Free-floating surface communities of more or less nutrient-rich waters, with for example [Lemna minor], [Spirodela polyrhiza], [Wolffia arrhiza], [Salvinia natans], [Ceratophyllum submersum], [Stratiotes aloides], and communities of [Hydrocharition], [Utricularion vulgaris], [Lemnion gibbae] and [Lemnion minoris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted submerged vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.33
definition: Formations of water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton]. Alliances [Potamion lucentis] and [Potamion pusilli]. Other frequent species are [Myriophyllum spicatum], [Myriophyllum verticillatum], [Najas marina] and [Najas minor].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.34
definition: Formations of waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves. The most typical species are [Nuphar lutea], [Nymphaea alba], [Nymphoides peltata], [Trapa natans] and [Persicaria amphibia], of the alliance [Nymphaeion albae]. A second layer is often formed by [Ceratophyllum demersum], [Myriophyllum spicatum] and [Lemna trisulca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Shallow-water floating communities

Shallow-water floating communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.341
definition: Communities of Palaearctic waters dominated by water starworts ([Callitriche]), water crowfoots ([Ranunculus] spp., subgenus [Batrachium]) or water violet ([Hottonia palustris]), characteristic mostly of shallow waters with fluctuating water levels, susceptible to occasional drying.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: [Ranunculus] communities in shallow water
narrower: Water starwort communities
narrower: [Hottonia palustris] beds in shallow water

[Ranunculus] communities in shallow water
type: Concept
notation: C1.3411
definition: Communities dominated by water crowfoots, [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]), [Ranunculus baudotii], [Ranunculus hederaceus], [Ranunculus rionii], [Ranunculus ololeucos], [Ranunculus omiophyllus] ([Ranunculus lenormandi]), [Ranunculus tripartitus], with both submerged and floating leaves, characteristic mostly of shallow Palaearctic waters with fluctuating water levels, susceptible to occasional drying. Crowfoot- dominated communities of unit 22.433 are included.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shallow-water floating communities

Water starwort communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.3412
definition: Communities of shallow stagnant Palaearctic waters with fluctuating water levels, susceptible to drying, dominated by [Callitriche] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shallow-water floating communities

[Hottonia palustris] beds in shallow water
type: Concept
notation: C1.3413
definition: Communities of shallow Palaearctic waters dominated by [Hottonia palustris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shallow-water floating communities

Plankton communities of eutrophic standing waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.35
definition: Free-floating microscopic plant (phytoplankton) and animal (zooplankton) organisms of very muddy, non-pellucid waters of standing eutrophic waters. Phytoplankton is represented mainly by algae of the groups [Bacillariophyta] and [Chlorophyta], rarely also by [Euglenophyta], [Pyrrophyta], zooplankton by [Chrysophyta]; [Cladocera], [Copepoda] and [Rotatoria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.4
definition: Lakes and pools with acidic waters of high humus content and often brown tinted (pH often 3-5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Benthic communities of dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted submerged vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Charophyte submerged carpets in dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Raised bog pools
narrower: Lagg

Benthic communities of dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.41
definition: Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted submerged vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.42
definition: Formations of Palaearctic water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted floating vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.43
definition: Formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Charophyte submerged carpets in dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.44
definition: Charophyte (genera [Chara], [Nitella], [Tolypella], [Nitellopsis], [Lamprothamnium], [Lychnothamnus]) algal carpets of the bottom of unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes and pools of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.45
definition: Floating, in part infra-aquatic, formations of [Sphagnum] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Utricularia] spp., [Campylium stellatum], [Sparganium minimum] and [Sparganium natans] of dystrophic bog pools, fen pools, heath pools and woodland ponds. Alliances are [Sphagno-Utricularion] and [Scorpidio-Utricularion minoris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Raised bog pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.46
definition: Larger, deep, permanently filled depressions, usually dystrophic, occurring near the centre of raised bogs or along tension lines. Their planctonic communities are original. Floating plant communities may sometimes develop, in particular those comprising [Sparganium minimum] and [Utricularia] spp. (units C1.15, C1.26 and C1.45) and, sometimes, beds of [Nymphaea] spp. (unit C1.2411).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Bog eye (kolk)
narrower: Lesser bog pools

Bog eye (kolk)
type: Concept
notation: C1.461
definition: Large pools or lakes occurring near the centre of central European raised bogs, often with relatively firm, steep banks colonized by trees or scrub forming a ring of woodland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog pools

Lesser bog pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.462
definition: Relatively large, deep, permanently filled depressions occurring along tension lines of raised bogs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog pools

Lagg
type: Concept
notation: C1.47
definition: A ring of water surrounding raised bogs, often colonised by intermediate mire or acid fen communities of units D2.2 or D2.3, sometimes accompanied by more basicline species typical of neighbouring fens: [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Scirpus hudsonianus], [Carex rostrata], [Carex flava] and [Parnassia palustris] are frequent components.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.5
definition: Non-coastal brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools and their pelagic vertebrates and plankton.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Athalassic saline lakes
narrower: Athalassic saline euhydrophyte communities
narrower: Floating vegetation of saline and brackish waters
narrower: Submerged macrophytes of saline and brackish waters

Athalassic saline lakes
type: Concept
notation: C1.51
definition: Athalassic (inland), permanent or temporary, brackish, saline or hypersaline waterbodies and their associated animal, charophyte, green algal or lower algal pelagic and benthic communities. The macrophytic, euhydrophytic based communities that colonize them are separately listed (unit C1.52), the macrophytic amphibious communities and the terrestrial communities that may develop during dry phases or in drying and dried portions as units of D6.1or E6, fringing belts or island rafts of rooted or floating tall emergent vegetation as units C3.2112 or D6.2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities
narrower: Submerged charophyte carpets in inland saline or hypersaline waterbodies
narrower: Salt basin benthic communities

Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.511
definition: Athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools and their pelagic animal, green algal or lower algal communities, including marine mammal, bird and pelagic fish communities of the large inland seas of central Eurasia and of the big brackish lakes of the boreal zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline lakes
narrower: Boreal, nemoral and arctic salt lakes
narrower: Mediterranean salt lakes
narrower: Ponto-Pannonic salt lakes

Boreal, nemoral and arctic salt lakes
type: Concept
notation: C1.5111
definition: Athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools of the boreal, nemoral and arctic zones, including, in particular, the great brackish lakes of northern Europe (Ladoga), the ponds and pools associated with the inland salt communities of unit 15.4 and the waterbodies adjacent to the Yakutian salt steppes of unit 15.A7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities

Mediterranean salt lakes
type: Concept
notation: C1.5112
definition: Athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools of the Mediterranean zone, with major waterbodies limited to northern-central and southern Iberia, Sicily and Mediterranean North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities

Ponto-Pannonic salt lakes
type: Concept
notation: C1.5113
definition: Athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools of the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions, associated with the salt steppes and salt marshes of 15.A1 and 15.A2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities

Submerged charophyte carpets in inland saline or hypersaline waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.512
definition: Charophyte (mostly [Chara] spp.) formations of athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline lakes

Salt basin benthic communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.513
definition: Benthic animal, green algal or lower algal communities of permanent athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools; benthic communities developed in the wet phase of the cycle of temporary brackish, saline or hypersaline athalassic waterbodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline lakes

Athalassic saline euhydrophyte communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.52
definition: Communities of athalassic brackish or saline lakes, ponds, pools or basins, formed by submerged, floating-leaved, or slightly emergent macrophytes and their associated zoocoenoses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Submerged macrophyte communities of inland saline and brackish waters
narrower: Brackish water floating vegetation

Submerged macrophyte communities of inland saline and brackish waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.521
definition: Communities of athalassic brackish or saline lakes, ponds, pools or basins, formed by submerged macrophytes and their associated zoocoenoses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline euhydrophyte communities
narrower: Athalassic tasselweed communities
narrower: Athalassic seagrass communities

Athalassic tasselweed communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.5211
definition: [Ruppia maritima], [Zannichellia] spp. and [Najas] spp. beds, with associated [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus] and other submerged macrophytes, of athalassic brackish or saline lakes, ponds, pools or basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged macrophyte communities of inland saline and brackish waters

Athalassic seagrass communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.5212
definition: [Zostera noltii] formations of the Caspian Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged macrophyte communities of inland saline and brackish waters

Brackish water floating vegetation
type: Concept
notation: C1.523
definition: Communities of brackish lakes, ponds and pools, formed by free-floating or floating-leaved rooted macrophytes, in particular, brackish [Lemna] and [Wolffia] carpets, brackish [Callitriche] communities and formations of inland lakes and basins of very low salinity dominated by water crowfoots such as [Ranunculus baudotii] or [Ranunculus rionii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline euhydrophyte communities

Floating vegetation of saline and brackish waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.53
definition: Rooted or non-rooted floating vegetation of saline waters dominated by aquatic vascular plants (macrophytes) whose leaves float on the water surface. The most important of these are represented by the species of genus [Lemna], [Wolffia], [Callitriche] and [Ranunculus] sect. [Batrachium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools

Submerged macrophytes of saline and brackish waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.54
definition: Habitats of saline pools and waters where the bottom is densely vegetated. Typical species are [Najas marina], [Najas minor], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Utricularia neglecta], [Zannichellia pedicellata] among others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools

Temporary lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.6
definition: Freshwater lakes, ponds, pools, or parts of such freshwater bodies that become periodically dry, with their associated animal and algal pelagic and benthic communities. Habitats of the dry phase are listed under C3.5, C3.6 and 3.7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Lime-deficient oligotrophic temporary waters
narrower: Mesotrophic temporary waters
narrower: Eutrophic temporary waters
narrower: Dystrophic temporary waters
narrower: Lime-rich oligo-mesotrophic temporary waters
narrower: Temporary inland saline and brackish waters
narrower: Turlough and lake-bottom meadows
narrower: Benthic communities of temporary waters
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of temporary waterbodies

Lime-deficient oligotrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.61
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with greenish to brownish clear waters, poor in dissolved bases (pH often 5-6).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Mesotrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.62
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with waters fairly rich in dissolved bases (pH often 6-7).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Eutrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.63
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with mostly dirty grey to blue-green, more or less turbid, waters, particularly rich in dissolved bases (pH usually > 7).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Dystrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.64
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with acidic waters of high humus content and often brown tinted (pH often 3-5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Lime-rich oligo-mesotrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.65
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with mostly blue to greenish, very clear, waters, poor (to moderate) in nutrients, base-rich (pH often > 7.5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Temporary inland saline and brackish waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.66
definition: Shallow temporary saline and brackish waters, in which communities may develop which often form two layers. The main species are [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Najas minor], [Najas marina] and [Ceratophyllum demersum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Turlough and lake-bottom meadows
type: Concept
notation: C1.67
definition: Terrestrial communities colonizing the bottom of waterbodies that are completely and recurrently emptied of water for part of the time, such as Irish turloughs. Habitats characteristic of each stage of the cycle may be units of C1, C3.41-C3.43, C3.51-C3.52, C3.64-C3.65 and, if appropriate, those of units D2-D5 or E2-E3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Benthic communities of temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.68
definition: Benthic communities developed in the wet phase of the cycle of temporary lakes and pools.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted floating vegetation of temporary waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.69
definition: Formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent lake ice
type: Concept
notation: C1.7
definition: Permanent or almost permanent ice formations of lakes, constituting continuous ice sheets that may cover the entire surface for all of the year or recede to part of the lake during summer and be accompanied or replaced by floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks. They may, locally, seasonally or permanently, extend to the whole depth of the lake. They are characteristic of high latitude and high altitude lakes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters

Surface running waters
type: Concept
notation: C2
definition: Running waters, including springs, streams and temporary water courses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland surface waters
narrower: Springs, spring brooks and geysers
narrower: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses
narrower: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses
narrower: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary
narrower: Temporary running waters
narrower: Films of water flowing over rocky watercourse margins

Springs, spring brooks and geysers
type: Concept
notation: C2.1
definition: Springs and resurgences, together with animal and plant communities dependent on the peculiar microclimatic and hydrological situation created by them. Excludes vegetated spring mires (D2.2, D4.1), where springs emerge through a (usually small) expanse of vegetation with little or no open water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface running waters
narrower: Soft water springs
narrower: Hard water springs
narrower: Geysers
narrower: Thermal springs
narrower: Saline springs
narrower: Crenal streams (spring brooks)
narrower: Thermal spring brooks
narrower: Acid oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
narrower: Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
narrower: Mesotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
narrower: Eutrophic vegetation of spring brooks

Soft water springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.11
definition: Springs with cold, acid to neutral, oligotrophic waters, dominated either by mosses or vascular plants, depending on light conditions and altitude. Species-poor communities, especially in lower altitudes. Alliance [Caricion remotae] including several associations, with characteristic species [Caltha palustris ssp. laeta], [Cardamine amara ssp. amara], [Carex remota], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Veronica beccabunga], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum] and [Conocephalum conicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers
narrower: Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens

Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens
type: Concept
notation: C2.111
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water springs

Hard water springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.12
definition: Springs rich in calcium, typically due to calcareous tufa formation. Species-rich habitats with high moss cover, high dominance of moss [Cratoneuron commutatum] is typical. The stands belong to alliances [Cratoneurion commutati] and [Lycopodo-Cratoneurion commutati] with typical species [Arabis soyeri], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Viola biflora], [Cochlearia pyrenaica], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum], [Conocephalum conicum], [Eucladium verticillatum] and [Palustriella commutata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers
narrower: Petrifying springs with tufa or travertine formations

Petrifying springs with tufa or travertine formations
type: Concept
notation: C2.121
definition: Communities of calcareous, petrifying springs of the Alps, the pre-Alpine regions and of the middle European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, forming and colonizing large tufa deposits. When active, tufa springs comprise a hydrosere in which the [Cratoneurion] plants, and in particular, [Cratoneuron] spp., are accompanied by fen species such as [Carex lepidocarpa] and [Sesleria caerulea]; the latter may physiognomically dominate both the hydrosere and the adjacent xerosere, developed on fossil tufa deposits, in which it is accompanied by [Brometalia] plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hard water springs

Geysers
type: Concept
notation: C2.13
definition: Springs from which heated water and steam is ejected, sometimes violently, at periodic intervals, in active or recently active volcanic regions. Major geysers are rare, known from only four areas in the world, and within the Palaearctic region, as here defined, only from Iceland and the northwestern Pacific rim. The proximal zone of geysers may host distinctive communities of lower plants and invertebrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.14
definition: Acid or alkaline springs heated by geothermal energy, located in regions of present or past volcanic activity, producing a continuous flow of water at temperatures significantly above the air temperature. Springs and tepid pools at temperatures below 50º C may host a few species of specialised animals, those at temperatures between 50º C and 75º C harbour bluegreen algae that may form conspicuous mats, those at temperatures above 75º C are inhabited only by heterotrophic bacteria; the margins of the springs and the water-saturated substrates may host distinctive biotic communities, including higher plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers
narrower: Mediterranean thermal springs
narrower: Macaronesian thermal springs
narrower: Icelandic thermal springs
narrower: Peri-Alpine thermal springs
narrower: Peri-Caucasian hot springs

Mediterranean thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.141
definition: Hot springs related to active volcanism of the islands, coasts and hinterland of the Mediterranean basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Macaronesian thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.142
definition: Hot springs related to active volcanism of the southern north Atlantic, on the mid-Atlantic ridge islands of the Azores and on the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Icelandic thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.143
definition: Hot springs related to active volcanism of the northern North Atlantic, on the mid-Atlantic ridge islands, Iceland and Jan Mayen.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Peri-Alpine thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.144
definition: Hot springs related to late Tertiary volcanism of the western Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Baetic mountains, the Rif, the Tell, the Atlas, the Pyreneo-Cantabrian range, the Alps, the Carpathians, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges of Iberia, the Central Massif, the northern Hercynian arc. They include, in particular, Romanian geothermal waters harbouring formations of [Nymphaea lotus] (unit 22.43113).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Peri-Caucasian hot springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.145
definition: Hot springs related to late Tertiary volcanism of the central Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Caucasus, the Pontic range, the Anatolian plateau, the Taurus, the Zagros, the Elburz.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Saline springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.15
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Crenal streams (spring brooks)
type: Concept
notation: C2.16
definition: Gushing springs (rheocrenes), spring basins (limnocrenes), seepages (helocrenes) and crenal streams, rivulets formed in and near the source area of streams, characterised by high stability of temperature, near the annual average of the ground water, best developed in montane situations. Specialised habitats associated with the spring include those of units D2.2C and D4.1N.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Thermal spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.17
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Acid oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.18
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients and in lime, with, in particular, [Myriophyllum alterniflorum], [Potamogeton polygonifolius], [Callitriche hamulata], [Littorella uniflora], [Juncus bulbosus], [Scirpus fluitans] or acidophilous mosses and algae. In Iceland, [Montia fontana], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]) and [Fontinalis antipyretica] characterize the community in clear, slowly flowing waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.19
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, characterized in particular by [Potamogeton coloratus] and [Chara hispida] or by tufa-forming mosses and algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Mesotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.1A
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Eutrophic vegetation of spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.1B
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses
type: Concept
notation: C2.2
definition: Permanent water courses with fast-flowing turbulent water and their associated animal and microscopic algal pelagic and benthic communities. Rivers, streams, brooks, rivulets, rills, torrents, waterfalls, cascades and rapids are included. The bed is typically composed of rocks, stones or gravel with only occasional sandy and silty patches. Features of the river bed, uncovered by low water or permanently emerging, such as gravel or rock islands and bars are treated as the littoral zone (C3). Includes high, mid and low-altitude, usually small to medium-sized streams as defined by the Water Framework Directive.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Surface running waters
narrower: Epirhithral and metarhithral streams
narrower: Hyporhithral streams
narrower: Glacial meltwaters
narrower: Waterfalls
narrower: Acid oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
narrower: Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
narrower: Mesotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
narrower: Eutrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams

Epirhithral and metarhithral streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.21
definition: Upper and middle reaches of montane and upland streams, characterised by turbulent, irregular flow, by diurnal and annual temperature variations higher than in the crenon (unit C2.16), and by aquatic biocoenoses largely dominated by [Turbellaria], [Ephemeroptera], [Plecoptera], [Trichoptera], [Diptera], by [Bryophyta] and epilithic [Bacillariophyta], [Cyanophycaea], [Rhodophyta] and [Chlorophyta] algae, with few, specialised, emergent macrophytes (units C2.25-C2.28). The unit corresponds to the "Trout zone" or "Salmonid zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Hyporhithral streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.22
definition: Lower reaches of montane and upland streams, often representing the middle course of rivers. The unit corresponds to the "Grayling zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Glacial meltwaters
type: Concept
notation: C2.23
definition: Streams immediately below glaciers, often creating shallow lakes, dominated by communities of silicaceous and green algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Waterfalls
type: Concept
notation: C2.24
definition: More or less vertical descent of a water course over irregularities of the streambed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Acid oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.25
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients and in lime, with, in particular, [Myriophyllum alterniflorum], [Potamogeton polygonifolius], [Callitriche hamulata], [Littorella uniflora], [Juncus bulbosus], [Scirpus fluitans] or acidophilous mosses and algae. In Iceland, [Montia fontana], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]) and [Fontinalis antipyretica] characterize the community in clear, slowly flowing waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.26
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, characterized in particular by [Potamogeton coloratus] and [Chara hispida] or by tufa-forming mosses and algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Mesotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.27
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Eutrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.28
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses
type: Concept
notation: C2.3
definition: Permanent water courses with non-turbulent water and their associated animal and microscopic algal pelagic and benthic communities. Slow-flowing rivers, streams, brooks, rivulets and rills; also fast-flowing rivers with laminar flow. The bed is typically composed of sand or mud. Features of the river bed, uncovered by low water or permanently emerging, such as sand or mud islands and bars are treated as the littoral zone (C3). Includes mid and low-altitude streams as defined by the Water Framework Directive.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Surface running waters
narrower: Epipotamal streams
narrower: Metapotamal and hypopotamal streams
narrower: Mesotrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers
narrower: Eutrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers

Epipotamal streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.31
definition: Upper reaches of lowland streams, characterised by calmer flow, higher annual temperature variation and aquatic biocoenoses comprising more standing water species, among them emergent macrophytes (units C2.33-C2.34). The unit corresponds to the "Barbel zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses

Metapotamal and hypopotamal streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.32
definition: Middle and lower reaches of Palaearctic lowland streams ("Niederungsbach", "lowland" and "plain" streams), with aquatic biocoenoses very similar to those of standing water. The unit corresponds to the "Bream zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses

Mesotrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.33
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses

Eutrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.34
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses

Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary
type: Concept
notation: C2.4
definition: Portions of rivers subject to the tide, upstream from the estuary.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface running waters
narrower: Brackish water tidal rivers
narrower: Freshwater tidal rivers
narrower: Mesotrophic vegetation of tidal rivers
narrower: Eutrophic vegetation of tidal rivers

Brackish water tidal rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.41
definition: Brackish portions of rivers subject to the tide, upstream from the estuary.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary

Freshwater tidal rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.42
definition: Freshwater sections of rivers subject to the tide.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary

Mesotrophic vegetation of tidal rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.43
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary

Eutrophic vegetation of tidal rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.44
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary

Temporary running waters
type: Concept
notation: C2.5
definition: Watercourses that cease to flow for part of the year, leaving a dry bed or pools. Habitats of the dry phase are treated under C3.5, C3.6 and C3.7. Vegetation communities may be of [Paspalo-Agrostidion], [Parvopotamion] or [Sparganio-Glycerion fluitantis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface running waters

Films of water flowing over rocky watercourse margins
type: Concept
notation: C2.6
definition: Flowing water that is not contained within a channel but oozes over rocks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface running waters

Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C3
definition: Reedbeds and other water-fringing vegetation by lakes, rivers and streams; exposed bottoms of dried up rivers and lakes; rocks, gravel, sand and mud beside or in the bed of rivers and lakes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland surface waters
narrower: Species-rich helophyte beds
narrower: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: C3.3
narrower: C3.4
narrower: C3.5
narrower: C3.6
narrower: C3.7
narrower: C3.8

Species-rich helophyte beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.1
definition: Water-fringing stands of vegetation by lakes, rivers and streams, with mixed species composition.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
narrower: Beds of small helophytes of fast-flowing waters

Beds of small helophytes of fast-flowing waters
type: Concept
notation: C3.11
definition: Formations of small helophytes, [Glyceria fluitans], [Glyceria plicata], [Glyceria nemoralis], [Glyceria declinata], [Leersia oryzoides], [Catabrosa aquatica], [Sparganium neglectum], [Sparganium microcarpum], [Nasturtium officinale], [Nasturtium microphyllum], [Veronica beccabunga], [Veronica anagallis-aquatica], [Apium nodiflorum], [Sium erectum] and [Apium repens], occupying the banks of small rivers, brooks, brooklets or springs on alluvial or peaty soils from the Euro-Siberian region, through the Mediterranean basin, to desert oases. Vegetation is typically from alliance [Glycerio-Sparganion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-rich helophyte beds

Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
type: Concept
notation: C3.2
definition: Water-fringing stands of tall vegetation by lakes (including brackish lakes), rivers and brooks, usually species-poor and often dominated by one species. Includes stands of [Carex] spp., [Cladium mariscus], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Glyceria maxima], [Hippuris vulgaris], [Phragmites australis], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Schoenoplectus] spp., [Sparganium] spp. and [Typha] spp. Excludes terrestrialized reed and sedge beds which are not at the water's edge (D5.1, D5.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
narrower: [Phragmites australis] beds
narrower: [Scirpus lacustris] beds
narrower: [Typha] beds
narrower: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities
narrower: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds
narrower: [Phalaris arundinacea] beds
narrower: Halophile [Scirpus], [Bolboschoenus] and [Schoenoplectus] beds
narrower: C3.28
narrower: C3.29
narrower: C3.2A

[Phragmites australis] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.21
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks, eutrophic marshes and swamps dominated by [Phragmites australis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: Flooded [Phragmites] beds

Flooded [Phragmites] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.211
definition: [Phragmites australis] beds of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks inundated permanently or for prolonged annual periods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phragmites australis] beds
narrower: Freshwater [Phragmites] beds
narrower: Inland saline water [Phragmites] beds

Freshwater [Phragmites] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.2111
definition: [Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region permanently or usually inundated by fresh water lakes, ponds and watercourses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flooded [Phragmites] beds

Inland saline water [Phragmites] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.2112
definition: [Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region beds permanently, usually or frequently inundated by the sea or by saline coastal lagoons, by athalassal saline lakes, by saline estuaries or saline rivers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flooded [Phragmites] beds

[Scirpus lacustris] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.22
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Scirpus lacustris], intolerant of drying, tolerant of water circulation, and thus forming the outer belts of reedbeds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes

[Typha] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.23
definition: Communities of the margins of lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], [Typha angustifolia], [Typha domingensis], [Typha laxmannii], [Typha elephantina] formations, usually extremely species-poor and sometimes almost pure, tolerant of extended periods of dryness, varying conditions of salinity, and of pollution. Although [Typha] species are dominant, other common species such as [Acorus calamus], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Phragmites australis], [Glyceria maxima] and [Schoenoplectus lacustris] and alliance [Phragmition communis] may also occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: [Typha latifolia] beds
narrower: [Typha angustifolia] beds

[Typha latifolia] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.231
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], of widespread occurrence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Typha] beds

[Typha angustifolia] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.232
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha angustifolia], like unit 53.131, of wide distribution.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Typha] beds

Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.24
definition: Communities of the margins of shallow lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by shorter, mostly non-graminoid helophytes emerging from mesotrophic or eutrophic, stagnant or slow-moving, shallow water, and constituting fringes or patches within or alongside reedbeds. Habitat structure is determined by one or two dominant species, e.g. [Alisma] spp., [Oenanthe aquatica], [Rorippa amphibia], [Sparganium] spp., [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Acorus calamus] and [Hippuris vulgaris] (see subdivisions).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: Arrowhead communities
narrower: Neglected bur-reed communities
narrower: Erect bur-reed communities
narrower: Sweet flag communities
narrower: Flowering rush communities
narrower: Water dropwort-great yellowcress communities
narrower: Water horsetail beds
narrower: Water parsnip communities
narrower: Marestail beds
narrower: Common spikerush beds
narrower: Iris beds

Arrowhead communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.241
definition: Formations of [Sagittaria sagittifolia] and [Sparganium emersum] of slowly flowing, and sometimes standing, meso-eutrophic waters of western Eurasia; formations of [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Sagittaria natans] and [Caltha membranacea] of similar eastern Asian waterbodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Neglected bur-reed communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.242
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Sparganium neglectum], characteristic of standing or slowly flowing waters on mineral-rich, lime-poor muddy substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Erect bur-reed communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.243
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by or rich in [Sparganium erectum], characteristic of riparian reedbeds along standing waters on lime-rich, mineral-rich muddy substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Sweet flag communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.244
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by the long-introduced thermophile [Acorus calamus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Flowering rush communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.245
definition: Usually open communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by, or rich in, [Butomus umbellatus], characteristic of strongly fluctuating still or slow-flowing base- and mineral-rich waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Water dropwort-great yellowcress communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.246
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks, often situated at the edges of reedbeds, rich in [Oenanthe aquatica] or [Rorippa amphibia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Water horsetail beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.247
definition: Low, often extensive, homogeneous, usually inundated communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Equisetum fluviatile].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Water parsnip communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.248
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by or rich in the tall umbellifer [Sium latifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Marestail beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.249
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks, usually of clear, cold to temperate nutrient-rich water, dominated by [Hippuris vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Common spikerush beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.24A
definition: Low, often extensive and very homogeneous formations of Palaearctic lakeshores, pools and ditches with strongly fluctuating water regime, dominated by [Eleocharis palustris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Iris beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.24B
definition: Homogeneous [Iris pseudacorus] formations of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.25
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks, eutrophic marshes, swamps and ditches dominated by medium or medium-tall helophyte Poaceae of genera [Glyceria], [Leersia], [Socolochloa] or [Calamagrostis]. The further division of this unit is based on dominance by species of these genera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: Sweetgrass beds
narrower: Eurasian [Leersia] beds
narrower: Eurasian [Scolochloa] beds
narrower: Water-fringe [Calamagrostis] beds

Sweetgrass beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.251
definition: Communities of eutrophic Palaearctic waters, often with variable level, dominated by fairly tall, robust grasses of genus [Glyceria] (section [Hydropoa]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds

Eurasian [Leersia] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.252
definition: Communities of the terrestrialisation zone of Palaearctic lakes, ponds, rivers, brooks and canals, mostly with turbid water, dominated by [Leersia oryzoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds

Eurasian [Scolochloa] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.253
definition: Communities of the margins of muddy shores of lakes and slow-flowing rivers of the Palaearctic domaine, from eastern Fennoscandia, eastern Germany, Lithuania and the Ukraine eastwards, including central Yakutia, dominated by [Scolochloa festucacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds

Water-fringe [Calamagrostis] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.254
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic mesotrophic acidocline lakes, rivers and swamps dominated by [Calamagrostis canescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds

[Phalaris arundinacea] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.26
definition: Communities of the margins of lakes, rivers, brooks and swamps dominated by [Phalaris arundinacea], pure or mixed with [Phragmites australis], [Carex acutiformis], [Carex elata], [Carex paniculata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Mentha aquatica], very tolerant of drying, pollution and perturbance, susceptible of forming the landward belt of reedbeds and often characteristic of degraded systems. Vegetation of alliance [Magnocaricion elatae], suballiances [Caricenion rostratae] and [Caricenion gracilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes

Halophile [Scirpus], [Bolboschoenus] and [Schoenoplectus] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.27
definition: Formations of clubrushes ([Scirpus] spp.), often accompanied by rushes ([Juncus] spp.), fringing, to a depth of 1.5 metres, brackish, saline, or sometimes fresh, waters of coastal saltmarshes, coastal lagoons, athalassic saline waterbodies, springs, salt meadows, fens and tidal rivers. [Scirpus tabernaemontani] ([Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani]), [Scirpus maritimus] ([Bolboschoenus maritimus]), [Scirpus triqueter], [Scirpus litoralis], [Scirpus pungens], with, in particular, [Juncus gerardi] and [Juncus maritimus], are typical components.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes