EUNIS habitats
type: ConceptScheme
notation: eunishabitats
is part of: biodiversity
registration status: Public draft
user modified: michimau
date modified: 2020-07-23 14:46:02.0
vocabulary type: Common
is numeric concept identifiers: false
is notations equal identifiers: true

Marine habitats
type: Concept
notation: A
definition: Marine habitats are directly connected to the oceans, i.e. part of the continuous body of water which covers the greater part of the earth’s surface and which surrounds its land masses. Marine waters may be fully saline, brackish or almost fresh. Marine habitats include those below spring high tide limit (or below mean water level in non-tidal waters) and enclosed coastal saline or brackish waters, without a permanent surface connection to the sea but either with intermittent surface or sub-surface connections (as in lagoons). Rockpools in the supralittoral zone are considered as enclaves of the marine zone. Includes marine littoral habitats which are subject to wet and dry periods on a tidal cycle including tidal saltmarshes; marine littoral habitats which are normally water-covered but intermittently exposed due to the action of wind or atmospheric pressure changes; freshly deposited marine strandlines characterised by marine invertebrates. Waterlogged littoral saltmarshes and associated saline or brackish pools above the mean water level in non-tidal waters or above the spring high tide limit in tidal waters are included with marine habitats. Includes constructed marine saline habitats below water level as defined above (such as in marinas, harbours, etc) which support a semi-natural community of both plants and animals. The marine water column includes bodies of ice.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Littoral sediment
narrower: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Pelagic water column
narrower: Ice-associated marine habitats

Littoral rock and other hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1
definition: Littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone. The upper limit is marked by the top of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. There are many physical variables affecting rocky shore communities - wave exposure, salinity, temperature and the diurnal emersion and immersion of the shore. Wave exposure is most commonly used to characterise littoral rock, from 'extremely exposed' on the open coast to 'extremely sheltered' in enclosed inlets. Exposed shores tend to support faunal-dominated communities of barnacles and mussels and some robust seaweeds. Sheltered shores are most notable for their dense cover of fucoid seaweeds, with distinctive zones occurring down the shore. In between these extremes of wave exposure, on moderately exposed shores, mosaics of seaweeds and barnacles are more typical.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: High energy littoral rock
narrower: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: Low energy littoral rock
narrower: Features of littoral rock

High energy littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1
definition: Extremely exposed to moderately exposed or tide-swept bedrock and boulder shores. Extremely exposed shores dominated by mussels and barnacles, occasionally with robust fucoids or turfs of red seaweed. Tide-swept shores support communities of fucoids, sponges and ascidians on the mid to lower shore. Three biological subtypes have been described: Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel [Mytilus edulis], barnacles [Chthamalus] spp. and/or [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpets [Patella] spp. (A1.11); red and brown seaweeds able to tolerate the extreme conditions of exposed rocky shores, primarily the physical stresses caused by wave action (A1.12), and tide-swept shores in more sheltered areas (such as narrow channels in sea loch) with canopy forming fucoids and a rich filter-feeding community (A1.15).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: No changes proposed at level 3 (Southampton workshop)
broader: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Mussel and/or barnacle communities
narrower: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities
narrower: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock
narrower: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action
narrower: Fucoids in tide-swept conditions
narrower: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Mussel and/or barnacle communities
type: Concept
notation: A1.11
definition: Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel [Mytilus edulis] (A1.111), barnacles [Chthamalus] spp. and/or [Semibalanus balanoides] and limpets [Patella] spp. (A1.112, A1.113). Several variants are identified. Some shores are characterised by dense bands of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] (A1.113). The barnacles may be covered by [Porphyra umbilicalis] on the upper shore of exposed sites. Cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [M. edulis], winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Red seaweeds also frequently occupy damp crevices, particularly [Ceramium shuttleworthianum], [Corallina officinalis], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and encrusting coralline algae, but the non-vesiculate form of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] might be present (A1.1132). Large numbers of the winkle [Littorina littorea] often dominate fields of large boulders or shores with a more mixed substratum (A1.1133). There is much regional variation affecting the zonation of barnacles in the British Isles. In the north-west [C. montagui] and/or [C. stellatus] can form a distinct band above [S. balanoides]. In the south-west [C. montagui] and/or [C. stellatus] can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone (A1.1121). On the east coasts [S. balanoides] is able to extend to the upper shore due to the absence of [Chthamalus] spp. and thereby any competition. The lichen [Lichina pygmaea] may be prominent, especially in the south, where it can form distinct patches or even a separate zone among the [Chthamalus] spp. (A1.1122). In areas of soft rock (e.g. shales), the barnacles may be scarce or absent and the rock dominated by [P. vulgata]. Situation: This habitat type is found in the mid to upper eulittoral on very to moderately exposed shores below the lichen dominated biotopes (B3.11) and is typically characterised by p…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock
narrower: [Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.13
definition: The distributions and types of species in this habitat are profoundly affected by the submersion variability determined by wave action, and by irregularities in the sea level caused by atmospheric pressure and wind.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats. Zonal basis of habitats in Barcelona units is different from that of BioMar (life-type). May be duplication at level 5 which needs to be examined before revisiting level 4 (David Connor)
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: Association with [Bangia atropurpurea]
narrower: Association with [Porphyra leucosticta]
narrower: Association with [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa]
narrower: Association with [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp.

Association with [Bangia atropurpurea]
type: Concept
notation: A1.131
definition: This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga [Bangia atropurpurea]. This facies is also present in the mediolittoral zone of the western Black Sea during winter.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock

Association with [Porphyra leucosticta]
type: Concept
notation: A1.132
definition: This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga [Porphyra leucosticta]. This facies is also present in the mediolittoral zone of the western Black Sea during winter.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock

Association with [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa]
type: Concept
notation: A1.133
definition: This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the two red algae species [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock

Association with [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A1.134
definition: This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red algae species [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock

[Mytilus edulis] and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.111
definition: On very exposed to exposed rocky shores the eulittoral zone, particularly the mid and lower shore, is typically characterised by patches of small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] interspersed with patches of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and individuls of the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Amongst the mussels small individuals of red seaweeds including [Ceramium] spp., [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] can be found. The foliose red seaweeds [Porphyra umbilicalis] and [Palmaria palmata] are commonly found as epiphytes on [M. edulis] where they can form luxuriant growths. The abundance of the red seaweeds generally increases down the shore and in the lower eulittoral they may form a distinct zone in which mussels or barnacles are scarce (FR, Coff.Coff or Him). Where [M. edulis] occurs on steep rock, red seaweeds are scarce and restricted to the lower shore. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and a few winkles such as [Littorina] spp. can occur where cracks and crevices provide a refuge in the rock. Fucoids are generally absent, although some non-vesiculate [Fucus vesiculosus] may occur where the shore slopes more gently. This biotope also occurs on steep moderately exposed shores which experience increased wave energy. Situation: MytB is generally found above a zone of either mixed turf-forming red seaweeds (FR), [Himanthalia elongata] (Him) or above the sublittoral fringe kelp [Alaria esculenta] (Ala) zone. Above MytB there may be a [Verrucaria maura] zone (Ver.Ver), a [V. maura] and sparse barnacle zone (Ver.B), often with [P. umbilicalis] or a denser barnacle and limpet zone (Sem; FvesB). In addition, patches of lichen [Lichina pygmaea] with the barnacle [Chthamalus montagui] (Cht.Cht) may also occur above this biotope, particularly on southern shores. Temporal variation: Severe winter storms can cause periodic removal of this mussel and barnacle community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel and/or barnacle communities

[Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.112
definition: Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including [Chthamalus montagui], [Chthamalus stellatus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Black patches of the lichen [Verrucaria maura] may be found in this zone. There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of [Chthamalus] spp. On the west coast [Chthamalus] spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. [C. montagui] is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. On some shores, particularly in the south-west, [Chthamalus] spp. is the dominant barnacle throughout the eulittoral zone (Cht.Cht). On other shores, particularly in the south, [Lichina pygmaea] can form a distinct zone (Cht.Lpyg). Situation: Cht is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] (Ver.B or Ver.Ver) on very exposed shores and above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacle biotope (MytB). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and [F. vesiculosus] biotope may occur (Sem.FvesR) beneath Cht. On such moderately exposed shores Cht may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (Sem.FvesR or Fves), though these communities should not be confused with Sem.FvesR. Cht can also occur above Sem. On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland [Chthamalus] spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel and/or barnacle communities
narrower: [Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus] on exposed upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Chthamalus] spp. and [Lichina pygmaea] on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock

[Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus] on exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1121
definition: Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including [Chthamalus montagui], [Chthamalus stellatus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], and the winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Patches of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may be present, though in low abundance (Occasional). Shaded vertical littoral fringe and upper eulittoral bedrock may be characterised by the shade-tolerant red seaweeds [Catenella caespitosa], [Bostrychia scorpioides] and/or [Lomentaria articulata]. Where the turf of [C. caespitosa] is well established, barnacles are rare. Geographical variation: There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of [Chthamalus] spp. On the west coast [Chthamalus] spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone (Sem). [C. montagui] is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. In the south-west [Chthamalus] spp. can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone. Situation: Cht.Cht is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] (Ver.B or Ver.Ver) on very exposed shores. It is found above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (MytB). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and [F. vesiculosus] biotope may occur (Sem.FvesR) beneath the Cht. On such moderately exposed shores Cht may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (Sem.FvesR or Fves), though these communities should not be confused with Sem.FvesR…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock

Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.14
definition: These communities are located in the lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: high waves, variations in atmospheric pressure, and variations in wind and tide. The dominant aspect, however, is the constant humidity of the substratum.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats. Zonal basis of habitats in Barcelona units is different from that of BioMar (life-type). May be duplication at level 5 which needs to be examined before revisiting level 4 (David Connor)
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: Association with [Lithophyllum byssoides]
narrower: Facies with [Pollicipes cornucopiae]
narrower: Association with [Titanoderma trochanter ]
narrower: Association with [Tenarea undulosa]
narrower: [Mytilus galloprovincialis] facies in presence of moderately polluted waters

Association with [Lithophyllum byssoides]
type: Concept
notation: A1.141
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga species [Lithophyllum byssoides] (ex [Lithophyllum lichenoides]). This is one of the most important bio-constructors of the Mediterranean "trottoir", particularly important because of its high aesthetic interest and its conservation value.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

Facies with [Pollicipes cornucopiae]
type: Concept
notation: A1.142
definition: This facies is very rare in Mediterranean. The characteristic species is the Cirriped (Barnacle) [Pollicipes pollicipes] ([Pollicipes cornucopiae]), living on rocky walls in areas with pure waters exposed to extremely rough waves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

[Chthamalus] spp. and [Lichina pygmaea] on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1122
definition: Areas of steep and vertical rock in the upper eulittoral on very exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by tufts of the dark brownish lichen [Lichina pygmaea] and the barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus], although long-established patches of [L. pygmaea] ultimately exclude barnacles. The rigid branching thallus of [L. pygmaea] provides an ideal habitat for the bivalve [Lasaea adasoni], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Melarhaphe neritoides]. The anemone [Actinia equina] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are confined to moist cracks and crevices, while the limpet [Patella vulgata] is found on the open bedrock. In the south-west the top shell [Gibbula umbilicalis] can be found on [L. pygmaea]. On the north-east coast this biotope does not have [Chthamalus] spp., [L. pygmaea] being the most important characterising species on these sites. Situation: The band of [L. pygmaea] lies between the [Verrucaria maura] zone (Ver.B or Ver.Ver) above and the barnacle-[P. vulgata] zone (Sem) below. Other upper shore biotopes (Ver.B or Ver.Ver) may contain occasional patches of [L. pygmaea], particularly on steep sunny faces, though not forming a distinct zone. [L. pygmaea] also occurs on less steeply-sloping shores if they are in a sunny aspect. In some areas, a high abundance of [L. pygmaea] results in a distinct zone, particularly in the south. On [Chthamalus] spp[]. dominated shores (south and west coasts) the band of [L. pygmaea] lies within the barnacle zone, whereas on [Semibalanus balanoides] dominated shores (north and east coasts) Cht.Lpyg lies astride the upper limit of the barnacles (Sem).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock

[Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.113
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algal community including the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. On some shores the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Three variants have been described: A [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated community on bedrock (Sem.Sem); [S. balanoides] and sparse [Fucus vesioculosus] and red seaweeds (Sem.FvesR); and barnacles and [L. littorea] eulittoral boulders and cobbles (Sem.LlitX). Situation: On very exposed to exposed shores [Chthamalus] spp. (see Cht for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] dominated biotopes (Ver.Ver or Ver.B) may be found above Sem. In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and various red seaweeds such as [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] (Him; Coff; Osm) often occurs. Sem may also occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (FvesB; Sem.FvesR). Temporal variation: Periods with little scour or calmer weather can allow a seaweed community to develop, creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. Fves or FvesB). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to determine the exact nature of this process.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel and/or barnacle communities
narrower: [Semibalanus balanoides], [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock
narrower: [Semibalanus balanoides], [Fucus vesiculosus] and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock
narrower: [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles

[Semibalanus balanoides], [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1131
definition: Very exposed to sheltered mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the winkle [Littorina] spp. and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algae community, though patches of the red seaweed [Osmundea pinnatifida] can be present throughout the zone. On some shores the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Records should not be assigned to this species impoverished biotope if there is a significant number or abundance of seaweeds. Situation: On very exposed to exposed shores [Chthamalus] spp. (see Cht.Cht for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, found above Sem are the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] dominated biotopes (Ver.Ver or Ver.B). In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe is a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and various red seaweeds including [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] (Him; Coff; Osm) or the mussel and barnacle dominated biotope MytB. Sem.Sem may occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (Sem.FvesR; FvesB). Temporal variation: Periods with little scour or less severe storms can allow a seaweed community to develop creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. Fves). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to validate this hypothesis.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Association with [Titanoderma trochanter ]
type: Concept
notation: A1.143
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga [Titanoderma trochanter ] (ex [Lithophyllum trochanter]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

Association with [Tenarea undulosa]
type: Concept
notation: A1.144
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga [Lithophyllum tortuosum] (ex [Tenarea undulosa]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

[Mytilus galloprovincialis] facies in presence of moderately polluted waters
type: Concept
notation: A1.145
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.16
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: Pontic upper shore with [Chthamalus], [Ligia], [Melaraphe], [Rivularia] (cyanophites)
narrower: Pontic upper mediolittoral with [Mytilaster] spp, [Mytilus] spp., [Enteromorpha minima], [Enteromorpha compressa]
narrower: Pontic ephemeral patchwork of green and red algae with [Mytilaster] and [Mytilus]
narrower: Pontic association with encrusting algae and [Lepidochitona caprearum]
narrower: Pontic [Corallina] turfs on exposed to moderately exposed mediolittoral rock
narrower: Pontic mediolittoral barren rock scoured by sand

Pontic upper shore with [Chthamalus], [Ligia], [Melaraphe], [Rivularia] (cyanophites)
type: Concept
notation: A1.161
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Pontic upper mediolittoral with [Mytilaster] spp, [Mytilus] spp., [Enteromorpha minima], [Enteromorpha compressa]
type: Concept
notation: A1.162
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Pontic ephemeral patchwork of green and red algae with [Mytilaster] and [Mytilus]
type: Concept
notation: A1.163
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Pontic association with encrusting algae and [Lepidochitona caprearum]
type: Concept
notation: A1.164
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Pontic [Corallina] turfs on exposed to moderately exposed mediolittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.165
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

[Semibalanus balanoides], [Fucus vesiculosus] and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1132
definition: Exposed and moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock characterised by the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] with a sparse community of seaweeds. Turfs of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] can be present on the more horizontal parts of the shore though usually in low abundance (Occasional). Individuals of [F. vesiculosus] can lack the characteristic twin air bladders due to environmental stress (i.e. wave exposure). A sparse seaweed community consisting of foliose red seaweeds such as [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] are usually present along with the [Corallina officinalis] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The algal community is usually restricted to fissures and cracks in the bedrock surface. Moist cracks and crevices also provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Situation: On exposed and moderately exposed shores Sem.FvesR is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (Ver.B) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotopes (Cht). Sem.FvesR is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] (Him) or the red seaweed biotopes (Coff). Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (Sem.FvesR) and a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (Fves). Individuals of [F. vesiculosus] growing in stressed environmental conditions (i.e. high wave exposure) do not always develop the characteristic twin air bladders.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

[Semibalanus balanoides] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles
type: Concept
notation: A1.1133
definition: Large patches of boulders, cobbles and pebbles in the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores colonised by the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and, on larger rocks, the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are typically found in high numbers on and around cobbles and smaller boulders, while the anemone [Actinia equina] occurs in damp areas between and underneath larger boulders. Between the cobbles and pebbles, the mussel [Mytilus edulis] occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance, as do the crab [Carcinus maenas] and gammarid amphipods. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may cover cobbles and boulders. The foliose red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] as well as the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may also occur in low abundance on cobbles and boulders. The top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] can, on more sheltered shores, be found among the seaweeds or underneath the boulders. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] is present on some shores. Situation: On exposed shores with large boulders Sem.LlitX is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (Ver.Ver or Ver.B) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotope (Cht). Below this biotope the [Himanthalia elongata] dominated biotopes may occur (Him; Coff). On less exposed shores Sem.LlitX can be found above the [Fucus serratus] biotope on boulders (Fser.Bo). Temporal variation: Seasonally mobile boulders, cobbles and pebbles are likely to have a sparser coverage of flora and fauna, because the rocks can be subject to turning. Ephemeral green seaweeds can dominate during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities
type: Concept
notation: A1.12
definition: This habitat type encompasses those seaweeds that are able to tolerate the extreme conditions of very exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. The physical stresses caused by wave action often results in dwarf forms of the individual seaweeds. The strong holdfasts and short tufts structure of the wracks [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis f. nana] allow these fucoids to survive on extremely exposed shores in the north and north-west (A1.121). Another seaweed able to tolerate the wave-wash is the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], which can form a dense turf on the mid to lower shore (A1.122). The wrack [Himanthalia elongata] occurs on the lower shore and can extend on to moderately exposed shores (A1.123). The red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] is common on both exposed and moderately exposed shores, where it may form a dense turf (particularly on vertical or overhanging rock faces, A1.125). Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock can support a pure stand of the red seaweed [Palmaria palmata]. It is found either as a dense band or in large patches above the main sublittoral fringe (A1.124). Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of [Osmundea] [pinnatifida] (A1.126). Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks, such as [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis], to bore into them (A1.127). This biotope is rare. Other species such as the anemone [Halichondria panicea], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be present as well, but they are never dominant as in A1.11. There is also a higher number of seaweeds present including the red [Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata], [Ceramium] spp. and the brown seaweeds [Laminaria digitata] and [Fucus serratus. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis] f. [nana] on extremely exposed upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Himanthalia elongata] and red seaweeds on exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Palmaria palmata] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Osmundea pinnatifida] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Ceramium] sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat

Pontic mediolittoral barren rock scoured by sand
type: Concept
notation: A1.166
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock

Moderate energy littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.2
definition: Moderately exposed shores (bedrock, boulders and cobbles) characterised by mosaics of barnacles and fucoids on the mid and upper shore; with fucoids and red seaweed mosaics on the lower shore. Where freshwater or sand-scour affects the shore ephemeral red or green seaweeds can dominate. Other shores support communities of mussels and fucoids in the mid to lower shore. Two biological subtypes have been described: barnacles and fucoids (A1.21) and mussels and fucoids (A1.22).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: No changes proposed at level 3 (Southampton workshop)
broader: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
narrower: Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
narrower: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action
narrower: Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.23
definition: These communities are located in the lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: moderate waves, variations in atmospheric pressure and wind and tide, if present. The dominant aspect, however, is the constant humidity of the substratum.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that this level 4 definition (presently based on Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name or merged with an existing unit if necessary. Biogeographic details should be addressed in level 5 habitats. Zonal basis of habitats in Barcelona units is different from that of BioMar (life-type). May be duplication at level 5 which needs to be examined before revisiting level 4 (David Connor)
broader: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: Association with [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata]
narrower: [Neogoniolithon brassica-florida] concretion
narrower: Association with [Gelidium] spp
narrower: Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with [Vermetus] spp. (infralittoral enclave)

[Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis] f. [nana] on extremely exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.121
definition: Extremely exposed gently or steeply sloping upper shore bedrock which supports a mixture of the wracks [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis f. nana], the latter often at the top of the zone. On some sites [F. distichus] dominates and [F. spiralis] is not present. Other seaweeds normally found on exposed coasts are common in this biotope. These include ephemeral species such as the foliose red [Porphyra umbilicalis] and the green [Enteromorpha] spp. The winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found grazing on the bedrock or on the fucoids, while red crusts of [Hildenbrandia rubra] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are restricted to moist cracks and crevices. A sparse covering of the black lichens [Verrucaria maura] and [Verrucaria mucosa] can be found in the upper part of this biotope competing for space with barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. This biotope is very rare and restricted to the far north and west coasts. Situation: This mixed band of [F. distichus] and [F. spiralis f. nana] is generally found between the [Verrucaria maura] and [Porphyra] spp. zone (Ver.Ver or Ver.B) above, and the [M. edulis] and barnacle zone below (MytB). It may also occur above a red algal zone consisting of [Mastocarpus stellatus] as recorded on Barra. Temporal variation: Due to the occurrence of this biotope on very exposed coasts a certain amount of fluctuation between this biotope and the Ver.B biotope from year to year is to be expected. More information is required to validate this hypothesis. There can be seasonal fluctuations in the density of ephemeral green algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

[Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.122
definition: Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds including [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] and [Osmundea] [pinnatifida]. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack [Himanthalia elongata], [Laminaria digitata] while the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are present as well. A number of invertebrates are present on the bedrock underneath the coralline turf, including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the limpets [Patella ulyssiponensis] and [Patella vulgata]. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west. Two variants have been described: [C. officinalis] and kelp (Coff.Coff) and [C. officinalis], [H. elongata] and the limpet [P. ulyssiponensis] (Coff.Puly). Situation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (Ala, Ala.Ldig or Ldig). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Cht; Sem; Sem.FvesR).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities
narrower: [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Corallina officinalis], [Himanthalia elongata] and [Patella ulyssiponensis] on very exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1221
definition: Exposed lower eulittoral rock or moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds such as [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida]. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and the kelp [Laminaria digitata], while the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. Green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are also present. The coralline turf creates a micro-habitat for small animals such as the colonial tube building polychaete [Pomatoceros] sp. and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is often found in small cracks and crevices while the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] can be found in shaded areas or on overhangs. The limpets [Patella ulyssiponensis] and [Patella vulgata] can be found on the bedrock underneath the turf. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west. Situation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (Ala, Ala.Ldig or Ldig). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Cht; Sem.Sem; Sem.FvesR). Temporal variation: If there is many of the characteristic [H. elongata] buttons present in early spring careful comparison with the Him biotope should be made (See Similar biotopes).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Association with [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata]
type: Concept
notation: A1.231
definition: This association is characterised by the red algae [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

[Neogoniolithon brassica-florida] concretion
type: Concept
notation: A1.232
definition: The characteristic species of this biocoenosis is the red alga [Neogoniolithon brassica-florida]. When present, this biocoenosis occupies the borders of the lower mediolittoral where the action of waves is very strong.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Gelidium] spp
type: Concept
notation: A1.233
definition: This association is characterised by the dominance of red algae belonging to the genus [Gelidium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with [Vermetus] spp. (infralittoral enclave)
type: Concept
notation: A1.234
definition: This habitat is characterised by a high variability in ecological conditions. It is sometimes characterised by facies with sessile gastropod vermetids located in the middle level of the sea water. It forms well-developed vermetid platforms in Sicily, Corsica and in the eastern Mediterranean basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.24
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: Pontic association with [Enteromorpha intestinalis]
narrower: Pontic association with [Cladophora vagabunda]
narrower: Pontic association with [Ceramium rubrum]

Pontic association with [Enteromorpha intestinalis]
type: Concept
notation: A1.241
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic association with [Cladophora vagabunda]
type: Concept
notation: A1.242
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic association with [Ceramium rubrum]
type: Concept
notation: A1.243
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Fucus virsoides]
type: Concept
notation: A1.316
definition: The characteristic species of this association is the brown alga [Fucus virsoides]. When present, this assemblage occupies the entire mediolittoral zone. Its presence is related to significant tides and relatively cool, unsalted, eutrophic waters and it is peculiar to areas with these characteristics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores

Red algal turf in lower eulittoral, sheltered from wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.33
definition: Proposed new level 4 unit. More information required.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new level 4 unit (Southampton workshop) Need to check where this occurs (David Connor)
broader: Low energy littoral rock

Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock sheltered from wave action
type: Concept
notation: A1.34
definition: These communities are located in the sheltered lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: little wave action, variations in atmospheric pressure and wind and tide. The dominant aspect is the constant humidity of the substratum.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that this level 4 definition (presently based on Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name or merged with an existing unit if necessary. Biogeographic details should be addressed in level 5 habitats. Zonal basis of habitats in Barcelona units is different from that of BioMar (life-type). May be duplication at level 5 which needs to be examined before revisiting level 4 (David Connor)
broader: Low energy littoral rock
narrower: Association with [Enteromorpha compressa]

[Corallina officinalis], [Himanthalia elongata] and [Patella ulyssiponensis] on very exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.1222
definition: Very exposed to exposed lower eulittoral bedrock shores in the south-west can support a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] found underneath the long erect fronds of the wrack [Himanthalia elongata]. The rock surface is pitted with the limpet [Patella ulyssiponensis]. Also found on the bedrock is the barnacle [Chthamalus stellatus] or the limpet [Patella vulgata], while numerous cracks and crevices provide shelter for anemones such as [Actinia equina] or the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Other turf-forming red seaweeds include [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata, Gastroclonium ovatum, Ceramium] spp. and [Osmundea] [pinnatifida] which can be found along with the kelp [Laminaria digitata]. Foliose green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may also be present along with siphonous [Codium] spp. Sponges such [as Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] may be present in shaded areas. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west. Situation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (Ala; Ala.Ldig or Ldig). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Cht; Sem or Sem.FvesR). Temporal variation: There might be some fluctuations in the abundance of the individual species from year to year, which reverts this biotope into either the Coff.Coff or the Him biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Himanthalia elongata] and red seaweeds on exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.123
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] with a dense turf of red seaweeds beneath. [H. elongata] may occur on tide-swept, sheltered shores in sea lochs (e.g. Loch Maddy). The wrack [Fucus serratus] is normally present as well. The predominant red seaweeds are usually [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Corallina officinalis] and [Palmaria palmata] that tend to grow over a crust of the pink coralline algae [Lithothamnion] spp. Any patches between the algal turf may be colonised by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], or [Balanus perforatus] in the south-west, and by the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Pits and crevices in the rock often provide a refuge for the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the winkle [Littorina] spp. and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Besides the dominant seaweeds there are a number of other red, brown and green seaweeds present. These include species such as the red seaweeds [Dumontia contorta], [Lomentaria articulata, Porphyra] spp., the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris]. Situation: On some shores this biotope may occur as a distinct zone between a [Fucus serratus] and red algal turf (Fser.R) and the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and [L. digitata] community (Ala.Ldig). This biotope generally characterises those shores which are too exposed for [F. serratus] to form a dense canopy, often occurring as large patches within the [F. serratus] / red seaweed turf zone (Fser.R). Consequently, [F. serratus] plants frequently occur amongst the [H. elongata] and red seaweed turf. Temporal variation: In early spring only characteristic [H. elongata] buttons are present, while the long erect parts of the thalli appears later in the season. This biotope may therefore appear very similar to Coff.Coff biotope in the spring and care should be taken when assessing these biotopes in early spring (See S…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

[Palmaria palmata] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.124
definition: Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock which supports a pure stand of dulse [Palmaria palmata] as a dense band or in large patches above the main kelp zone. [P. palmata] favours shaded or overhanging rock and often forms a band at the top of overhanging rock. Relatively low abundance of other seaweeds, such as the red seaweed [Porphyra umbilicalis] or the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] may also occur in this biotope although [P. palmata] always dominates. On the rock underneath the seaweed turf are the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata and the olive-green lichen] Verrucaria mucosa. Sites should only be recorded as Pal where [P. palmata] forms a distinct band or occurs in large patches on the shore. Situation: This biotope is found below the biotopes dominated by the [P. vulgata, S. balanoides], the wrack [Fucus distichus] or [E. intestinalis] (Sem; Fdis; Ent). It is found above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] (Ala.Ldig; Ldig.Ldig). Temporal variation: It is likely that the [P. palmata] biotope represents an opportunistic assemblage of fast-growing species which occupy gaps within or between the canopies of long lived perennials such as the wrack [Fucus serratus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

Association with [Enteromorpha compressa]
type: Concept
notation: A1.341
definition: 'This is an association of polluted waters characterised by the green alga species [Ulva compressa] (ex [Enteromorpha compressa]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: This unit may be the same as A1.325 (David Connor)
broader: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock sheltered from wave action

Pontic eulittoral rockpools with green seaweeds ([Cladophora], [Ulva], [Enteromorpha]), [Mytilus], [Mytilaster], [Polybius], [Pachygrapsus] and small fish
type: Concept
notation: A1.415
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools

Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.42
definition: Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity due to rainwater influence are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus [Enteromorpha], along with [Cladophora] spp. and [Ulva lactuca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Green seaweeds ([Enteromorpha] spp. and [Cladophora] spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools
narrower: Pontic deep upper shore rockpools with [Mytilus] and [Pachygrapsus] juveniles

Pontic deep upper shore rockpools with [Mytilus] and [Pachygrapsus] juveniles
type: Concept
notation: A1.422
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone

Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.43
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Eutrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
narrower: Mesotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
narrower: Oligotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone

Eutrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.431
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone

Mesotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.432
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone

Oligotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
type: Concept
notation: A1.433
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone

Association with [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]
type: Concept
notation: A1.44B
definition: The characteristic species of this association are the red algae [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]. This assemblage lives under the red alga [Lithophyllum byssoides] (ex [Lithophyllum lichenoides]) edge and at the entrance to mediolittoral caves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Pontic mediolittoral caves with [Hildebrandia], [Phymatolithon], [Lithophyllum], bryozoans, [Pachygrapsus], [Eriphia]
type: Concept
notation: A1.44C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Hydrolittoral soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.46
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral soft rock: reefs

[Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.125
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical to almost horizontal bedrock characterised by a dense turf of [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] (either together or separately). Beneath these foliose seaweeds the rock surface is covered by encrusting coralline algae and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and spirorbid polychaetes. Other seaweeds including the red [Lomentaria articulata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Palmaria palmata], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. The wrack [Fucus serratus] and the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may also be present though usually at a low abundance[]. Although both [M. stellatus] and [C. crispus] are widespread in the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe, they occur only infrequently in a distinct band, or in large enough patches, to justify separation from Fser.R. Consequently, where only small patches of these species occur within a larger area of mixed red algal turf, then records should be assigned to more general mixed red algal turf biotope (Coff; Him). [M. stellatus] can be present in high abundance in a number of biotopes (Coff: Him; Fser.R etc.) found on the shore. At least one other species normally co-dominates and records should be assigned to the appropriate biotope. Caution should be taken regarding the characterising species list due to the low number of records. More information needed to validate this description. Situation: This biotope can form a band above the main kelp zone, above [Alaria esculenta] (Ala) or the mussel [Mytilus edulis] (MytB) or within a [F. serratus]-red algal mosaic (Fser.R). Temporal variation: [M. stellatus] is more resistant to wave action than [C]. [crispus] and may therefore dominate more exposed shores; it can dominate vertical rock at very exposed sites (e.g. Mingulay, Outer Hebrides). On more sheltered shores, especially in the south-west, [M. stellatus] may give way to [C. crispus…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

[Osmundea pinnatifida] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.126
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Gelidium pusillum] (either together or separately). This community usually occurs on shores on which a fucoid canopy is reduced in extent, or even absent. Other turf-forming red seaweeds, such as [Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus], [Ceramium] spp. and [Callithamnion hookeri] may be present, although [O. pinnatifida] always dominate. On flatter, more sheltered shores, [Osmundea hybrida] may also occur. Small patches of bare rock amongst the algal turf are occupied by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be present on the rock or among the seaweeds. A variation of this biotope has been described for the chalk platforms in Kent where extensive turfs of [G. pusillum] occur in the mid eulittoral above the main [O. pinnatifida] zone. Situation: This biotope can be found below barnacles [S. balanoides] or red seaweed dominated community, which includes the species [Palmaria palmata], [C. officinalis] or [M. stellatus] (Sem; Coff; Cor). It is found above biotopes dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds (FcdR; MytFR; Fser.R) or above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (Ldig.Ldig).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

[Ceramium] sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat
type: Concept
notation: A1.127
definition: Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks such as [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis] to bore into them. The surface of the peat can be characterised by a dense algal mat, predominantly the red seaweed [Ceramium] spp. and with the green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Damp areas in the algal mat are covered by aggregations of the polychaetes [Lanice conchilega] and [Polydora] sp. The crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Cancer pagurus] occur in crevices in the peat. Small pools on the peat may contain hydroids, such as [Obelia longissima] and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], the brown alga [Dictyota dichotoma] and the crustacean [Crangon crangon]. Description derived largely from sites in north Norfolk and this community could possibly be found on other "soft" substrata. Further records of this community are required in order to validate the description.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

Fucoids in tide-swept conditions
type: Concept
notation: A1.15
definition: Fucoid seaweeds in tide-swept conditions on sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral to lower eulittoral rocky shores, such as narrow channels in sea lochs. The middle shore can be dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.151), while [Fucus serratus] is dominating the lower shore (A1.152, A1.153). The high levels of water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges [Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Ascidiella scabra], which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink [Clava multicornis] can form colonies on [A. nodosum] while [Dynamena pumila] is more often found on [Fucus vesiculosus] or [F. serratus]. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds [Gelidium pusillum], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can usually be found growing on [A. nodosum]. On the rock beneath are the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while the crab [Carcinus maenas] and a variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea], [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina obtusata] can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can either be found in cracks and crevices. Situation: Sheltered tide-swept shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the [Fucus spiralis] and [F. vesiculosus] band and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High energy littoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata

Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.461
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral soft rock

Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.462
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral soft rock

Hydrolittoral soft rock: reefs
type: Concept
notation: A1.463
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral soft rock

Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)
type: Concept
notation: A1.47
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): reefs

Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.471
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)

[Ascophyllum nodosum], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.151
definition: Very sheltered to extremely sheltered areas of mid eulittoral rock that are subject to strong to moderate tidal streams, such as the narrows in sea lochs, and characterised by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. The wracks [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus] are occasionally present. The increased water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges [Leucosolenia] spp., [Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Ascidiella scabra], which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink [Clava multicornis] can form colonies on [A. nodosum] while [Dynamena pumila] is more often found on [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus]. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds [Gelidium pusillum], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can usually be found growing on [A. nodosum]. On the rock beneath are the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while the crab [Carcinus maenas] and a variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea], [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina obtusata] can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can either be found in cracks and crevices or preying on the barnacles. Situation: This biotope occurs lower on the shore than the [Fucus spiralis] biotope (Fspi) although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. Asc.T is found above the tide-swept [F. serratus] dominated biotope (Fserr.T). Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in tide-swept conditions

[Fucus serratus], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.152
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to increased tidal water movement and characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and a rich assemblage of filter-feeding fauna. This community is encouraged by the increased water movement. It includes species such as the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], which occur frequently on steep and overhanging faces. Underneath the [F. serratus] canopy is a diverse flora of foliose red seaweeds including [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and [Chondrus crispus]. The green seaweeds [Cladophora] spp., [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] and the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] are present though usually in small numbers. On the rock underneath the seaweed canopy, species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Balanus crenatus] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found though in lower abundance than higher up the shore. Also present on the rock are the tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and spirorbids and more mobile species such as the winkles [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina littorea], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Lastly, several species of bryozoans are usually present including [Electra pilosa] and [Alcyonidium gelatinosum], all competing for space with the hydroid [Dynamena pumila], which can form dense populations on the [F. serratus] fronds. Situation: Areas where increased tidal movement influences such a community are in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of Scottish sea lochs and the rias in south-west England. In the few cases where the rock is also subject to variable salinity, an impoverished community results and records should be classified as Fserr.VS rather than the present biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in tide-swept conditions

[Fucus serratus] with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.153
definition: Sheltered lower shore boulders, cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments that are subject to enhanced tidal water movement and characterised by a species rich community. Dominant species include the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], the sea squirts [Ascidiella aspera], [Ascidiella scabra], [Styela clava] and [Botryllus schlosseri]. A number of filamentous red seaweeds including [Halurus flosculosus], [Ceramium] spp., [Gracilaria gracilis, Polysiphonia fucoides] and foliose seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] are usually present. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and the wrack [Fucus serratus] with colonies of the hydroid [Dynamena pumila], and [Ectocarpus] sp. may be found on more stable substrata. Boulders and large cobbles provide substrata for the top shell [Gibbula cineraria], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus], or in areas with variable salinity [Elminius modestus], and the tube-forming polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Patches of sand or mud are often characterised by the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] and the polychaete [Sabella pavonina]. Aggregations of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and, in southern and eastern England the limpet [Crepidula fornicata], may be found attached to cobbles and pebbles. Sites in Scottish sea lochs may support maerl [Lithothamnion] spp. and bivalves [Venerupis senegalensis] (see also VsenMtru). Situation: This biotope is found above a community dominated by kelp such as [Laminaria digitata] (Ldig) or seagrass beds dominated by [Zostera marina] (Zmar) depending on the substrata found below. It is found below biotopes dominated by wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves) or [M. edulis] beds (MytFab; Myt.Myt).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in tide-swept conditions

Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.472
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)

Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): reefs
type: Concept
notation: A1.473
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)

Hydrolittoral hard clay
type: Concept
notation: A1.48
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral hard clay: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation

Hydrolittoral hard clay: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.481
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral hard clay

Hydrolittoral mussel beds
type: Concept
notation: A1.49
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Should this unit be reclassified under a new unit "Hydrolittoral biogenic substrates" and moved to level 5? Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral mussel beds: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral mussel beds: dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Hydrolittoral mussel beds: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.491
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral mussel beds

Hydrolittoral mussel beds: dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A1.492
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral mussel beds

Hydrolittoral peat
type: Concept
notation: A1.4A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock

Pontic sulphide vents in littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.4B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock

Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.11
definition: Shores of shingle (mobile cobbles and pebbles) or coarse gravel, typically deposited as a result of onshore wave action and long-shore drift. The particle size tends to increase along the shore in the direction of the long-shore drift. As the sediment is very coarse and often quite mobile, it typically supports little marine life, other than opportunist amphipods and oligochaete worms. Summer growths of ephemeral green algae ([Enteromorpha] spp.) may develop.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral coarse sediment
narrower: Barren littoral shingle
narrower: [Pectenogammarus planicrurus] in mid shore well-sorted gravel or coarse sand

Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
type: Concept
notation: A1.21
definition: Moderately exposed rocky shores characterised by a mosaic of fucoids and barnacles on bedrock and boulders, where the extent of the fucoid cover is typically less than the blanket cover associated with sheltered shores. Other species are normally present as well in this habtat including the winkle [Littorina littorea], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus]. Beneath the band of yellow and grey lichens at the top of the shore is a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata], scattered barnacles, while the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] covers the rock surface (A1.211). Below, on the mid shore the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] generally forms a mosaic with the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] (A1.213). Finally, the wrack [Fucus serratus], dominates the lower shore, while a variety of red seaweeds can be found underneath the[F. serratus] canopy (A1.214). A number of variants have been described: lower shore bedrock and boulders characterised by mosaics of [F. serratus] and turf-forming red seaweeds (A1.2141); where the density of [F. serratus] is greater (typically Common - Superabundant) and the abundance of red seaweeds less A1.3151 should be recorded. The presence of boulders and cobbles on the shore can increase the micro-habitat diversity, which often results in a greater species richness. Although the upper surface of the boulders may bear very similar communities to A1.3151 there is often an increase in fauna (crabs, tube-forming polychaetes, sponges and bryozoans) and A1.2142 should be recorded. Sand-influenced exposed to moderately exposed lower shore rock can be characterised by dense mats of [Rhodothamniella floridula] (A1.215). Situation: Mid and lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock with a lichen zone above and a kelp dominated community below in the sublittoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: [Pelvetia canaliculata] and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on full salinity exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Rhodothamniella floridula] on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock

[Pelvetia canaliculata] and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.211
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed steep, lower littoral fringe rock and mixed substrata characterised by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] and sparse barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Semibalanus balanoides]. On sheltered shores the biotope is restricted to vertical faces. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the wrack [Fucus spiralis] are usually present as well. [P. canaliculata] typically overgrows a crust of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] or on occasion [Verrucaria mucosa], in contrast to the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra] on very sheltered shores. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is frequently present underneath the fronds of [P. canaliculata]. Some geographical variation are present and southern and western shores are typically characterised by the barnacle [C. montagui] or [Chthamalus stellatus] while [S. balanoides] dominates on northern and eastern shores. On mixed substrata the barnacle [Elminius modestus] may be present. Situation: PelB is generally found below the [V. maura] and barnacle zone (Ver.B; Ver.Ver). On exposed shores PelB is found above the biotope dominated by [F. spiralis] (Fspi) or the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (MytB) or the barnacles and [P. vulgata] biotopes (Sem). In addition, patches of lichen [Lichina pygmaea] with the barnacle [Chthamalus montagui] (Cht.Lpyg) may also occur at the same level or above this biotope, particularly on southern shores. On sheltered to extremely sheltered shores this biotope is limited to very steep or vertical faces.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.212
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found in cracks and crevices preying on the mussels and barnacles. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. The insect [Anurida maritima] can be present in this zone taking shelter in cracks and crevices when the tide comes in. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (PelB), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. FspiB occurs above the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (FvesB) zones. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Estuarine coarse sediment shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.12
definition: Shores of coarse sediments (shingle, gravels and coarse sand) in the upper reaches of estuaries and other inlets (e.g. sealochs) which are subject to variable and reduced salinity conditions. The outflow of riverine freshwater at the heads of the inlets results in the washing out of fine particulate matter, leaving coarse sediments. These are typically species-poor and characterised by oligochaete worms (cf. A2.222).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral coarse sediment

Mediterranean communities of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A2.13
definition: These biocenoses consist mainly of detritus-feeding species which draw their nourishment from decaying vegetation and miscellaneous debris caught up in the shingle. It is characterised by two crustaceans, the amphipod [Gammarus olivii] and the isopod [Sphaeroma serratum]. These communities are exposed to alternating water submersion and emersion because of variations in the water level, and they are frequently moistened by wavelets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check for possible duplication with A2.11 and A2.12
broader: Littoral coarse sediment
narrower: Facies of banks of dead leaves of [Posidonia oceanica] and other phanerogams
narrower: Pontic mediolittoral gravel and shingle

Facies of banks of dead leaves of [Posidonia oceanica] and other phanerogams
type: Concept
notation: A2.131
definition: This facies is characterized by the accumulation of plant debris made up mostly of dead [Posidonia oceanica] leaves and/or other marine phanerogams species (e. g. [Cymodocea nodosa], [Zostera noltii], etc.)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms

Pontic mediolittoral gravel and shingle
type: Concept
notation: A2.132
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms

Mediterranean and Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: A2.25
definition: Mediolittoral sands are characterised by the annelids [Ophelia radiata] and [Nerine cirratulus], the isopod crustacean [Eurydice affinis] and the pelecypod mollusc [Mesodesma corneum]. Coarse sands encourage the settlement of [Ophelia radiata], and fine sands that of [Nerine cirratulus], while [Mesodesma corneum] often avoids calcareous sands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Facies with [Ophelia bicornis]

Facies with [Ophelia bicornis]
type: Concept
notation: A2.251
definition: This facies of the mediolittoral sands is characterised by the abundance of the annelid polychaete [Ophelia bicornis]. In the Black Sea this facies is characterised by the predominant presence of [Ophelia bicornis] and a minor amount of [Donacilla cornea] and other amphipods present in mediolittoral coarse sands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands

Strictly Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: A2.26
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: [Donacilla cornea] in medium-coarse mediolittoral sands
narrower: [Pontogammarus maeoticus] in fine mediolittoral sands

[Fucus vesiculosus] and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.213
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders are frequently characterised by a mosaic of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are typically present, whilst the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are confined to crevices. Underneath the [F. vesiculosus] is a community of red seaweeds, including [Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], usually with the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina] spp. present. Opportunistic seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may occur in patches recently cleared on the rock or growing on the [M. edulis]. Situation: On exposed shores FvesB is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (Ver.B) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotopes (Cht.Cht). FvesB is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] (Him) or the red seaweed biotopes (Coff; R). FvesB forms an intermediate along the wave exposure gradient between the exposed shore barnacle-[P]. [vulgata] biotopes (Sem.FvesR) and the sheltered shore [F. vesiculosus] biotope (Fves). Vertical surfaces tend to be dominated by the barnacle-[P. vulgata] biotope (Sem). Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those, which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (Sem.FvesR), through this mosaic (FvesB) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (Fves).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

[Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.214
definition: Lower eulittoral bedrock and stable boulders on moderately exposed to sheltered shores with a canopy of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and an associated fauna consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the sponge [Halichondria panicea]. Green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are usually present among/beneath the [F. serratus] canopy. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: [F. serratus] with red seaweeds (Fser.R) and [F. serratus] with under-boulder communities (Fser.Bo) with sponges. Lastly, a [F. serratus] and piddocks community on soft rock has been identified (Fser.Pid). Dense [F. serratus] with fewer red seaweeds occurs on more sheltered shores (Fserr). Situation: Above the [F. serratus] biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores is the [Fucus vesiculosus] and/or [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Sem; Sem.FvesR; FvesB). On more sheltered shores are biotopes dominated by the wracks [F. vesiculosus] and [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Fves; Asc.FS). On moderately exposed shores, the sublittoral fringe below Fser is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and on vertical faces the kelp [Alaria esculenta] may be present (Ldig.LdigBo; Ala.Ldig). On more sheltered shores the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] is found among the [L. digitata] (Lsac.Ldig; Lsac.Ft).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
narrower: [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders
narrower: [Fucus serratus] and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock

[Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.2141
definition: Moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by mosaics of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and turf-forming red seaweeds including [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Mastocarpus stellatus] or [Corallina officinalis]. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can occur in dense populations on the [F. serratus] fronds whilst the sponge [Halichondria panicea] can cover the bedrock beneath. Underneath the canopy a number of other red seaweeds may be present including [Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata],[Membranoptera alata] and [Chondrus crispus]. Green seaweeds such as [Cladophora rupestris], [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are present though usually in small numbers. In addition, such shores provide a greater number of permanently damp refuges between the stones and underneath the seaweed canopy. Within these micro-habitats species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] or the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found in lower abundance than higher up the shore. If a few boulders are present then the winkle [Littorina littorea] and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be found on or underneath the boulders. Situation: Above the [F. serratus] biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores are the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and/or [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (Sem; Sem.FvesR; FvesB). The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and on vertical faces the kelp [Alaria esculenta] (Ldig.LdigBo; Ala.Ldig). On uneven bedrock [F. serratus] and red seaweeds often dominate the upper-facing surfaces, while steep or vertical rock is characterised by [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (see above). Temporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the [F. serratus] and the red seaweeds due to factors such as severe storms may convert this biotope into either Fserr.FS or into a red seaweed dominated biotope. The [C. maenas] populati…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Donacilla cornea] in medium-coarse mediolittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: A2.261
definition: This facies is characterised by the predominance of Donacilla with respect to Ophelia bicornis and more medium grained sand with respect to the Ophelia bicornis facies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Strictly Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands

[Pontogammarus maeoticus] in fine mediolittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: A2.262
definition: A mediolittoral sand facies found in proximity of the Danube delta and extending until Tendrovska Bay.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Strictly Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands

Saltmarsh pools
type: Concept
notation: A2.324
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Saltmarsh creeks
type: Concept
notation: A2.325
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores
narrower: Erosion faces with [Carcinus maenas]

Erosion faces with [Carcinus maenas]
type: Concept
notation: A2.3251
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop) Also to be considered for UK BioMar classification (David Connor)
broader: Saltmarsh creeks

Pontic polychaete dominated littoral muds
type: Concept
notation: A2.326
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Pontic oligochaete and chironomid dominated littoral muds
type: Concept
notation: A2.327
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Pontic "camca" habitat of River Danube mouths
type: Concept
notation: A2.328
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Marine mud shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.33
definition: Proposed new level 4 habitat to account for fully marine habitats in the Waddensea and elsewhere.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral gravelly mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4112
definition: Extremely sheltered gravelly mud on the mid and lower shore, containing little sand with occasional cobbles. The infaunal community includes the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana], as well as a range of polychaetes, oligochaetes, and molluscs. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between HedMx.Scr and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope HedMacScr. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Scr present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is HedMacScr.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

[Fucus serratus] and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders
type: Concept
notation: A1.2142
definition: Exposed to moderalety exposed lower eulittoral boulders with the wrack [Fucus serratus] community of a high species richness as the presence of the boulders increases the micro-habitat diversity. The upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by a very similar fauna to the other [F. serratus] biotopes, including species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The shaded sides of the boulders are, depending on environmental conditions, often colonised by a variety of foliose red seaweeds, including [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Palmaria palmata] and [Chondrus crispus]. Coralline algae such as [Corallina officinalis] and coraline crusts, as well as the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca], can be found underneath the [F. serratus] canopy or in patches on the boulders. The species composition underneath the boulders varies considerably depending on the underlying substratum. On muddy shores the fauna living under the boulders may be limited to a few infaunal species, such as the polychaete [Cirratulus cirratus]. Where more space is available beneath the boulders there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic mobile species include the crabs [Porcellana platycheles] and [Carcinus maenas]. Also present on and beneath the boulders are the tube-forming polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], spirorbid polychaetes and a few winkles such as [Littorina obtusata/mariae] and [Littorina littorea] or even the top shell [Gibbula cineraria]. Encrusting colonies of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] are also typical of the undersides of boulders, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] colonies can be found on the [F. serratus] fronds. The richest examples of this biotope also contain a variety of brittlestars, ascidians and small hydroids. Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a [Fucus vesicu…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.2143
definition: The lower eulittoral zone on soft rock shores (e.g. chalk) characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus]. Much of the community associated with this biotope is the same as the biotope Fserr.FS, but certain taxa are specific to the soft underlying substrata. Rock-boring fauna including the piddocks [Barnea] spp., [Pholas dactylus] and [Hiatella arctica] can occur in dense aggregations. Burrowing polychaetes such as [Polydora] spp. can also occur in high numbers only visible due to their long, slender palps waving in the water as they occupy holes in the top few centimetres of the rock. A dense red algal turf occurs beneath the [F. serratus] and includes [Gelidium pusillum], [Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata] and [Rhodothamniella floridula], but also calcareous algae such as [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts including the red-violet encrusting algae [Phymatolithon lenormandii] are present. Infaunal taxa such as various amphipods may be common amongst the seaweeds. The empty piddock holes may provide a refuge for species such as the anemone [Actinia equina] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] can be present on the surface of the soft rock. The whelk [Nucella lapillus], the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina mariae] and the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] are all present on the soft rock among the seaweeds. The high number of characterising species is partly caused by the low number of records used to define this biotope. The high % frequency of occurrence is partly a result of the low number of records. More data is needed to validate this biotope description. Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below either a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (FvesB) or a [Mytilus edulis] and piddocks-dominated biotope (MytPid) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc.FS) on sheltered shores…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral gravelly sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4115
definition: Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable or reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Capitella capitata] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. Oligochaetes and [Corophium volutator] are abundant. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope Hed.Cvol. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Cvol present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is Hed.Cvol.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

Species-poor mixed sediment shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.43
definition: Eulittoral mixed substrata where the substratum is too mobile or disturbed to support a seaweed community (A2.431). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites. Note: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A1.45 and A2.82 as LR.ELR.Eph.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mixed sediments
narrower: Barnacles and [Littorina] spp. on unstable eulittoral mixed substrata
narrower: Pontic mixed sediment shores with ?????

Pontic mixed sediment shores with ?????
type: Concept
notation: A2.432
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-poor mixed sediment shores

Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
type: Concept
notation: A2.5
definition: Angiosperm-dominated stands of vegetation, occurring on the extreme upper shore of sheltered coasts and periodically covered by high tides. The vegetation develops on a variety of sandy and muddy sediment types and may have admixtures of coarser material. The character of the saltmarsh communities is affected by height up the shore, resulting in a zonation pattern related to the degree or frequency of immersion in seawater.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: Upper saltmarshes
narrower: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds
narrower: Low-mid saltmarshes
narrower: Pioneer saltmarshes

Saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.51
definition: The top level of saltmarsh, not covered by all tides. Vigorous [Atriplex] spp., [Beta vulgaris], [Elymus] spp., [Matricaria maritima] may be fertilized by drift decomposition.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Atlantic saltmarsh and drift rough grass communities
narrower: Atlantic saltmarsh driftline annual communities
narrower: Mediterranean saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Elymus pycnanthus] with [Suaeda vera] or [Inula crithmoides] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Elymus repens] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Suaeda vera] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Suaeda vera] - [Limonium binervosum] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Spergularia marina] - [Puccinellia distans] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Frankenia laevis] - [Halimione portulacoides] saltmarsh driftlines
narrower: [Inula crithmoides] on saltmarshes
narrower: [Sagina maritima] ephemeral salt marsh in sand

Atlantic saltmarsh and drift rough grass communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.511
definition: Nitrophilous tall grass communities of Atlantic saltmarshes, green beaches and beach drift accumulations, dominated by [Elymus pycnanthus] ([Agropyron pungens]), [Elymus repens], [Festuca arundinacea] or sometimes tall perennial forbs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Rhodothamniella floridula] on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.215
definition: Lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe bedrock and boulders subject to mild sand-scouring characterised by a canopy of the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [Fucus vesiculosus], beneath which a mat of the sand-binding red seaweed [Rhodothamniella floridula] occurs. These mats can form distinct areas without [F. serratus]. The small hummocks of [R. floridula] also contain a diversity of other red seaweeds tolerant of sand scour, e.g. [Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus], coralline crusts and [Mastocarpus stellatus]. The brown seaweed [Cladostephus spongiosus] or the ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] or [Cladophora rupestris] may occur. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the [F. serratus] fronds. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be present where bedrock are available along with a few winkles such as [Littorina littorea]. In addition, polychaetes and amphipods may burrow into the [R]. [floridula] mat, while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] is restricted to small crevices in the bedrock. The species diversity of this biotope is normally low and there can be much variation in the species composition from site to site. Situation: Above this biotope in sand influenced areas are a community dominated by [M. edulis] and [F. vesiculosus] or where the sand scour is more severe, is a biotope dominated by ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and the red seaweed [Porphyra] spp. (EntPor). Below this biotope are biotopes dominated by [F. serratus] and/or red seaweeds (see Fser variants) or biotopes dominated by kelp such as [Alaria esculenta] and/or [Laminaria digitata] (Ala.Ldig). Temporal variation: Where sand scour is more severe, fucoids and [R. floridula] may be rare or absent and green ephemeral seaweeds dominate the substratum (EntPor).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores
type: Concept
notation: A1.22
definition: Mid and lower eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, may be densely covered by large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Three biotopes have been described: In the mid eulittoral, the mussels may form a band or large patches with scattered bladder wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.221). In the lower eulittoral a range of red seaweeds including [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Palmaria palmata] occur amongst the mussels (in higher abundance than the mid eulittoral) (A1.222). Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral may be bored by a variety of piddocks including [Pholas dactylus], [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis], while the surface is characterised by small clumps of the mussel [M. edulis], the barnacle [Elminius modestus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] (A1.223). Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. Barnacles are common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] is found as well, often at high abundance. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and a range of littorinids also occur within the mussel bed. A dense [M. edulis] community may be found on more sheltered coasts on mixed substrata (A2.721). Situation: Above this habitat type is a [M. edulis] and [S. balanoides] dominated zone or a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (A1.213). In the lower eulittoral zone below is a zone dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus, M. edulis] and a variety of red seaweeds (A1.21) while kelp dominate the sublittoral fringe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moderate energy littoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis], [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay

[Mytilus edulis] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.221
definition: Mid eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, covered by a dense band or large patches of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The community often supports scattered [Fucus vesiculosus] and occasional foliose red seaweeds such as [Porphyra umbilicalis, Osmundea pinnatifida, Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] or the calcareous algae [Corallina officinalis] . The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] also can be found. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] can be found within the mussel bed. Situation: Above this biotope is a [M. edulis] and [S. balanoides] dominated biotope (Sem) or a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (FvesB). In the lower eulittoral zone below MytFves is a biotope dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus, M. edulis] and a higher diversity of red seaweeds (MytFR; Fser.R).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Atlantic saltmarsh driftline annual communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.512
definition: Annual formations of pioneers colonizing driftlines forming within Atlantic saltmarshes, with [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex hastata], [Beta maritima], [Matricaria maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

Mediterranean saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.513
definition: Communities of annuals forming on accumulations of organic debris in saltmarshes and saline depressions of the Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts and of endoreic basins of the Mediterranean interior, in particular, of mediterranean Iberia, with [Atriplex hastata], [Suaeda splendens], [Suaeda maritima], [Bassia hirsuta], [Salsola soda], [Rumex pulcher].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Elymus pycnanthus] with [Suaeda vera] or [Inula crithmoides] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.514
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Elymus repens] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.515
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Suaeda vera] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.516
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Suaeda vera] - [Limonium binervosum] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.517
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Spergularia marina] - [Puccinellia distans] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.518
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Frankenia laevis] - [Halimione portulacoides] saltmarsh driftlines
type: Concept
notation: A2.519
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Inula crithmoides] on saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.51A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

[Sagina maritima] ephemeral salt marsh in sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.51B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saltmarsh driftlines

Upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.52
definition: Salt scrubs with [Arthrocnemum], [Halocnemum], [Suaeda]. Stands, sometimes rather open of [Juncus acutus], [Juncus maritimus]. Numerous other salt-tolerant species, some communities being quite species-rich.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities
narrower: Mediterranean [Juncus maritimus] and [Juncus acutus] saltmarshes
narrower: Mediterranean short [Juncus], [Carex], [Hordeum] and [Trifolium] saltmeadows
narrower: Mediterranean [Elymus] or [Artemisia] stands
narrower: Mediterranean [Juncus subulatus] beds
narrower: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs
narrower: Atlantic salt scrubs
narrower: Mediterranean [Limoniastrum] scrubs
narrower: Canary Island saltmarsh scrubs
narrower: Western Pontic salt humid meadows

Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.521
definition: Communities of saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas developed in areas of varying salinity and humidity, such as estuaries, in coastal basins with fresh water input and along brackish seashores, such as those of the inner Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes
narrower: Pearlwort-saltmarsh grass swards
narrower: Baltic [Carex paleacea] swards
narrower: Baltic [Carex mackenziei] swards
narrower: Baltic salt basin [Agrostis]-[Triglochin] swards
narrower: Baltic [Deschampsia bottnica] swards

Pearlwort-saltmarsh grass swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5211
definition: Communities of saltmarshes of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts of Europe, from the Iberian peninsula to Scandinavia, developed in areas of varying salinity and humidity, in particular, in estuarine saltmarshes, in saltmarsh inner basins, in dike-enclsoed saltmarshes, with [Spergularia marina], [Puccinellia distans], [Puccinellia fasciculata], [Puccinellia retroflexa], [Puccinellia maritima], [Triglochin maritima], [Potentilla anserina] and [Halimione portulacoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

[Mytilus edulis], [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.222
definition: Lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock covered by a dense community of large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], often with a scarce covering of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds. The red seaweeds may include [Palmaria palmata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Ceramium] spp., [Audouinella] spp. and [Chondrus crispus]. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] is also found, often at high abundance. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] occur within the mussel bed, as well as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. The anemone [Actinia equina] is present in cracks and crevices. These moist areas can be overgrown by coralline crusts. Situation: Above this biotope on sand influenced shores is a [M. edulis] and [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (MytFves). In the sublittoral fringe below MytFR is a biotope dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (Ldig.Ldig).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

[Mytilus edulis] and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay
type: Concept
notation: A1.223
definition: Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral which are bored by a variety of piddocks including [Pholas dactylus], [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis]. The surface of the clay is characterised by small clumps of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the barnacle [Elminius modestus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. Seaweeds are generally sparse on the clay, although small patches of the red seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Halurus flosculosus] and [Ceramium] spp. can occur, usually attached to loose-lying cobble or mussel shells. Also the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may be present. The sand mason [Lanice conchilega] can sometimes be present in the clay, while the shore crab [Carcinus maenas] is present as well. More data are required to validate this description. Situation: MytPid can usually be found beneath a [M. edulis] or barnacle and [Littorina] spp.-dominated biotope (Myt.Myt; BLitX). It is found above a [Laminaria digitata] and piddocks-dominated biotope (Ldig.Pid). Temporal variation: The [C. maenas] population may migrate offshore during the winter season.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Low energy littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with very weak to weak tidal streams are typically characterised by a dense cover of fucoid seaweeds which form distinct zones (the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] on the upper shore through to the wrack [Fucus serratus] on the lower shore). Where salinity is reduced (such as at the head of a sea loch or where streams run across the shore) [Fucus ceranoides] may occur. Fucoids also occur on less stable, mixed substrata (cobbles and pebbles on sediment) although in lower abundance and with fewer associated epifaunal species; beds of mussels [Mytilus edulis] are also common. In summer months, dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds can dominate these mixed shores. Two biological subtypes have been described: Dense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered, fully marine littoral rocky shores (A1.31) and fucoids dominating variable salinity rocky shores (A1.32).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: No changes proposed at level 3 (Southampton workshop)
broader: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: Fucoids in variable salinity
narrower: Red algal turf in lower eulittoral, sheltered from wave action
narrower: Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock sheltered from wave action

Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
type: Concept
notation: A1.31
definition: Dense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores and/or in locally sheltered patches on exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. Typically, the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.311) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] or the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313, A1.314) or a mixture of both. The wrack [Fucus serratus] covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (A1.315). Sheltered to very sheltered mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying muddy sand and gravel) shores can support fucoid communities (A1.3122; A1.3132; A1.3142; A1.3152). Situation: Sheltered shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the lichen dominated zone and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral or sheltered patches on more wave exposed shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low energy littoral rock
narrower: [Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Fucus virsoides]

[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.311
definition: Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata in sheltered to extremely sheltered conditions characterised by a dense cover of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata]. The biotope may be present in localised sheltered patches on moderately exposed shores. [P. canaliculata] overgrows a crust of black lichens [Verrucaria maura] or the non-calcified red algae [Hildenbrandia rubra] on very sheltered shores. Individuals of the wrack [Fucus spiralis] can usually be found among the [P. canaliculata] and/or in lower part of the biotope. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found amongst the [P. canaliculata] on more exposed shores. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga [Catenella caespitosa] can be present especially in more shaded areas while the green seaweed [Enteromorpha] spp. can be present in moist areas. Situation: This biotope is found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by [V. maura] (Ver.Ver) and above biotopes dominated by [F. spiralis] (Fspi). Though not typical, this biotope may occur on moderately exposed shores where local topography provides shelter.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores

Baltic [Carex paleacea] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5212
definition: Formations of the brackish shores of the inner Baltic, dominated by [Carex paleacea], with [Eleocharis uniglumis] and [Agrostis stolonifera], accompanied by [Triglochin maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

Baltic [Carex mackenziei] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5213
definition: Communities of brackish lower shores of the northern and eastern Baltic dominated by [Carex mackenziei].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

Baltic salt basin [Agrostis]-[Triglochin] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5214
definition: Baltic [Agrostis stolonifera]-[Triglochin palustris] formations of depressions submitted to marine salt precipitation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

Baltic [Deschampsia bottnica] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5215
definition: Communities of the lower levels of the brackish marshes of the Gulf of Bothnia, characteristic of exposed coasts, dominated by the endemic [Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. bottnica] ([Deschampsia bottnica]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Baltic brackish saltmarsh communities

Mediterranean [Juncus maritimus] and [Juncus acutus] saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.522
definition: Beds of tall [Juncus maritimus], [Juncus rigidus] ([Juncus maritimus var. arabicus], [Juncus arabicus]) or [Juncus acutus] of saline grounds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastlands and of endoreic interior basins of mediterranean Iberia and mediterranean North Africa, forming, in particular, in periodically inundated depressions , where they may associate with [Carex extensa], [Iris spuria], [Gladiolus communis], [Aster tripolium], [Sonchus maritimus], [Sonchus crassifolius] or other elements of units 15.52 and 15.54, and in sandy dunal depressions, where they may alternate with stands of [Schoenus nigricans] or other formations of unit 15.53.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.312
definition: Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock is typically characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] and the occasional [Pelvetia canaliculata] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The rock surface can often be covered by the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra]. During the summer months the ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. Two variants have been described: Upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by [F. spiralis], the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] (Fspi.FS). Upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by [F. spiralis] with occasional clumps of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (Fspi.X). Note that a [F. spiralis] biotope in variable salinity conditions (FspiVS) has also been descibed. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (PelB: Pel), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. Fspi occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3121
definition: Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and sparse individuals of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be found attached in cracks and crevices. A variety of red algae including [Hildenbrandia rubra] may be present underneath the fronds. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (PelB; Pel), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. Fspi occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock

[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.3122
definition: Moderately exposed to sheltered full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by a band of the wrack [Fucus spiralis]. Occasional clumps of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] can be overgrowing the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. On the more stable boulders underneath the fronds the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra] can be found along with the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found on and among the boulders and cobbles, while amphipods and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present either underneath the boulders or among the brown seaweeds. The green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can occur in some abundance especially during the summer. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [P. canaliculata] (PelB; Pel). Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem).In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. Fspi.X occur above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc.X) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves.X) zones. These two fucoids may also occur among the [F. spiralis], although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Fspi.X can also be found above a barnacle [S. balanoides] and winkle [L. littorea] dominated biotope (BLitX). Temporal variation: Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [E. intestinalis] can occur in some abundance during the summer when the growth conditions are optimal.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock

Mediterranean short [Juncus], [Carex], [Hordeum] and [Trifolium] saltmeadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.523
definition: Humid meadows of low vegetation dominated by [Juncus gerardi], [Carex divisa], [Carex extensa], [Schoenus nigricans], [Triglochin maritima], [Hordeum marinum] or [Trifolium] spp. and [Lotus] spp. of the edges of brackish lagoons of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe, western Asia and North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Mediterranean [Elymus] or [Artemisia] stands
type: Concept
notation: A2.524
definition: Formations of [Elymus] or [Artemisia] fringing Mediterranean and interior Iberian saline wetlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Mediterranean [Juncus subulatus] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.525
definition: Medium-tall [Juncus subulatus] beds, often forming facies within [Arthrocnemum] scrubs of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.526
definition: Low shrubby expanses of woody glassworts, seablites, sea purslanes or [Halocnemum], characteristic of temporarily inundated saltmarshes of Mediterranean coasts, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts and interior Iberian basins. They can be further subdivided according to dominant species, generally associated with patterns of inundation. [Cistanche lutea] characterises many southern formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes
narrower: Creeping glasswort mats
narrower: Shrubby glasswort thickets
narrower: Glaucous glasswort thickets
narrower: Shrubby seablite thickets
narrower: Mediterranean sea-purslane-woody glasswort scrubs
narrower: Mediterranean [Halocnemum] scrub

Creeping glasswort mats
type: Concept
notation: A2.5261
definition: Low shrubby carpets of prostrate [Arthrocnemum perenne] of wettest areas of coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Shrubby glasswort thickets
type: Concept
notation: A2.5262
definition: Stands of robust [Arthrocnemum fruticosum], capable of forming extensive low, dense thickets in coastal marshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Glaucous glasswort thickets
type: Concept
notation: A2.5263
definition: Shrubby formations of [Arthrocnemum glaucum]. Along northern Mediterranean shores, they often occupy somewhat drier sites such as shell banks in saline lagoons; in the North African coastal marshes of Cyrenaica, Tripolitana, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, they constitute the only [Arthrocnemum] formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

[Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.313
definition: Moderately exposed to very sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found grazing on the fucoid fronds. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] is found beneath the seaweed canopy. In areas of localised shelter the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] may occur, though never at high abundance. The crab [Carcinus maenas] may be present in pools or among the boulders. Two variants have been described: Bedrock and large boulders (Fves.FS) and mixed substrata (Fves.X). Please notice that a [F. vesioculosus] biotope subject to variable salinity (FvesVS) has been identified. Situation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi) and the [Fucus serratus] (Fserr) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas [F. vesiculosus] forms a narrow zone above the [A. nodosum] zone (Asc). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores [F. vesiculosus] may be replaced by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (Fcer). Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (Sem.FvesR), through this mosaic (FvesB) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (Fves).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] on mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus vesiculosus] on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3131
definition: Moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea, Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are found beneath the seaweeds, whilst [Littorina obtusata/mariae] graze on the fucoid fronds. The calcareous tube-forming polychaete [Spirorbis spirorbis] may also occur epiphytically on the fronds. In areas of localised shelter the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] may occur, though never at high abundance. Damp cracks and crevices often contain patches of the red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] and even the wrack [Fucus serratus] may be present. The crab [Carcinus maenas] may be present in pools or among the boulders. Situation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi) and the [F. serratus] (Fserr) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas [F. vesiculosus] forms a narrow zone above the [A. nodosum] zone (Asc). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores [F. vesiculosus] may be replaced by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (Fcer). Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (Sem.FvesR), through this mosaic (FvesB) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (Fves).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

[Fucus vesiculosus] on mid eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.3132
definition: Sheltered and very sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment in fully marine conditions typically characterised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occasionally be found on larger boulders while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] also can be present on the cobbles with the whelk [Nucella lapillus] preying on the barnacles and on the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Winkles, particularly [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata], commonly graze the biofilm on the seaweeds, while [Littorina saxatilis] can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may be present in this biotope. The sediment between patches of hard substrata often contains the polychaete [Arenicola marina] or the polychaete [Lanice conchilega], while a variety of gastropods and the crab [Carcinus maenas] occur on and under cobbles. Situation: Fves.X can be found below the biotope dominated by the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi.X) or a community dominated by [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] (BLitX). It is found above a community dominated by [M. edulis] beds (Myt.Myt) or the wrack [Fucus serratus] (Fserr.X). Temporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on season is likely.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Shrubby seablite thickets
type: Concept
notation: A2.5264
definition: Shrubby formations of [Suaeda vera] occupying drier elevations of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Mediterranean sea-purslane-woody glasswort scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.5265
definition: [Halimione portulacoides]-rich facies within [Arthrocnemum] communities of coastal saltmarshes of Mediterranean, southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Mediterranean [Halocnemum] scrub
type: Concept
notation: A2.5266
definition: Salt scrubs of Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes dominated by [Halocnemum strobilaceum], characteristic of arid African coasts, with a few outposts on dry coasts of European peninsulas and islands. Formations of the desert coasts of the Sinai Mediterranean and the Red Sea and of endoreic basins of the Anatolian and North African transition regions between Mediterranean and desert or steppe zones are included under units 15.A and 15.C.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean saltmarsh scrubs

Atlantic salt scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.527
definition: Sea purslane, glasswort and seablite scrubs of northern Atlantic and North Sea coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes
narrower: Silver scrubs
narrower: Atlantic creeping glasswort mats
narrower: Atlantic shrubby seablite scrubs
narrower: Atlantic shrubby glasswort scrubs

Silver scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.5271
definition: Shrubby [Halimione portulacoides] communities of middle levels of Atlantic schorres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic salt scrubs

Atlantic creeping glasswort mats
type: Concept
notation: A2.5272
definition: [Arthrocnemum perenne]-dominated formations of the British Isles, the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic salt scrubs

Atlantic shrubby seablite scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.5273
definition: [Suaeda vera]-dominated formations of the British Isles, where they are limited to the coast of Norfolk, and of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic salt scrubs

Atlantic shrubby glasswort scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.5274
definition: [Arthrocnemum fruticosum]-dominated formations of the Atlantic coasts of France and of Iberia, except for the extreme southwest of the peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic salt scrubs

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.314
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral rock with the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. The red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] is often found growing as an epiphyte on the [A. nodosum] fronds while disturbed areas among the [A. nodosum] is colonised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis].e barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina littorea] can all be found on the bedrock underneath the [A. nodosum] canopy along with coralline crusts. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found preying on the barnacles and limpets. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: full salinity (Asc.FS), mixed substrata (Asc.X) and the loose lying growth form [A. nodosum] ecad [mackaii] found on very sheltered shores (Asc.mac). To other biotopes has been identified as well tide-swept (AscT) and variabel salinity (AscVS). Situation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi) and [F. serratus] dominated biotopes (Fserr), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy is replaced by [F. vesiculosus] (FvesB; Fves). Asc can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter. Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] communities are generally very stable communities with individual plants reaching ages of more than 25 years on shores with little wave-action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3141
definition: Bedrock, stable boulders and cobbles in the mid-eulittoral zone of moderately exposed to extremely sheltered shores, in fully marine conditions, characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. Another wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may in some places co-dominate the canopy. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the wracks [F. vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus]. Variations in the ratio of [A. nodosum] and [F. vesiculosus] in the overlying canopy have little effect on the under-storey species. Beneath the canopy are a diverse array of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds, including [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Gelidium pusillum] and coralline crusts. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] is usually present on [A. nodosum] as an epiphyte. A few green seaweeds including [Cladophora rupestris] and [Enteromorpha] spp. are also present in moderate to low densities. On the bedrock and boulders beneath the seaweed canopy is a fauna including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], tube-forming spirorbid polychaetes and the anemone [Actinia equina]. The latter can be present in damp cracks and crevices. On and among the seaweeds are mobile species including the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] or even the crab [Carcinus maenas]. At the top of the [A. nodosum] zone there might be the occasional presence of the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Situation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (Fspi) and [F. serratus] dominated biotopes (Fserr), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy is replaced by [F. vesiculosus] (FvesB; Fves). Asc.FS can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter. Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years on sheltered shores and the c…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.3142
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity mixed substrata (cobbles, boulders and pebbles on sediment) characterised by a canopy formed by a mosaic of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus]. The red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can often be found as an epiphyte on the [A. nodosum]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] often occurs in clumps, and provides further suitable substrata for the attachment of fucoids and red and green seaweeds such as [Polysiphonia] spp. and [Enteromorpha intestinalis] or the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. Winkles are common and [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata/mariae] may occur in high densities, while species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] may occur on and around the boulders. Gammarids can be found underneath the boulders or among the seaweeds, while tube-forming spirorbids are found on the boulders, shells or on the [F. vesiculosus]. Infaunal species including the polychaetes [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega] may occur in the sediment between the cobbles. Situation: A sparse [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] community (BLitX) can occur above this biotope. On shores with a proportion of smaller cobbles and boulders, large [A. nodosum] plants become uncommon and [F. vesiculosus] dominates the canopy (Fves.X). [F. vesiculosus] also tends to replace [A. nodosum] in areas with freshwater influence. Below this biotope are either a [Fucus serratus] dominated biotope (Fserr.X) or a [M. edulis] dominated biotope (Myt.Myt). Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] communities tend to be stable due to longevity of the individual [A. nodosum], but because of the mixed substrata some variation in the densities of [F. vesiculosus] and [A. nodosum] can be expected.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Mediterranean [Limoniastrum] scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.528
definition: Formations of often large, silver-glaucous shrubs of [Limoniastrum monopetalum] with showy pink flowers in late spring, of drier parts of Mediterranean and Iberian saltmarshes, distributed locally in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, the southern Italian peninsula, western Sicily, Lampedusa, Sardinia and Crete.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Canary Island saltmarsh scrubs
type: Concept
notation: A2.529
definition: Low shrubby expanses of woody glassworts, seablites, sea purslanes or [Zygophyllum], characteristic of temporarily inundated saltmarshes of Canary Island coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Western Pontic salt humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.52A
definition: Mediterranean humid grasslands dominated by [Juncus littoralis] and [J. maritimus] along the coast of the Black Sea, in particular in the Danube Delta.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper saltmarshes

Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.53
definition: Closed saltmarsh meadows, more species-rich than in low-mid saltmarsh, dominated by graminoids [Blysmus rufus], [Carex extensa], [Festuca rubra], [Juncus gerardi], [Puccinellia] spp.; also [Armeria maritima], [Artemisia maritima], [Frankenia laevis]. Marine saline or brackish beds of [Hippuris tetraphylla], [Juncus maritimus], [Phragmites australis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Added qualifier "Marine", 29/06/2005
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Atlantic upper shore communities
narrower: Mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows
narrower: Upper shore arctic salt meadows
narrower: Sulphurous arctic salt meadows
narrower: [Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes
narrower: [Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes with [Triglochin maritima]
narrower: [Eleocharis uniglumis] mid-upper saltmarshes
narrower: [Blysmus rufus] mid-upper saltmarshes
narrower: Mid-upper saltmarshes: [Artemisia maritima] with [Festuca rubra], or open canopy of [Artemisia maritima] and [Halimione]
narrower: [Festuca rubra] mid-upper saltmarshes
narrower: A2.53B
narrower: Marine saline beds of [Phragmites australis]
narrower: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands

Atlantic upper shore communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.531
definition: Often relatively species-rich, grassy, flowery formations characteristic of the upper levels of the salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas, with [Armeria maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Plantago maritima], [Frankenia laevis], [Artemisia maritima], [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Juncus gerardi], [Carex extensa], [Blysmus rufus], [Eleocharis] spp. Similar communities occupying the lower levels of brackish meadows, in particular of the Baltic, are included, while formations restricted to brackish conditions are listed under unit 15.34. The dominance of various species induces distinctive facies, the most important of which are individualised in subunits.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds
narrower: Atlantic [Juncus gerardii] saltmeadows
narrower: Atlantic [Plantago maritima] saltmeadows
narrower: Atlantic [Festuca rubra]-[Agrostis stolonifera] swards
narrower: Atlantic thrift swards
narrower: Atlantic [Carex distans] beds
narrower: Atlantic [Carex extensa] saltmeadows
narrower: Atlantic sea lavender meadows
narrower: Atlantic [Blysmus] salt meadows
narrower: Atlantic [Eleocharis] salt meadows
narrower: Atlantic [Juncus maritimus] beds
narrower: Atlantic sea wormwood salt meadows
narrower: Atlantic [Potentilla anserina] carpets
narrower: Atlantic sea-heath communities
narrower: Atlantic upper schorre sea aster beds
narrower: Atlantic strawberry clover swards
narrower: Atlantic black sedge salt meadows
narrower: Scandinavian bogrush shore communities
narrower: Northern [Agrostis-Festuca-Leontodon] communities
narrower: Fenno-Scandian [Calamagrostis stricta]-sedge swards
narrower: Baltic [Carex scandinavica] swards

[Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.315
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral rock with [Fucus serratus] (for detailed description of the rich associated community please see Fserr.FS). Two variants of this biotope have been described. Fully marine conditions (Fserr.FS) and mixed substrata (Fserr.X). Please notice that three other biotopes with a [F. serratus] dominance have been described: Variable salinity (FserVS), tide-swept (FserT) and tide-swept on mixed substrata (FserXT). Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a dense canopy of [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves) on sheltered shores or an [Ascophyllum nodosum] zone (Asc.FS) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species may occur in this biotope. The sublittoral fringe below is dominated by the kelps [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered shores (Lsac.Ldig; Lsac.Ft).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids on sheltered marine shores
narrower: [Fucus serratus] on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus serratus] on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus serratus] on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.3151
definition: Sheltered lower eulittoral rock subject to fully marine conditions characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus serratus]. There is a wide range of associated species found on the surface of the rock underneath the canopy, including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], limpets [Patella vulgata], winkles [Littorina littorea], and even mussels [Mytilus edulis] can be present in cracks and crevices. These species are usually found in higher abundance further up on the shore. There may also be a number of other seaweeds present, including the red [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus], the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and the green [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] or [Cladophora rupestris], though these usually are present in low numbers if present at all. The sponge [Halichondria panicea] can be present underneath the [F. serratus] canopy in moist cracks or minor overhangs. Polychaetes such as [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Spirorbis] spp. are present in their white calcareous tubes on the rock. Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (FvesB) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc.FS) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species (typically less than Frequent) may also occur in this biotope. The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (Ldig; Ldig.LdigBo), while the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may co-dominate on sheltered shores (Lsac.Ldig; Lsac.Ft). Temporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the [F. serratus] and the red seaweeds due to e.g. severe storms may convert this biotope into either Fser.R or into a red seaweed dominated biotope on moderately exposed shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.3152
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata with dense stands of the wrack [Fucus serratus]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] and a large number of winkles such as [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata/mariae] can be found amongst the pebbles and cobbles as well as large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], commonly occurring in clumps. On these mussels and on larger cobbles are the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Red algae such as coralline crusts including [Lithothamnion] spp. and the tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Spirorbis] spp. can be found on cobbles and boulders. [Spirorbis] spp. can also be found on the [F. serratus] fronds. Sediment in the spaces between the loose substrata may support infauna including the polychaete [Arenicola marina]. The red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] and the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occur in patches, while the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp. can be found among the mussels and underneath the [F. serratus] canopy. Situation: Fserr.X occurs in the lower eulittoral below the biotopes dominated by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and [A. nodosum] (Fves.X or Asc.X) on mixed substrata shores, or on sediment shores where mixed substrata occurs in discrete patches on the lower shore. Fserr.X occurs above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] or [Laminaria saccharina] (Ldig.Ldig; Lsac.Ldig; Lsac.Ft) depending on the substrata.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

Fucoids in variable salinity
type: Concept
notation: A1.32
definition: Blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with variable salinity. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.321) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.322) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] or the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.323, A1.324) or a mixture of both. The wrack [Fucus serratus] covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (A1.326). Fucus ceranoides can be found on extremly sheltered shores with variable or low salinity (A1.327). The variable salinity communities are species impoverished compared to fucoids in full salinity or in tide-swept conditions as red seaweeds and sponges are usually absent. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp., while the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can be found as an epiphyte on [A. nodosum]. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and even the occasional mussel [Mytilus edulis. Situation: On sheltered eulittoral rocky shores with variable salinity conditions, such as sea loch or estuaries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low energy littoral rock
narrower: [Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Fucus spiralis] on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad. [mackaii] beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Fucus serratus] and large [Mytilus edulis] on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus ceranoides] on reduced salinity eulittoral rock

Atlantic [Juncus gerardii] saltmeadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5311
definition: Often species-rich, closed, flowery, upper level salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas, dominated by, or rich in, [Juncus gerardi]. [Glaux maritima] can dominate facies, forming thick carpets, in particular, in pioneer situations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Plantago maritima] saltmeadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5312
definition: Communities of upper saltmarshes of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, dominated by [Plantago maritima] or [Plantago maritima] and [Bupleurum tenuissimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Festuca rubra]-[Agrostis stolonifera] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5313
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Festuca rubra] and [Agrostis stolonifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic thrift swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5314
definition: Communities of salt meadows of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Armeria maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Carex distans] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.5315
definition: Communities of Atlantic salt meadows dominated by [Carex distans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Carex extensa] saltmeadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5316
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Carex extensa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic sea lavender meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5317
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Limonium vulgare].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.321
definition: Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata on very sheltered to extremely sheltered variable salinity shores characterised by a dense cover of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata], which often overgrows a crust of black lichens [Verrucaria maura]. The wrack [Fucus spiralis] can be present among the [P. canaliculata]. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found among the [P. canaliculata] on more exposed shores though the occasional [Semibalanus balanoides] or [Elminius modestus] can be found. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga [Catenella caespitosa] can be present in more shaded areas as well as the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Situation: This biotope are found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by [V. maura] (Ver.Ver) and above biotopes dominated by [F. spiralis] (Fspi).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.322
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock or mixed substrata (boulders, large cobbles or shells on mud) in variable salinity conditions characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis]. The ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] is usually found in this species poor biotope. The barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] can be found where suitable substrata are available, while gammarids can be found underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] and/or underneath the boulders and cobbles. Also found underneath the fronds and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (Pel) and occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter and variable salinity conditions (e.g. in Scottish sea lochs), the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. Fspi.VS occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Asc.VS) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fves.VS) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. It can also be found above a zone dominated by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (Fcer). Temporal variation: During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [E. intestinalis] can be common.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.323
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment subject to variable salinity and characterised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occasionally be found on larger boulders, while the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be present on cobbles. Winkles, particularly [Littorina littorea], commonly graze on the seaweeds, while [Littorina saxatilis] can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can occupy available space. Patches of sediment found between the hard substrata often contains the lugworm [Arenicola marina] or the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], while the crab [Carcinus maenas], gammarids and amphipods occur on and under cobbles. Situation: Fves.VS can be found below the biotope dominated by the wracks [Fucus spiralis] or [Fucus ceranoides] (Fspi.X; Fcer) or a community dominated by [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] (BLitX). It is found above a community dominated by [M. edulis] (Myt.Myt) or the wrack [Fucus serratus] (Fserr.VS). Temporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on the season is likely.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.324
definition: Very sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock, boulders or cobbles subject to variable salinity characterised by an impoverished community dominated by a mixture of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus]. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp., while the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can be found as an epiphyte on [A. nodosum]. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and even the occasional mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Among the seaweeds and underneath the boulders a variety of gammarids can be found. Situation: This biotope usually lies below the [Fucus spiralis] biotope (Fspi.VS) or the [Fucus ceranoides] dominated biotopes (Fcer) and above the variable salinity [F. serratus] dominated biotope (Fserr.VS), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (Fves) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy can be more dense (Asc.FS). Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually stable. [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus] can occur in patches where the [A. nodosum] has been removed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

Atlantic [Blysmus] salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5318
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Blysmus rufus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Eleocharis] salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5319
definition: Atlantic saltmarsh or brackish marsh communities dominated by [Eleocharis uniglumis] or [Eleocharis palustris], associated with [Agrostis stolonifera] or [Carex paleacea]. They constitute a common upper shore community in Scotland; they are also very prevalent on the lower levels of the brackish marshes of the Baltic, east and north of southeastern Sweden and Estonia; in western Scandinavia they are restricted to estuaries and fjord heads. They occur on saline littorals in Iceland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Juncus maritimus] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.531A
definition: Saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic, dominated by, or rich in, [Juncus maritimus], with [Oenanthe lachenalii] and, locally, in Poland in particular, [Samolus valerandi], mostly characteristic of the upper shore, in moderately salty or brackish conditions, of the sandy-clayey transition to green beaches, also occurring, in the southern Baltic, on brackish lower shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic sea wormwood salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.531B
definition: Atlantic saltmarsh communities dominated by, or rich in, [Artemisia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic [Potentilla anserina] carpets
type: Concept
notation: A2.531C
definition: Upper saltmarsh communities of the Atlantic and its connected seas dominated by, or rich in, [Potentilla anserina], including both [Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina], and, in Fennoscandia, Iceland and Greenland, [Potentilla anserina ssp. egedii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic sea-heath communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.531D
definition: Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities of the English Channel and the Franco-Iberian coasts of the Atlantic, with an isolated station on Anglesey, dominated by, or rich in, [Frankenia laevis], associated with [Limonium] spp., in particular with [Limonium lychnidifolium] in France, or [Limonium vulgare] in southern England, characteristic of the sandy transition zone between saltmarshes and dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

[Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad. [mackaii] beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.325
definition: Extremely sheltered mid shore mixed substrata, usually subject to variable salinity due to freshwater runoff, which support beds of the non-attached growth form of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad [mackaii]. Cobbles and other hard substrata are often characterised by the normal form of [A. nodosum] with the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] growing as an epiphyte and other fucoids such as [Fucus vesiculosus]. The loose mats of [A. nodosum] ecad [mackaii] provide a cryptic and humid habitat for mobile species including gammarids, the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the winkles [Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata] and [Littorina saxatilis]. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are commonly attached to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment, while the infauna may contain the polychaetes [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega]. NB: This biotope is a BAP-habitat. Situation: Occurs in extremely sheltered conditions at the heads of Scottish sea lochs (but is also known from other sheltered areas). Temporal variation: [A. nodosum ecad mackaii] develops initially from broken fragments of [A. nodosum] and can in sheltered conditions grow in unattached, often bladderless, wig-shaped masses in the mid to upper tide zone. Note: "Ecad" has no official status in International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, but the terminology has been applied to the free-living form of [A. nodosum] since the beginning of the 19th century. The term was first employed by Clements (1905) to denote a form which results from adaptation or a change in morphology due to a new habitat - phenotypic variation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Fucus serratus] and large [Mytilus edulis] on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.326
definition: Areas of very sheltered lower eulittoral rock or mixed substrata subject to variable salinity, which support an impoverished community dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus]. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the [F. serratus] and clumps of large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] may be present on the bedrock beneath. The canopy of [F. serratus] is not usually as dense as in the other [F. serratus] dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus], which are better adapted to the variable salinity. A few red seaweeds are present which includes the species [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus] and coralline crusts. Underneath the canopy is a sparse fauna consisting of barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus] and [Elminius modestus], the limpet [Patella vulgata] or the occasional presence of the winkles [Littorina obtusata] and [Littorina mariae] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. The tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] or spirorbid polychaetes can be found. In areas (such as the Scottish sea lochs) where variable salinity water passes through tide-swept narrows and the associated biota is impoverished such records should be classified as FserVS rather than FserT. Situation: This biotope may be found below the variable salinity [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope or [A. nodosum] dominated biotope (AscVS; FvesVS), particularly in Scottish sea lochs. FserVS can be found above the biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] (LsacVS.Psa; LsacVS.Phy). Temporal variation: The canopy of [F. serratus] is not as dense as in the other [F. serratus] dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks [A. nodosum] and [F. vesiculosus], which are better adapted to the variable salinity. They will therefore out-compete [F. serratus] on the lower shore and an ecological shift can occur (In the Baltic Sea [F. vesiculosus] is the dominant sublittoral brown seaweed). Due to the v…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

[Fucus ceranoides] on reduced salinity eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.327
definition: Very sheltered to extremely sheltered bedrock and stable boulders in the eulittoral zone that are subject to reduced salinity and characterised by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides]. Species richness is typically low in this biotope. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may be present together with the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the occasional barnacle [Elminius modestus] and [Semibalanus balanoides]. Situation: As [F. ceranoides] is more tolerant of reduced salinity than the other fucoids, [F. ceranoides] tends to replace the wracks [Fucus spiralis], [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Ascophyllum nodosum] towards the upper reaches of estuaries and sea lochs or in areas with freshwater influence. This biotope may, however, still contain other fucoids, although [F. ceranoides] always dominates. This biotope is often found on artificial substrata such as sea defences or bridge supports.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids in variable salinity

Atlantic upper schorre sea aster beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.531E
definition: Atlantic upper schorre communities dominated by [Aster tripolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic strawberry clover swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.531F
definition: Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by [Trifolium fragiferum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Atlantic black sedge salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.531G
definition: Atlantic upper saltmarsh communities dominated by [Carex nigra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Scandinavian bogrush shore communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.531H
definition: Upper and middle saltmarsh communities of the Baltic and the northwest Atlantic, dominated by [Schoenus nigricans] or [Schoenus ferrugineus], with [Molinia caerulea] and [Campylium polygamum], developed on calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Northern [Agrostis-Festuca-Leontodon] communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.531I
definition: Upper shore swards of northern Norway, Iceland and the Faeroes dominated by [Agrostis stolonifera], [Festuca rubra], [Plantago maritima] and [Leontodon autumnalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Fenno-Scandian [Calamagrostis stricta]-sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.531J
definition: Upper saltmarsh tall graminoid communities of the Gulf of Bothnia and the northern Atlantic coasts of Scandinavia, south of Finnmark, dominated by [Calamagrostis stricta], [Carex aquatilis], [Carex juncella], [Eriophorum angustifolium], rich in arctic halophytes, transitional towards fens which form flood belts near fresh water. This unit is replaced northwards by the truly arctic formations of unit 15.B26.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Baltic [Carex scandinavica] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.531K
definition: Communities of the middle levels of exposed shores of the southern Baltic dominated by [Carex scandinavica] ([Carex serotina ssp. pulchella], "[Carex pulchellum]", [Carex oederi ssp. pulchella], [Carex viridula var. pulchella]), characteristic, in particular, of southeastern Sweden.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic upper shore communities

Mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.532
definition: Drier, dense formations of sandy soils at the foot of dunes, or between dunes and lagoons of the Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coasts of Europe and North Africa, and of the endoreic interior basins of Mediterranean Iberia, with [Plantago crassifolia], [Schoenus nigricans], [Juncus littoralis], [Spartina versicolor] ([Spartina patens], [Spartina juncea]), [Elymus elongatus], [Inula crithmoides], all of which may dominate and form physiognomically distinct, sometimes almost monospecific, facies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Features of littoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.4
definition: Littoral rock features include rockpools (A1.41, A1.42), ephemeral algae (A1.45) and caves (A1.44) in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides). These features are present throughout the littoral rock zone from the upper limit at the top of of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. These features can be found on most rocky shores regardless of wave exposure. Lichens can be found in the supralittoral zone on shores with suitable substratum. The lichen band is wider and more distinct on more exposed shores. Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply allowing species from the sublittoral to survive. Ephemeral seaweeds occur on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. The shaded nature of caves and overhangs diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves, and on overhangs on the lower shore. Non-tidal areas irregularly exposed by wind action (hydrolittoral) with hard substrata are also included here. Note that lichens and algae crusts in the supralittoral zone are coastal habitats (B3.11).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Communities of littoral rockpools
narrower: Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone
narrower: Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone
narrower: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs
narrower: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral soft rock
narrower: Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock)
narrower: Hydrolittoral hard clay
narrower: Hydrolittoral mussel beds
narrower: Hydrolittoral peat
narrower: Pontic sulphide vents in littoral rock

Communities of littoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.41
definition: Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply. For this reason rockpools have been dealt with as a separate habitat type, apart from the scheme of wave exposure and shore height. Four main rockpool biotopes have been described, and although it is accepted that an enormous variety of rockpool communities exist, it is hoped that these biotope descriptions are broad enough to adequately encompass most types. It would be meaningless to include the characterising species in a description at the habitat type level. Rockpools on the upper shore which are subject to rainwater influence and wide fluctuations in temperature are included in A1.42. Shallow rockpools in the mid to upper shore characterised by encrusting coralline algae and [Corallina officinalis] (A1.411); several variants of these coralline pools occur in south-west Britain and Ireland (A1.4112, A1.4113 and A1.4114). Deeper rockpools on the mid to lower shore can support fucoids and some sublittoral species such as kelp (A1.412). Those rockpools influenced by the presence of sand are characterised by sand-tolerant seaweed such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis] and [Polyides rotundus] (A1.413). Where more stable sand occurs in the base of the rockpool sea-grass beds can occur. Shallow rockpools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand may be characterised by hydroids (A1.414). A very rough guideline to the terms "shallow" and "deep" rockpools: "shallow" rockpools do not support kelp, whereas "deep" rockpools do. A1.41 does not include shallow standing water on compacted sediment or mixed substrata. Situation: Rockpools occur in the littoral zone where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedroc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools
narrower: Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools
narrower: Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools
narrower: Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and [Littorina littorea] in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools
narrower: Pontic eulittoral rockpools with green seaweeds ([Cladophora], [Ulva], [Enteromorpha]), [Mytilus], [Mytilaster], [Polybius], [Pachygrapsus] and small fish

Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.411
definition: Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus] and the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum]. The ephemeral green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle [Littorina littorea] (which often occur in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools) and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels. A number of variants have been identified. Pools dominated by coralline algae and foliose red seaweeds with a distribution throughout the UK (see Cor.Cor). In Ireland, the sea urchin [Paracentrotus lividus] can dominate these shallow coralline pools (see Cor.Par). In south-west Britain, the brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] (Cor.Bif) or [Cystoseira] spp. (Cor.Cys) can be regionally dominant. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe on rocky shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools
narrower: Coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
narrower: Coralline crusts and [Paracentrotus lividus] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
narrower: [Bifurcaria bifurcata] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
narrower: [Cystoseira] spp. in eulittoral rockpools

Upper shore arctic salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.533
definition: Coastal saltmarshes of the upper shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland submitted to winter sea ice.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Sulphurous arctic salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.534
definition: Communities of the arctic coasts of Eurasia developed in brackish water on sulphurous gleys, in particular, [Hippuris tetraphylla] beds of brackish shores of Finnmark and northern Iceland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.535
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Juncus maritimus] mid-upper saltmarshes with [Triglochin maritima]
type: Concept
notation: A2.536
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Eleocharis uniglumis] mid-upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.537
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Blysmus rufus] mid-upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.538
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Mid-upper saltmarshes: [Artemisia maritima] with [Festuca rubra], or open canopy of [Artemisia maritima] and [Halimione]
type: Concept
notation: A2.539
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

[Festuca rubra] mid-upper saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.53A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

A2.53B
type: Concept
notation: A2.53B
preferred label: Mid-upper saltmarshes: sub-communities of [Festuca rubra] with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Juncus gerardi], [Puccinellia maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Triglochin maritima], [Armeria maritima] and [Plantago maritima]
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Marine saline beds of [Phragmites australis]
type: Concept
notation: A2.53C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Added qualifier "Marine" to distinguish from inland saline reedbeds (C3.2112), 29/06/2005.
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds

Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands
type: Concept
notation: A2.53D
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mid-upper saltmarshes and saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge beds
narrower: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands: natural stands
narrower: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands: harvested stands

Coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4111
definition: Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus] and the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum]. The ephemeral green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle [Littorina littorea] (which often occurs in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools), the limpet [Patella vulgata] and top shell [Gibbula cineraria]. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] can be found on the rock surface. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe rocky shores. Temporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

Coralline crusts and [Paracentrotus lividus] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4112
definition: Shallow and relatively small rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on very exposed to exposed shores, characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. In south and west Ireland these coralline pools may be dominated by the sea urchin [Paracentrotus lividus] and the seaweed diversity is generally low due to the grazing pressure of [P. lividus], the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis], and winkles such as [Littorina littorea]. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone such as [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The siphonous green seaweed [Codium] spp. can also be present along with the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] and the filamentous red seaweed [Ceramium] spp. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is either absent or occurs at low abundance in these rockpools, presumably due to the grazing pressure on the larval stage and the predation pressure from the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Soft bedrock, such as limestone, allows [P. lividus] to bore into the rock. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to exposed shores. Temporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

[Bifurcaria bifurcata] in shallow eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4113
definition: Eulittoral rockpools in south-west Britain on very exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and encrusting coralline algae and [Corallina officinalis]. Kelps are present and include the species [Laminaria digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and the wrack [Himanthalia elongata]. Underneath the canopy formed by these species is a high diversity of red seaweeds including the foliose species [Chondrus crispus], [Palmaria palmata], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Mastocarpus stellatus]. Other red seaweeds include [Gastroclonium ovatum], [Ceramium nodulosum], [Calliblepharis jubata] and [Mesophyllum lichenoides]. The green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis] occur where space allows. Often found in small cracks and crevices are the anemones [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis], while the limpet [Patella vulgata] can be found on the rock surface. Coarse gravel, cobbles and mobile boulders often cover the bottom of these rockpools, where [Gibbula umbilicalis] can be found. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral to the upper littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed shores. [B. bifurcata] is at the edge of its range in Britain; in France it occurs in deeper lower shore pools where the alga forms a noticeable band in the mid pool level, below a band of [C. officinalis] and coralline crusts. Temporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands: natural stands
type: Concept
notation: A2.53D1
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands

Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands: harvested stands
type: Concept
notation: A2.53D2
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Geolittoral wetlands and meadows: saline and brackish reed, rush and sedge stands

Low-mid saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.54
definition: Saltmarshes with more or less closed angiosperm vegetation. Included are grassy salt meadows dominated by [Puccinellia festuciformis] or [Aeluropus littoralis] in the Mediterranean and by [Puccinellia maritima] in northern Europe. Also characteristic are [Glaux maritima], [Halimone portulacoides], [Limonium vulgare], [Plantago maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Atlantic saltmarsh grass lawns
narrower: Atlantic lower shore communities
narrower: Mediterranean coastal-saltmarsh grass swards
narrower: Lower shore arctic salt meadows
narrower: [Halimione portulacoides] low-mid saltmarshes
narrower: [Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes
narrower: A2.547
narrower: Annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes

Atlantic saltmarsh grass lawns
type: Concept
notation: A2.541
definition: Communities of the lower and middle schorre of the shores of the Atlantic ocean and connected seas with an overwhelming dominance of [Puccinellia maritima], often in almost monospecific stands forming bright green lawns characteristic, in particular, of pioneer stages of the lowest levels and of intensely grazed areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Atlantic lower shore communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.542
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and other physiognomically important species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes
narrower: Sea purslane-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: Sea aster-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: Glasswort-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: Atlantic stalked orache beds
narrower: [Pelvetia]-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: [Catabrosa]-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: [Glaux]-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: [Plantago]-saltmarsh grass meadows
narrower: [Limonium]-saltmarsh grass meadows

Sea purslane-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5421
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Halimione portulacoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

Sea aster-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5422
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Aster tripolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

Glasswort-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5423
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima], annual [Salicornia] spp. and [Suaeda maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

Atlantic stalked orache beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.5424
definition: Formations dominated by the rare, threatened [Halimione pedunculata], developing very locally in the [Puccinellion maritimae] of Denmark, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, extinct in the British Isles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Cystoseira] spp. in eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4114
definition: Eulittoral rockpools on exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores dominated by the brown alga [Cystoseira] spp. (including [Cystoseira tamariscifolia]), coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis]. These pools generally support dense red algal growth comprising: [Ceramium] spp., [Calliblepharis jubata], [Chondrus crispus], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Gelidium latifolium]. Wracks such as [Himanthalia elongata] and the epiphytic brown seaweed [Colpomenia peregrina] are present while the kelp [Laminaria digitata] can occupy the deeper parts of the pool. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are usually present as well. The pools usually contain some sand and pebbles at the base of the pool while spirorbid polychaetes and [Pomatoceros] spp. build their tubes on any small boulders present. In addition, these pools can support high numbers of grazing gastropods including the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] but also the limpet [Patella vulgata], while sponges such [Hymeniacidon perleve] and [Halichondria panicea] can be found overgrowing the small boulders or on and around the seaweeds. The shanny [Lipophrus pholis] is present hiding underneath boulder and cobbles, while the anemone [Actinia equina] is found in cracks and crevices. number of available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.412
definition: Deep or larger rockpools in the mid to lower eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] while encrusting coralline algae cover the rock surface. Other large brown seaweeds, including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and [Halidrys siliquosa] may also occur. A wide variety of filamentous and foliose seaweeds occur beneath the brown algal canopy. The species includes the red seaweeds [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium nodulosum] and [Dumontia contorta], but green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present as well. Algal-free vertical and overhanging faces often support the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and anemones including [Actinia equina] and [Urticina felina]. Grazing molluscs including the limpet [Patella vulgata], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] are present on the rock surface while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be found in cracks and crevices. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found preying on the mussels. Where boulders occur in these pools they provide a greater variety of micro-habitats which support a variety of fauna. Mobile crustaceans including the crabs [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Carcinus maenas], brittlestars such as [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Amphipholis squamata], encrusting bryozoans and ascidians are typically found beneath and between boulders. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores. Temporal variation: The abundance of grazing molluscs can vary considerably both spatially and temporally, resulting in fluctuations in algal diversity and abundance.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools
narrower: [Sargassum muticum] in eulittoral rockpools

[Sargassum muticum] in eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.4121
definition: Shallow rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum] and the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis]. Other brown seaweeds, including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria digitata] and the wrack [Fucus serratus] may occur along with [Dictyota dichotoma], but [S. muticum] always dominates. Underneath the canopy is a rich red seaweed community which includes both foliose and filamentous species such as [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Ceramium] spp. and [Dumontia contorta]. Encrusting coralline algae and [Hildenbrandia rubra] often cover the rock surface. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca] is usually present in high abundance growing on the mobile gravel and boulders on the bottom of the rockpools, often along with other ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Cladophora rupestris] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The winkle [Littorina littorea], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] can often be found grazing on the biofilm of the rock surface or the seaweeds. Crevices and fissures in the rock provide cover for anemones such as [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis], cover while the prawn [Palaemon serratus] often can be found in large numbers hiding underneath the seaweed canopy or along the boulders on the bottom. Some sand scour can affect these rockpools. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores. The non-native [S. muticum] is an opportunistic alga which has spread extensively around the south-west coast of Britain since its introduction to UK waters in the early 1970s from the northern Pacific ocean. It is spreading to other parts of the UK. It can dominate rockpools (and other habitats), often to the exclusion of other native species such as [Laminaria] spp. and fucoids. Temporal variation: As all the…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools

[Pelvetia]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5425
definition: Species-poor salt meadows restricted to the shores of northern Norway and southwestern Iceland in the vicinity of the Reykjanes peninsula, codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and the brown alga [Pelvetia canaliculata], accompanied by [Agrostis stolonifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Catabrosa]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5426
definition: Salt meadows of Iceland and northern Norway, mostly of the lower shore, dominated by [Puccinellia maritima], with [Catabrosa aquatica], [Carex mackenziei], [Carex subspathacea], [Stellaria crassifolia], [Glaux maritima], [Gentianella detonsa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Glaux]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5427
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Glaux maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Plantago]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5428
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Plantago maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

[Limonium]-saltmarsh grass meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.5429
definition: Communities of the lower part of the coastal saltmarshes of the Atlantic and its connected seas codominated by [Puccinellia maritima] and [Limonium vulgare], characteristic of undrained depressions on lightly grazed salt meadows of the Netherlands and the British Isles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lower shore communities

Mediterranean coastal-saltmarsh grass swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.543
definition: Dense formations of perennial halophile grasses, in particular, [Puccinellia festuciformis] ([Puccinellia palustris]) or [Aeluropus littoralis], of Mediterranean coasts and their coastal lagoons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.413
definition: Rockpools with sediment (mud, sand, gravel) floors support distinct communities of scour-tolerant seaweeds. Deep pools with sediment are similar to FK, and are typically dominated by fucoids and kelp ([Fucus serratus], [Laminaria digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]). Areas of hard substrata near to the interface with the sediment are, however, characterised by a range of sand-tolerant seaweeds such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis], [Polyides rotundus], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Rhodochorton purpureum] (compare with FK). [Chorda filum] may occur attached to pebbles and shells embedded within the sediment while the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] can be found underneath or among the pebbles. In pools with large areas of sand, infaunal species such as [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega] often occur. The seagrass [Zostera] spp. may occur in some pools where stable sand is present. Shallow rockpools with cobble and pebble floors, often with an underlying layer of sediment, support red algal tufts consisting of coralline crust, [Corallina officinalis], [Chondrus crispus], [Mastocarpus stellatus] mixed with [Ceramium] spp. and the green seaweeds [Cladophora] spp. and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The long list of characterising species is partly due to low similarity between the available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness. Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed to sheltered shores. Temporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of ephemeral seaweeds will occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools

Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and [Littorina littorea] in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools
type: Concept
notation: A1.414
definition: Shallow pools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand characterised by abundant hydroids. Species present may include [Obelia geniculata], [O. dichotoma], [O. longissima], [Sertularia cupressina], [Tublaria indivisa] and [Thuiaria thuja]. The difficulty in identifying hydroids suggests many more species may be also be present. Other species typically found in this biotope include ephemeral green algae ([Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva] sp.), red algae ([Chondrus crispus] and Coralline algae) and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. Within the pools, patches of sand may be occupied by the lugworm [Arenicola marina] and sand mason worms [Lanice conchilega]. These pools are often associated with mussel beds (MytX), with [Mytilus edulis] frequently recorded within the pools. Barnacles ([Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus]) and the keel worm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be attached to shells and small stones. Mobile species typical of rock pool habitats, such as [Crangon crangon] and [Pomatoschistus minutus] will also be found within the pool.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral rockpools

Green seaweeds ([Enteromorpha] spp. and [Cladophora] spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools
type: Concept
notation: A1.421
definition: Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus [Enteromorpha], along with [Cladophora] spp. and [Ulva lactuca]. Due to the physical stress imposed on these upper shore pools, grazing molluscs such as the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] are generally in lower abundance than eulittoral pools, allowing the green seaweeds to proliferate under reduced grazing pressures. The bright orange copepod [Tigriopus fulvus] is tolerant of large salinity fluctuations and may occur in large numbers in these upper shore pools, along with gammarid amphipods. Situation: Rockpools throughout the upper eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock. Temporal variation: Fluctuations especially in the abundance of the green seaweeds will occur due to marked changes in salinity and temperature during the year. [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can often be bleached during the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone

Communities of littoral caves and overhangs
type: Concept
notation: A1.44
definition: Where caves and overhangs occur on rocky shores, the shaded nature of the habitat diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves and overhangs on the lower shore. Biotopes from the surrounding shore such as A1.111, A1.113 or any of the fucoid communities occasionally extend into cave entrances. A1.113 often extends some way into the cave. Other open shore biotopes may also be found within caves, such as the green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] on cave roofs where birds roost (B3.112), and localised patches of green algae where freshwater seepage influences the rock (A1.451). Rockpools containing encrusting coralline algae (A1.411), fucoids and kelp (A1.412) and hydroids and littorinid molluscs may occur also on the floor of cave entrances. The cave biotope descriptions are largely based on data obtained from surveys of Berwickshire caves (ERT,2000), chalk caves from the Thanet coast (Tittley et al., 1998; Tittley & Spurrier 2001) and data from Wales (CCW Phase 1 data). In general, the biomass and diversity of algal species found in upper and mid-shore littoral caves decreases with increasing depth into the cave as the light levels diminish. Fucoids are usually only found at the entrances to caves, but red algae, and filamentous and encrusting green algae are able to penetrate to lower light intensities towards the back of the cave, and mats of the turf forming red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea] and/or patches of the green seaweed [Cladophora rupestris] may occur on the upper walls (A1.444). Brownish velvety growths of the brown algae [Pilinia maritima] occurring in mats with the red alga [A. purpurea] on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs (A1.443) should not be confused with the green (A1.442) or golden brown algal …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock
narrower: Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
narrower: [Audouinella purpurea] and [Pilinia maritima] crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
narrower: [Audouinella purpurea] and [Cladophora rupestris] on upper to mid-shore cave walls
narrower: [Verrucaria mucosa] and/or [Hildenbrandia rubra] on upper to mid shore cave walls
narrower: Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances
narrower: Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves
narrower: Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls
narrower: Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves
narrower: Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors
narrower: Association with [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]
narrower: Pontic mediolittoral caves with [Hildebrandia], [Phymatolithon], [Lithophyllum], bryozoans, [Pachygrapsus], [Eriphia]

Lower shore arctic salt meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.544
definition: Species-poor communities of the lower shores of arctic Eurasia and Greenland, submitted to winter sea ice.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

[Halimione portulacoides] low-mid saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.545
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.441
definition: Orange, brownish or blackish gelatinous bands of algae at high tide and supralittoral levels on open cliff faces and on upper walls and ceilings at entrances and to the rear of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) caves. This dark brown band consists of an assemblage of Haptophyceae such as [Apistonema] spp., [Pleurochrysis carterae] and the orange [Chrysotila lamellosa], but other genera and species of Chrysophyceae, Haptophyceae and Prasinophyceae are likely to be present as well. Species such as [Entodesmis maritima] and [Thallochrysis littoralis] and the filamentous green alga [Epicladia perforans] are often associated with [Apistonema] spp. and the latter can form a green layer beneath the [Apistonema] spp. Associated with this splash zone algal community is an assemblage of animals of terrestrial origin, with red mites, insects and centipedes commonly found. These species descend into the community as the tide falls and retreat as the tide rises. The most common truly 'marine' species is the small winkle [Melarhaphe neritoides]. Situation: This description is partly based on a Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001). More information is needed to identify the species composition and dominant species of this biotope. Temporal variation: During summer the gelatinous growth dries and often peels off.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
type: Concept
notation: A1.442
definition: The upper walls and ceilings of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) dominated by a band of green algal films (or 'stains'). Other encrusting algae including the non-calcified [Hildenbrandia rubra] may be present. In chalk caves, on the east and south-east coasts of England, a distinctive assemblage of species occurs, including the brown alga [Pilinia maritima] and the bright green algae [Pseudendoclonium submarinum] and [Entocladia perforans] that often covers the cave ceilings. Fauna is generally sparse and limited to limpets such as [Patella vulgata] and the winkle [Littorina saxatilis]. The species forming a green algal film that covers upper shore caves in Berwickshire were not identified. More information required to validate this biotope description. Situation: This biotope is situated above the AudCla or VmucHil zone, extending to cover the upper walls and ceilings of caves. GCv can be found at the entrances to caves and through to the darkest areas at the back and is often found above a zone of AudPil. In hard rock caves however, the green and brown algae (AudPil) or Haptophyceae (ChrHap) occur as separate zones or GCv may occur on its own.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

[Audouinella purpurea] and [Pilinia maritima] crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings
type: Concept
notation: A1.443
definition: Golden brown velvety growths of the brown algae [Pilinia maritima] occurring in mats with the red alga [Audouinella purpurea] forming on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs. Fauna is sparse and limited to occasional individuals of the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and spirorbid polychaetes. This assemblage is thought to be is widespread throughout Britain, although there are currently few records available. More information are needed to validate this description, which is based on information from the Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001). Situation: This biotope is found at the entrances and the inner reaches of caves between a band of AudCla and the GCv zone above. Temporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

[Audouinella purpurea] and [Cladophora rupestris] on upper to mid-shore cave walls
type: Concept
notation: A1.444
definition: Vertical and steeply-sloping upper walls at the entrances and inner reaches of upper to mid-shore caves that are partially sheltered from direct wave action characterised by a turf of the 'velvety' red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea]. Patches of green filamentous seaweed [Cladophora] [rupestris] can be present. The fauna is generally limited to limpets [Patella] spp., the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while they usually occur in low abundance. Filamentous or crust forming brown seaweeds may occur mixed with [A. purpurea], often becoming a zone in its own right (AudPil) above the AudCrup biotope. Other shade-tolerant red seaweed such as [Catenella caespitosa] and [Lomentaria articulata] may occur (but at lower abundance), and where freshwater seepage occurs, [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can form patches. Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions. [A. purpurea] can be the only seaweed present in caves on the Thanet coast in south-east England. This biotope is known to occur in hard rock caves in north-east England and chalk caves in south-east England. Received after deadline: [A. purpurea] has changed name to [Rhodochorton purpurea]. Situation: In hard rock caves, this biotope is generally found on the upper walls above the ScrFa and FaCr biotopes and beneath the biotopes dominated by green and/or brown crusts (GCv; AudPil). In chalk caves, AudCrup may cover the lower and upper walls, while it is usually found below GCv and/or AudPil.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

[Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.546
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

A2.547
type: Concept
notation: A2.547
preferred label: Sub-communities of [Puccinellia maritima] saltmarsh with [Limonium vulgare] and [Armeria maritima]; [P. maritima] with [Glaux maritima] co-dominant in species-poor vegetation; [Puccinellia maritima] with [Plantago maritima] and/or [Armeria maritima]
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Puccinellia maritima] low-mid saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.548
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low-mid saltmarshes

Pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.55
definition: Saltmarshes at the lowest level of non-aquatic angiosperms; vegetation open and very species-poor, typically with [Salicornia] spp. or [Spartina] spp., less often with [Arthrocnemum] spp., [Aster tripolium], [Sagina maritima], [Salsola kali] or [Suaeda] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: Mediterranean coastal halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities
narrower: Atlantic [Sagina maritima] communities
narrower: Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards
narrower: [Spartina densiflora] swards
narrower: Rayed [Aster tripolium] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Aster tripolium] var. [discoides] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Arthrocnemum perenne] pioneer saltmarshes, sometimes with [Halimione], [Puccinellia] and [Suaeda]

[Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.551
definition: Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.), or sometimes saltwort ([Salsola] spp.), formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: Biocenosis of beaches with slowly-drying wracks under glassworts
narrower: [Suaeda maritima] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Salicornia] spp. pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Salicornia veneta] swards
narrower: Black Sea annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] saltmarshes
narrower: Low-shore Mediterranean glasswort swards

Biocenosis of beaches with slowly-drying wracks under glassworts
type: Concept
notation: A2.5511
definition: This biocoenosis is characterised by annual glassworts ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablites ([Suaeda] spp.), or sometimes saltworts ([Salsola] spp.), formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

[Suaeda maritima] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5512
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

[Salicornia] spp. pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5513
definition: Mud, often consolidated with coarse sand or gravel, on the extreme upper shore with [Salicornia] spp. plants forming a pioneer saltmarsh community. This habitat typically occurs in very sheltered estuarine conditions. Usually a reduced marine fauna is present which may include the amphipod [Corophium volutator], the ragworm [Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor] and often the mud snail [Hydrobia ulvae]. The fucoid alga [Pelvetia canaliculata] may be found on hard substrata, consolidated mud or lying unattached. This community is equivalent to saltmarsh community SM8 in the National Vegetation Classification (Rodwell).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

[Verrucaria mucosa] and/or [Hildenbrandia rubra] on upper to mid shore cave walls
type: Concept
notation: A1.445
definition: The upper walls and ceilings of the entrances and inner reaches of upper shore caves affected by direct wave action (and therefore moistened by sea spray), characterised by a mosaic of the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] and the non-calcified encrusting red alga [Hildenbrandia rubra]. The black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and red coralline algae can be present, though not dominating. The fauna in these upper shore caves is generally limited, due to problems of desiccation. However, where conditions remain sufficiently moist, and particularly in crevices and fissures, the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and winkles [Littorina saxatilis] may occur, particularly towards the rear of the cave. Although the characterising species of this biotope also occur on the shore, they do not generally occur in a distinct band other than in moist dark caves. The turf-forming red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea] may occasionally occur in low abundance (where [A. purpurea] covers an extensive area, generally on softer rock such as chalk, the biotope should be recorded as AudCla). Situation: VmucHil generally occurs on upper walls and ceilings towards the rear of dark, moist caves, but can also occur at cave entrances that are directly affected by sea-spray. Where VmucHil occurs at cave entrances and to approximately 5 m into the cave, it is usually found above a zone of Sem and below GCv or AudCla. Further into the cave Sem is replaced completely by VmucHil. There are no records for VmucHil in soft rock caves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances
type: Concept
notation: A1.446
definition: Overhanging shaded bedrock on the open lower shore and at the entrance to inner reaches of caves (where light availability permits), which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by a shade-tolerant red seaweed community. It includes foliose species such as [Plumaria plumosa, Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Membranoptera alata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], but [Lomentaria articulata] and coralline crusts are usually present as well. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca] can be present. The rock surface often supports dense populations of calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros] spp., while sponges such as [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] can be common. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Colonies of the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] can be found on the rock, along with the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Balanus perforatus] (the latter may occur at high densities in the south and west), while the anemone [Actinia equina] thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found among the barnacles and mussels, preying on them. The long list of characterising species is partly due to the difference in the species composition and does not solely reflect a high species richness. Situation: On overhangs, this biotope is generally found above the SByAs biotope, where there is more light available. In cave environments, SR may be found at the entrance to and inner reaches of the cave, extending from the lower walls (above the SByAs biotope) to the upper walls (depending on the height of the cave). Further into the cave where less light is available the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia] can be abundant (SR.Den).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs
narrower: Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and [Dendrodoa grossularia] on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves

Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and [Dendrodoa grossularia] on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves
type: Concept
notation: A1.4461
definition: Overhanging bedrock on the lower shore, at cave entrances, to and on inner walls of caves, subject to wave surge and low light levels, and characterised by a high density of small groups of the solitary ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia]. The sponges [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] are common on the rock surface, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Found on the rock surface are the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros] spp. along with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides]. The anemone [Actinia equina] thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. Where sufficient light is available a sparse community of shade-tolerant red seaweeds. These include [Membranoptera alata], [Lomentaria articulata, Audouinella] spp. and coralline crusts. Situation: This biotope is found on lower shore overhangs and on the entrances and inner walls of lower shore caves, and usually dominates the available habitat. It is generally found above the BarCv biotope and may extend to the upper walls of caves. Temporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances

[Salicornia veneta] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5514
definition: Endemic, threatened [Salicornia veneta] swards of long-inundated muds of basins of the Venice lagoon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

Black Sea annual [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5515
definition: Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola] spp.) solonchak formations, colonizing periodically inundated muds of Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of inland salt-basins of central Eurasian and Irano-Anatolian steppe and cold desert zones. Annual glasswort communities of salt steppes and saltmarshes of areas of extreme continentality within the boreal zone of Siberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

Low-shore Mediterranean glasswort swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.5516
definition: Glasswort swards occupying long-inundated basins of coastal saltmarshes of the western Mediterranean basin, including those of Spain, southern continental France, the Gulf of Tarento, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, with Atlantic representatives in southwestern Europe, between southern Brittany and central Portugal, dominated by the reddening tetraploid glasswort [Salicornia emerici].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salicornia], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] pioneer saltmarshes

Atlantic [Sagina maritima] communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.553
definition: Formations of annual pioneers occupying sands subject to variable salinity and humidity, on the coasts, in the dunal systems and in the saltmarshes of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic. They are usually limited to small surfaces and best developed in the zone of contact between dune and saltmarsh. Characteristic species include [Sagina maritima], [Sagina nodosa], [Cochlearia danica], [Gentiana uliginosa], [Centaurium littorale], [Bupleurum tenuissimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.554
definition: Perennial pioneer grasslands of coastal salt muds dominated by flat-leaved [Spartina maritima] ([Spartina stricta]), [Spartina townsendii], [Spartina anglica], [Spartina alterniflora], distributed along Atlantic and North Sea coasts of middle Europe north to Denmark and south to northwestern Iberia, with outposts on the Atlantic coast of Africa around Tangier, Rabat and Cap Blanc, extending east to the Danish archipelago and with isolated areas of occurrence in the Mediterranean basin, located in the northern Adriatic, in the Venice Lagoon and nearby coasts, from the mouth of the Po to Trieste and Slovenia, and in estuaries of the coasts of northwestern Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Spartina anglica] pioneer saltmarshes
narrower: [Spartina alterniflora] with [Spartina anglica], [Puccinellia maritima] and [Aster tripolium]
narrower: [Spartina maritima] pioneer saltmarshes

Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves
type: Concept
notation: A1.447
definition: Overhanging, and shaded vertical, bedrock on the lower shore and in lower shore caves, which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by crusts of bryozoans including [Umbonula littoralis], sponges such as [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea, Scypha ciliata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] and the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. On overhangs, the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. The barnacles [Balanus crenatus], [Balanus perforatus] (sometimes at high densities) and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be present as well. Certain species which are generally confined to the sublittoral, including the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Corynactis viridis], may be found in the lower shore caves and overhangs. Littoral species such as [Actinia equina] are also present. The only algae present are coralline crusts. The list of characterising species partly reflects the variation in the species composition between individual overhangs and caves although this biotope can have a high species richness. Situation: This biotope is found in the lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe in less wave-surged conditions than that of SR.Den.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls
type: Concept
notation: A1.448
definition: The inner walls of caves, predominantly in the mid shore in wave-surged conditions dominated by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], and [Verruca stroemia], with patches of encrusting sponges such as [Halichondria panicea] and [Grantia compressa] and occasional patches of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Increased moisture allows a denser faunal population than ScrFa to develop within the cave. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes can be present. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] and anemones such as [Metridium senile] and [Actinia equina] may occur towards the lower reaches of the cave. Where a dense faunal turf of barnacles or bryozoan crusts covers the cave walls, the biotope can also extend to cover the ceiling and may be accompanied by the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. Variations of this biotope may occur in mid and lower shore scoured caves in south Wales the rock is dominated by dense [Sabellaria alveolata]. In south-west England the rock can be completely covered by the barnacle [Balanus perforatus]. There may be a variation in the species composition from cave to cave, depending on local conditions. Situation: This biotope usually occurs above the sand/pebble scoured ScrFa zone and may extend to the ceilings of the caves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves
type: Concept
notation: A1.449
definition: Upper to lower shore sand- or pebble-scoured cave walls characterised by an impoverished faunal assemblage which may include bryozoan crusts, scattered sponges [Halichondria panicea], barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides] or often large [Balanus crenatus and] the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The isopod [Ligia oceanica] may seek refuge in crevices in the rock, and due to the decreased effect of desiccation in these damp caves, other species such as the anemone [Actinia equina] and spirorbid polychaetes are able to extend further up the shore than normally found on open rock. The lower section of the wall which is subject to greatest scour may be characterised by a band of [Pomatoceros] [triqueter] and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes. In wave sheltered conditions, this biotope may extend to the cave ceiling. The rear of caves on the lower shore may support only sparse fauna consisting of spirorbid polychaetes and barnacles such as [Chthamalus montagui] with scattered [Pomatoceros] sp., scattered bryozoan and coralline crusts and in the south-west, occasional [Sabellaria alveolata]. Shade-tolerant red algae such as [Lomentaria articulata] may occasionally occur. Due to the low species abundance in this biotope, there may be a variation from cave to cave, depending on local conditions. Situation: This biotope is found in caves between the barren (of macro-fauna or flora) or very species poor BarCv zone and the wave-surged, more densely populated FaCr zone. On the walls above the scour and near the cave entrance the community may grade into a red algal dominated community (AudCla).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors
type: Concept
notation: A1.44A
definition: Mid and upper shore mobile boulders/cobbles on cave floors and the lower reaches of cave walls which are subject to scour are generally devoid of macro-fauna and flora. However, where light is available around the cave entrances, encrusting coralline algae may cover the rock and boulder surfaces. In some instances they may support sparse fauna such as the limpet [Patella] spp. and the winkle [Littorina saxatilis]. Situation: This biotope is situated on the floor, or at the base of cave walls, often with a zone of ScrFa above (where the scouring effect of boulders is less). In areas of extreme wave exposure this zone will extend high up the sides of the cave and in less wave-exposed conditions where the effects of scouring are reduced, some fauna may be present. At the entrances and 2-3 metres into upper shore caves, a zone of Sem may occur above the BarCv, becoming a zone of VmucHil further into the cave. In mid shore caves, BarCv is above by a zone of ScrFa (sparse fauna), and in caves on the lower shore, the surge-tolerant SR.Den may occur above this zone. Temporal variation: In calmer summer months cave mouths may have some ephemeral algae (e.g. [Enteromorpha intestinalis]) and a spat-fall of barnacles or limpets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

[Spartina anglica] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5541
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards

[Spartina alterniflora] with [Spartina anglica], [Puccinellia maritima] and [Aster tripolium]
type: Concept
notation: A2.5542
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards

[Spartina maritima] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.5543
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flat-leaved [Spartina] swards

[Spartina densiflora] swards
type: Concept
notation: A2.555
definition: Perennial pioneer grasslands of southern Iberian coastal salt muds, dominated by the junciform-leaved [Spartina densiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

Rayed [Aster tripolium] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.556
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

[Aster tripolium] var. [discoides] pioneer saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: A2.557
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

[Arthrocnemum perenne] pioneer saltmarshes, sometimes with [Halimione], [Puccinellia] and [Suaeda]
type: Concept
notation: A2.558
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms
type: Concept
notation: A2.6
definition: Dominants are [Eleocharis acicularis], [Eleocharis parvula], [Zostera] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments
narrower: Marine [Cyperaceae] beds

Seagrass beds on littoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A2.61
definition: Dominants are [Zostera] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms
narrower: Mainland Atlantic [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] meadows
narrower: Macaronesian [Zostera noltii] meadows
narrower: Pontic [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] meadows
narrower: [Ruppia maritima] on lower shore sediment

Mainland Atlantic [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.611
definition: Formations of [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic shores of continental Europe and of its continental shelf islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments
narrower: [Zostera noltii] beds in littoral muddy sand

Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata
type: Concept
notation: A1.45
definition: Ephemeral seaweeds on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. Dominant green seaweeds include [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and the red seaweeds [Rhodothamniella floridula] and [Porphyra purpurea]. Winkles such as [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] can occur, though usually in low abundance. The crab [Carcinus maenas] can be found where boulders are present, while the barnacle [Elminius modestus] is usually present on sites subject to variable salinity. On moderately exposed shores, the biotope is [Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced or unstable upper shore rock (A1.451) or [P. purpurea] and/or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid to lower eulittoral rock (A1.452). These are biotopes with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites. Situation: This habitat type occurs the splash zone, sometimes on cliff faces, and throughout the main intertidal zone. Note: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A2.43 and A2.82 as LR.ELR.Eph.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral rock
narrower: [Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock
narrower: [Porphyra purpurea] or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock

[Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.451
definition: Upper shore hard substratum that is relatively unstable (e.g. soft rock) or subject to considerable freshwater runoff is typically very species poor and characterised by a dense mat of [Enteromorpha] spp., though [Ulva lactuca] can occur as well. It occurs in a wider zone spanning from the supralittoral down to the upper eulittoral, across a wide range of wave exposures range. This biotope is generally devoid of fauna, except for occasional limpets [Patella vulgata], winkles [Littorina littorea] or [Littorina saxatilis] and barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides]. Situation: This band of green seaweeds is usually found above a zone dominated by a mixture [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. (EntPor) or a [Fucus spiralis] or [Fucus ceranoides] zone (Fspi; Fcer), and may replace the [Pelvetia canaliculata] zone (PelB). It can be found below a zone dominated by yellow and grey lichens. In very sheltered areas the seagrass [Ruppia maritima] can be found above this biotope while different wracks such as [Fucus] spp. can dominate the zone below (Rup; Asc; Fspi). Temporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the [Enteromorpha] spp. and the occurrence of the other green seaweeds species will occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata

[Porphyra purpurea] or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A1.452
definition: Exposed and moderately exposed mid-shore bedrock and boulders occurring adjacent to areas of sand which significantly affects the rock. As a consequence of sand-abrasion, wracks such as [Fucus vesiculosus] or [Fucus spiralis] are scarce and the community is typically dominated by ephemeral red or green seaweeds, particularly the foliose red seaweed [Porphyra purpurea] and green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha] spp. Under the blanket of ephemeral seaweeds, the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] or [Elminius modestus] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] may occur in the less scoured areas, along with the occasional winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis]. Few other species are present. Situation: Usually found below the species impoverished biotope dominated by [Enteromorpha] spp. (Ent) and above the [F. spiralis] zone (Fspi). It may replace the zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (PelB). In areas where sand abrasion is less severe, the sand-binding red alga [Rhodothamniella floridula] occurs with other sand-tolerant seaweeds and the wrack [Fucus serratus] (Rho), along with the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Temporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the [Enteromorpha] spp. and the [P. purpurea] will occur, especially as a result of storm action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata

Littoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2
definition: Littoral sediment includes habitats of shingle (mobile cobbles and pebbles), gravel, sand and mud or any combination of these which occur in the intertidal zone. Littoral sediment is defined further using descriptions of particle sizes - mainly gravel (16-4 mm), coarse sand (4-1 mm), medium sand (1-0.25 mm), fine sand (0.25-0.063 mm) and mud (less than 0.063 mm) and various admixtures of these (and coarser) grades - muddy sand, sandy mud and mixed sediment (cobbles, gravel, sand and mud together). Littoral sediments support communities tolerant to some degree of drainage at low tide and often subject to variation in air temperature and reduced salinity in estuarine situations. Very coarse sediments tend to support few macrofaunal species because these sediments tend to be mobile and subject to a high degree of drying when exposed at low tide. Finer sediments tend to be more stable and retain some water between high tides, and therefore support a greater diversity of species. Medium and fine sand shores usually support a range of oligochaetes, polychaetes, and burrowing crustaceans, and even more stable muddy sand shores also support a range of bivalves. Very fine and cohesive sediment (mud) tends to have a lower species diversity, because oxygen cannot penetrate far below the sediment surface. A black, anoxic layer of sediment develops under these circumstances, which may extend to the sediment surface and in which few species can survive. Some intertidal sediments are dominated by angiosperms, e.g. eelgrass ([Zostera noltii]) beds on the mid and upper shore of muddy sand flats, or saltmarshes which develop on the extreme upper shore of sheltered fine sediment flats. Situation: Littoral sediments are found across the entire intertidal zone, including the strandline. Sediment biotopes can extend further landwards (dune systems, marshes) and further seawards (sublittoral sediments). Sediment shores are generally found along relatively more sheltered stretches of coast…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Littoral coarse sediment
narrower: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Littoral mud
narrower: Littoral mixed sediments
narrower: Coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds
narrower: Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms
narrower: Littoral biogenic reefs
narrower: Features of littoral sediment

Macaronesian [Zostera noltii] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.612
definition: Very local [Zostera noltii] formations of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments

Littoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.1
definition: Littoral coarse sediments include shores of mobile pebbles, cobbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying between tides. As a result, few species are able to survive in this environment. Beaches of mobile cobbles and pebbles tend to be devoid of macroinfauna, while gravelly shores may support limited numbers of crustaceans, such as [Pectenogammarus planicrurus]. Situation: Littoral coarse sediments are found along relatively exposed open shores, where wave action prevents finer sediments from settling. Coarse sediments may also be present on the upper parts of shores where there are more stable, sandy biotopes on the lower and mid shore. Temporal variation: The sediment particle size structure may vary seasonally, with relatively finer sediments able to settle during calmer conditions in summer. Where the sediment grain size is very large (at the interface between sediment and boulder shores), cobbles may be mobile during exposed winter conditions, but stable enough during summer months to support limited juvenile rocky shore epifauna (e.g. juvenile barnacles).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores
narrower: Estuarine coarse sediment shores
narrower: Mediterranean communities of mediolittoral coarse detritic bottoms

Barren littoral shingle
type: Concept
notation: A2.111
definition: Shingle or gravel shores, typically with sediment particle size ranging from 4 - 256 mm, sometimes with some coarse sand mixed in. This biotope is normally only found on exposed open coasts in fully marine conditions. Such shores tend to support virtually no macrofauna in their very mobile and freely draining substratum. The few individuals that may be found are those washed into the habitat by the ebbing tide, including the occasional amphipod or small polychaete. Situation: BarSh often extends over the whole shore, sometimes extending into the subtidal zone. BarSh may occur on the upper shore above BarSa, and in moderately exposed conditions, above AmSco on the lower shore. Tal may occur on the same shore as BarSh, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore. Temporal variation: There may be a temporary cover of the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva] spp. during periods of stability in the summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores

[Pectenogammarus planicrurus] in mid shore well-sorted gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.112
definition: Shores of well-sorted gravel with a predominant particle size of 4.0 mm but ranging between 3 and 6 mm support dense populations of the amphipod [Pectenogammarus planicrurus]. Material finer than 2 mm reduces the ability of the amphipod to survive. The amphipod is tolerant of variable salinity, although a preference for a specific salinity regime has not been determined. As this habitat is regularly under-surveyed, its distribution is unclear. Situation: The biotope is often associated with the lee side (wind or tide) of obstacles such as rock outcrops and groynes; this may be due to the deposition of algal debris, shelter from wave action or degree of sorting due to localised tidal flow around the obstacle (most likely a combination of the first and last influence).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores

Littoral sand and muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2
definition: Shores comprising clean sands (coarse, medium or fine-grained) and muddy sands with up to 25% silt and clay fraction. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. Littoral sands exhibit varying degrees of drying at low tide depending on the steepness of the shore, the sediment grade and the height on the shore. The more mobile sand shores are relatively impoverished (A2.22), with more species-rich communities of amphipods, polychaetes and, on the lower shore, bivalves developing with increasing stability in finer sand habitats (A2.23). Muddy sands (A2.24), the most stable within this habitat complex, contain the highest proportion of bivalves. Situation: A strandline of talitrid amphipods (A2.211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Fully marine sandy shores occur along stretches of open coast, whilst muddy sands are often present in more sheltered lower estuarine conditions and may be subject to some freshwater influence. Temporal variation: Littoral sandy shore environments can change markedly over seasonal cycles, with sediment being eroded during winter storms and accreted during calmer summer months. The particle size structure of the sediment may change from finer to coarser during winter months, as finer sediment gets resuspended in seasonal exposed conditions. This may affect the sediment infauna, with some species only present in summer when sediments are more stable. More sheltered muddy sand shores are likely to be more stable throughout the year, but may have a seasonal cover of green seaweeds during the summer period, particularly in nutrient enriched areas or where there is freshwater input.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Strandline
narrower: Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores
narrower: Polychaete/amphipod-dominated fine sand shores
narrower: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands
narrower: Strictly Pontic communities of mediolittoral sands

[Ruppia maritima] on lower shore sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.614
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). This had a question mark against it: is it needed? This unit is not required until more [Ruppia] variants are defined (David Connor)
broader: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments

Marine [Cyperaceae] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.62
definition: Dominants are [Eleocharis acicularis], [Eleocharis parvula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms
narrower: [Eleocharis] beds

[Eleocharis] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.621
definition: Emergent [Eleocharis parvula] or [Eleocharis acicularis] formations of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons, occurring in the open sea only in the Baltic, limited to coastal waterbodies elsewhere, and very rare.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine [Cyperaceae] beds
narrower: [Eleocharis parvula] beds
narrower: Bothnian [Eleocharis acicularis] beds

[Eleocharis parvula] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.6211
definition: Emergent [Eleocharis parvula]-dominated formations of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons. They occur in the open sea only in the inner Baltic, in particular in middle Sweden, southern Finland and Estonia; they are very rare elsewhere, noted in particular on a few points of the coasts of Norway and in closed limans of the northern Black Sea and Azov Sea coasts, probably extinct in France and Germany.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Eleocharis] beds

Bothnian [Eleocharis acicularis] beds
type: Concept
notation: A2.6212
definition: Emergent [Eleocharis acicularis]-dominated formations of the open Baltic in the Gulf of Bothnia (Bothnia Sea, Bothnia Bay) and the Gulf of Finland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Eleocharis] beds

Features of littoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.8
definition: Features of littoral sediment include littoral habitats characterised by the presence of gases or liquids bubbling or seeping through sediments (A2.81); areas which are characterised by pioneer or ephemeral red and green algae because of variations in salinity and/or siltation (A2.82); and sedimentary shores of non-tidal, reduced salinity waters which are below the mean water level and normally water-covered, but which are regularly or occasionally exposed by the action of wind (hydrolittoral zone in the Baltic) (A2.83-A2.87).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Methane seeps in littoral sediments
narrower: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on mobile substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral stony substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata
narrower: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata

Methane seeps in littoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A2.81
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). Need to confirm position in respect of level 3 criteria. Should be moved to level 3 (A2.9) (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment

Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on mobile substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.82
definition: Eulittoral mixed substrata subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds (A2.821). This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites. Note: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A1.45 and A2.43 as LR.ELR.Eph.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Ephemeral green and red seaweeds on variable salinity and/or disturbed eulittoral mixed substrata

Strandline
type: Concept
notation: A2.21
definition: The strandline is the shifting line of decomposing seaweed and debris which is typically left behind on sediment (and some rocky shores) at the upper extreme of the intertidal at each high tide. These ephemeral bands of seaweed often shelter communities of sandhoppers. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae. Situation: Strandlines may occur in bands along the upper extreme of any sediment shore and some rocky shores. Temporal variation: Strandlines tend to be mobile, as they consist of driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris, which will decompose, and be shifted by the tide. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of the strandline, may vary significantly depending on factors such as recent storms or high tides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] and [Fabricia sabella] in littoral mixed sediment

Talitrids on the upper shore and strandline
type: Concept
notation: A2.211
definition: A community of sandhoppers (talitrid amphipods) may occur on any shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate on the strandline. The biotope occurs most frequently on medium and fine sandy shores, but may also occur on a wide variety of sediment shores composed of muddy sediment, shingle and mixed substrata, or on rocky shores. The decaying seaweed provides cover and humidity for the sandhopper [Talitrus saltator]. In places on sand that regularly accumulate larger amounts of weed, [Talorchestia deshayesii] is often present. Oligochaetes, mainly enchytraeids, can occur where the stranded debris remains damp as a result of freshwater seepage across the shore or mass accumulation of weed in shaded situations. On shingle and gravel shores and behind saltmarshes the strandline talitrid species tend to be mainly [Orchestia] species. Abundances of the characterising species tend to be highly patchy. Two characterising species lists are presented below. They are derived from two sets of data, which were analysed separately. The first shows data from infaunal samples, the second shows data from epifaunal samples. The epifaunal lists contains no counts per square metre, as the data were collected on the SACFOR scale. Situation: Tal may occur on the same shore as a range of sediment (especially sandy) biotopes, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore. These biotopes include BarSh, BarSa, Ol, AmSco, and Po. The biotope also occurs at the back of boulder, cobble and pebble shores, above mixed sediment and rocky biotopes. Temporal variation: This biotope varies in its position between spring and neap tides, and as a result of changing weather. After storms, it may extend into the fore dunes, during spring tides it will occur high on the shore, and during neaps the greatest numbers of talitrids may be found at or just below MHWN level. The amount of debris washed up on strandlines, and hence the extent of this biotope,…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Strandline

[Mytilus edulis] and [Fabricia sabella] in littoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.212
definition: Pebbles, gravel, sand and shell debris with mud in sheltered Firths with a strandline of fucoid algae. The fauna is characterised by juvenile mussels [Mytilus edulis], often in very high numbers. The nemertean worm [Lineus] spp. may be abundant and oligochaetes are common. Polychaetes such as [Pygospio elegans], [Scoloplos armiger] and [Fabricia sabella] may be present in high densities. [Fabricia sabella] is typically found amongst algal holdfasts and between cobbles on rocky shores. The bivalves [Macoma balthica] and [Cerastoderma edule], typical of muddy sediments, characterise the community. The validity of this biotope is uncertain, as the only available data, from the Dornoch Firth and the Moray Firth, are poor. Its position within the classification, as a strandline community, is also very uncertain, but there is not enough information available for a better description or classification at this stage. Situation: Occurs on sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Strandline

Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.22
definition: Shores consisting of clean mobile sands (coarse, medium and some fine-grained), with little very fine sand, and no mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The sands are non-cohesive, with low water retention, and thus subject to drying out between tides, especially on the upper shore and where the shore profile is steep. Most of these shores support a limited range of species, ranging from barren, highly mobile sands to more stable clean sands supporting communities of isopods, amphipods and a limited range of polychaetes. Species which can characterise mobile sand communities include [Scolelepis squamata], [Pontocrates arenarius], [Bathyporeia pelagica], [B. pilosa], [Haustorius arenarius] and [Eurydice pulchra]. Situation: Mobile sand shores are typically situated along open stretches of coastline, with a relatively high degree of wave exposure. Bands of gravel and shingle may be present on the upper shore of exposed beaches. Where the wave exposure is less, and the shore profile more shallow, mobile sand communities may also be present on the upper part of the shore, with more stable fine sand communities present lower down. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (A2.211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Temporal variation: Mobile sand shores may show significant seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Barren littoral coarse sand
narrower: Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand
narrower: Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand

Hydrolittoral stony substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.83
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral stony substrata: reefs

Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.831
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral stony substrata

Hydrolittoral stony substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.832
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral stony substrata

Hydrolittoral stony substrata: reefs
type: Concept
notation: A2.833
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral stony substrata

Hydrolittoral gravel substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.84
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: banks

Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.841
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata

Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.842
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata

Hydrolittoral gravel substrata: banks
type: Concept
notation: A2.843
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral gravel substrata

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.85
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: bars
narrower: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: banks

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.851
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata

Barren littoral coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.221
definition: Freely-draining sandy beaches, particularly on the upper and mid shore, which lack a macrofaunal community due to their continual mobility. Trial excavations are unlikely to reveal any macrofauna in these typically steep beaches on exposed coasts. Oligochaetes, probably mainly enchytraeids, and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra] may be found in extremely low abundances, but if present in any quantity should be classed as Ol or AmSco.Eur. Burrowing amphipods ([Bathyporeia] spp.) may be present on very rare occasions. Occasionally, other species may be left behind in low abundance by the ebbing tide. Situation: BarSa may occur on the mid and/or lower shore below BarSh in exposed conditions. In moderately exposed conditions, and where BarSa occurs on the upper shore, a range of relatively more species-rich clean sand communities may occur on the mid and lower shore. These include AmSco, Ol, and Po, depending on the degree of wave exposure and sediment mobility. Tal may occur on the same shore as BarSa, where driftlines of algae and other debris accumulate on the upper shore.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores

Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.222
definition: A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. The biotope also occurs in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. This biotope has been split into two sub-biotopes, based on the physical environment (a full-salinity and a variable salinity type). Situation: Ol often occurs in variable salinity conditions, in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the MEST and UEST biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. Ol also occurs on open, fully marine shores. Where it is situated on the mid shore, BarSh and/or BarSa may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, AmSco.Sco and AmSco.Pon may be found. Ol may also occur on the upper shore, with AmSco.Eur present on the mid shore, and Po.Pful or Po.Aten on the lower shore. Tal may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of wracks and debris accumulate. Temporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to BarSa. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to AmSco.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores
narrower: Oligochaetes in full salinity littoral mobile sand
narrower: Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand

Oligochaetes in full salinity littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2221
definition: A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in fully marine conditions on open shores with mobile, medium to fine, usually clean, sand. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. On rare occasions individuals of polychaete or crustacean species may be encountered (e.g. [Nephtys] spp., [Eurydice pulchra], [Bathyporeia] spp.), though these are not characterising for the biotope and if present in any significant abundance, the area should be classed as AmSco. Situation: Where Ol.FS is situated on the mid shore, BarSh and/or BarSa may be present on the upper shore, and lower down on the shore, AmSco.Sco and AmSco.Pon may be found. Ol may also occur on the upper shore, with AmSco.Eur present on the mid shore, and Po.Pful or Po.Aten on the lower shore. Tal may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate. Temporal variation: Wave exposure may be higher on some beaches during winter than during the summer months, leading to the disappearance of infaunal species in winter. Where this happens, the biotope may change to BarSa. If conditions become more sheltered, seasonally or permanently, the sediment may become colonised by a greater range of species and the area may change to AmSco.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand

Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2222
definition: A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and mobile due to strong river flow and subject to variable salinity. There is usually very little mud in the sediment. Oligochaetes, including enchytraeid oligochaetes, constitute the infaunal assemblage. Nemerteans may be present, and nematodes may be frequent. Situation: Ol.VS occurs in channels of very fast flowing river mouths at the bottom of otherwise sheltered estuarine shores. In this situation, biotopes under the MEST and UEST biotope complexes may be present above the river channel. Tal may be found on the upper shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris accumulate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.852
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: bars
type: Concept
notation: A2.853
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata

Hydrolittoral sandy substrata: banks
type: Concept
notation: A2.854
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral sandy substrata

Hydrolittoral muddy substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.86
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.861
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata

Hydrolittoral muddy substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.862
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral muddy substrata

Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.87
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 4 HELCOM could be better aligned with the rest of the classification, but additional biological data are required (David Connor)
broader: Features of littoral sediment
narrower: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.871
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata

Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata: dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A2.872
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hydrolittoral mixed sediment substrata

Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1
definition: Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to exposed to extremely exposed wave action or strong tidal streams. Typically the rock supports a community of kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] with foliose seaweeds and animals, the latter tending to become more prominent in areas of strongest water movement. The depth to which the kelp extends varies according to water clarity, exceptionally (e.g. St Kilda) reaching 45 m. The sublittoral fringe is characterised by dabberlocks [Alaria esculenta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
narrower: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action
narrower: Encrusting algal communities
narrower: Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)

Turf of articulated [Corallinaceae] on exposed to sheltered infralittoral bedrock and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.118
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition at Southampton workshop. Need to confirm that this is different from A3.117, and if so, its position in the hierarchy. Also check for overlap with Barcelona units. This is a different unit if from the Azores, but see A3.136 (David Connor)
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities
type: Concept
notation: A3.12
definition: Infralittoral rock habitats, subject to disturbance through mobility of the substratum (boulders or cobbles) or abrasion/covering by nearby coarse sediments or suspended particulate matter (sand). The associated communities can be quite variable in character, depending on the particular conditions, which prevail. The typical [Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweed communities of stable open coast rocky habitats (A3.21) are replaced by those, which include more ephemeral species or those tolerant of sand and gravel abrasion. As such [Laminaria saccharina], [Saccorhiza polyschides] or [Halidrys siliquosa] may be prominant components of the community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Saccorhiza polyschides] and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] on exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina], [Chorda filum] and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable infralittoral boulders and cobbles
narrower: Dense [Desmarestia] spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock
narrower: Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered infralittoral rock
narrower: [Halidrys siliquosa] and mixed kelps on tide-swept infralittoral rock with coarse sediment
narrower: [Polyides rotundus], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Chondrus crispus] on sand-covered infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic [Cystoseira barbata] on exposed cobbles, boulders and bedrock mixed with and scoured by sand

Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.223
definition: Mobile clean sandy beaches on exposed and moderately exposed shores, with sediment grain sizes ranging from medium to fine, often with a fraction of coarser sediment. The sediment contains little or no organic matter, and usually no anoxic layer is present at all. It tends to be well-drained, retaining little water at low tide, though the sediment of the AmSco.Pon sub-biotope may remain damp throughout the tidal cycle. These beaches usually occur under fully marine conditions, though the AmSco.Eur sub-biotope may occur under moderately exposed lower estuarine conditions. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by polychaetes, isopods and burrowing amphipods. [Scolelepis] spp. can tolerate well-drained conditions, and are often present in well-draining, coarser sand. Burrowing amphipods that often occur in this biotope include [Bathyporeia] spp., [Pontocrates arenarius], and [Haustorius arenarius]. The isopod [Eurydice pulchra] is also often present. On semi-exposed beaches with a moderate tide range where there is a marked high-shore berm, there can be a marked seepage at the foot of the berm that probably carries the products of the organic matter derived from strand line breakdown. Here in a narrow zone, exceptionally high populations of [Bathyporeia pilosa], sometimes above 10000 per square metre, may occur. The zone may be narrower than the strandline and could easily be missed on surveys were only a few levels are sampled. Three sub-biotopes are described for this biotope, based principally on differences in infaunal species composition. Situation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below BarSa, or BarSh. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the Po communities. Tal may be present on the same shores as AmSco, where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore. Tempora…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores
narrower: [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral mobile sand
narrower: [Eurydice pulchra] in littoral mobile sand
narrower: [Pontocrates arenarius] in littoral mobile sand

[Scolelepis] spp. in littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2231
definition: Exposed and moderately exposed shores of fully marine mobile clean sand, with particle sizes ranging from coarse to very fine. The sediment is not always well sorted, and may contain a subsurface layer of gravel or shell debris. Usually no anoxic layer is present. The mobility of the sediment leads to a species-poor community, dominated by the polychaetes [Scolelepis squamata] and [S. foliosa]. The amphipod [Bathyporeia pilosa] may be present. Further species that may be present in this sub-biotope include the amphipods [B. pelagica] and [Haustorius arenarius], and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra]. The lugworm [Arenicola marina] may also occur. Situation: Situated mainly on the mid and lower shore, sometimes upper shore, of exposed to moderately exposed beaches. Under more exposed conditions, it may occur below AmSco.Eur, BarSa, or BarSh, and on the same shores as AmSco.Pon. Under more sheltered conditions, it may occur above the Po communities. Tal may be present on the same shores, where driftlines of wrack and other debris occur on the upper shore. Temporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand

[Eurydice pulchra] in littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2232
definition: Well-draining beaches of medium- to fine-grained mobile sand, often (but not always) well sorted. Occasionally, a small fraction of coarse sand may be present. The biotope generally occurs on exposed open coasts, but sometimes in estuarine conditions, supporting populations of the isopod [Eurydice pulchra] and burrowing amphipods which frequently include [Bathyporeia pilosa] and [Haustorius arenarius]. The degree of drainage appears to be a critical factor in determining the presence of polychaetes, with only [Scolelepis squamata] capable of tolerating the well-drained sediments of this biotope. This biotope has two facies: drying upper and mid shore sands, and highly mobile lower shore and shallow sublittoral sand bars. Where this biotope occurs in estuarine conditions, [H. arenarius] is often highly abundant. Situation: AmSco.Eur may occur on the mid and upper shore together with AmSco.Sco, below Ol, or above Amsco.Pon and the Po communities. Under more exposed, open conditions, AmSco.Eur may be restricted to the lower part of the shore, with Ol, barren sand (BarSa) or barren shingle (BarSh) on the upper shore. Tal may occur where driftlines of wracks or other debris accumulate on the upper shore. Temporal variation: Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand

Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A3.13
definition: This community is characterised by the presence of many photophilic algae covering hard bottoms in wave exposed areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Overgrazing facies with incrustant algaes and sea urchins
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira amentacea] (var. [amentacea], var. [stricta], var. [spicata])
narrower: Facies with [Vermetus] spp.
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic facies with [Mytilus galloprovincialis]
narrower: Association with [Corallina elongata] and [Herposiphonia secunda]
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic association with [Corallina officinalis]
narrower: Association with [Schottera nicaeensis]
narrower: Pontic facies with [Petricola lithophaga] in very exposed vertical rock
narrower: Pontic [Vermiliopsis infundibulum] biogenic rocks

Overgrazing facies with incrustant algaes and sea urchins
type: Concept
notation: A3.131
definition: This facies is characterised by a low coverage of algae due to grazing by sea urchins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira amentacea] (var. [amentacea], var. [stricta], var. [spicata])
type: Concept
notation: A3.132
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira amentacea], [Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta] and [Cystoseira amentacea var. spicata], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Facies with [Vermetus] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A3.133
definition: This facies is characterised by an high presence of vermetids building a continous belt called a "trottoir".
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Association with [Corallina elongata] and [Herposiphonia secunda]
type: Concept
notation: A3.135
definition: This association with the red algae [Corallina elongata] and [Herposiphonia secunda] is typical of the upper infralittoral with strong wave action and strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Mediterranean and Pontic association with [Corallina officinalis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.136
definition: This association with the red alga [Corallina officinalis] is typical in the upper horizon of the infralittoral in areas with strong luminosity and sheltered waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Association with [Schottera nicaeensis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.137
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga [Schottera nicaeensis] living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Pontic facies with [Petricola lithophaga] in very exposed vertical rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.138
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Pontic [Vermiliopsis infundibulum] biogenic rocks
type: Concept
notation: A3.139
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

Encrusting algal communities
type: Concept
notation: A3.14
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). Is name sufficiently specific? These are high level life forms - consider re-arranging whole of section A3.1 in sequence 'forest', shrub/meadow (e.g. Cystoseira), turf, crust (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock

Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)
type: Concept
notation: A3.15
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). Is name sufficiently specific? These are high level life forms - consider re-arranging whole of section A3.1 in sequence 'forest', shrub/meadow (e.g. Cystoseira), turf, crust (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Cystoseira] spp. on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
narrower: Pontic [Ulva rigida] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
narrower: Pontic [Gelidium latifolium] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders

[Pontocrates arenarius] in littoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2233
definition: Mainly on the mid and lower shore on wave-exposed or moderately wave-exposed coasts of medium and fine sand, sometimes with a fraction of coarse sand, which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The infauna is dominated by burrowing amphipods, most notably [Pontocrates arenarius], as well as [Bathyporeia pelagica, Haustorius arenarius] and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra]. The polychaete fauna is poor, dominated by [Scolelepis squamata], which tolerates the exposed and mobile sediment conditions. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Situation: This biotope may be present on the lower shore, where BarSa, AmSco.Eur, or AmSco.Sco are present higher up. Where AmSco.Pon occurs on the mid shore in relatively sheltered conditions, Po may be present on the lower shore. Tal may be present where driftlines of fucoids and other debris occur on the upper shore. Temporal variation: This biotope may change to AmSco.Eur, which is very similar in character, if [P. arenarius] decreases in abundance. Winter storms may reduce the number of or temporarily remove macroinvertebrates from exposed sandy beaches, with the sediment becoming re-colonised during the summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand

Polychaete/amphipod-dominated fine sand shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.23
definition: Shores of clean, medium to fine and very fine sand, with no coarse sand, gravel or mud present. Shells and stones may occasionally be present on the surface. The sand may be duned or rippled as a result of wave action or tidal currents. The degree of drying between tides is limited, and the sediment usually remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. Typically, no anoxic layer is present. Fine sand shores support a range of species including amphipods and polychaetes. On the lower shore, and where sediments are stable, bivalves such as [Angulus tenuis] may be present in large numbers. An exceptionally rich fine sand community has been recorded from very sheltered reduced salinity shores in Poole Harbour. Species recorded include [Anaitides maculata], [Hediste diversicolor], [Scoloplos armiger], [Pygospio elegans], [Tharyx killariensis], oligochaetes, [Gammarus locusta], [Hydrobia ulvae], [Cerastoderma edule] and [Mya truncata]. Situation: Fine sand communities may be present throughout the intertidal zone on moderately exposed beaches, or they may be present on the lower parts of the shore with mobile sand communities present along the upper shore. A strandline of talitrid amphipods (A2.211) typically develops at the top of the shore where decaying seaweed accumulates. Temporal variation: Fine sand shores may show seasonal changes, with sediment accretion during calm summer periods and beach erosion during more stormy winter months. There may be a change in sediment particle size structure, with finer sediment grains washed out during winter months, leaving behind coarser sediments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

Polychaetes in littoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.231
definition: Moderately exposed or sheltered beaches of medium and fine, usually clean, sand, though the sediment may on rare occasions contain a small silt and clay fraction. The sediment is relatively stable, remains damp throughout the tidal cycle, and contains little organic matter. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Where an anoxic layer is present, it occurs at a depth below 10 cm and tends to be patchy. The biotope occurs mainly on the lower part of the shore, and relatively frequently on the mid shore. It is only rarely present above mid shore level, except where coastal defences cause backwash onto the upper shore. Conditions are usually fully marine, though the biotope can also occur in open lower estuarine conditions. The infaunal community is dominated by a range of polychaete species such as [Nephtys cirrosa], [Paraonis fulgens], [Spio] spp., [Pygospio elegans], [Ophelia rathkei] and [Scoloplos armiger]. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment, and [Arenicola marina] casts may be present on the sediment surface. The amphipods [Bathyporeia] spp. and [Pontocrates arenarius] frequently occur, and nemerteans are often present. On some North Wales shores, the presence of [Arenicola] species characterises the lowest part of the shore, with a range of species characteristic of the shallow sublittoral. These include sparsely distributed [Echinocardium], [Amphiura brachiata], [Ensis siliqua] and [Fabulina fabula]. The Po biotope is split into three sub-biotopes, between which there can be a large degree of overlap. The bivalve [Angulus tenuis] dominates the Po.Aten sub-biotope, which is characterised by slightly more stable and fine sediments than the other two sub-biotopes. Situation: The Po biotopes may be present below the AmSco communities or Ol.FS on moderately exposed shores. BarSa may occur on the upper part of the shore if it is subject to drying in between tides. The …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/amphipod-dominated fine sand shores
narrower: Polychaetes, including [Paraonis fulgens], in littoral fine sand
narrower: Polychaetes and [Angulus tenuis] in littoral fine sand
narrower: [Nephtys cirrosa]-dominated littoral fine sand

[Cystoseira] spp. on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.151
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed addition (Southampton workshop). Is name sufficiently specific? Compare A3.259 - A3.25D (David Connor)
broader: Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)

Pontic [Ulva rigida] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.152
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)

Pontic [Gelidium latifolium] communities on exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.153
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Frondose algal communities (other than kelp)

Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2
definition: Predominantly moderately wave-exposed bedrock and boulders, subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. On the bedrock and stable boulders there is typically a narrow band of kelp [Laminaria digitata] in the sublittoral fringe which lies above a [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and park. Associated with the kelp are communities of seaweeds, predominantly reds and including a greater variety of more delicate filamentous types than found on more exposed coasts (cf. A3.11).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action
narrower: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
type: Concept
notation: A3.21
definition: Infralittoral rock subject to moderate wave exposure, or moderately strong tidal streams on more sheltered coasts. On bedrock and stable boulders there is typically a narrow band of kelp [Laminaria digitata] in the sublittoral fringe which lies above a [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and park. Associated with the kelp are communities of seaweeds, predominantly reds and including a greater variety of more delicate filamentous types than found on more exposed coasts (A3.11). The faunal component of the understorey is also less prominant than in A3.11.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Dense foliose red seaweeds on silty moderately exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] on moderately exposed vertical rock
narrower: [Hiatella arctica] and seaweeds on vertical limestone / chalk

Polychaetes, including [Paraonis fulgens], in littoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2311
definition: This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately wave-exposed coasts, with medium and fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. Polychaetes make up the greater part of the community, and are dominated by [Paraonis fulgens], [Capitella capitata], [Pygospio elegans], [Ophelia rathkei] and [Eteone longa]. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemerteans may also be present. The amphipods [Bathyporeia pilosa] and [B. sarsi] are often present. Situation: Po.Pful may be present higher up on the shore than Po.Aten, or lower down than the AmSco communities or Ol.FS. The strandline community Tal may be present on the same shore where driftlines of decomposing seaweed and other debris occur on the upper shore. Temporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment. The lugworm [Arenicola marina] may be present occasionally, usually as a temporary recruitment and is likely to be washed out during storms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

Polychaetes and [Angulus tenuis] in littoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2312
definition: This biotope occurs on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with predominantly fine sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle. The sediment is often rippled, and an anoxic layer may occasionally occur below a depth of 10 cm, though it is often patchy. The infaunal community is dominated by the abundant bivalve [Angulus tenuis] together with a range of polychaetes. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Polychaetes that are characterising for this biotope include [Nephtys cirrosa], [Paraonis fulgens] and [Spio filicornis]. Burrowing amphipods [Bathyporeia] spp. may occur in some samples of this biotope. Situation: Where it occurs under moderately exposed conditions, AmSco.Eur, Po.Pful or Ol.FS may be present higher up on the shore than Po.Aten. Where it occurs under more sheltered conditions, Po.Aten may occur below or alongside muddy sand biotopes such as CerPo and BatCare. Temporal variation: The infauna of this biotope may be reduced during winter, as increased storminess and wave action increases sediment mobility and may lead to some species migrating or being washed out of the sediment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

[Nephtys cirrosa]-dominated littoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.2313
definition: This biotope occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore on moderately wave-exposed and sheltered coasts, with medium to fine clean sand which remains damp throughout the tidal cycle and contains little organic matter. The sediment is not usually well sorted and may contain a fraction of coarse sand. It is often rippled and typically lacks an anoxic sub-surface layer. The polychaete infauna is dominated by [Nephtys cirrosa], [Magelona mirabilis], [Spio martinensis], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Paraonis fulgens]. The presence of polychaetes may be seen as coloured burrows running down from the surface of the sediment. Nemertean worms may be present. The amphipods [Pontocrates] spp. and [Bathyporeia] spp., as well as [Cumopsis goodsiri] and the shrimp [Crangon crangon] are typically present. The bivalve [Angulus tenuis] is scarce or absent. Situation: Po.Ncir may be present higher up on the shore than Po.Aten, or lower down than AmSco.Eur or Ol.FS. Temporal variation: The infaunal community of this biotope may change seasonally, as increased storminess during winter months may reduce sediment stability and the ability of some species to survive. Some species, such as the shrimp [C. crangon] avoid these conditions by seasonal migration to deeper water (Moore, 1991).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.24
definition: Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment generally remains water-saturated during low water. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. An anoxic layer may be present below 5 cm of the sediment surface, sometimes seen in the worm casts on the surface. The infauna consists of a diverse range of amphipods, polychaetes, bivalves and gastropods. Situation: Muddy sand communities are found predominantly on the mid and lower shore, though they may span the entire intertidal. Fine sand or mobile sand communities may be present on the upper shore with muddy sand communities present lower down. In sheltered mid estuarine conditions, muddy sand communities may be present on the upper part of the shore with mid estuarine muddy shore communities (A2.31) lower down.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sand and muddy sand
narrower: [Macoma balthica] and [Arenicola marina] in muddy sand shores
narrower: [Cerastoderma edule] and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Eteone longa] in littoral muddy sand
narrower: [Bathyporeia pilosa] and [Corophium arenarium] in littoral muddy sand
narrower: [Lanice conchilega] in littoral sand

[Hiatella arctica] and seaweeds on vertical limestone / chalk
type: Concept
notation: A3.217
definition: This biotope is found in the infralittoral zone on moderately exposed vertical limestone/chalk surfaces in weak tidal streams, and has been recorded most frequently between 0-10m. This biotope is characterised by abundant [Hiatella arctica] and a rich sponge community including [Cliona celata], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia]. Other species that may be frequent in this biotope are the crab [Necora puber], the sea squirt [Clavelina lepadiformis], and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum], although these species are found in other vertical rock biotopes, however in lesser abundance. Situation: Shallow rocky coasts with vertical limestone faces.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)

[Halopteris filicina] with coralline crusts on moderately exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.226
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Addition proposed at Southampton workshop Formerly mis-coded as A3.241
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action
type: Concept
notation: A3.23
definition: This community is characterised by the presence of many photophilic algae covering hard bottoms in moderately exposed areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Codium vermilara] and [Rhodymenia ardissonei]
narrower: Association with [Dasycladus vermicularis]
narrower: Association with [Alsidium helminthochorton]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira tamariscifolia] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]
narrower: Association with [Gelidium spinosum v. hystrix]
narrower: Association with [Lobophora variegata]
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Ceramium rubrum]
narrower: Facies with [Cladocora caespitosa]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira brachycarpa]
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Cystoseira crinita]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira crinitophylla]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira sauvageauana]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira spinosa]
narrower: Association with [Sargassum vulgaris]
narrower: Association with [Dictyopteris polypodioides]
narrower: Association with [Calpomenia sinuosa]
narrower: Association with [Rhodymenia ardissonei] and [Rhodophyllis divaricata]
narrower: Facies with [Astroides calycularis]
narrower: Association with [Flabellia petiolata] and [Peyssonnelia squamaria]
narrower: Association with [Halymenia floresia] and [Halarachnion ligatatum]
narrower: Association with [Peyssonnelia rubra] and [Peyssonnelia] spp.
narrower: Pontic association with [Cystoseira barbata] and [Ulva rigida]
narrower: Pontic ephemeral mosaic of green and red seaweeds on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock (Enteromorpha , Ulva, Ceramium, Cladophora, Gelidium, Callithamnion, Corallina)
narrower: Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] on vertical rock faces in the lower infralittoral

Association with [Codium vermilara] and [Rhodymenia ardissonei]
type: Concept
notation: A3.231
definition: This association of the green alga [Codium vermilara] and the red alga [Rhodymenia ardissonei] populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone, with low light and hydrodynamics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Dasycladus vermicularis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.232
definition: This association with the green alga [Dasycladus vermicularis] populates the middle horizon of the infralittoral zone with low light and hydrodynamics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Alsidium helminthochorton]
type: Concept
notation: A3.233
definition: This association is the red alga [Alsidium helminthochorton], which is typical of the upper horizon of the infralittoral zone with weak light and hydrodynamics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira tamariscifolia] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]
type: Concept
notation: A3.234
definition: This facies is characterised by presence of the brown algae [Cystoseira tamariscifolia] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. It is possible to find this association on seabottoms exposed to high currents (e.g. Strait of Messina, Strait of Alboran, etc.)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

[Macoma balthica] and [Arenicola marina] in muddy sand shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.241
definition: Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats both on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment is often compacted, with a rippled surface, areas of standing water, and generally remains water-saturated during low water. Scattered stones, cobbles and boulders with attached fucoids may be present. An anoxic layer is usually present within 5cm of the sediment surface and is often visible in worm casts. The habitat may be subject to variable salinity conditions in marine inlets. The species assemblage is characterised by the lugworm [Arenicola marina] and the Baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The polychaetes [Scoloplos armiger] and [Pygospio elegans] are typically superabundant and common, respectively. Oligochaetes, probably mainly [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster], may be common, and the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] may be abundant. Situation: MacAre has broad transition areas with CerPo and HedMac, which tends to occur lower down on the shore.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

[Cerastoderma edule] and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.242
definition: Extensive clean fine sand or muddy sand shores with abundant cockles [Cerastoderma edule]. The community consists of the polychaetes [Eteone longa], [Scoloplos armiger], [Pygospio elegans], [Spio filicornis] and [Capitella capitata], the crustaceans [Bathyporeia sarsi], [Bodotria arenosa arenosa] and [Crangon crangon], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], as well as the cockle [C. edule] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. This biotope carries commercially viable stocks of [C. edule], and it is therefore possible to find areas of this habitat where the infauna may have been changed through recent cockle dredging. Cockle dredging can result in a reduced bivalve abundance and reduced densities of some polychaete species, including [P. elegans] (Moore, 1991). At the outer edges of large flats, there may be a zone between the cockle beds and more exposed sands, where there are fewer cockles and [B. sarsi] is the commoner species. Situation: The community is found mainly on the mid and lower shore where the sediment is water-saturated most of the time. Where it occurs in muddy sand, CerPo has broad transition areas with MacAre and the MEST communities, and where it occurs on clean sand shores, it may have broad transition areas with Myt.Sa. Higher on the shore, adjacent to this biotope, BatCare is found, with fewer polychaete and bivalve species due to the drier sediment found on the upper shore. Temporal variation: A layer of mud with dense spionid polychaetes may build up on cockle beds in sheltered areas, creating a cohesive muddy layer 10-15 cm thick overlying the whole area. This may break up leaving a series of pits and patches with miniature cliffs, giving it an appearance similar to a stony shore when seen from a distance. It should be noted that where it occurs, [Hydrobia ulvae] tends to move a lot and may be highly variable in abundance.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Eteone longa] in littoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.243
definition: Fine to very fine muddy sand on the mid shore at the lower extreme of estuaries, and in moderately exposed and sheltered bays and marine inlets, sometimes subject to variable salinity. The infauna is characterised by the polychaetes [Eteone longa], [Hediste diversicolor] (ragworm) and [Pygospio elegans], oligochaetes (mostly [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster]), the crustaceans [Corophium volutator] and [Crangon crangon], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The cockle [Cerastoderma edule] may be abundant, and the sand gaper [Mya arenaria] may be superabundant, though these species are not always present, or may be missed in core samples due to their large size. The polychaetes [Arenicola marina], [Polydora cornuta] and [Capitella capitata], the shrimp [Crangon crangon], and the Mussel [Mytilus edulis] are sometimes present. Situation: HedMacEte can occur on the mid shore of sheltered, lower estuaries, with the MEST communities in muddier sediments on the lower shore. Under moderately exposed conditions in lower estuaries and towards open coasts, it may occur alongside other muddy sand biotopes such as CerPo or BatCare. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

[Bathyporeia pilosa] and [Corophium arenarium] in littoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.244
definition: Wave-sheltered, mainly upper and mid shore flats of medium to fine sand, often muddy sand. The salinity, although predominantly recorded as variable, probably varies little from fully marine in these broad estuaries. The infauna is characterised by the amphipods [Bathyporeia pilosa], [Corophium arenarium] and [C. volutator], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae]. Polychaetes and bivalves are limited in their abundance and variety, though the Baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] may occur. Tidal streams may be strong during spring tides, accounting for the presence of amphipods [B. pilosa] that are more commonly associated with open coast sandflats. Situation: This biotope is typically found higher up the shore than sandflats with the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] (CerPo) in the large sandy estuaries of the west coast of England and Wales. In moderately exposed conditions, BatCare can occur on the mid shore below Tal and/or BarSa. In more sheltered conditions, BatCare may occur above NhomMacStr.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

Association with [Gelidium spinosum v. hystrix]
type: Concept
notation: A3.235
definition: This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga [Gelidium spinosum var. hystrix].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Lobophora variegata]
type: Concept
notation: A3.236
definition: This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga [Lobophora variegata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Ceramium rubrum]
type: Concept
notation: A3.237
definition: This association is characterised by the high abundance of the red alga [Ceramium virgatum] (ex [Ceramium rubrum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Facies with [Cladocora caespitosa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.238
definition: This facies is characterised by the abundance of the Mediterranean coral [Cladocora caespitosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira brachycarpa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.239
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira brachycarpa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Mediterranean and Pontic Association with [Cystoseira crinita]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23A
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira crinita], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira crinitophylla]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23B
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira crinitophylla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira sauvageauana]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23C
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira sauvageauana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Cystoseira spinosa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23D
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira spinosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

[Lanice conchilega] in littoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.245
definition: This biotope usually occurs on flats of medium fine sand and muddy sand, most often on the lower shore but sometimes also on waterlogged mid shores. The sand may contain a proportion of shell fragments or gravel. Lan can also occur on the lower part of predominantly rocky or boulder shores, where patches of sand or muddy sand occur between scattered boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Conditions may be tide-swept, and the sediment may be mobile, but the biotope usually occurs in areas sheltered from strong wave action. The sediment supports dense populations of the sand mason [Lanice conchilega]. Other polychaetes present are tolerant of sand scour or mobility of the sediment surface layers and include the polychaetes [Anaitides mucosa], [Eumida sanguinea], [Nephtys hombergii], [Scoloplos armiger], [Aricidea minuta], [Tharyx] spp. and [Pygospio elegans]. The mud shrimp [Corophium arenarium] and the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] may be abundant. The baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] may be present. On boulder shores, and where pebbles and cobbles are mixed in with lower shore tide-swept sand with dense [L. conchilega] between the cobbles, the infaunal component is rarely sampled. The infaunal community under these circumstances, provided that the cobbles are not packed very close together, is likely to be similar to that in areas without the coarse material. Situation: Lan occurs mainly on the mid and lower shore of moderately exposed sand and muddy sand flats. Higher on the shore, other sand and muddy sand biotopes may be present, such as BarSa and AmSco on the upper shore and the Po communities on the mid shore. Tal may occur where driftlines of wracks and other debris accumulate. Where Lan occurs on areas of scattered boulders and cobbles on the lower shore, there may be broad transition areas with Salv and other boulder shore biotopes. Temporal variation: Where [Lanice conchilega] becomes very abundant, especially on the low shore, this can lead to the build up of sedimen…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated muddy sand shores

Littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.3
definition: Shores of fine particulate sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Littoral mud can support communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Most muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, as most of them occur along the shores of estuaries. Mudflats on sheltered lower estuarine shores can support a rich infauna, whereas muddy shores at the extreme upper end of estuaries and which are subject to very low salinity often support very little infauna. Situation: Muddy shores are principally found along the shores of estuaries where there is enough shelter from wave action to allow fine sediment to settle. Muddy shores may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment or where there is significant freshwater influence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores
narrower: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores
narrower: Marine mud shores

Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.31
definition: Mid estuarine shores of fine sediment, mostly in the silt and clay fraction (particle size less than 0.063 mm in diameter), though sandy mud may contain up to 40% sand (mostly very fine and fine sand). Littoral mud typically forms extensive mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. Most mid estuarine muddy shores are subject to some freshwater influence, though at some locations more or less fully marine conditions may prevail. Mid estuarine muds support rich communities characterised by polychaetes, bivalves and oligochaetes. Situation: Principally along mid estuarine shores. The mid estuarine communities may also be present in sheltered inlets, straits and embayments which are not part of major estuarine systems, though usually there is some freshwater influence. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment or where there is significant freshwater influence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mud
narrower: [Nephtys hombergii], [Macoma balthica] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral sandy mud

Association with [Sargassum vulgaris]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23E
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Sargassum vulgare], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Dictyopteris polypodioides]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23F
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Dictyopteris polypodioides], living in pure, rough waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Calpomenia sinuosa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23G
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Colpomenia sinuosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Rhodymenia ardissonei] and [Rhodophyllis divaricata]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23H
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae [Rhodymenia ardissonei] and [Rhodophyllis divaricata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Facies with [Astroides calycularis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23I
definition: This facies is characterised by the madreporian [Astroides calycularis] and is typical of the western Mediterranean pre-coralligenous zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Flabellia petiolata] and [Peyssonnelia squamaria]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23J
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the green alga [Flabellia petiolata] and the red alga [Peyssonnelia squamaria] and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Halymenia floresia] and [Halarachnion ligatatum]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23K
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the two red algae [Halymenia floresia] and [Halarachnion ligulatum] and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Association with [Peyssonnelia rubra] and [Peyssonnelia] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A3.23L
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed cover of the red algae [Peyssonnelia rubra] and other members of the genus [Peyssonnelia] spp. and is typical of semi-sciaphilous (shaded) hard bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic association with [Cystoseira barbata] and [Ulva rigida]
type: Concept
notation: A3.23M
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Pontic ephemeral mosaic of green and red seaweeds on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock (Enteromorpha , Ulva, Ceramium, Cladophora, Gelidium, Callithamnion, Corallina)
type: Concept
notation: A3.23N
definition: The species concerned form belts of algae, the presence of which are seasonal according to species, with Corallina present during all seasons, and Ceramium and Cladophora present only during the summer and autumn.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

[Nephtys hombergii], [Macoma balthica] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.311
definition: Soft mud with a fine sand fraction, in variable salinity conditions, typically close to the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the polychaete worm [Streblospio shrubsolii], the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii], oligochaetes of the genus [Tubificoides], and the Baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] are often common or abundant. Situation: NhomMacStr occurs in mid estuary conditions, usually on the low shore. Tben and Hed.Ol may occur higher up the shore, as well as further towards the upper estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.312
definition: Mainly mid and lower shore sandy mud or mud in lower estuaries, sheltered bays and marine inlets, often subject to variable salinity. The main characterising species are the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica], and the oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster]. Further polychaetes that are often common or abundant include [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Tharyx killariensis], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. The oligochaete [Heterochaeta costata] and the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator] may be abundant. The spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] is often common. Other species which occur in a significant proportion of samples include the polychaetes [Eteone longa] and [Nephtys hombergii], and bivalves such as the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] and [Abra tenuis]. The sand gaper [Mya arenaria] is superabundant in about a quarter of the samples for this biotope. [M. arenaria] is probably present in a higher proportion of areas of this biotope, but may be missed in core samples due to its size. Situation: HedMac may occur on the mid/lower shore of lower estuarine shores, with HedMacEte or MacAre on the upper shore. HedMacScr, Hed.Str, NhomAph, and Hed.Cvol may be present on the same shore. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichmnent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores

[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.313
definition: Mainly mid shore mud or sandy mud subject to variable salinity on sheltered estuarine shores. Typically, the sediment is wet in appearance and has an anoxic layer below 1 cm depth. The surface of the mud has the distinctive 'crow's foot' pattern formed by the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. The infauna is additionally characterised by a range of polychaete and bivalve species, including the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Tharyx killariensis] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. Oligochaetes, most notably [Tubificoides benedii], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] may be abundant. Other species that sometimes occur in this biotope are the cockle [Cerastoderma edule], the sand gaper [Mya arenaria] and the polychaetes [Eteone longa] and [Nephtys hombergii]. Situation: HedMacScr may occur on the same shores as NhomMacStr, HedMac, NhomAph, Hed.Str and Hed.Cvol. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, Hed.Ol may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/bivalve-dominated mid estuarine mud shores

Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.32
definition: Upper estuarine sandy mud and mud shores, in areas with significant freshwater influence. Littoral mud typically forms mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. The upper estuarine mud communities support few infaunal species and are principally characterised by a restricted range of polychaetes and oligochaetes. Situation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Of these three, A2.321 occurs the furthest towards the mid estuary, and possibly lower on the shore than the other two. A2.323 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with A2.3223 and A2.321 further down the shore. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mud
narrower: [Nephtys hombergii] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud
narrower: [Tubificoides benedii] and other oligochaetes in littoral mud
narrower: Saltmarsh pools
narrower: Saltmarsh creeks
narrower: Pontic polychaete dominated littoral muds
narrower: Pontic oligochaete and chironomid dominated littoral muds
narrower: Pontic "camca" habitat of River Danube mouths

Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] on vertical rock faces in the lower infralittoral
type: Concept
notation: A3.23O
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae moderately exposed to wave action

Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.24
definition: Added by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop Title may need to be amended to 'Turf-forming' rather than 'Animal-domminated' as A3.271 is not best viewed as animal-dominated. Needs to be considered along with other level 5 units (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic sponge crusts on lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic colonial ascidian and bryozoan crusts on bare infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic soft rock beds with [Pholas dactylus] burrows
narrower: Pontic [Teredo navalis] burrows in large wooden debris
narrower: Pontic [Polydora] tubes on infralittoral soft rock
narrower: Shallow smaller [Ostrea edulis] reefs adhering to rocky reefs and vertical drop-offs

Pontic sponge crusts on lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.242
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Pontic colonial ascidian and bryozoan crusts on bare infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.243
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Pontic soft rock beds with [Pholas dactylus] burrows
type: Concept
notation: A3.244
definition: In Turkey the habitat is also found associated to the presence of Mytilus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Pontic [Teredo navalis] burrows in large wooden debris
type: Concept
notation: A3.245
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Pontic [Polydora] tubes on infralittoral soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.246
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Shallow smaller [Ostrea edulis] reefs adhering to rocky reefs and vertical drop-offs
type: Concept
notation: A3.247
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3
definition: Infralittoral rock in wave and tide-sheltered conditions, supporting silty communities with [Laminaria hyperborea] and/or [Laminaria saccharina] (A3.31). Associated seaweeds are typically silt-tolerant and include a high proportion of delicate filamentous types. In turbid-water estuarine areas, the kelp and seaweeds (A3.32) may be replaced by animal-dominated communities (A3.36) whilst stable hard substrata in lagoons support distinctive communities (A3.34).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity
narrower: Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)
narrower: Faunal communities on low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A3.31
definition: Infralittoral rock in wave and tide-sheltered conditions, supporting silty communities with [Laminaria hyperborea] and/or [Laminaria saccharina]. Associated seaweeds are typically silt-tolerant and include a high proportion of delicate filamentous types. Some areas, particularly in the lower infralittoral zone, are subject to intense grazing by urchins and chitons and may have poorly developed seaweed communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: Silted cape-form [Laminaria hyperborea] on very sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: [Sargassum muticum] on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

[Nephtys hombergii] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.321
definition: Soft wet mud with a fine sand fraction, on the mid and lower shore of sheltered estuaries, usually with an anoxic layer present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is relatively poor, dominated by the polychaetes [Nephtys hombergii], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. The oligochaete [Tubificoides benedii] is also characterising for this biotope, and [Hediste diversicolor] may be common. Situation: NhomStr may occur on the same shores as the MEST biotopes, Hed.Cvol or Hed.Str. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, Hed.Ol may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

[Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.322
definition: Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores in the upper and mid estuary. If present on the upper shore, the sediment may become firm and compacted as water drains out, though usually the biotope occurs lower on the shore and the sediment remains water saturated during low tide. An anoxic layer occurs within the upper 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is dominated by abundant or superabundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species that occur in a significant number of samples include oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., polychaetes such as [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Manayunkia aestuarina], the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae]. Situation: Hed may occur on the same shores as HedMac, HedMacScr, or NhomAph. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the upper extreme of the estuary, Tben may occur. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and oligochaetes in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.3221
definition: Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores and is often associated with shallow layers of cobbles and pebbles in the sediment in the upper and mid estuary. The sediment is anoxic close to the surface and remains water saturated during low tide. The infaunal polychaete community is dominated by dense [Hediste diversicolor], as well as species with a limited salinity range tolerance such as [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. Oligochaetes, including [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides benedii] are often abundant, and the amphipod [Corophium volutator] is often common. Situation: Hed.Str may occur on the same shores as HedMacScr, HedMac, NhomAph or Hed.Cvol. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, Hed.Ol may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.3222
definition: Sheltered estuarine shores of sandy mud, which may become firm and compacted if present in the upper shore where there is more time for drainage between high tides. An anoxic layer is usually present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is very sparse, usually only the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the amphipod [Corophium volutator] are present in any abundance. Occasionally, oligochaetes or the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] may be present. [Corophium multisetosum] may also be found. There may be organic pollution of the sediment. Situation: Hed.Cvol may occur on the same shores as HedMacScr, HedMac, NhomAph, and Hed.Str. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, Hed.Ol may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Includes former habitat A2.34 [Corophium] spp. in soft mud shores
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and oligochaetes in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.3223
definition: A species-poor community found in mud or slightly sandy mud in low salinity conditions, typically at the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] which is typically superabundant. Oligochaetes, including tubificids and [Heterochaeta costata], can be abundant, as well as spionids. The peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana] may be present in low abundances. The mud is often very soft and fluid, with a 'wet' surface appearance, or it may be compacted and form steep banks in the upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries and along saltmarsh creeks. Situation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Tben is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with Hed.Ol further down. NhomStr occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with Hed.Ol and Tben higher up. Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud

Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.33
definition: This community is characterised by the presence of many photophilic algae covering hard bottoms in exposed areas with normal or high salinity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Stypocaulon scoparium] (=[Halopteris scoparia])
narrower: Association with [Trichosolen myura] and [Liagora farinosa]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira compressa]
narrower: Association with [Pterocladiella capillacea] and [Ulva laetevirens]
narrower: Facies with large Hydrozoa
narrower: Association with [Pterothamnion crispum] and [Compsothamnion thuyoides]

Association with [Stypocaulon scoparium] (=[Halopteris scoparia])
type: Concept
notation: A3.331
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Stypocaulon scoparium], living in pure, sheltered waters with strong luminosity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Association with [Trichosolen myura] and [Liagora farinosa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.332
definition: This association is characterised by the green alga [Trichosolen myura] and the red alga [Liagora farinosa], also called "soft spaghettiweed".
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Association with [Cystoseira compressa]
type: Concept
notation: A3.333
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira compressa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Association with [Pterocladiella capillacea] and [Ulva laetevirens]
type: Concept
notation: A3.334
definition: This association is characterised by a vegetation with the red alga [Pteroclediella capillacea] and the green alga [Ulva laetevirens]. It is found in areas with mixed salinity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Facies with large Hydrozoa
type: Concept
notation: A3.335
definition: This facies is characterised by the high presence of large Hydrozoa (e.g. [Aglaophenia] spp. and [Eudendrium] spp.).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic facies with large Hydrozoa in the infralittoral (winter aspect)

[Tubificoides benedii] and other oligochaetes in littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.323
definition: Extreme upper estuarine fine sandy mud, sometimes with a fine sand fraction, in very sheltered conditions and subject to reduced salinity. An anoxic layer is usually present within the upper 3 cm of the sediment. The infaunal community is extremely poor, consisting almost exclusively of oligochaetes, including [Tubificoides benedii] and, more rarely, [Heterochaeta costata]. The only polychaete species that may occur is [Capitella capitata], which may be common. The sediment may form steep banks in upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries or along saltmarsh creeks. [Vaucheria] species may form a film on the sediment surface along such creeks, and juvenile shore crabs [Carcinus maenas] may be common. At the very upper end of estuaries, the oligochaetes [Limnodrilus] spp. and [Tubifex tubifex] may be found. Situation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Tben is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with Hed.Ol further down. NhomStr occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with Hed.Ol and Tben higher up. Temporal variation: Green algae such as [Enteromorpha] spp. may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

Littoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A2.4
definition: Shores of mixed sediments ranging from muds with gravel and sand components to mixed sediments with pebbles, gravels, sands and mud in more even proportions. By definition, mixed sediments are poorly sorted. Stable large cobbles or boulders may be present which support epibiota such as fucoids and green seaweeds more commonly found on rocky and boulder shores. Mixed sediments which are predominantly muddy tend to support infaunal communities which are similar to those of mud and sandy mud shores. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between areas of mudflat or sandy mudflat, and mixed sediment biotopes where the sediment consists principally of mud but has significant proportions of gravel and sand mixed in. Gravelly mud may occur in patches on mudflats. Similarly, there is unlikely to be an easily defined boundary between areas of mixed sediment with stable cobbles and boulders, and boulder fields which fall into the rocky shore category.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] dominated gravelly sandy mud shores
narrower: Species-rich mixed sediment shores
narrower: Species-poor mixed sediment shores

[Hediste diversicolor] dominated gravelly sandy mud shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.41
definition: Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community is dominated by abundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species of the infauna vary for the sub-biotopes described. They include polychaetes such as [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Manayunkia aestuarina], oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] and the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. Sub-biotopes described in A2.411 have equivalent communities in soft muddy sediments, but the sediment here is much firmer due to the gravel component. There are relatively few records in each sub-type, leading to uncertainty over the precise nature of the habitat, particularly regarding sediment type and salinity regime. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between the sub-biotopes of A2.411, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotopes. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with the A2.411 groups present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat where the main biotopes are their corresponding mud or sandy mud biotopes. Given the small number of records for each of the sub-biotopes, their spatial distribution is still uncertain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.411
definition: Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to reduced salinity, mainly on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community is dominated by abundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species of the infauna vary for the sub-biotopes described. They include polychaetes such as [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Manayunkia aestuarina], oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica] and the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. Sub-biotopes described in HedMx have equivalent communities in soft muddy sediments, but the sediment here is much firmer due to the gravel component. There are relatively few records in each sub-type, leading to uncertainty over the precise nature of the habitat, particularly regarding sediment type and salinity regime. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between the sub-biotopes of HedMx, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotopes. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with the HedMx groups present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat where the main biotopes are their corresponding mud or sandy mud biotopes. Given the small number of records for each of the sub-biotopes, their spatial distribution is still uncertain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] dominated gravelly sandy mud shores
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral gravelly mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral gravelly mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral gravelly sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor], cirratulids and [Tubificoides] spp. in littoral gravelly sandy mud
narrower: [Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral gravelly sandy mud

Pontic facies with large Hydrozoa in the infralittoral (winter aspect)
type: Concept
notation: A3.3351
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Facies with large Hydrozoa

Association with [Pterothamnion crispum] and [Compsothamnion thuyoides]
type: Concept
notation: A3.336
definition: This association is characterised by a mixed vegetation of the red algae [Pterothamnion crispum] and [Compsothamnion thuyoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral rock

Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)
type: Concept
notation: A3.34
definition: Very shallow submerged rocky habitats in lagoons, subject to reduced or permanently low salinity conditions. These particular conditions lead to a variety of seaweed-dominated communities, which include fucoids and green filamentous species. The fucoids, more typical of intertidal habitats, penetrate into the subtidal under the reduced salinity conditions which are not tolerated by kelps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed fucoids, [Chorda filum] and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Ascophyllum nodosum] and epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Polyides rotundus] and/or [Furcellaria lumbricalis] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Fucus ceranoides] and [Enteromorpha] spp. on low salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Codium elisabethae], [Halopteris filicina] and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral bedrock
narrower: Pontic association of green and red seaweeds [Enteromorpha], [Ulva] spp., [Porphyra] spp. on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock

[Fucus ceranoides] and [Enteromorpha] spp. on low salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.344
definition: Permanently submerged lagoon fringes with dense communities of the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha] spp. There is typically a very limited associated biota due to low salinity conditions, and may include the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the freshwater/brackish gastropod [Potamopyrgus antipodarum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

[Codium elisabethae], [Halopteris filicina] and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.345
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Addition proposed at Southampton workshop. Formerly miscoded as A3.351
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

Pontic association of green and red seaweeds [Enteromorpha], [Ulva] spp., [Porphyra] spp. on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.346
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

Faunal communities on low energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.35
definition: Added by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop Title may need to be amended to 'Turf-forming' rather than 'Animal-domminated' (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral gravelly mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4111
definition: Sheltered gravelly mud shores, subject to reduced salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], as well as the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. The presence of the gravel in the sediment is unlikely to have a large influence on the infaunal composition, which is driven mainly by the estuarine sandy mud conditions. Coarse material on the sediment surface may however enrich the biota with additional epifaunal species such as barnacles and algae. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope, and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope HedMac. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Mac present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is HedMac. This biotope has been found alongside its mud equivalent in the Stour estuary.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral gravelly sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4113
definition: Extremely sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity, on the mid and lower shore. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Ampharete grubei], as well as oligochaetes and [Corophium volutator]. There are often low densities of [Scrobicularia plana]. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope Hed.Str. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Str present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is Hed.Str. This biotope has been found along edges of tidal channels in the upper Stour estuary, below its equivalent mud biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor], cirratulids and [Tubificoides] spp. in littoral gravelly sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.4114
definition: Sheltered gravelly sandy mud, subject to variable salinity. The infaunal community consists of the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and cirratulid polychaetes such as [Tharyx killariensis]. Nematodes and oligochaetes occur, as well as the bivalve [Macoma balthica]. Given the low sample numbers for this biotope, more records are needed to confirm the characterising species list. Situation: It is probable that there are broad transition areas between this biotope and the corresponding muddy sediment biotope HedMac. The boundaries may be very indistinct, with HedMx.Cir present in patches of gravelly mud on areas of mudflat, where the main biotope is HedMac.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Hediste diversicolor] in littoral gravelly muddy sand and gravelly sandy mud

Species-rich mixed sediment shores
type: Concept
notation: A2.42
definition: Sheltered mixed sediments, usually subject to variable salinity conditions. The infauna is very diverse, dominated by a range of polychaetes including [Exogone naidina], [Sphaerosyllis taylori], [Pygospio elegans], [Chaetozone gibber], [Cirriformia tentaculata], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata], [Mediomastus fragilis], and [Melinna palmata]. The oligochaete worms [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster] are abundant, as is the cockle [Cerastoderma edule]. A large range of amphipods may occur, including [Melita palmata], [Microprotopus maculatus], [Aora gracilis] and [Corophium volutator]. The bivalves [Abra alba] and [A. nitida] may occur. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] may be abundant where the sediment has stones on the surface. Situation: Mid shore, lower shore, as extension of shallow sublittoral biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mixed sediments
narrower: Cirratulids and [Cerastoderma edule] in littoral mixed sediment

Cirratulids and [Cerastoderma edule] in littoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.421
definition: Sheltered mixed sediments, usually subject to variable salinity conditions. Banks of shell may be present. The infauna is very diverse, dominated by a range of polychaetes including [Exogone naidina], [Sphaerosyllis taylori], [Pygospio elegans], [Chaetozone gibber], [Cirriformia tentaculata], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata], [Mediomastus fragilis], and [Melinna palmata]. The oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster] are abundant, as is the cockle [Cerastoderma edule]. A large range of amphipods may occur, including [Melita palmata], [Microprotopus maculatus], [Aora gracilis] and [Corophium volutator]. The bivalves [Abra alba] and [A. nitida] may occur. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] can be abundant where the sediment has stones on the surface. Epifaunal algae may occur attached to stable cobbles on the sediment surface. Situation: Mid shore, lower shore, as extension of shallow sublittoral biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Includes former habitats A2.422 Syllid and cirratulid polychaetes in poorly sorted mixed sediment shores and A2.423 Syllid and cirratulid polychaetes in variable salinity muddy gravel shores
broader: Species-rich mixed sediment shores

Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.36
definition: Shallow subtidal rocky habitats which support faunal-dominated communities, with seaweed communities only poorly developed or absent. In some sealochs dense mussel [Mytilus edulis] beds (A3.361) develop in tide-swept channels, whilst upper estuarine rocky habitats in the south-west coast rias may support particular brackish-water tolerant faunas (A3.362; A3.363).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Cordylophora caspia] and [Electra crustulenta] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and [Conopeum reticulum] on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata

[Cordylophora caspia] and [Electra crustulenta] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.362
definition: Shallow sublittoral rock in the upper estuary of one of the south-west inlets (Tamar) with very high turbidity and therefore no seaweeds. The brackish-water hydroid [Cordylophora caspia] and small colonies of the encrusting bryozoan [Electra crustulenta] and a few [Balanus crenatus] characterise this biotope. More information required to validate this description.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.4
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in more moderately exposed or even sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of greater than 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata

Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.5
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are moderately exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of 5 – 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata

Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.6
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are sheltered from wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. sheltered areas within exposed or moderately exposed areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch less than 5 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata

Barnacles and [Littorina] spp. on unstable eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.431
definition: The eulittoral zone, particularly the mid shore zone, of sheltered to extremely sheltered mixed substrata shores is often characterised by flat banks or scards of cobbles and pebbles (on sediment) which are either too small or unstable to support a seaweed community. The boulders and larger cobbles are usually colonised by the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] or in areas with variable salinity [Elminius modestus] and often dense aggregations of the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] are present as well. Between the cobbles and pebbles the mussel [Mytilus edulis] occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance. Juvenile crabs [Carcinus maenas] and gammarids may occur between and underneath the pebbles and cobbles. Brown seaweeds are rare, although the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may occasionally occur on larger cobbles and small boulders in the mid and upper shore zones. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may also be present. Shallow pools and patches of standing water may occur in low-lying areas and may contain amphipods and filamentous green seaweeds. Due to the unstable nature of the substratum the diversity and density of flora and fauna is characteristically low. Situation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores in wave-sheltered conditions (compare with Sem.LlitX) and may be subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone below or at the same level as the biotope dominated by ephemeral green seaweeds (EphX). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by salt marsh species such as [Salacornia] and [Spartina] sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [F. vesiculosus] (Fserr.X; Fves.X).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-poor mixed sediment shores

Mediterranean coastal halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities
type: Concept
notation: A2.552
definition: Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals ([Frankenia pulverulenta], [Suaeda splendens], [Salsola soda], [Cressa cretica], [Parapholis incurva], [Parapholis strigosa], [Hordeum marinum], [Sphenopus divaricatus], [Polypogon maritimus], [Spergularia] spp., [Vella annua]) colonizing salt muds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal regions, of Iberian and North African endoreic basins, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying; they are more species-rich or richer in non-chenopodids than the communities of unit 15.113; they are particularly developed in the Iberian peninsula, secondarily in the large Mediterranean islands, in coastal regions and endoreic basins of North Africa, in southern Italy and Mediterranean France; they occur as irradiations on thermo-Atlantic coasts, notably on the Atlantic coast of France. Somewhat similar communities occur in the steppe zones of Eurasia and their regions of influence, as well as in Saharo-Mediterranean steppes of North Africa; they are included in units 15.14 and 15.15.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Pioneer saltmarshes

[Zostera noltii] beds in littoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.6111
definition: Mid and upper shore wave-sheltered muddy fine sand or sandy mud with narrow-leafed eel grass [Zostera noltii] at an abundance of frequent or above. It should be noted that the presence of [Z. noltii] as scattered fronds does not change what is otherwise a muddy sand biotope. Exactly what determines the distribution of [Z. noltii] is not entirely clear. It is often found in small lagoons and pools, remaining permanently submerged, and on sediment shores where the muddiness of the sediment retains water and stops the roots from drying out. An anoxic layer is usually present below 5 cm sediment depth. The infaunal community is characterised by the polychaetes [Scoloplos armiger, Pygospio elegans] and [Arenicola marina], oligochaetes, the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae], and the bivalves [Cerastoderma edule] and [Macoma balthica]. The green algae [Enteromorpha] spp. may be present on the sediment surface. The characterising species lists below give an indication both of the epibiota and of the sediment infauna that may be present in intertidal seagrass beds. The biotope is described in more detail in the National Vegetation Classification (see the chapter on saltmarsh communities in Rodwell, 2000). Situation: Znol is most frequently found on lower estuary and sheltered coastal muddy sands, together with biotopes such as CerPo. Temporal variation: There may be seasonal variation in the area covered by intertidal seagrass beds, as plants die back during cold temperatures in winter. Intertidal seagrass beds may also be subject to heavy grazing by geese, which can reduce the extent of the plant cover significantly. The rhizomes of the plants will remain in place within the sediment in both situations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mainland Atlantic [Zostera noltii] or [Zostera angustifolia] meadows

Pontic [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A2.613
definition: [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] formations of Black Sea shores, particularly luxuriant in the limans of the northern Black Sea and the Azov Sea. In the Black Sea, the dominant species of the [Zostera] biocenosis are [Zostera marina] and [Zostera noltii] (a total of 5 species of the genus [Zostera]) which form dense growths in bays and limans. There are 17-40 species of algae in the [Zostera] biocenosis which account for 1-30% of the phytocoenosis biomass. The most dominant of these species are: [Ulva rigida], [Chatemorpha chlorotica], [Ectocarpus confervoides], [Laurencia obtusa] and [Gracilaria verrucosa]. The total number of macrozoobenthos species varies from 24 in the Kut part of Karkinitsky Bay to 70 in Kazachey Bay (Sevastopol). In the areas with higher freshwater input, the biocoenosis contains the crabs [Macropipus holsatus] and [Rhithropanopeus harrisi tridentata], and the prawns [Palaemon adspersus] and [Palaemon elegans]. In Tendrovsky bay, other mass species are also: [Abra ovata] and Hydrobiidae. On the Crimean shelf the mass species are the gastropod molluscs [Mohrensternia parva], [Bittium reticulatum] and the bivalve mollusc [Mytilaster lineatus] (Zaitsev and Aleksandrov, 1998).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seagrass beds on littoral sediments

Infralittoral fouling seaweed communities
type: Concept
notation: A3.72
definition: Moderately exposed to wave-sheltered artificial substrata (such as steel wrecks/concrete pilings/cable debris etc) subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams in the infralittoral zone. This habitat type is characterised by a dense covering of filamentous and foliose algae on vertical as well as the upper faces of the substrata. Although there are no biotopes currently defined under this biotope, due to the low number of records, it is suspected that this has been highly 'under-recorded', and that additional records will be added in the near future, leading to the definition of biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of infralittoral rock

Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.73
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of infralittoral rock
narrower: Freshwater seeps in infralittoral rock
narrower: Oil seeps in infralittoral rock
narrower: Vents in infralittoral rock

Freshwater seeps in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.731
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock

Oil seeps in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.732
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock

Vents in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.733
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock

Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.74
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of infralittoral rock
narrower: Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] under overhangs and in cave entrances
narrower: Pontic caves dominated by sponges [Dysidea] sp. and [Haliclona] sp. with crustose corallines, [Actinia equina], and [Hemimysis] sp.
narrower: Pontic cave entrances with [Palaemon elegans], [Actinia equina], [Pachygrapsus marmoratus] and [Eriphia verrucosa] and little sponges

Littoral biogenic reefs
type: Concept
notation: A2.7
definition: The Littoral Biogenic Reefs habitat contains two biological subtypes, littoral [Sabellaria] reefs (A2.71) and mixed sediment shores with mussels (A2.72), encompassing the littoral biotope dominated by the honeycomb worm [Sabellaria alveolata], and littoral [Mytilus edulis]- dominated communities. [S. alveolata] can form honeycomb reefs on mid to lower shore on exposed coasts, where there is a plentiful supply of sediment. The underlying substratum may consist primarily of rock or stable cobbles and boulders, or of cobbles and boulders on sand. Mixed sediment shores characterised by beds of adult mussels [Mytilus edulis] occur principally on mid and lower eulittoral mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. Temporal variation: [S. alveolata] reefs may be susceptible to storm damage in the winter, although they can regenerate remarkably quickly in a season as long as some adults are left as they facilitate the larval settlement. [S. alveolata] is tolerant to burial under sand for several weeks. Changes in desiccation over a period of time can cause part of the population to die. One of the mussel-dominated subtypes, A2.7212, could change to A2.7213 over time as pseudofaeces build up forming a layer of mud. This cannot happen where wave action or tidal streams wash away pseudofaeces and prevent a build up. In areas where mussel spat ("mussel crumble") settles on the surface shell layer of cockle beds, the mussel cover may be ephemeral.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral sediment
narrower: Littoral [Sabellaria] reefs
narrower: Littoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: Pontic [Ficopomatus enigmaticus] reefs

Littoral [Sabellaria] reefs
type: Concept
notation: A2.71
definition: The sedentary polychaete [Sabellaria alveolata] (honeycomb worm) builds tubes from sand and shell. On exposed shores, where there is a plentiful supply of sediment, [S. alveolata] can form honeycomb reefs on boulders and low-lying bedrock on the mid to lower shore. These [S. alveolata] reefs are quite distinct from the mosaic of seaweeds and barnacles or red seaweeds (A1.2) generally associated with moderately exposed rocky shores though many of the same species are present. These include the anemone [Actinia equina], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. The whelk [Nucella lappilus] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] is also present on the boulders whereas the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] is restricted to the associated sediment areas. Scour resistent red seaweeds including [Palmaria palmata, Corallina ifficinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium nodulosum, Osmundea pinnatifida, Polysiphonia] spp. and coralline crusts can also be present where suitable substrata exsist. Brown and green seaweeds also present include [Fucus serratus, Fucus vesioculosus, Cladostephus spongiosus, Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca]. Situation: Above A2.71 are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. or the perennial wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] on mixed substrata (A1.213; A1.3132; A2.821; A1.452). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] (A1.411), by wracks such as [Fucus] spp. or by kelp such as [Laminaria] spp. (A1.412) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds such as [Polyides rotundus] and [Ahnfeltia plicata] (A3.2111; A3.125; A3.127).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral biogenic reefs
narrower: [Sabellaria alveolata] reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock

[Sabellaria alveolata] reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A2.711
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and boulders in the eastern basin of the Irish Sea (and as far south as Cornwall) characterised by reefs of the polychaete [Sabellaria alveolata]. The sand based tubes formed by [S. alveolata] form large reef-like hummocks, which serve to stabilise the boulders and cobbles. Other species in this biotope include the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkle [Littorina littorea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. The anemone [Actinia equina] and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present in cracks and crevices on the reef. Low abundance of seaweeds tend to occur in areas of eroded reef. The seaweed diversity can be high and may include the foliose red seaweeds [Palmaria palmata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Osmundea pinnatifida, Chondrus crispus] and some filamentous species e.g. [Polysiphonia] spp. and [Ceramium] spp. Coralline crusts can occur in patches. Wracks such as [Fucus vesiculosus], [Fucus serratus] and the brown seaweed [Cladostephus spongiosus] may occur along with the ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca]. On exposed surf beaches in the south-west [S. alveolata] forms a crust on the rocks, rather than the classic honeycomb reef form, and may be accompanied by the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] (typically common to abundant). On wave-exposed shores in Ireland, the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] can also occur. Situation: Above Salv are biotopes dominated either by ephemeral seaweeds, such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. or the perennial wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] on mixed substrata (FvesB; Fves.X; EphX; EntPor). Rockpool biotopes dominated by the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] (Cor), by wracks such as [Fucus] spp. or by kelp such as [Laminaria] spp. (FK) can usually be found above this biotope. Beneath this biotope is a community consisting of mixed scour-tolerant like the kelp [Laminaria…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral [Sabellaria] reefs

Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] under overhangs and in cave entrances
type: Concept
notation: A3.741
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock

Pontic caves dominated by sponges [Dysidea] sp. and [Haliclona] sp. with crustose corallines, [Actinia equina], and [Hemimysis] sp.
type: Concept
notation: A3.742
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock

Pontic cave entrances with [Palaemon elegans], [Actinia equina], [Pachygrapsus marmoratus] and [Eriphia verrucosa] and little sponges
type: Concept
notation: A3.743
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock

Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1
definition: Occurs on extremely wave-exposed to exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to tidal streams ranging from strong to very strong. Typically found in tidal straits and narrows. The high energy levels found within this habitat complex are reflected in the fauna recorded. Sponges such as [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Myxilla incrustans] may all be recorded. Characteristic of this habitat complex is the dense 'carpet' of the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] is recorded in high abundance on the rocky substrata. On rocky outcrops, [Alcyonium digitatum] is often present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Very tide-swept faunal communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: Sponge communities on deep circalittoral rock
narrower: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

Littoral mussel beds on sediment
type: Concept
notation: A2.72
definition: Sediment shores characterised by beds of adult mussels [Mytilus edulis] occur principally on mid and lower eulittoral mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. This biotope is also found in lower shore tide-swept areas, such as in the tidal narrows of Scottish sealochs. A fauna of dense juvenile mussels may be found in sheltered firths, attached to algae on shores of pebbles, gravel, sand, mud and shell debris with a strandline of fucoid algae. Situation: High densities of juvenile mussels attached to seaweed have been recorded from sheltered shores of the Dornoch Firth and Moray Firth. Adult mussel beds can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (A2.821) on more exposed, predominantly rocky shores. On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a [Fucus vesiculosus] dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3132; A1.3142) can be found above, or the barnacle dominated biotope (A1.1133). Temporal variation: The temporal stability of mussel beds can vary a lot. Some beds are permanent, maintained by recruitment of spat in amongst adults. Other beds are ephemeral, an example of which are beds ocurring at South America Skear where large amounts of spat settle intermittently on a cobble basement. The mussels rapidly build up mud, and are unable to remain attached to the stable cobbles. They are then liable to be washed away during gales. A second example of ephemeral mussel dominated biotopes occurs when mussel spat ("mussel crumble") settles on the superficial shell of cockle beds, such as is known to occur in the Burry Inlet.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral biogenic reefs
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A2.721
definition: Dense aggregations of [Mytilus edulis] on the mid and lower shore, on mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments), on sand, or on sheltered muddy shores. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is often found attached to either the mussels or cobbles and it can be abundant. The mussels are often encrusted with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], [Elminius modestus] or [Balanus crenatus]. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [L. saxatilis] and small individuals of the crab [Carcinus maenas] are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm [Arenicola marina], the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], the cockle [Cerastoderma edule], and other infaunal species. The characterising species list shown below is based on data from epifaunal sampling only. Three sub-biotopes are recognised for this biotope, distinguished principally on the basis of the sediment type associated with the mussel beds. The three types of intertidal mussel beds may be part of a continuum on an axis that is most strongly influenced by the amount of pseudofaeces that accumulate amongst the mussels. The differences may not always be directly connected to the underlying substratum on which the mussel bed may have started a long time ago. It should be noted that there are few data available for the muddy (Myt.Mu) and sandy (Myt.Sa) sub-biotopes, therefore there are no characterising species lists or comparative tables for these two sub-biotopes. Situation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (Eph.X). On sheltered, predominantly rocky shores either a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope or a biotope dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (Fves.X; Asc.X) can be found above or the barnacle dominated bioto…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sand
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mud

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.7211
definition: Mid and lower shore mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments) in a wide range of exposure conditions and with aggregations of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] colonising mainly the sediment between cobbles, though they can extend onto the cobbles themselves. The mussel aggregations can be very dense and support various age classes. In high densities the mussels bind the substratum and provide a habitat for many infaunal and epifaunal species. The wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is often found attached to either the mussels or the cobbles and it can occur at high abundance. The mussels are also usually encrusted with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], [Elminius modestus] or [Chtamalus] spp., especially in areas of reduced salinity. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [L. saxatilis] and small individuals of the crab [Carcinus maenas] are common amongst the mussels, whilst areas of sediment may contain the lugworm [Arenicola marina], the sand mason [Lanice conchilega] and other infaunal species. Pools are often found within the mussel beds that support algae such as [Chondrus crispus]. Where boulders are present they can support the limpet [Patella vulgata], the dogwhelk [Nucella lapillus] and the anemone [Actinia equina]. [Ostrea edulis] may occur on the lowest part of the shore. There are few infaunal samples for this biotope, hence the characterising species list below shows only epifauna. Where infaunal samples have been collected for this biotope, they contain a highly diverse range of species including nematodes, [Anaitides mucosa], [Hediste diversicolor], [Polydora] spp., [Pygospio elegans], [Eteone longa], oligochaetes such as [Tubificoides] spp., [Semibalanus balanoides], a range of gammarid amphipods, [Corophium volutator], [Jaera forsmani], [Crangon crangon], [Carcinus maenas], [Hydrobia ulvae] and [Macoma balthica]. Situation: On more exposed, predominantly rocky shores this biotope can be found below a band of ephemeral green seaweeds (Eph.…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A2.7212
definition: This sub-biotope occurs on mid to lower shore sand and muddy sand. Mussels [Mytilus edulis] grow attached to shell debris and live cockles [Cerastoderma edule], forming patches of mussels on consolidated shell material, and often growing into extensive beds. The mussel valves are usually encrusted with barnacles such as [Elminius modestus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the mussel bed provides a habitat for a range of species including [Littorina littorea]. The sediment infaunal community is usually rich and very similar to that of cockle beds (CerPo), including cockles [Cerastoderma edule], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica], and a range of burrowing crustaceans and polychaetes typical for CerPo. Further species may be present are the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], the sand gaper [Mya arenaria], the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana], [Nephtys] spp., and the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor]. Scattered fronds of eelgrass [Zostera noltii] may occur. Situation: This biotope often occurs in large sandy estuaries, or on enclosed shores, alongside other sand and muddy sand biotopes, most notably CerPo. It is possible that Lanice beds (Lan) occur lower down on the shore. Temporal variation: Where this sub-biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions on muddy sand, it could change to Myt.Mu over time as pseudofaeces build up forming a layer of mud. This cannot happen where wave action or tidal streams wash away pseudofaeces and prevent a build up. In areas where mussel spat ("mussel crumble") settles on the surface shell layer of cockle beds, the mussel cover may be ephemeral, as is the case in the Burry Inlet.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A2.7213
definition: Dense mussel beds found in sheltered conditions on mud. There is a build up of pseudofaeces that results in a bed that is very soft to walk on, and sediment which is anoxic to the surface. Pools are often present in the mussel bed but they tend to contain few species. The sediment infauna is very poor as a result of anoxic conditions. The mussel valves are usually clean, without epifaunal growth. Where this biotope occurs naturally, all age classes are found within the mussel bed. This biotope also includes commercially laid mussel beds on soft sediments, which tend to be of uniform age structure. The species diversity of this sub-biotope is a lot lower than that of the other Myt sub-biotopes. Situation: Occurs on sheltered mudflats, or areas that were previously rocky or cobble fields, but where pseudofaeces have accumulated, leading to the presence of a thick layer of mud. Temporal variation: Mussels may settle on areas of cobble or mixed sediment (Myt.Mx), and lead to the build-up of a thick layer of pseudofaeces, changing the biotope to Myt.Mu over time. The layer of mud can prevent the attachment of mussels to the underlying stable substratum, thus making the mussel bed liable to be washed away during storms. This is known to occur in areas of Morecambe Bay.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments

Pontic [Ficopomatus enigmaticus] reefs
type: Concept
notation: A2.73
definition: Rocky substratum macrozoobenthic community that is present in confined waters of variable salinity (like harbours and lagoons) principally composed by the polychaete neozoon [Ficopomatus enigmaticus] Fauvel 1923 syn. [Mercierella enigmaticus]; in protected waters it may cover the entire hard substratum with a mass of erect, contiguous and intertwined calcareous tubes (up to 20 cm long). The reefs it builds constitute a highly tridimensional complex biotope (up to 50 cm thick), unique in the Black Sea and harbouring a diverse fauna from the other principal macroinvertebrate hard bottom Mytilus dominated community. Mussel juveniles sometimes attach themselves on the surface of the reef but never survive to adulthood. The dominant species of this community are [Ficopomatus] and [Balanus] while the numeric subdominance is attained by [Palaemon], [Xantho], [Orchestia] and [Spaheroma] (Micu & Micu 2004).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral biogenic reefs

Ephemeral green and red seaweeds on variable salinity and/or disturbed eulittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A2.821
definition: Eulittoral mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying sand or mud) that are subject to variations in salinity and/or siltation, characterised by dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds. The main species present are [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Porphyra] spp., along with colonial diatoms covering the surface of the substratum. Small numbers of other species such as barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] are confined to any larger cobbles and pebbles or on the shells of larger individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] can be present among the boulders, cobbles and seaweeds, while gammarids can be found in patches underneath the cobbles. In common with the other biotopes found on mixed substrata, patches of sediment are typically characterised by infaunal species including bivalves, for example, [Cerastoderma edule] and the polychaete [Arenicola marina] and the polychaete [Lanice conchilega]. Situation: This biotope is found primarily on enclosed (estuarine) stony shores sheltered from wave action (compare with Sem.LlitX), with weak to moderate tidal streams and often subject to variable levels of salinity. It is found predominately in the mid shore zone above or at the same level as the biotope dominated by the barnacles [S. balanoides] and/or [E. modestus] and [Littorina] spp. (BLitX). If it is found in the upper shore region it can be backed by saltmarsh species such as [Salicornia] sp. and [Spartina] sp. Below are biotopes dominated by the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [Fucus vesiculosus] (Fserr.X; Fves.X) or by [M. edulis] (Myt.Myt) or by the polychaete [Hediste diversicolor] and the tellin [Macoma balthica] (HedMac) depending on the substratum. This is a biotope with a low species diversity and the 'high' number of species in the characterising species list is due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species rich…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on mobile substrata

Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2
definition: Mainly occurs on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, subject to moderately strong and weak tidal streams. This habitat type contains a broad range of biological subtypes, from echinoderms and crustose communties (A4.21) to Sabellaria reefs (A4.22) and circalittoral mussel beds (A4.24).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria] reefs on circalittoral rock
narrower: Communities on soft circalittoral rock
narrower: Mussel beds on circalittoral rock
narrower: Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity
narrower: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action
narrower: Faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock

Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.21
definition: This habitat type occurs on wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock and boulders. Echinoderms, faunal ([Parasmittina trispinosa]) and algal crusts (red encrusting algae) dominate this biotope, giving a sparse appearance. Typical echinoderms present are the starfish [Asterias rubens], the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroids [Nemertesia antennina] and [Abietinaria abietina], [Alcyonium digitatum], the anemone [Urticina felina] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Other species present may include the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the top shell [Calliostoma zizphinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Urticina felina] and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered circalittoral rock
narrower: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum] and faunal crust communities on vertical circalittoral bedrock

Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3
definition: Infralittoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the shallow subtidal zone and typically support seaweed communities. The upper limit is marked by the top of the kelp zone whilst the lower limit is marked by the lower limit of kelp growth or the lower limit of dense seaweed growth. Infralittoral rock typically has an upper zone of dense kelp (forest) and a lower zone of sparse kelp (park), both with an understorey of erect seaweeds. In exposed conditions the kelp is [Laminaria hyperborea] whilst in more sheltered habitats it is usually [Laminaria saccharina]; other kelp species may dominate under certain conditions. On the extreme lower shore and in the very shallow subtidal (sublittoral fringe) there is usually a narrow band of dabberlocks [Alaria esculenta] (exposed coasts) or the kelps [Laminaria digitata] (moderately exposed) or [L. saccharina] (very sheltered). Areas of mixed ground, lacking stable rock, may lack kelps but support seaweed communities. In estuaries and other turbid-water areas the shallow subtidal may be dominated by animal communities, with only poorly developed seaweed communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: Baltic exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Baltic moderately exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Baltic sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: Features of infralittoral rock

Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
type: Concept
notation: A3.11
definition: Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to exposed to extremely exposed wave action or strong tidal streams. Typically the rock supports a community of kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] with foliose seaweeds and animals, the latter tending to become more prominent in areas of strongest water movement (A3.113, A3.115 and A3.1152). The depth to which the kelp extends varies according to water clarity, exceptionally (e.g. St Kilda) reaching 45 m. In some areas, there may be a band of dense foliose seaweeds (reds or browns) below the main kelp zone (A3.116). The sublitttoral fringe is characterised by dabberlocks [Alaria esculenta] (A3.111). In very strong wave action the sublittoral fringe [A. esculenta] zone extends to 5 to 10 m depth, whilst at Rockall [A. esculenta] replaces [L. hyperborea] as the dominant kelp in the infralittoral zone (A3.112). Situation: Very exposed rocky coasts, from low water to depths up to 45m. Temporal variation: Winter storms may remove patches of kelp, and fast-growing annuals may form a temporary forest (A3.122).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
narrower: [Alaria esculenta] forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed infralittoral bedrock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Sparse [Laminaria hyperborea] and dense [Paracentrotus lividus] on exposed infralittoral limestone
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock
narrower: Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweeds on exposed vertical rock
narrower: Turf of articulated [Corallinaceae] on exposed to sheltered infralittoral bedrock and boulders

[Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.111
definition: Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock with an [Alaria esculenta] forest and an encrusting fauna of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides]. The kelp [Laminaria digitata] can be part of the canopy. Underneath the canopy are red seaweeds such as [Mastocarpus] stellatus and [Palmaria palmata], while encrusting coralline red algae such as [Lithothamnion graciale] covers the rock surface. The limpet [Patella vulgata] can be found grazing the rock surface, while the whelk Nucella lapillus is preying on the limpets, barnacles and mussels. Two variants of this biotope are described. In more wave exposed conditions [Laminaria digitata] is absent and the rock surface is often characterised by dense patches of mussels (Ala.Myt). In slightly less exposed sites the [A. esculenta] is mixed with [L. digitata] (Ala.Ldig). Situation: This biotope is found in the sublittoral fringe on exposed shores, typically occupying the extreme lower shore down to 1 or 2 m depth, although it can also extend down to 15 m depth on very exposed coasts. It is generally found below the mussel-barnacle zone of the lower shore (MytB) or a narrow band of the seaweed-dominated biotopes featuring dense [Himanthalia elongata] or red seaweeds (Him, Mas). Below the [A. esculenta] zone, the upper infralittoral rock generally supports a [Laminaria hyperborea] kelp community (LhypFa, LhypR.Ft or Lhyp.Ft).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
narrower: [Alaria esculenta], [Mytilus edulis] and coralline crusts on very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
narrower: [Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

[Alaria esculenta], [Mytilus edulis] and coralline crusts on very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1111
definition: Very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and dense patches of small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], both of which grow over a dense cover of encrusting coralline algae. Foliose red seaweeds may also be present, but the species composition and their abundance vary between sites. Species such as [Corallina officinalis] occur widely. The kelp [Laminaria digitata] is usually absent, although stunted plants may be present at a few sites. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] are often common. Patches of anthozoans and the hydroid [Tubularia] spp. occur in more wave-surged areas. In extremely exposed areas the [A. esculenta] zone can extend as deep as 15 m, where it has less [S. balanoides], [M. edulis] and greater densities of [Tubularia] spp. (e.g. Barra and shallow areas of Rockall). Situation: This biotope is most commonly found beneath the mussel-barnacle zone (MytB) of very exposed shores and above the upper infralittoral [Laminaria hyperborea] forest (LhypR or LhypFa). It is at the extremely wave-surged sites, such as St Kilda, that LhypFa occurs below Ala.Myt. Occasionally, the [A. esculenta] zone occurs below a narrow but dense band of red seaweeds: typically [Mastocarpus stellatus] and/or [Palmaria palmata] and [Corallina officinalis] (Mas) or very occasionally [Himanthalia elongata] (Him). A dense turf of [C. officinalis] (Coff) occurs above the [A. esculenta] zone at a few extremely exposed sites, particularly on steep or vertical rock. On less exposed shores, however, an [A. esculenta] dominated zone may lie immediately above a narrow [L. digitata] zone (Ldig). Ala.Myt can also occur on less exposed steep or vertical shores, where wave-surge restricts the growth of [L. digitata] which generally dominates the sublittoral fringe rock on moderately exposed shores. On seasonally unstable boulders or sites subject to disturbance by strong wave-action, a mixed kelp canopy that …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.243
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel beds on circalittoral rock

Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action
type: Concept
notation: A4.26
definition: This habitat is present in the Mediterranean on hard rocky and/or biogenic horizontal substrata formed by coralligenous formations developed within sedimentary beds that are well supplied by currents, up to 100 metres in depth, in clear waters with moderate hydrodynamic action. Coralligenous concretions are found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can build biogenic constructions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira zosteroides]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira usneoides]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira dubia]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira corniculata]
narrower: Association with [Sargassum] spp.
narrower: Association with [Mesophyllum lichenoides]
narrower: Algal bioconcretion with [Lithophyllum frondosum] and [Halimeda tuna]
narrower: Association with [Laminaria ochroleuca]
narrower: Facies with [Eunicella cavolinii]
narrower: Facies with [Eunicella singularis]
narrower: Facies with [Paramuricea clavata]
narrower: Facies with [Parazoanthus axinellae]
narrower: Coralligenous platforms

[Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1112
definition: Exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock characterised by a mixture of the kelps [Laminaria digitata] and [Alaria esculenta] with an understorey of red seaweeds including [Palmaria palmata] and [Corallina officinalis] with encrusting coralline algal on the rock surface. Anthozoans such as [Halichondria panicea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] can be found attached in cracks and crevices. The limpets [Patella vulgata] or on southern shores [Patella ulyssiponensis] can be found in their characteristic "scars" grazing the biofilm/algal crusts on the rock surface, while the limpet [Helcion pellucidum] is restricted to grazing the kelp fronds. Colonies of the bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can cover the red seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] or the rock surface. Situation: Ala.Ldig represents an intermediate on the wave exposure gradient, with pure stands of [A. esculenta] (Ala.Myt) being found on more exposed shores and pure [L. digitata] (Ldig) on more sheltered shores. This biotope usually occurs immediately above a sublittoral [Laminaria hyperborea] forest (LhypR or Lhyp), although a narrow band of [L. digitata] (Ldig) may occur between these two zones, particularly on less exposed shores. In southwest England a zone of mixed kelp forest [L. hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] may occur below the [A. esculenta] (Lhyp.Loch). A number of different biotopes can occur above Ala.Ldig; most commonly these are the mussel-barnacle zone (MytB), [Himanthalia elongata] (Him), a red algal turf or a [Fucus serratus]-red algal mosaic (Fser.R) on the less exposed shores. This biotope also occurs on steep and vertical shores of moderately exposed coasts where a localised increase in wave action restricts the growth of [L. digitata]. As a result of this increased wave action the [L. digitata] plants are usually small and often show signs of damage. Temporal variation: There may be seasonal changes in the amount of ephemeral seaweeds…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

[Alaria esculenta] forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed infralittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.112
definition: This biotope has only been recorded from Rockall, where [Alaria esculenta] appears to replace [Laminaria hyperborea] as the dominant kelp forest species on the extremely wave-exposed steep and vertical rock, a zone that extends from 14 m down to 35 m. Beneath the [A. esculenta] canopy, the rock surface is covered by a dense turf of anthozoans such as [Sagartia elegans], [Phellia gausapata] and [Corynactis viridis], encrusting sponges and coralline algae. The gastropod [Margarites helicinus] can be found grazing on the kelp fronds, whereas the crab [Cancer pagurus] can be found among the kelp stipes. The bryozoan [Tubularia indivisa] also occur, but it does not form such a dense turf as in more shallow waters, while the ascidian [Botryllus leachi] is found encrusting the large brown seaweeds. [Cryptopleura ramosa] is the dominant red seaweed on horizontal surfaces. The kelp [Laminaria digitata] is reported to occur mixed with [A. esculenta] on the nearby Helen's reef. Situation: Above the AlaAnSC zone (about 5 m to 13 m) [A. esculenta] still dominates, but it resembles more closely the typical sublittoral fringe [A. esculenta] biotope (Ala.Myt), though it has a very dense turf of small hydroids and few foliose algae. Towards the lower part of this [A. esculenta] forest (30 m to 35 m), the density of [A. esculenta] is reduced and the rock surface is characterised by a dense turf of red algae (FoR).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.113
definition: Very exposed and exposed, but wave-surged, upper infralittoral bedrock and massive boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] with a high diversity of seaweeds and invertebrates. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller with heavily epiphytised stipes with foliose red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea], [Cryptopleura ramosa] or [Plocamium cartilagineum] or even the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. Also found on the stipes or on the rock below the canopy are red seaweeds including [Phycodrys rubens], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Callophyllis laciniata, Caryophyllia smithii], and [Corallina officinalis], while encrusting coralline algae can cover any bare patches of rock. At some sites the red seaweeds can be virtually mono-specific, while at other sites show considerable variation containing a dense mixed turf of a large variety of species. The red seaweed [Odonthalia dentata] can be present in the north. The faunal and floral under-storey is generally rich in species due, in part, to the relatively low urchin-grazing pressure in such shallow exposed conditions. The faunal composition of this biotope varies markedly between sites, but commonly occurring are the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] and the anthozoans [Sagartia elegans] and [Corynactis viridis]. Sponges form a prominent part of the community with variable amounts of the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia] and several other species. The crab [Cancer pagurus] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are normally present in small numbers foraging beneath the canopy, while the sea urchins [Echinus esculentus] and [Urticina felina] graze on the seaweeds. The hydroid Obelia geniculata, the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea compete for space on the kelp, whereas the bryozoan Electra pilosa also can be found on foliose red seaweeds. Situation: This kelp forest most commonly oc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

Association with [Cystoseira zosteroides]
type: Concept
notation: A4.261
definition: This association is characterised by the high abundance of the brown alga [Cystoseira zosteroides]. The association can include in its higher levels both sciaphilous and photophilous species such as the brown algae [Phyllariopsis brevipes], [Arthrocladia villosa], and others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Cystoseira usneoides]
type: Concept
notation: A4.262
definition: This association characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira usneoides] is present in relatively deep rocky areas crossed by currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Cystoseira dubia]
type: Concept
notation: A4.263
definition: This association characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira dubia] occurs on hard substrata subject to weak hydrodynamics and relatively strong sedimentation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Sparse [Laminaria hyperborea] and dense [Paracentrotus lividus] on exposed infralittoral limestone
type: Concept
notation: A3.114
definition: This biotope is known from only one location, the Aran Islands, Co. Galway. Here, a limestone platform between 3 m and 6 m of depth is dominated by a dense population of the urchin [Paracentrotus lividus], which heavily graze and burrow into the soft limestone. So intense is the grazing pressure that the rock appears completely bare, except for a coralline algal crust and occasional [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. The anthozoans [Sagartia elegans] and [Corynactis viridis] are also present, though at low abundance. The grazed kelp also extends deeper to 20 to 25 m further offshore. (Only one CB record within this biotope). Situation: This rare biotope has only been recorded from one location and the neighbouring biotopes were not fully surveyed. In deeper water (30-40m) there is PhaAxi.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

[Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.115
definition: Very exposed to exposed infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea], beneath which is a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds. Three variations of this biotope are described: the upper infralittoral kelp forest (LhypR.Ft), the kelp park below (LhypR.Pk) and a third type of kelp forest, confined to southern England, that is characterised by a mixture of [L. hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] (LhypR.Loch). The fauna of these biotopes is markedly less abundant than kelp forests in areas of greater wave surge (LhypFa); sponges, anthozoans and polyclinid ascidians may be present, though never at high abundance. Beneath the under-storey of red seaweeds, the rock surface is generally covered with encrusting coralline algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on exposed infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1151
definition: Very exposed to exposed upper infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea]. On the rock surface beneath the kelp canopy is a dense turf of red foliose seaweeds including [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Callophyllis laciniata] as well as encrusting coralline algae and the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. The red algal turf can be virtually mono-specific, dominated by stands of [P. cartilagineum], [C. ramosa] or [Heterosiphonia plumosa], [Kallymenia reniformis] or in the north, [Odonthalia dentata]. Other sites may contain a dense mixed turf of these and other species. The dense turf is due, in part, to the relatively low grazing pressure from the urchin [Echinus esculentus] in such shallow exposed conditions. The shallowest kelp plants are often short or stunted, while deeper plants are taller and the stipes are heavily epiphytised by red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Membranoptera alata]. The bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can form colonies on the foliose red seaweeds, while the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] more often can be found on the [L. hyperborea] fronds along with the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] and the hydroid [Obelia geniculata]. The gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] are found grazing among the kelp holdfasts, while a few individuals of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] can present along with the white calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], where substratum is available. The starfish [Asterias rubens] can be found predating on polychaetes, mussels and small crustaceans. The soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] can be present covering the rock surface as well as the anthozoan [Urticina felina]. Situation: This kelp forest biotope most commonly occurs beneath a zone of [Alaria esculenta/Mytilus edulis] (Ala.Myt) and above a [L. hyperborea] park (LhypR.Pk). At very exposed sites, such a…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1152
definition: Very exposed to exposed lower infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a kelp park of [Laminaria hyperborea] with a dense turf of foliose red seaweeds and encrusting coralline algae. These red seaweeds dominate kelp stipes and bedrock in a similar abundance and composition to the upper infralittoral kelp forest, the most commonly occurring species being [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides]. In addition, moderate to high abundance of foliose brown seaweeds, such as [Dictyota dichotoma] are more common than in the kelp forest above. More upper circalittoral fauna occur in the park than in the kelp forest, such as the cup-coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Some species more often present in the kelp park than the forest include the anthozoan [Alcyonium digitatum] and the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. The urchin [Echinus esculentus], the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are normally present underneath the canopy along with the anthozoans [Urticina felina] and [Corynactis viridis]. The sponge [Cliona celata] is also present often found boring into shells or soft rock where available. The bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] can be found on the [L. hyperborea] fronds along with the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. The polychaete [Pomatoceros] sp. is present on the rock surface. Situation: This biotope usually occurs below the exposed kelp forests (LhypFa and LhypR.Ft). At some sites, a dense band of [D. dichotoma] may form a separate zone below (FoR). Where seasonally unstable cobbles and/or boulders are present adjacent to and/or below the bedrock supporting the [L. hyperborea] LsacSac may occur. Temporal variation: In the late summer both the kelp and the foliose seaweeds…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock

Association with [Cystoseira corniculata]
type: Concept
notation: A4.264
definition: This association characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira corniculata] occurs on hard substrata in the circalittoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Sargassum] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A4.265
definition: This association characterised by the abundance of the brown algae [Sargassum] spp. occurs on hard substrata, simultaneously relatively deep and well-lit, in oligotrophic conditions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Mesophyllum lichenoides]
type: Concept
notation: A4.266
definition: This association characterised by the red alga [Mesophyllum lichenoides] occurs on hard substrata with strong deep currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1153
definition: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forests on upper infralittoral exposed rock with a dense community of foliose red seaweeds such as [Cryptopleura ramosa], and [Plocamium cartilagineum] as well as small filamentous red seaweeds including [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Pterosiphonia parasitica] and [Brongniartella byssoides]. [L. hyperborea] has a rough stipe which allow dense assemblages of epiphytic red seaweeds to form including the foliose [Callophyllis laciniata], [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides]. Unlike [L. hyperborea], however, [L. ochroleuca] has a smooth stipe and so it lacks dense assemblages of epiphytic seaweeds [L. ochroleuca] has a smooth stipe. Encrusting coralline algae often cover much of the rock surface along with a few brown seaweeds including [Dictyota dichotoma], [Dictyopteris polypodioides] and [Desmarestia aculeata] present as well. In mixed kelp forest [L. ochroleuca] may predominate with [L. hyperborea] more common at shallower depths. Whilst foliose red seaweeds dominate the upward-facing rock beneath the kelp canopy, much of the fauna is restricted to crevices or vertical faces, possibly due to grazing pressure. Echinoderms are often common in this biotope, in particular the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Marthasterias glacialis]. Verticals are colonised by anthozoans including the anthozoans [Corynactis viridis], [Caryophyllia smithii, Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Alcyonium digitatum], while the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] colonise the [Laminaria] sp. fronds. This biotope is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. [L. ochroleuca] occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) from Dorset to Lundy Island. In such cases, records should be treated as regional variations of these biotopes. Records should only be assigned to the LhypR.Loch biotope when the canopy is dominated by …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock

Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.116
definition: A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds on exposed or moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally, at or below the lower limit of the kelp. Most of the red seaweeds are common to the kelp zone above, while the faunal component of the biotope is made up of species that are found either in the kelp zone or the animal-dominated upper circalittoral below. Foliose species commonly present include [Dilsea carnosa], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Schottera nicaeensis], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. The red seaweed species composition varies considerably; at some sites a single species may dominate (particularly [Plocamium cartilagineum]). Small filamentous red seaweeds can be found here as well. These include species such as [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Brongniartella byssoides]. As well as a varied red seaweed component, this biotope may also contain occasional kelp plants and patches of the brown foliose seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. Coralline crusts covers the bedrock beneath the seaweeds. The fauna generally comprises low-encrusting forms such as the tubeworms [Pomatoceros] spp., anthozoans including [Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii]) and occasional sponge crusts such as [Cliona celata, Esperiopsis fucorum], [Scypha ciliata] and [Dysidea fragilis]. More mobile fauna include the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus] as well as the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Marthasterias glacialis] and lastly, the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Bryozoan crusts such as [Electra pilosa] can be found fronds on the foliose red seaweeds while scattered hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] form colonies on shells, cobbles and available rock. At some sites erect bryozoans [Crisia] spp. and [Bugula] spp. are present. Ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Clavelina lepadiformis] may also be common. In the north the foliose red seaweed [Callophyllis laciniata] may occur. Situation: This biotope is…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds
narrower: Foliose red seaweeds with dense [Dictyota dichotoma] and/or [Dictyopteris membranacea] on exposed lower infralittoral rock

Algal bioconcretion with [Lithophyllum frondosum] and [Halimeda tuna]
type: Concept
notation: A4.267
definition: This association characterised by the red encrusting alga [Lithophyllum strictaeforme] ([Lithophyllum frondosum]) and the green alga [Halimeda tuna] is present on coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds affected by sea bottom currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Association with [Laminaria ochroleuca]
type: Concept
notation: A4.268
definition: This association characterised by the brown alga [Laminaria ochroleuca] occurs on hard or detritic substrata composed by sparse rocks located at 30 - 100 metres depth in areas affected by strong currents and the Atlantic influx (e.g. Strait of Messina, Sea of Alboran, Algerian coasts).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Eunicella cavolinii]
type: Concept
notation: A4.269
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) [Eunicella cavolinii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Eunicella singularis]
type: Concept
notation: A4.26A
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) [Eunicella singularis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Paramuricea clavata]
type: Concept
notation: A4.26B
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (red sea-fan) [Paramuricea clavata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Parazoanthus axinellae]
type: Concept
notation: A4.26C
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of the cnidarian (sea anemone) [Parazoanthus axinellae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Coralligenous platforms
type: Concept
notation: A4.26D
definition: These are coralligenous horizontal formations developing within sedimentary beds subject to currents, at up to at least 100 metres depth in clear waters.These formations are not usually built on rock substrata but result from the active development of constructor organisms (e.g. calcified algae, hard-skeleton invertebrates) from scattered elements on loose beds, shells, stones, and graves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities moderately exposed to hydrodynamic action

Faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.27
definition: These communities populate hard substrata with low hydrodynamics and strong sedimentation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Pontic faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock

Foliose red seaweeds with dense [Dictyota dichotoma] and/or [Dictyopteris membranacea] on exposed lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.1161
definition: A dense turf of foliose red seaweeds mixed with a dense turf of the foliose brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma] and/or [Dictyopteris membranacea] on exposed and moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock, generally at or below the lower limit of the kelp zone. In some areas the lower infralittoral is subject to a moderate amount of scour from nearby sand. [D. dichotoma] is relatively tolerant of such scour and in such areas a zone forms with other sand-tolerant seaweeds. [D. membranacea] is confined to south-western coasts. Typically brown seaweeds dominate the seabed or are at least in equal abundance to the red seaweeds, some of which may also form dense stands such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Calliblepharis ciliata, Cryptopleura ramosa, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides], [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Delesseria sanguinea] and [Brongniartella byssoides]. The urchin [Echinus esculentus] can be found grazing the rock surface which can be covered in coralline algae. The anthozoans [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Alcyonium digitatum] are usually present in this biotope along with the tube-building worm [Pomatoceros] sp. which is more common in sand-scoured areas. The starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Henricia] sp. and sponge crusts including [Cliona celata] can also be found here. [D. dichotoma] also occurs in the kelp park, and records should only be assigned to this biotope where kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] is sparse or absent and a relatively high density of [D. dichotoma] and/or [D. membranacea] is present. Situation: This biotope usually occurs at or below the lower limit of kelp [L. hyperborea] (LhypR.Pk or Lhyp). In south-west England a zone of mixed kelp forest [L. hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] may occur above the dense foliose algae (LhypR.Loch). FoR.Dic marks the lower limit of the lower infralittoral zone. Temporal variation: Like many of the red seaweeds found in this biotope the dominant brown seaweeds [D. membranacea] and [D. dichotoma] have annual f…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweeds on exposed vertical rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.117
definition: On exposed coasts with moderately strong to weak tidal currents generally at depths of 0-10m, vertical rock communities dominated by frequent [Laminaria hyperborea] and its commonly associated red seaweeds [Delesseria sanguinea], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Plocamium cartilagineum] can be found. Within this biotope the jewel anemone [Corynactis viridis] is frequently found in dense aggregations attached to the vertical rock surface. This biotope contains 5 sub-biotopes, distinguished by their biogeography. On the west coast of Scotland, the Northern Isles and the Isle of Man on extremely exposed coasts a variant of this biotope characterised by frequent [Metridium senile] and occasional [Sagartia elegans] can be found. Further south on the west coast of Ireland, southern Scotland, Wales, and south west England a second variant characterised by frequent [Alcyonium digitatum] and occasional [Cliona celata] can be distinguished. A third variant has been recorded from Northern Ireland characterised by the red seaweeds [Lithophyllum] and [Ptilota gunneri], the sea squirt [Dendrodoa grossularia] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. South from the Isle of Man, on the Welsh Coast, and on the south west and southern English coasts a fourth variant of this biotope is found, which is characterised by the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], which may be more frequent in this sub-biotope, and the rarity of [Alcyonium digitatum], a species which is more frequent in other variants. This variant has mainly been recorded in shallow water (0-5m). The final biogeographic variant of this biotope is, as with the previous variant, found on the coasts of Wales and south west England. It can be distinguished from the previous variant by the frequent [Diplosoma listerianum] and occasional [Lissoclinum perforatum], although these species are not always present. Situation: Open rocky coasts of the south-west, west and north-west.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

[Saccorhiza polyschides] and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.121
definition: Exposed low-lying reefs in the sublittoral fringe or upper infralittoral (generally above 5m depth), mainly in the southwest and west, dominated by the kelp [Saccorhiza polyschides]. This opportunistic coloniser replaces [Laminaria digitata] or [Laminaria hyperborea] as the dominant kelp, following 'disturbance' of the canopy. This may be the result of storms, when loose sediment and even cobbles or boulders are mobilised, scouring most seaweeds and animals from the surrounding rock. As [S. polyschides] is essentially a summer annual (occasionally it lasts into a second year), it is also particularly common close to rock/sand interfaces which become too scoured during winter months to prevent the longer-living kelps from surviving. As a result of the transient nature of this biotope, its composition is varied; it may contain several other kelp species, including [L. digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Alaria esculenta], at varying abundances. [Laminaria] spp. sporelings can also be a prominent feature of the site. Beneath the kelp, (scour-tolerant) red seaweeds including [Corallina officinalis], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Chondrus crispus], [Dilsea carnosa] and encrusting coralline algae are often present. Foliose red seaweeds such as [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Palmaria palmata] also occur in this biotope. [P. palmata] and [Delesseria sanguinea] often occur as epiphytes on the stipes of [L. hyperborea], when it is present. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva] spp. is fast to colonise newly cleared areas of rock and is often present along with the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. Due to the disturbed nature of this biotope, fauna are generally sparse, being confined to encrusting bryozoans and/or sponges, such as [Halichondria panicea] and the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. Situation: On some shores (for example in Cornwall and south-west Ireland), [S. polyschides] competes so effectively with the other la…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

[Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] on exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.122
definition: A forest or park of the fast-growing, opportunistic kelps [Laminaria saccharina] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] often occurs on seasonally unstable boulders or sand/pebble scoured infralittoral rock. The substratum varies from large boulders in exposed areas to smaller boulders and cobbles in areas of moderate wave exposure or nearby bedrock. In these cases, movement of the substratum during winter storms prevents a longer-lived forest of [Laminaria hyperborea] from becoming established. This biotope also develops on bedrock where it is affected by its close proximity to unstable substrata. Other fast-growing brown seaweeds such as [Desmarestia viridis], [Desmarestia aculeata, Cutleria multifida] and [Dictyota dichotoma] are often present. Some [L. hyperborea] plants may occur in this biotope, but they are typically small since the plants do not survive many years. The kelp stipes are usually epiphytised by red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Other red seaweeds present beneath the kelp canopy include [Plocamium cartilagineum, Nitophyllum punctatum], [Callophyllis laciniata] and [Cryptopleura ramosa]. Encrusting algae often form a prominent cover on the rock surfaces, including red, brown and coralline crusts. Faunal richness and diversity is generally low compared to the more stable [L. hyperborea] kelp forest and park communities (LhypR). Where some protection is afforded the anthozoan [Alcyonium digitata] can occur in addition to the more robust species such as the tube-building worm [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Mobile species include the to shell [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] can often be found colonising the kelp fronds. Situation: This biotope can be found below the [L. hyperborea] zone (LhypFa or LhypR), especially where close to a rock/ sand interface (where it is subject to sand/pebble scour in w…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Dense [Desmarestia] spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.124
definition: Wave-exposed seasonally mobile substrata (pebbles, cobbles) dominated by dense stands of the brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata] and/or [Desmarestia ligulata]. Infralittoral pebbles and cobbles that are scoured through mobility during storms, but become stable in the summer allowing the growth of such algae as [Desmarestia] spp. Filamentous red seaweeds such [as Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Brongniartella byssoides] are usually present. Stunted individuals of the kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] may be present where bedrock is available. A variety of foliose red seaweeds such as [Cryptopleura ramosa, Chondrus crispus], [Plocamium cartilagineum, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] and [Nitophyllum punctatum] may on occasion be present underneath the kelp canopy. Other red algae including [Corallina officinalis], [Rhodomela confervoides] and coralline crusts including [Lithothamnion] spp. may be present as well as well as the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and the green [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Due to the nature of this biotope the faunal component is very impoverished though the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] can be found among the cobbles. Situation: Often a narrow zone on mixed substrata below a stable zone of kelp on bedrock. Where seasonally mobile substrata affect nearby bedrock this biotope may occur in place of kelp forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.125
definition: Bedrock and boulders, often in tide-swept areas, that are subject to scouring or periodic burial by sand, characterised by a canopy of mixed kelps such as [Laminaria saccharina], [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccorhiza polyschides] and the brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata]; there may also be an understorey of foliose seaweeds that can withstand scour such as [Plocamium cartilagineum, Chondrus crispus, Dilsea carnosa], [Callophyllis laciniata] as well as the filamentous [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. The perennial red seaweed [Brongniartella byssoides] re-grows in the summer months. The [L. hyperborea] stipes often support a growth of epiphytes, such as [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Cryptopleura ramosa]. The scour can reduce the rock surface to bare coralline crusts at times; sponge crusts and the colonial ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] can also grow on the stipes and holdfasts. The faunal diversity on the rock is usually low and restricted to robust, low-profile animals such as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], encrusting bryozoans such as [Membranipora membranacea], the anthozoan [Urticina felina], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Deeper sites support more hydroids and bryozoans, particularly [Bugula] spp. Where this biotope occurs in very shallow water [Laminaria digitata] may be found in combination with the other kelp species. Other species present only in shallow water include the red algae [Corallina officinalis] and the sand-binding alga [Rhodothamniella floridula]. Situation: This biotope often occurs below a [L. hyperborea] forest (LhypR.Ft, Lhyp.Ft or LhypT.Ft), close to a rock-sediment boundary. It is also found on low-lying rock outcrops surrounded by sand or mixed sediment and nearby biotopes on mixed substrata may include EphR, ProtAhn or in very shallow water LsacChoR. A [Flustra foliacea] community…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Pontic faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.271
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on deep moderate energy circalittoral rock

Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.3
definition: Occurs on wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to mainly weak/very weak tidal streams. The biotopes identified within this habitat type are often dominated by encrusting red algae, brachiopods ([Neocrania anomala]) and ascidians ([Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: Mediterranean coralligenous communities sheltered from hydrodynamic action
narrower: Faunal communities on deep low energy circalittoral rock

[Laminaria saccharina], [Chorda filum] and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable infralittoral boulders and cobbles
type: Concept
notation: A3.123
definition: Seasonally disturbed unstable boulders and cobbles in very shallow water dominated by the fast-growing brown seaweed [Chorda filum] together with the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. The brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata] is also typical of this disturbed environment as well encrusting coralline algae and brown crusts. Beneath the prolific growth of [C. filum], red and brown seaweeds densely cover many of the boulders, cobbles and pebbles. Other sediment-tolerant seaweeds such as species from the Ectocarpales (brown filamentous seaweeds) and the red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Dilsea carnosa] and [Corallina officinalis] is normally present. Other red seaweeds which can be found here include [Chondria dasyphylla], [Brongniartella byssoides], [Polysiphonia elongata], [Ceramium nodolosum], [Cystoclonium purpureum, Heterosiphonia plumosa], [Rhodomela confervoides] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. The brown seaweeds [Punctaria] sp. and [Cladostephus spongiosus] are generally present. The faunal component of this biotope is typically sparse - the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the crabs [Pagurus] [bernhardus] and [Necora puber] are amongst the most conspicuous animals. The bryozoan crust [Electra pilosa] colonise many of the algae along with the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Occasional the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] may occur in the sand between pebbles, and the anthozoan [Urticina felina] may be found amongst pockets of gravel along with the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. At some sites the rock beneath the algae can be occupied by the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. This biotope is also present at other open coast sites around the UK where suitable shallow, seasonally stable boulders, cobbles and pebbles occur. Typical examples of this biotope occur on the shallowest areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, Wales, where reef crests are formed by embedded and mobile boulders, together with cobbles and pebbles in between (t…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

[Halidrys siliquosa] and mixed kelps on tide-swept infralittoral rock with coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A3.126
definition: Tide-swept boulders and cobbles, often with a mobile component to the substrata (pebbles, gravel and sand), characterised by dense stands of the brown seaweed [Halidrys siliquosa]. It is can be mixed with the foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and kelp such as [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea]. Below the canopy is an undergrowth of red seaweeds that are tolerant of sand-scour such as [Phyllophora crispa, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Rhodomela confervoides, Corallina officinalis] and [Chondrus crispus]. Other red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Calliblepharis ciliata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Dilsea carnosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] and [Brongniartella byssoides] may be locally abundant, particularly in the summer months. There may be a rich epibiota on [H. siliquosa], including the hydroid [Aglaophenia pluma], ascidians such as [Botryllus schlosseri]. There is generally a sparse faunal component colonising the boulders and cobbles, comprising the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crab [Cancer pagurus], the starfish [Asterias rubens], the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the sea anthozoan [Urticina felina]. The bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can form colonies on the kelp. Situation: XKHal can occur below the tide-swept [Laminaria digitata] zone of the sublittoral fringe bedrock or boulders (LdigT). Less stable substrata of boulders, cobbles or pebbles may support kelp and [Chorda filum] in the shallows (LsacChoR) or dense ephemeral seaweeds (EphR). Sand-influenced rocky outcrops in deeper water may support a [Flustra foliacea] community (FluCoAs). This biotope is widespread and is found on the open coast in Wales, the south-west and the English Channel as well as more sheltered tidal rapids in the Scottish sealochs. It can form extensive forests or parks in certain areas (Dorset, Sarns). In Wales, the south-west and west of England the red seaweeds [Spyridia filam…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Mediterranean coralligenous communities sheltered from hydrodynamic action
type: Concept
notation: A4.32
definition: Coralligenous concretions are found on rock faces or on rocks where calcareous algae can build biogenic constructions. These communities are present in the Mediterranean on hard rocky and/or biogenic substrata at 10 - 100 metres depth with low hydrodynamic action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Association with [Rodriguezella strafforelli]
narrower: Facies with [Lophogorgia sarmentosa]

Association with [Rodriguezella strafforelli]
type: Concept
notation: A4.321
definition: This association populates hard poorly-lit substrata, in a sheltered environment, at about 25-45 metres depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities sheltered from hydrodynamic action

Facies with [Lophogorgia sarmentosa]
type: Concept
notation: A4.322
definition: This facies is characterised by the high density of colonies of the gorgonian (sea-fan) [Lophogorgia sarmentosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean coralligenous communities sheltered from hydrodynamic action

Faunal communities on deep low energy circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.33
definition: Added by CEH to accommodate level 5 units proposed at Southampton workshop
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Subunit added by CEH available for description of communities Agreed (David Connor)
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock

Baltic exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.4
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in more moderately exposed or even sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of greater than 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata

[Polyides rotundus], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Chondrus crispus] on sand-covered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.127
definition: Low-lying rock surrounded by mobile sand and often subject to burying by the sand, with a turf of resilient red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus, Polyides rotundus] and [Ahnfeltia plicata] typically protruding through the sand on the upper surfaces of the rock. Other scour-tolerant seaweeds include [Rhodomela confervoides], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Phyllophora crispa, Furcellaria lumbricalis], [Gracilaria gracilis], [Ceramium rubrum, Plocamium cartilagineum, Heterosiphonia plumosa, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Dilsea carnosa]. Coralline crusts typically cover the rock, while scattered individuals of the brown seaweeds [Halidrys siliquosa, Cladostephus spongiosus], [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Laminaria saccharina] can be present. The large anthozoan [Urticina felina] can occur in this biotope but there are few other conspicuous animals. Situation: This biotope occurs on shallow sand-covered rock, often below bedrock and boulders supporting kelp forest, which is above the effect of, sand scour (Lhyp) or abutting sand-scoured kelp on bedrock (XKScrR). It may also be found adjacent to the shallow kelp and [Chorda filum] biotope (LsacChoR) and similarly can be surrounded by a variety of sediment biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Pontic [Cystoseira barbata] on exposed cobbles, boulders and bedrock mixed with and scoured by sand
type: Concept
notation: A3.128
definition: The dominant species in the [Cystoseira] biocenosis is the brown alga [Cystoseira barbata], which develops on rocky substrates from the spray zone to a depth of 15 m. The mass species are: the molluscs [Mytilaster lineatus] and [Rissoa splendida]; the amphipods [Amphythoe vaillanti] and [Caprella acantifera]; and the polychaetes [Grubea clavata]. Other common species include: the polychaetes [Nereis succinea], [Nephthys hombergii] and [Terebellides stroemi]; the molluscs [Cerastoderma glaucum], [Irus irus], [Polititapes aurea], [Donacilla cornea] and [Pitar rudis] (Zaitsev and Alexandrov, 1998). Along the Romanian shores [Mytilaster lineatus], [Mytilus galloprovincialis] and [Balanus improvisus] are the species occurring with highest frequency within this habitat (which extends until 6 meters depth). Of these species [Mytilaster] is the most important species in terms of density and biomass amounting to almost 80% of the sessile fauna observed. The most important macrobenthic taxa amount to 40 species of which 77% amphipods, 9% polichaetes and 8% isopods. Most frequent amphipods, occurring annually, are [Erichtonius difformis], [Amphitoe vaillanti], [Corophium acherusicum], [Stenothoe monoculoides], [Jassa ocia], [Hyale pontica]. The most frequently occurring isopods are: [Idothea baltica], [Nassa (Dynamena) bidentata], [Synisoma capito]. The most frequently observed polychaetes are [Fabricia clavella] and [Brania clavata] (Tiganus, 1991-1992).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sediment-affected or disturbed kelp and seaweed communities

Mediterranean and Pontic facies with [Mytilus galloprovincialis]
type: Concept
notation: A3.134
definition: This facies characterised by the dominance of the mollusc bivalve [Mytilus galloprovincialis] is typical of areas with high levels of organic input. In the Black Sea this habitat is distributed across wide areas, in the mediolittoral as well as into the infralittoral, from the spray zone to 55 m, where the dominant species is the bivalve mollusc [Mytilus galloprovincialis], the most widespread mussel in the Black Sea (Zaitsev and Aleksandrov, 1998). The biocenosis consists of 105 animal species (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998) of which the most characteristic are: Polychaeta - [Nereis (Neanthes) succinea], [Nereis diversicolor], [Polydora ciliata limicola]; Mollusca - [Mytilus galloprovincialis], [Mytilaster lineatus]; Crustacea - [Balanus improvisus], [Jaera sarsi], [Stenothoe monoculoides], [Marinogammarus olivii], [Melita palmate], [Microdeutopus gryllotalpa], [Amphitoe viallanti], [Jassia ocia], [Erichthonius difformis] (Alexandrov, 2006). On the NW shelf the mass species are: [Mya arenaria], [Balanus improvisus], [Nereis succinea], [Prionopsio cirrifera]. On the Crimean shelf the mass species are:the mollusc, [Modiolus adriaticus], and the polychaete [Terebellides stroemi]. Along the Turkish coasts, the most encountered amphipod species are: [Jassa marmorata], [Hylae crassipes], [Ampithoe ramondi], [Corophium acherisicum], [Corophium acutum] (Sezgin et al., 2001). Ephemeral algae may cover Mytilus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic communities of infralittoral algae very exposed to wave action

[Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.211
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock characterised by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] with coralline crusts covering the rock beneath the kelp canopy. Foliose red seaweeds such as [Palmaria palmata, Membranoptera alata, Chondrus crispus] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] are often present along with the calcareous [Corallina officinalis]. The brown seaweed [Fucus serratus] and the green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris] and [Ulva lactuca] can be present as well. The sponge [Halichondria panicea] can be found among the kelp holdfasts or underneath overhangs. Also present on the rock are the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the gastropods [Patella vulgata] and [Gibbula cineraria]. The bryozoan [Electra pilosa] can form colonies on especially [C. crispus, M. stellatus] and [F. serratus] while the hydroid [Dynanema pumila] are more common on the kelp. Three variants of this biotope are described: [L. digitata] forest on rocky shores (Ldig.Ldig). [L. digitata] on boulder shores (Ldig.Bo) and soft rock supporting [L. digitata], such as the chalk found in south-east England (Ldig.Pid). For [L. digitata] in sheltered, tide-swept conditions see LdigT.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
narrower: [Laminaria digitata] and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders
narrower: [Laminaria digitata] and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock

Baltic moderately exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.5
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are moderately exposed to wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. steeper rock in sheltered areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch of 5 – 25 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata

Baltic sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.6
definition: Rock habitats in the Baltic infralittoral zone which are sheltered from wave action, currents or ice scouring. The exposure status is that impacting on the area concerned at the relevant scale. Thus there may be enclaves of different exposure status caused by localised variation in relief (e.g. sheltered areas within exposed or moderately exposed areas). Note that it has been proposed that ‘exposed’ has an effective fetch less than 5 km: this requires verification across the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Level 3 habitat type proposed at Baltic marine habitats workshop 8-9 July 2004; detailed habitats to be described.
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata

Features of circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.7
definition: Circalittoral rock features include circalittoral fouling communities (A4.72) and circalittoral caves and overhangs (A4.71). These features are present throughout the circalittoral zone in a variety of wave exposures and tidal streams. Two fouling subtypes have also been identified: A4.722 has been recorded from disused fishing nets and other artificial substrata, and is characterised by aggregations of [Ascidiella aspersa] whilst A4.721 has been recorded from steel wrecks, and is characterised by dense aggregations of [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Metridium senile]. Habitats in hard substrata in the circalittoral zone characterised by the presence of seeping or bubbling gases, oils or water are also included (A4.73).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs
narrower: Circalittoral fouling faunal communities
narrower: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

[Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2111
definition: Exposed to sheltered sublittoral fringe bedrock dominated by a dense canopy of [Laminaria digitata], often with a wide range of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds beneath. The most frequently occurring red seaweeds are [Palmaria palmata], [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata] and [Membranoptera alata]. Generally the rocky substratum is covered by encrusting coralline algae, on which occasional limpets [Patella vulgata] and topshells [Gibbula cineraria] graze. A wide variety of fauna occurs, some of the most commonly occurring species being the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Kelp holdfasts provide a refuge for a varied assemblage of species such as sponges and the limpet [Helcion pellucidum], while encrusting bryozoans such as [Electra pilosa] more often are found on the fronds of foliose red seaweeds. Solitary ascidians may be locally abundant where overhanging or vertical rock occurs, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can be abundant on [Fucus serratus] and [Laminaria] sp. fronds. On exposed, wave-surged shores, the robust red seaweeds [M. stellatus], [C. crispus] and [C. officinalis] can form a dense turf beneath the kelp along with the occasional green seaweed [Ulva lactuca]. Similarly on such shores the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can occur in extremely dense aggregations on the rock, beneath the kelp canopy. Situation: This biotope is usually found on the extreme low shore below the [Fucus serratus] zone (Fser) and above the truly sublittoral [Laminaria hyperborea] zone (Lhyp).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock

[Laminaria digitata] and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders
type: Concept
notation: A3.2112
definition: This [Laminaria digitata] biotope is found predominantly on moderately exposed boulder shores and occasionally also on exposed or sheltered shores. Upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by dense [L. digitata] though other kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] or the wrack [Fucus serratus] can be present at lower abundance. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp canopy are a variety of red seaweeds such as [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus], [Palmaria palmata], [Membranoptera alata], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. Green seaweeds include [Cladophora rupestris] and [Ulva lactuca]. Where space is available beneath the boulders (i.e. they are not buried in sediment) there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic species include the crabs [Porcellana platycheles], [Pisidia longicornis] and juvenile [Cancer pagurus]. Also present beneath the boulders are often high densities of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], spirorbid worms, the polychaete [Harmotho‰] sp., gammarid amphipods and a few gastropods such as [Gibbula cineraria]. The encrusting bryozoans [Electra pilosa] and [Umbonula littoralis] and encrusting colonies of the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Halisarca dujardini] are also typical of this habitat. The richest examples also contain a variety of echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens], colonial ascidians such as [Botryllus schlosseri] and small hydroids. Situation: This biotope is found in a similar situation to Ldig.Ldig, usually beneath the [Fucus serratus] zone (Fser.Bo or Fser.R) and above the [Laminaria hyperborea] zone (Lhyp). Many of the animals found under boulders in the lower shore in Fser.Bo are also found under boulders in the sublittoral fringe (Ldig.Bo), particularly the sponges and crabs. Similarly, many of the seaweeds present on the lower shore are also present in the shal…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock

[Laminaria digitata] and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2113
definition: Soft rock, such as chalk, in the sublittoral fringe characterised by [Laminaria digitata] and rock-boring animals such as piddocks [Barnea candida] and [Pholas dactylus], the bivalve [Hiatella arctica] and worms [Polydora] spp. Beneath the kelp forest, a wide variety of foliose red seaweeds occur such as [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus], [Membranoptera alata] and [Halurus flosculosus]. Filamentous red seaweeds often present are [Polysiphonia fucoides] and [Ceramium nodulosum], while coralline crusts cover available rock surface. The bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] and the hydroid [Dynanema pumila] can form colonies on the kelp fronds, while the bryozoan [Electra pilosa] more often occur on the foliose red seaweeds. Empty piddock burrows are often colonised by the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] or in more shaded areas the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve]. The undersides of small chalk boulders are colonised by encrusting bryozoans, colonial ascidians and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros lamarcki]. The boulders and any crevices within the chalk provide a refuge for small crustaceans such as [Carcinus maenas], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] or the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The echinoderm [Asterias rubens] is present as well. Situation: This biotope occurs on moderately exposed soft rock where Ldig.Ldig would normally occur. Above it may lie a zone of [Fucus serratus] on similarly bored soft rock (Fser.Pid) or a variant of one of the [F. serratus] biotopes (Fser.R or Fser.Fser). Lower shore sites influenced by sand may have more [Mytilus edulis] beneath the seaweed canopy (MytFR) or the sand-binding red seaweed [Rhodothamniella floridula] (Rho). Below the Ldig.Pid biotope a variety of biotopes can occur such as LsacChoR on unstable infralittoral cobbles and boulders or even MCR.Pid in the turbid waters of south-east England where the kelp generally extends to less than 4m BCD. Temporal variation: The under-storey of f…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock

Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs
type: Concept
notation: A4.71
definition: Caves and overhanging rock in the circalittoral zone, away from significant influence of strong wave action (compare A3.71). This habitat may be colonised by a wide variety of species, with sponges such as [Dercitus bucklandi], anemones [Parazoanthus] spp. and the cup corals [Caryophyllia inornatus], [Hoplangia durotrix] and others particularly characteristic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of circalittoral rock
narrower: Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging circalittoral rock
narrower: Caves and overhangs with [Parazoanthus axinellae]
narrower: Caves and overhangs with [Corallium rubrum]
narrower: Caves and overhangs with [Leptopsammia pruvoti]
narrower: Caves and ducts in total darkness (including caves without light or water movement at upper levels)
narrower: Pontic semi-dark caves and overhangs

Caves and overhangs with [Parazoanthus axinellae]
type: Concept
notation: A4.712
definition: This facies, characterised by the colonial sea anemone [Parazoanthus axinellae], occurs on hard bottoms affected by very rough water and relatively dim light. Found attached to rocks and sponges in open coast rocky habitats, it is often observed on vertical faces or beneath overhangs, at 6-100m depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Caves and overhangs with [Corallium rubrum]
type: Concept
notation: A4.713
definition: This facies, characterised by the high presence of the cnidarian (red coral) [Corallium rubrum], occurs on walls of caves and/or cavities with coralligenous concretions and semi-dark overhangs. The vertical distribution of this facies occurs from 10 to 200 metres depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

[Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.212
definition: Wave exposed to moderately wave exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders with [Laminaria hyperborea], characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds including the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Epilithic seaweeds [Delesseria sanguinea], [Plocamium cartilagineum] [Heterosiphonia plumosa, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Brongniartella byssoides] and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising the bryozoan [Electra pilosa], the sponge [Pachymatisma johnstonia], anthozoans such as [Alcyonium digitatum], [Sagartia elegans] and [Urticina felina], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] occur. More mobile species include the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the echinoderms [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus]. Two variants have been described: Tide-swept kelp forest (LhypT.Ft) and tide-swept kelp park (LhypT.Pk). Situation: This biotope occurs below [Alaria esculenta] (Ala) at exposed sites or [L. digitata] (Ldig.Ldig) at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (LhypT.Pk).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2121
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept bedrock and boulders, with dense [Laminaria hyperborea] forest, characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Callophyllis laciniata, Corallina officinalis, Cryptopleura ramosa, Membranoptera alata], and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and in the south-west [Distomus variolosus]. Epilithic seaweeds ([Dilsea carnosa], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum], [Brongniartella byssoides], and [Dictyota dichotoma] ) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising of the sponges [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis], anthozoans such as [Urticina felina], [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Caryophilia smithii], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], and the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria], occur. Also found on the rock is the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: This biotope occurs below [Alaria esculenta] (Ala) at exposed sites or [L. digitata] (Ldig.Ldig) at moderately exposed locations. With increasing depth the kelp density diminishes to become tide-swept kelp park (LhypT.Pk).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2122
definition: Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, strongly tide-swept, rock with [Laminaria hyperborea] park characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. The red seaweed [Heterosiphonia plumosa] can be present. The foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and coralline crust are often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a rich fauna comprising sponges ([Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Stelligera rigida], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis]), anthozoans ([Alcyonium digitatum] and [Caryophyllia smithii]), hydroids ([Aglaophenia pluma] and [Nemertesia antennina]), colonial ascidians ([Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Morchellium argus]) and bryozoans such as [Electra pilosa]. Both the flora and fauna of this biotope are similar to the wave exposed kelp park (LhypR.Pk), but LhypT.Pk has a greater faunal component including the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Necora puber]. Situation: This biotope generally occurs below a tide-swept [L. hyperborea] kelp forest (LhypT.Ft). As this biotope occurs over such a range of wave exposures a variety of circalittoral biotopes can occur beneath it: for example, Exposed, tide-swept rock (FaT) or moderately exposed tide-swept rock (EcCr).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock

Caves and overhangs with [Leptopsammia pruvoti]
type: Concept
notation: A4.714
definition: This facies with the madreporian (yellow coral) [Leptopsammia pruvoti] occurs on hard substrata at the entrance to caves and under overhangs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Caves and ducts in total darkness (including caves without light or water movement at upper levels)
type: Concept
notation: A4.715
definition: This habitat occurs in very large submerged cavities especially present in drowned karstic networks, isolated little cavities and microcavities in heaps of stones and within certain concretions. The caves in total darkness are enclaves of the aphotic area in the littoral area. These habitats present extremely original environmental conditions, close to those found on the continental slope. The two most important ecological factors are the absence of light, which rules out photosynthetic organisms, and the confined space.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Pontic semi-dark caves and overhangs
type: Concept
notation: A4.716
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Pontic large Hydrozoa and [Molgula manhattensis] on circalittoral steel wrecks
type: Concept
notation: A4.723
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fouling faunal communities

Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.73
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of circalittoral rock
narrower: Freshwater seeps in circalittoral rock
narrower: Oil seeps in circalittoral rock
narrower: Vents in circalittoral rock
narrower: Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral and circalittoral rock
narrower: Pontic methane seeps in infralittoral and circalittoral rock

Freshwater seeps in circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.731
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Oil seeps in circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.732
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Vents in circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.733
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral and circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.734
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Pontic methane seeps in infralittoral and circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.735
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents and seeps in circalittoral rock

Sublittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5
definition: Sediment habitats in the sublittoral near shore zone (i.e. covering the infralittoral and circalittoral zones), typically extending from the extreme lower shore down to the edge of the bathyal zone (200 m). Sediment ranges from boulders and cobbles, through pebbles and shingle, coarse sands, sands, fine sands, muds, and mixed sediments. Those communities found in or on sediment are described within this broad habitat type.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: Features of sublittoral sediments

[Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.213
definition: Wave-exposed through to wave-sheltered, tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata with [Laminaria hyperborea] forest/park and other kelp species such as [Laminaria saccharina]. The rich under-storey and stipe flora is characterised by foliose seaweeds including the brown algae [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Callophyllis laciniata] and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. Epilithic seaweeds such as [Desmerestia aculeata], [Odonthalia dentate], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Callophyllis laciniata], and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growths of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] occurs. More mobile species include the gastropods [Gibulla cineria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the echinoderms [Crossaster papposus], [Henricia oculata], [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus]. Two variants are described; tide-swept kelp forest on upper infralittoral mixed substrata (LhypTX.Ft) and tide-swept kelp park on lower infralittoral mixed substrata (LhypTX.Pk).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept upper infralittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept lower infralittoral mixed substrata

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept upper infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.2131
definition: Moderately wave-exposed to wave sheltered, tide-swept mixed substrata, with dense [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and sparser [Laminaria saccharina], characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds. The kelp stipes support epiphytes such as [Palmaria palmata] [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Membranoptera alata], and [Phycodrys rubens]. At some sites, instead of being covered by red seaweeds, the kelp stipes are heavily encrusted by the ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and in the south-west [Distomus variolosus]. Epilithic seaweeds ([Delesseria sanguinea, Plocamium cartilagineum, Odonthalia dentata, Dictyota dichotoma] and [Desmarestia aculeata]) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The kelp fronds are often covered with growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Although these species are also found in most kelp forests, in this biotope they are particularly dense. On the rock surface, a rich fauna comprising anthozoans such as [Urticina felina], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter], colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria], and the bryozoans [Electra pilosa] and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] occur. Also found on the rock are the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens and Ophiothrix fragilis], and the crabs [Cancer pagurus, Pagurus bernhardus] and [Necora puber].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

[Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on tide-swept lower infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.2132
definition: Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, tide-swept, Infralittoral mixed substrata with [Laminaria hyperborea] park characterised by an under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Kallymenia reniformis], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. Epilithic seaweeds ([Bonnemaisonia asparagoides], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Lomentaria orcadensis] and [Brongniartella byssoides]) and crustose seaweeds commonly occur beneath the kelp. The foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] is often present as well. Amongst the red seaweeds is a fairly diverse fauna comprising sponges ([Scypha ciliate]), anthozoans ([Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii]), hydroids ([Tubularia indivisa], [Halecium halecinum], [Sertularia argentea] and [Nemertesia antennina]), colonial ascidians ([Botryllus schlosseri]) and bryozoans such as [Alcyonium diaphanum]. On the rock surface, the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may be found. A diverse range of echinoderms are also found in this biotope: [Crossaster papposus], [Henricia oculata], [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus] and [Ophiothrix fragilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

[Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.214
definition: Moderately exposed infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a canopy of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] beneath which is an under-storey of foliose red seaweeds and coralline crusts. Some red seaweeds can be found as epiphytes on the kelp stipes and include [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Other red seaweeds present include the [Plocamium cartilagineum, Callophyllis laciniata, Cryptopleura ramosa] and the brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Cutleria multifida]. The kelp fronds can be colonised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoans [Membranipora membranacea]. The echinoderm [Antedon bifida], the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina] can be found on the rock beneath the canopy. Mobile species often present include the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus] and [Asterias rubens]. Five variants has been described: Kelp forest (Lhyp.Ft), kelp park (Lhyp.Pk), grazed kelp forest (Lhyp.GzFt), grazed kelp park (Lhyp.GzPk) and kelp with [Sabellaria spinulosa] reefs (Lhyp.Sab). This suite of biotopes differs from the wave exposed [L. hyperborea] biotopes (KFaR) by having a lower diversity of cushion-forming faunal species. The foliose red seaweed component of the two suites of biotopes may also differ in composition with a tendency for Lhyp to include some more delicate filamentous species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock
narrower: Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa] with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock

Sublittoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.1
definition: Coarse sediments including coarse sand, gravel, pebbles, shingle and cobbles which are often unstable due to tidal currents and/or wave action. These habitats are generally found on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. They typically have a low silt content and a lack of a significant seaweed component. They are characterised by a robust fauna including venerid bivalves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Sublittoral coarse sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: Infralittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Circalittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment

Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.11
definition: Includes bare Baltic gravel and shell bottoms in the infralittoral photic zone and the aphotic zone
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Baltic gravel banks of the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
narrower: Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone

Baltic level gravel bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.111
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

Baltic gravel banks of the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.112
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2141
definition: Moderately exposed upper infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense forest of [Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds beneath the canopy. These include [Callophyllis laciniata], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. Kelp stipes are usually covered in a rich mixture of red seaweeds of which [Palmaria palmata], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Membranoptera alata] are often present. Small kelp plants can also be found on the larger kelp stipes. Kelp fronds may be covered with a hydroid growth of [Obelia geniculata] or the bryozoans [Membranipora membranacea] and [Electra pilosa]. The kelp holdfasts can be colonised by bryozoans [Scrupocellaria] spp. and/or crisiids and colonial ascidians such as [Botryllus schlosseri]. The rock surface between the kelp plants is generally covered by encrusting coralline algae, often with sponge crusts [Halichondria panicea]. Small vertical surfaces within the kelp forest generally lack kelp plants, instead being characterised by foliose red seaweeds such as [Dictyota dichotoma], the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum, Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and gastropods including [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria]. Many grazers are found in the kelp forest, the most commonly occurring being the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus]. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida] which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west. Situation: This biotope occurs over a wide geographic area and is generally found below the sublittoral fringe [Laminaria digitata] zone (Ldig) and above the [L. hyperborea] park (Lhyp.Pk). In the north, Shetland in particular, LsacSac can occur in the lower infralittoral; where grazing influence is present the abundance of red seaweeds may be much reduced (Lhyp.GzPk). In turbid wa…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2142
definition: Below the dense kelp forest (Lhyp.Ft) on moderately exposed lower infralittoral bedrock and boulders, the kelp thins out to form a park. Beneath the kelp, the rock and kelp stipes are covered by an often dense turf of foliose red seaweeds such as [Callophyllis laciniata], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Delesseria sanguinea, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Cryptopleura ramosa, Callophyllis laciniata] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Coralline crusts are often present on the rock surface. Many species of red seaweed found in this biotope occur at greater abundance in the shallower kelp forest. Other seaweeds, such as the red seaweeds [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] as well as the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] are more abundant in this zone than the upper infralittoral. The faunal component of this biotope is similar to that found below the kelp in the upper infralittoral zone and include the hydroid [Obelia geniculata], the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], the anthozoans [Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum] and [Caryophyllia smithii], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria]. The gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] can be found grazing on the rock. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida] which can be locally abundant, particularly in the north-west. Situation: This biotope generally occurs below [L. hyperborea] forest (Lhyp.Ft) and marks the lower limit of the infralittoral rock. Occasionally a narrow band of foliose seaweeds (FoR) may occur below the kelp park but generally circalittoral biotopes are found. Temporal variation: The under-storey of foliose and filamentous seaweeds will diminish towards the autumn and regrow in the spring. When grazing urchins (predominantly [E. esculentus]) reach a large number in the kelp park their voracious grazing can substantially alt…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

Baltic shell gravel bottoms in the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.113
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

Baltic gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.114
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

Baltic shell gravel bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.115
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment in low or reduced salinity

Sublittoral coarse sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.12
definition: Clean gravels that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is sufficiently strong to remove the silt content of the sediment. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by a sparse but very robust brackish-water tolerant fauna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Name generalised (Southampton workshop) to remove biogeographic specificity
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment

Infralittoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.13
definition: Moderately exposed habitats with coarse sand, gravelly sand, shingle and gravel in the infralittoral, are subject to disturbance by tidal steams and wave action. Such habitats found on the open coast or in tide-swept marine inlets are characterised by a robust fauna of infaunal polychaetes such as [Chaetozone setosa] and [Lanice conchilega], cumacean crustacea such as [Iphinoe trispinosa] and [Diastylis bradyi], and venerid bivalves. Habitats with the lancelet [Branchiostoma lanceolatum] may also occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Sparse fauna on highly mobile sublittoral shingle (cobbles and pebbles)
narrower: [Halcampa chrysanthellum] and [Edwardsia timida] on sublittoral clean stone gravel
narrower: [Moerella] spp. with venerid bivalves in infralittoral gravelly sand
narrower: [Hesionura elongata] and [Microphthalmus similis] with other interstitial polychaetes in infralittoral mobile coarse sand
narrower: [Glycera lapidum] in impoverished infralittoral mobile gravel and sand
narrower: Cumaceans and [Chaetozone setosa] in infralittoral gravelly sand
narrower: Dense [Lanice conchilega] and other polychaetes in tide-swept infralittoral sand and mixed gravelly sand
narrower: Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by waves
narrower: Facies with [Gouania wildenowi]
narrower: Greenland cockle [Serripes] in shallow coarse sand (influenced by warm low-salinity melt water) of the Arctic
narrower: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations
narrower: Pontic offshore infralittoral coarse sand banks
narrower: Pontic [Aonides ornatus], [Modiolus adriaticus] and [Gouldia minima] in coarse sand with shell gravel
narrower: Pontic [Branchiostoma lanceolatum], [Protodorvillea kefersteini] and [Ophelia limacina] in coarse sand with shell gravel
narrower: Pontic infralittoral wave-lashed fine gravels and coarse sands
narrower: Pontic infralittoral sheltered cobbles, pebbles and shelly gravels with encrusting spirorbid worms
narrower: Pontic scoured sublittoral cobbles and pebbles with sparse crustaceans
narrower: Pontic silted cobbles with [Balanus eburneus], ascidians, [Actinia aequina], [Mytilus galloprovincialis] and [Pisidia longicornis]

Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by waves
type: Concept
notation: A5.138
definition: This association occurs on coarse sands and fine gravels subjected to strong hydrodynamic action. Calcareous algae are attached to a small mineral or organic surface and then grow in successive layers to form rhodolithes of more or less nodulous shape and varying size.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check whether this is a biogenic structure
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Facies with [Gouania wildenowi]
type: Concept
notation: A5.139
definition: This facies is characterised by the abundance of the little clingfish [Gouania willdenovii] that live in shallow waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Greenland cockle [Serripes] in shallow coarse sand (influenced by warm low-salinity melt water) of the Arctic
type: Concept
notation: A5.13A
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop)
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Medium-coarse clean sands with [Donax trunculus] and sometimes [Donacilla cornea]
narrower: Medium-coarse clean sands with [Chamelea gallina]
narrower: Medium-coarse clean sands with [Anadara inaequivalvis]
narrower: Coarse sands with [Gouldia minima] and amphipods

Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2143
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed [Laminaria hyperborea] forest is in some areas intensely grazed by the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though encrusting algae cover the rock. In addition to these encrusting coralline algae, non-calcareous crusts such as [Cruoria pellita] and brown algal crusts also occur. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially [Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. The hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] colonise the kelp fronds. On the rock itself certain brown seaweeds such as [Cutleria multifida] may persist in this grazed environment. Fast-growing species such as the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may be present at sites recovering from grazing, opportunistically colonising the rock surfaces that have been cleared by grazing. The fauna within a grazed kelp forest is also relatively sparse and is mostly confined to cracks, crevices and under-boulders. Species such as the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] can often be found on vertical rock. Also found on the rock surface are the anthozoans [Urticina felina] and [Alcyonium digitatum]. Encrusting species such as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] are resistant to grazing and may occur in abundance. The grazers present include the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] and the gastropods [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Gibbula cineraria]. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida] which can be abundant in the north-west. Moderate grazing occurs within many kelp forests; records should only be assigned to this biotope where the community has been intensively grazed leaving algal-encrusted…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2144
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed [Laminaria hyperborea] kelp park in some areas is intensively grazed by the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The rock surface lacks a significant turf of foliose seaweeds and generally looks bare, though coralline algal crusts and some grazing-resistant animals such as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] cover it. The kelp stipes may or may not be grazed; in the most extremely grazed areas, the stipes are also devoid of seaweeds. More usually, however, the stipes offers a refuge from grazing, and are characterised by dense turfs of red seaweeds, especially [Phycodrys rubens] and [Delesseria sanguinea]. Brown seaweeds present include [Cutleria multifida, Laminaria saccharina] and [Dictyota dichotoma]. The fauna within a grazed kelp park is also relatively sparse, though some species will survive in cracks and crevices or under boulders including the ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis]. The encrusting bryozoan [Parasmittina trispinosa] and the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina] and [Caryophyllia smithii] often characterise vertical or overhanging rock. Mobile species include the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] The echinoderms [Ophiocomina nigra], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Crossaster papposus], generally absent from the kelp forest, can be found in these kelp parks along with [Asterias rubens] and [Antedon bifida]. Situation: This biotope generally occurs below a grazed kelp forest (Lhyp.GzFt) but can also occur below ungrazed kelp forests on exposed sites where wave action can dislodge urchins from shallow rock. The grazed circalittoral biotope FaAlCr often occurs on the bedrock or boulders below. Temporal variation: Fluctuations in the numbers of [E. esculentus] may give foliose seaweeds a chance to re-grow periodically. Further information is required on the temporal variation within these grazed kelp parks and the changes in community stru…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

Medium-coarse clean sands with [Donax trunculus] and sometimes [Donacilla cornea]
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B1
definition: Other species present in the biocenosis: [Ciclopa perinitea], [Nassarius nitidus], [Diogenus pugillatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations

Medium-coarse clean sands with [Chamelea gallina]
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B2
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations

Medium-coarse clean sands with [Anadara inaequivalvis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B3
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations

Coarse sands with [Gouldia minima] and amphipods
type: Concept
notation: A5.13B4
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Bacescu about Kaneva and Marinov
broader: Pontic clean medium-coarse sands with bivalve associations

Pontic offshore infralittoral coarse sand banks
type: Concept
notation: A5.13C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic [Aonides ornatus], [Modiolus adriaticus] and [Gouldia minima] in coarse sand with shell gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.13D
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic [Branchiostoma lanceolatum], [Protodorvillea kefersteini] and [Ophelia limacina] in coarse sand with shell gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.13E
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic infralittoral wave-lashed fine gravels and coarse sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.13F
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic infralittoral sheltered cobbles, pebbles and shelly gravels with encrusting spirorbid worms
type: Concept
notation: A5.13G
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic scoured sublittoral cobbles and pebbles with sparse crustaceans
type: Concept
notation: A5.13H
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Pontic silted cobbles with [Balanus eburneus], ascidians, [Actinia aequina], [Mytilus galloprovincialis] and [Pisidia longicornis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.13I
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Circalittoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.14
definition: Tide-swept circalittoral coarse sands, gravel and shingle generally in depths of over 15-20m. This habitat may be found in tidal channels of marine inlets, along exposed coasts and offshore. This habitat, as with shallower coarse sediments, may be characterised by robust infaunal polychaetes, mobile crustacea and bivalves. Certain species of sea cucumber (e.g. [Neopentadactyla]) may also be prevalent in these areas along with the lancelet [Branchiostoma lanceolatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: [Pomatoceros triqueter] with barnacles and bryozoan crusts on unstable circalittoral cobbles and pebbles
narrower: [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris] spp. and venerid bivalves in circalittoral coarse sand or gravel
narrower: [Protodorvillea kefersteini] and other polychaetes in impoverished circalittoral mixed gravelly sand
narrower: [Neopentadactyla mixta] in circalittoral shell gravel or coarse sand
narrower: [Branchiostoma lanceolatum] in circalittoral coarse sand with shell gravel
narrower: Scallops on shell gravel and sand with some sand scour

[Sabellaria spinulosa] with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.2145
definition: [Laminaria hyperborea] kelp forest on shallow infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by encrustations of [Sabellaria spinulosa] tubes which cover much of the rock, together with sand-tolerant red seaweeds such as [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, Dilsea carnosa] and [Polysiphonia elongata] and [Polysiphonia fucoides]. Red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Delesseria sanguinea] may also be found beneath the kelp canopy, although typically low in abundance. They can be colonised by the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. The cowrie [Trivia arctica] can also be found here. Much of the available rock is covered with encrusting coralline algae together with patches of the encrusting sponge [Halichondria panicea] and the anthozoan [Urticina felina]. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens, Henricia sanguinolenta, Echinus esculentus], and [Ophiothrix fragilis], the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus]. The scouring effect of mobile sand adjacent to the rock maintains a reduced underflora and fauna compared to the association of species found in non-scoured kelp forests (Lhyp.Ft). Scour-resistant fauna such as the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] can be locally abundant on the rock, while the bivalve [Pododesmus patelliformis] can be found seeking shelter underneath the cobbles. Above the effect of scour, kelp stipes may be densely colonised by red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Palmaria palmata] and [Membranoptera alata], together with some sponges and ascidians. Situation: This biotope is found in the sand-laden waters of north-east England in conditions in which [S. spinulosa] is able to thrive. Nearby circalittoral rock is often also dominated by [S. spinulosa] (Sspi) but lacks the kelp and red seaweeds. As this biotope is not commonly recorded in the UK there is a scarcity of information relating to the surrounding biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

Dense foliose red seaweeds on silty moderately exposed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.215
definition: Upward-facing surfaces of shallow, infralittoral bedrock and boulders in areas of turbid water dominated by dense red seaweeds, with the notable absence of kelp. The stable rock, which can be cobbles or boulders but is more typically bedrock, is usually silted. Individual species of foliose red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum] or [Calliblepharis ciliata] often dominate. Other red seaweeds likely to be present include [Phyllophora crispa], [Rhodymenia holmesii], [Halurus flosculosus], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and coralline crusts. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] is sometimes present, although never abundant. This biotope does not generally occur below kelp park but rather occurs on shallow, silted rock on which kelp would normally grow in less turbid conditions. The fauna can be variable but is generally typified by the presence of silt-tolerant animals such as encrusting sponges, particularly [Dysidea fragilis] and [Halichondria panicea], the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa], bryozoan crusts and scattered [Sabellaria spinulosa] and [Balanus crenatus]. In the summer months the seaweeds can become heavily encrusted with the bryozoan [Electra pilosa] and the ascidian [Molgula manhattensis] which can also form dense mats on the rock. The polychaete [Lanice conchilega] can be present, where sandy and muddy patches occur. Where this biotope occurs on chalk bedrock, such as off the Sussex coast, the piddock [Pholas dactylus] is often found bored into the rock. This biotope is recorded from the English Channel, off Kent, Sussex and the Isle of Wight. Please notice that individual sites of this biotope can vary significantly in the species composition. Situation: This biotope generally occurs on discrete bedrock outcrops surrounded by areas of mixed sediment or mobile sand. Off Sussex, it occurs on the horizontal chalk bedrock forming the tops of cliffs (2-3m in height). Temporal variation: The seaweeds die ba…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)

[Laminaria hyperborea] on moderately exposed vertical rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.216
definition: LhypVt is found on moderately exposed coasts in moderately strong to weak tidal streams generally in 0-20m water depth. It is characterised by the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea], the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] and crinoid [Antedon bifida]. This biotope is relatively species poor when compared to similar biotopes in more exposed environments e.g. LhypRVt. The urchin [Echinus esculentus] may be frequently observed grazing the vertical rock face. This biotope may have 2 sub-biotopes. One is characterised by the frequent occurrence of the sea squirt [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the red seaweeds [Phycodrys rubens] and [Cryptopleura ramosa]. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] may also be frequent in this sub-biotope. The second sub-biotope is more species poor than the previous one and is characterised by the common occurrence of [Alcyonium digitatum], which is only occasional in the other variant. Situation: Open rocky coasts in northern Britain, particularly North Sea coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and red seaweeds (moderate energy infralittoral rock)

Scallops on shell gravel and sand with some sand scour
type: Concept
notation: A5.146
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop): need to check name accurately reflects components of substrate (original wording was "Scallops on shelly gravel and sand with some sand scour")
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

[Hesionura elongata] and [Protodorvillea kefersteini] in offshore coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.152
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sand may support populations of the interstitial polychaete [Hesionura elongata] with [Protodorvillea kefersteini]. Other notable species include the phyllodocid polychaete [Protomystides limbata] and the bivalve [Moerella pygmaea]. This biotope was reported in the offshore northern North Sea by Eleftheriou and Basford (1989). Relatively little data exists for this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Group Iia Eleftheriou & Basford, 1989.
broader: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment

Pontic offshore shell gravel in strong currents
type: Concept
notation: A5.153
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment
narrower: Pontic offshore shell gravel with crustose corallines, sparse [Phyllophora crispa] and [Mytilus galloprovincialis]
narrower: Pontic offshore barren shell gravel with [Polydora ciliata]

Pontic offshore shell gravel with crustose corallines, sparse [Phyllophora crispa] and [Mytilus galloprovincialis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.1531
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic offshore shell gravel in strong currents

Pontic offshore barren shell gravel with [Polydora ciliata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.1532
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic offshore shell gravel in strong currents

Pontic very deep Wurmian shell gravel of the shelf margin
type: Concept
notation: A5.154
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment

Sublittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.2
definition: Clean medium to fine sands or non-cohesive slightly muddy sands on open coasts, offshore or in estuaries and marine inlets. Such habitats are often subject to a degree of wave action or tidal currents which restrict the silt and clay content to less than 15%. This habitat is characterised by a range of taxa including polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and amphipod crustacea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: Infralittoral fine sand
narrower: Infralittoral muddy sand
narrower: Circalittoral fine sand
narrower: Circalittoral muddy sand
narrower: Deep circalittoral sand
narrower: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.21
definition: Shallow sand and muddy sand in areas of low or reduced, although relatively stable salinity (may vary annually), with largely ephemeral faunal communities. The species are often similar to that found in A5.31 and are characterised by [Arenicola marina] with other species, including mysids, tubificoid and enchytraeid oligochaetes, [Corophium volutator], [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Hydrobia ulvae] and [Cerastoderma glaucum], which commonly occur in lagoons. Filamentous green algae such as [Chaetomorpha linum] may also be present. In some examples of this biotope the polychaete [Fabricia sabella] may be super-abundant and the isopod [Sphaeroma hookeri] common.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Baltic sand bars of the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: Baltic sand banks of the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: [Macoma balthica] in brackish environment (seasonally ice-covered)

Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions
type: Concept
notation: A3.22
definition: Sheltered infralittoral rock exposed to strong tidal streams. In the sublittoral fringe dense [Laminaria digitata] is found together with erect seaweeds, sponges, ascidians and bryozoans (A3.221). Below this, on bedrock and stable boulders a canopy of mixed kelp (primarily [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina]) occurs with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (A3.222). This biotope is typically found in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs. Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, that also occurs in the tidal rapids of Scottish sealochs, supports a reduced kelp canopy ([L. hyperborea] and [L. saccharina]; typically Frequent), with a rich red seaweed component and maerl at some sites (A3.223). In south-west Britain, sheltered, tide-swept rock is restricted to estuarine conditions where variable salinity and increased turbidity of the water have a significant effect on the biota, limiting the infralittoral zone to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by a relatively low abundance of [L. saccharina] (< Common) with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians (A3.224). [L. hyperborea] is rarely present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria digitata], ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock
narrower: Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
narrower: Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and [Balanus crenatus] on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock
narrower: [Halopteris filicina] with coralline crusts on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

[Laminaria digitata], ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.221
definition: Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to moderate to strong tidal water movement characterised by dense [Laminaria digitata], coralline crusts and sponges such as [Halichondria panicea]. Other seaweeds present include the foliose red [seaweeds Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] as well as the calcareous [Corallina officinalis]. Green seaweeds present include [Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora rupestris]. The increased water movement encourages several filter-feeding faunal groups to occur. The sponges [Leucosolenia] spp., [Scypha ciliata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] frequently occur on steep and overhanging rock faces. The bryozoans [Electra pilosa], [Membranoptera membranipora] and [Alcyonidium hirsutum] encrust the kelp and other foliose seaweeds. In addition, ascidians such as [Ascidiella scabra], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and colonial ascidians [Botryllus byssoides] and [Botryllus leachi] often thrive in this environment encrusting both the rock and the seaweeds. The tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be found on the rock and on the kelp holdfasts along with the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. More mobile species such as the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are also common. Areas where increased tidal movement influences this community can be found in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of sealochs. Situation: This biotope often occurs immediately below the tide-swept [Fucus serratus] biotope (SLR.Fserr.T) consequently, some [F. serratus] may occur in this biotope (typically only Occasional). The sublittoral fringe of similarly sheltered shores that are not tide-swept are generally characterised by mixed [Laminaria saccharina] and [L. digitata] (Lsac.Ldig) or [L. saccharina] (Lsac). Below LdigT, at these sheltered, tide-swept sites, a canopy of mixed kelp species often oc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.222
definition: Stable, tide-swept rock characterised by dense kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] and/or [Laminaria saccharina] forest on scoured, coralline-encrusted rock. This biotope occurs in the sheltered narrows and sills of Scottish sealochs, where there is an increase in tidal flow. Although [L. hyperborea] (typically Common) generally occurs in greater abundance than [L. saccharina] (Frequent), either kelp may dominate, sometimes to the exclusion of the other. (This biotope should not be confused with sheltered, but silted LhypLsac). Large stands of the brown seaweed [Halidrys siliquosa] may also occur amongst the kelp along with [Dictyota dichotoma] on bedrock and boulders. In contrast to the scoured rock surface the kelp stipes themselves often support prolific growths of foliose red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens, Membranoptera alata, Delesseria sanguinea] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. Other foliose seaweeds may be present among the kelp holdfasts include [Chondrus crispus] [and Dilsea carnosa]. The scoured rock surface is characterised by encrusting coralline algae, barnacles [Balanus crenatus] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The sponge [Halichondria panicea], anthozoans [Urticina felina, Anemonia viridis] and [Sagartia elegans] can also occur on the scoured rock. Sponges, particularly [Halichondria panicea] and colonial and solitary ascidians [Botryllus schlosseri] and [Ascidiella aspersa] encrust the stipes, whilst hydroid growth of [Obelia geniculata] and seamats [Membranoptera membranacea] can cover the fronds, optimising the increased tidal flow. Mobile species such as the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] can often be found on and around the kelp. The echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Echinus esculentus] can be found underneath the kelp canopy on the rock along with the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Where some protection is afforded from the scour anthozoans may occur on the rock such as [Alcyonium digitatum] or [Metridium se…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Baltic level sandy bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.211
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Baltic units are reduced/low salinity, not estuarine, and should be separated (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity

Baltic sand bars of the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.212
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Baltic units are reduced/low salinity, not estuarine, and should be separated (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity

Baltic sand banks of the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.213
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Baltic units are reduced/low salinity, not estuarine, and should be separated (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity

[Macoma balthica] in brackish environment (seasonally ice-covered)
type: Concept
notation: A5.214
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop)
broader: Sublittoral sand in low or reduced salinity

Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.22
definition: Clean sands that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is moderately strong, allowing the sedimentation of sand but not the finer silt fraction. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by brackish-water tolerant fauna, particularly amphipods, polychaetes and mysid shrimps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Infralittoral mobile sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Macoma balthica] in variable salinity infralittoral mobile sand
narrower: [Neomysis integer] and [Gammarus] spp. in fluctuating low salinity infralittoral mobile sand
narrower: Pontic mobile sands of the Danube mouths

[Nephtys cirrosa] and [Macoma balthica] in variable salinity infralittoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.222
definition: Mobile sand in variable salinity conditions where tidal currents create an unstable shifting habitat. Characteristic species include the polychaetes [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Scoloplos armiger] along with amphipods of the genus [Bathyporeia] and [Haustorius arenarius]. The bivalve [Macoma balthica] may occur in more stable examples of this biotope, although not in the abundances found in the NhomMac. The biotope contains relatively few species, each typically in low to moderate abundance. It is found in tidal channels with moderate tidal streams. Care should be taken in identification of this biotope due to the presence juveniles and species washed in during slack water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)

Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids
type: Concept
notation: A3.223
definition: Mixed substrata of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel, typically found in tidal rapids with kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweeds. [L. saccharina] usually dominates this habitat although [L. hyperborea] may occur in equal abundance at some sites. The kelp in these tidal rapids does not form the same dense canopies associated with stable tide-swept bedrock, but generally occurs at lower abundance (Frequent). Other brown seaweeds occur in significant amounts in these tidal rapids including [Dictyota dichotoma], [Halidrys siliquosa] and [Chorda filum]. These mixed substrata support a greater diversity of species than scoured bedrock narrows (XKT). In particular, there is an increase in red algal species such as [Corallina officinalis, Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and [Ceramium nodulosum], although none occur in any great abundance. Red seaweeds common to both XKT and this biotope include [Chondrus crispus], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Good examples of this biotope often have maerl gravel ([Lithothamnion] sp.) or rhodoliths between cobbles and boulders. Where maerl dominates, the biotope should be recorded as a maerl bed (SS.SMP.Mrl). The sponges associated with more stable, tide-swept conditions are generally absent, but the anthozoan [Anemonia viridis] might be present. Cobbles and pebbles are encrusted by the ubiquitous polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and provide shelter for scavenging crabs such as [Carcinus maenas] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], gastropods such as [Gibbula cineraria] and echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus, Asterias rubens], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiothrix fragilis] which favour these sites of increased water movement. Additional infaunal species, inhabiting the sediment pockets, include [Lanice conchilega] and [Sabella pavonina], which can be locally abundant. Situation: Where stable rock fringes the shallows the tide-swept [Laminaria digitata] biot…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

[Laminaria saccharina] with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.224
definition: Sheltered, tide-swept rock in south-western Britain tends to be restricted to estuarine conditions, where variable salinity and increased turbidity have a significant effect on the biota. Due to the turbidity of the water, the infralittoral zone is restricted to very shallow depths. Unlike the tide-swept channels in sealochs, which support a mixed kelp canopy, the rock in these estuaries is characterised by [Laminaria saccharina] alone, occurring in relatively low abundance (Frequent). The brown alga [Desmarestia ligulata] can occur in this biotope, though never dense, along with the non-native brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum]. Beneath the sparse kelp, cobbles and boulders, often surrounded by sediment, are encrusted by fauna and often a dense turf of red seaweed. The foliose red seaweeds associated with this biotope include [Callophyllis laciniata], [Nitophyllum punctatum], [Kallymenia reniformis], [Gracilaria gracilis], [Gymnogongrus crenulatus], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Rhodophyllis divaricata], [Chylocladia verticillata], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Erythroglossum laciniatum] as well as the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum] and [Pterothamnion plumula]. Green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca], [Bryopsis plumosa] and [Cladophora] spp. may be locally abundant. The dominating faunal species vary from site to site but include sponges such as [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] as well as ascidians, particularly [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Morchellium argus], which can cover the rocks. Also present is the anthozoan [Anemonia viridis], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The hydroid [Plumularia setacea] can cover rocks and seaweed fronds Of the range of solitary ascidians found in the north-west, only [Ascidiella aspersa] tends also to be present in these south-western inlets. There is also a general absence of echinoderms. Where there is vertical rock present, it…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Pontic mobile sands of the Danube mouths
type: Concept
notation: A5.224
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)

Infralittoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.23
definition: Clean sands which occur in shallow water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. The habitat typically lacks a significant seaweed component and is characterised by robust fauna, particularly amphipods ([Bathyporeia]) and robust polychaetes including [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Lanice conchilega].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Infralittoral mobile clean sand with sparse fauna
narrower: [Sertularia cupressina] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept sublittoral sand with cobbles or pebbles
narrower: [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Bathyporeia] spp. in infralittoral sand
narrower: Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in sublittoral sand
narrower: Mediterranean communities of fine sands in very shallow waters
narrower: Mediterranean communities of well sorted fine sands
narrower: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Mediterranean communities of fine sands in very shallow waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.235
definition: These assemblages occur in very shallow water with seabottoms characterised by fine sands, usually with homogenous granulometry and of terrigenous origin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Infralittoral fine sand
narrower: Facies with [Lentidium mediterraneum]

Facies with [Lentidium mediterraneum]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2351
definition: This facies is present in shallow water and is characterised by the mollusc bivalve [Lentidium mediterraneum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of fine sands in very shallow waters

Mediterranean communities of well sorted fine sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.236
definition: This biocenosis often occupies vast areas along low coasts and in the bottoms of wide bays at depths 2 - 25 metres.The characteristic species are pelecypod molluscs (e.g. [Donax venustus], [Tellina pulchella], [Tellina planata], [Cardium tuberculatum]), gastropods (e.g. [Nassa mutabilis] and [Neverita josephina]), crustaceans (e.g. [Crangon crangon] and [Iphinoe josephina]) and small fish (e.g. [Gobius microps], [Callionymus belenus], [Solea solea] and [Trachinus draco]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.237
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand
narrower: Pontic shallow fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Cerastoderma glaucum], [Cyclope neritea] and amphipod tubes
narrower: Pontic well sorted fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Mya arenaria], [Anadara inaequivalvis] and [Crangon crangon]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Donax venustus], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Lucinella divaricata]
narrower: Pontic shallow clean fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Divaricella divaricata]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Loripes lacteus], [Pestarella candida] and [Tellina tenuis ]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Lucinella divaricata], [Abra alba] and [Upogebia pusilla]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Arenicola marina]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Cyclope neritea] and [Nassarius nitidus]
narrower: Pontic fine sands with [Solen marginatus]
narrower: Pontic fine sand with [Anadara inequivalvis]
narrower: Pontic fine and muddy sands with [Mya arenaria]

Pontic shallow fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Cerastoderma glaucum], [Cyclope neritea] and amphipod tubes
type: Concept
notation: A5.2371
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and [Balanus crenatus] on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.225
definition: Tide-swept infralittoral rock subject to variable salinity and turbid waters occurs in the mid to upper reaches of the rias of south-west Britain, where riverine freshwater input reduces the salinity. Very shallow rock under these conditions is characterised by a covering of filamentous red seaweed such as [Callithamnion] spp., [Antithamnion] spp., [Ceramium] spp., [Griffithsia devoniensis], [Pterothamnion plumula] and [Polysiphonia fucoides], as well as the filamentous green seaweed [Cladophora] spp. Foliose red seaweeds such as [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Erythroglossum laciniatum] commonly occur, as does the foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca]. Although [Laminaria saccharina] is often present it is usually in very low abundance (Occasional). The fluctuating salinity limits the number of species able to exist in this habitat. The animal community is dominated by the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. The ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Dendrodoa grossularia] can be locally abundant at some sites. The crab [Carcinus maenas] is usually present, as is the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The bryozoan [Bugula plumosa] is sometimes present. Where vertical rock is present, the seaweeds [Ceramium nodulosum], [P. plumula], [C. ramosa], [H. hypoglossoides] and [E. laciniatum] are typically found. Situation: This biotope is usually found amidst sediment or rock and as such there is no defined zonation of the surrounding biotopes. Shallow sediments nearby may support seagrass beds ([Zostera] spp.) or infaunal-dominated sediments (SS.SCS.ICS). Nearby, deeper tide-swept rock may support circalittoral communities dominated by sponges, hydroids and ascidians on stable rock (CuSpH.As) or dense bryozoans on mixed substrata (SpNemAdia & FluHocu).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities in tide-swept sheltered conditions

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.241
definition: In the Black Sea this habitat is distributed across wide areas, in the mediolittoral as well as into the infralittoral, from the spray zone to 55 m, where the dominant species is the bivalve mollusc [Mytilus galloprovincialis], the most widespread mussel in the Black Sea (Zaitsev and Aleksandrov, 1998). The biocenosis consists of 105 animal species (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998) of which the most characteristic are: Polychaeta - [Nereis (Neanthes) succinea], [Nereis diversicolor], [Polydora ciliata limicola]; Mollusca - [Mytilus galloprovincialis], [Mytilaster lineatus]; Crustacea - [Balanus improvisus], [Jaera sarsi], [Stenothoe monoculoides], [Marinogammarus olivii], [Melita palmate], [Microdeutopus gryllotalpa], [Amphitoe viallanti], [Jassia ocia], [Erichthonius difformis] (Alexandrov, 2006). On the NW shelf the mass species are: [Mya arenaria], [Balanus improvisus], [Nereis succinea], [Prionopsio cirrifera]. On the Crimean shelf the mass species are:the mollusc, [Modiolus adriaticus], and the polychaete [Terebellides stroemi]. Along the Turkish coasts, the most encountered amphipod species are: [Jassa marmorata], [Hylae crassipes], [Ampithoe ramondi], [Corophium acherisicum], [Corophium acutum] (Sezgin et al., 2001). Ephemeral algae may cover Mytilus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on moderate energy infralittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on moderately exposed or sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.311
definition: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on upper infralittoral moderately exposed or sheltered rock is restricted to the coast of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Unlike [L. hyperborea], however, [L. ochroleuca] has a smooth stipe and it lacks the epiphytic growth of seaweeds. The bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea] may encrust the very lower part of the stipe but the rest of the stipe is characteristically bare. The fronds too are generally free of encrusting hydroids, bryozoans and grazing gastropods as compared to [L. hyperborea]. [L. ochroleuca] holdfasts, however, are often encrusted with sponges and colonial ascidians. A large variety of foliose and filamentous red seaweeds are often present underneath the canopy. These include [Callophyllis laciniata], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Dilsea carnosa Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Erythroglossum laciniatum, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, Polyneura bonnemaisonii] and [Corallina officinalis]. The foliose brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] is frequently found in this biotope along with the occasional kelp such as [Saccorhiza polyschides] and [Laminaria saccharina]. The faunal composition of the biotope as a whole is often sparse. The anthozoans [Corynactis viridis] and [Caryophyllia smithii] are common on vertical surfaces with scattered bryozoan turf species such as Crisiidae. Grazers such as the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] are often present. [L. ochroleuca] occurs across a wide range of wave exposures (in common with [L. hyperborea]) and consequently it occurs at low abundance in other kelp biotopes (sheltered through to exposed) that occur in the South-West between Dorset to Lundy. In such cases, records should be considered as regional variations of the usual kelp biotopes. Records should only be assigned to this biotope when the canopy is dominated by [L. ochroleuca] alone, or by a mixture of both [L. hyperbor…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity

Pontic well sorted fine sands with [Lentidium mediterraneum], [Mya arenaria], [Anadara inaequivalvis] and [Crangon crangon]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2372
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Donax venustus], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Lucinella divaricata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2373
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic shallow clean fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Lentidium mediterraneum] and [Divaricella divaricata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2374
definition: This is a facies of the Pontic well sorted infralittoral fine sands. The [Chamelea gallina] community characterised by the dominant species - [Neanthes succinea], [Spio filicornis], [Mohrensternia lineolata], occurred in Karkinitska Bay (Sinegub 2006). Since 2005 this mollusc (with [Neanthes succinea], [Polydora ciliata], [Heteromastus filiformis], [Melinna palmata], [Balanus improvisus]) has formed a community in the Odessa region (Sinegub unpubl). This habitat has been commercially exploited in Turkey between 1985-2000.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.312
definition: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on bedrock and boulders in sheltered infralittoral habitats. Typically subject to weak tidal streams and rather silty conditions. Beneath the kelp is an associated under-storey flora of foliose red seaweeds including [Plocamium cartilagineum, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Callophyllis laciniata] as well as the brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma], [Cutleria multifida] and [Desmarestia aculeata]. The stipes of [L. hyperborea] may be densely covered with red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens] and [Delesseria sanguinea] as well as the solitary ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. The fronds are often epiphytised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests, dominated by the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus] and [Asterias rubens], but the tops shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] can be common as well. The crab [Necora puber] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] can be found in cracks and crevices, while the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and coralline crusts are present on the rock surface. Although there is a reduced number of species by comparison to the more exposed [L. hyperborea] forests (Lhyp.Ft), there are considerably more algae species than occur in the more sheltered [L. saccharina] forests (Lsac.Ft). This biotope is predominately found in the shelter of fjordic sealochs in Scotland. Where it does occur in south-west Britain the mixed kelp forest may also include the southern kelp [Laminaria ochroleuca]. Three variants has been described: The kelp forest in the upper infralittoral (LhypLsac.Ft), grading to a kelp park with increasing depth (LhypLsac.Pk) as well as a grazed variant (LhypLsac.Gz).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock
narrower: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Grazed, mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3121
definition: Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Cryptopleura ramosa] occur on top of encrusting coralline algae. Often, a dense algal turf of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] (tetrasporophyte) carpets the rock. The stipes of [L. hyperborea] may be densely covered with seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Porphyropsis coccinea]. There can also be a prominent faunal component on the stipes including the solitary ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the colonial ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. Brown seaweeds, occurring here in low abundance, include [Dictyota dichotoma]. The kelp [Saccorhiza polyschides] may also occur but rarely in equal abundance to [L. hyperborea] or [L. saccharina]. Beneath the kelp canopy, the faunal component is generally less diverse than the more exposed kelp forests (Lhyp). The silted rock supports a sparse fauna of gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and occasional starfish [Asterias rubens] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Steeper, less silted rock, may have the anthozoans [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Alcyonium digitatum].Sheltered, often silted, upper infralittoral bedrock and boulder slopes with mixed kelps [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds beneath. The kelp at these sheltered sites often has large `cape-form' fronds, which form a dense canopy over the seabed and are often epiphytised by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] and the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. Beneath the kelp, red seaweeds such as [Deless…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock

Pontic fine sands with [Loripes lacteus], [Pestarella candida] and [Tellina tenuis ]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2375
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Lucinella divaricata], [Abra alba] and [Upogebia pusilla]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2376
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Arenicola marina]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2377
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Chamelea gallina], [Cyclope neritea] and [Nassarius nitidus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2378
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sands with [Solen marginatus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.2379
definition: This habitat is found in or around [Zostera] meadows when the latter is sparse.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Pontic fine sand with [Anadara inequivalvis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.237A
definition: This facies was found out in Zhebriyanska Bay (1992-2002) and is considered a habitat that is vulnerable to pollution.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

Infralittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.24
definition: Non-cohesive muddy sand (with 5% to 20% silt/clay) in the infralittoral zone, extending from the extreme lower shore down to more stable circalittoral zone at about 15-20 m. The habitat supports a variety of animal-dominated communities, particularly polychaetes ([Magelona mirabilis], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Chaetozone setosa]), bivalves ([Fabulina fibula] and [Chamelea gallina]) and the urchin [Echinocardium cordatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: [Echinocardium cordatum] and [Ensis] spp. in lower shore and shallow sublittoral slightly muddy fine sand
narrower: [Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] with venerid bivalves and amphipods in infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand
narrower: [Arenicola marina] in infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand
narrower: [Spisula subtruncata] and [Nephtys hombergii] in shallow muddy sand
narrower: [Turritella] in muddy sands
narrower: [Ervillia castanea] beds in infralittoral sand
narrower: Pontic thalassinid-dominated muddy sands with [Upogebia pusilla]
narrower: Pontic muddy sands with [Mya arenaria] and [Anadara inaequivalvis]

[Turritella] in muddy sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.245
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs checking.
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

[Ervillia castanea] beds in infralittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.246
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3122
definition: Sheltered silted, bedrock and boulders with a park of mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina]. Both kelp species are sparse in the park (Frequent). Beneath the often 'cape-form' kelp canopy, foliose red seaweeds such as [Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa], [Heterosiphonia plumosa] and [Brongniartella byssoides] are often present at high densities on the silted rock. Other red seaweeds such as encrusting coralline algae, [Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis laciniata, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Plocamium cartilagineum] can be present. Other brown seaweeds include [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Desmarestia aculeata]. The animal component of this biotope is generally richer than the upper infralittoral mixed kelp forest (LhypLsac.Ft). A variety of hydroids such as [Obelia geniculata] grow epiphytically on the kelp fronds along with the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. The echinoderm [Antedon bifida] and ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] attach to the kelp stipes, above the silted rock. The rock itself supports anthozoans such as [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Urticina felina] as well as the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the crap [Necora puber]. Grazers include the prominent echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. Where pockets of sediment occur, there may be an increase in infaunal species such as the burrowing anthozoan [Cerianthus lloydii], the brittlestar [Ophiura albida], and starfish [Asterias rubens]. Although there is a decrease in the number of algal species in the kelp park, the abundance remains relatively high. Situation: These mixed kelp parks are generally found below the mixed kelp forest (LhypLsac.Ft) where there is a continuation of suitable hard substrata present. These sheltered kelps are also frequently found on bedrock or boulder exposures (XFa) adjacent to sediment seabed characterised by infaunal species. Where silted, circalittoral ro…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock

Grazed, mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3123
definition: Silted infralittoral rock with mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] kelp forest, intensively grazed by the echinoderm [Echinus esculentus] and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. Although both kelp species can occur in equal abundance (Common), [L. hyperborea] usually dominates. The grazing-resistant brown seaweed [Desmarestia aculeata] and [Cutleria multifida] may be present. A similar variety of red seaweeds to those found in the ungrazed kelp forest (LhypLsac.Ft) may occur beneath the kelp canopy, but in much lower abundance. As grazing intensity increases the seaweed cover decreases - and some sites are reduced to the bare appearance of encrusting brown and coralline algae beneath the kelp canopy. The [L. hyperborea] stipes generally support more seaweeds than the rock beneath, including [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens] and [Bonnemaisonia hamifera]. The stipes may also support sometimes dense ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis] and the echinoderm [Antedon bifida]. The kelp fronds are often densely covered by the hydroid [Obelia geniculata]. At the most intensively grazed sites even the kelp stipes are bare. Although the rock appears bare, between boulders and in crevices there are often the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the crabs [Necora puber] and [Pagurus bernhardus]. The tube-building [Pomatoceros triqueter] and bryozoan crusts are commonly found on any vertical surfaces. Situation: This biotope can be found in similar conditions as LhypLsac.Ft and LhypLsac.Pk but where the numbers of grazers present are in high enough numbers to cause substantially community impoverishment through grazing. Generally occurs on isolated rock, surrounded by sediment biotopes. Although it has been recorded from sites astride the ungrazed kelp biotopes (LhypLsac.Ft and LhypLsac.Pk) it is more usually found on bedrock or boulder exposures (XFa) adjacent to sediment seab…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria saccharina] on sheltered infralittoral rock

[Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.313
definition: Very sheltered infralittoral rock dominated by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. Typically very silty and often with few associated seaweeds due to siltation, grazing or shading from the dense kelp canopy. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens, Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and coralline crusts. In addition to the kelp the brown seaweed [Chorda filum] and Ectocarpaceae are often present. As well as lacking [Laminaria hyperborea], the Lsac biotopes have fewer foliose and filamentous red seaweed species by comparison to LhypLsac biotopes. A depauperate assemblage of animals is present (by comparison to Lhyp.Ft and Lhyp.Pk) predominantly consisting of the encrusting polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Pagurus bernhardus] and the ubiquitous gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. The echinoderms [Antedon bifida], starfish [Asterias rubens], brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] and urchin [Echinus esculentus] occur in low abundance. Ascidians are commonly found in all the Lsac biotopes, but the large solitary ascidian [Ascidia mentula] are most prolific in very sheltered conditions of [L. saccharina] forests (Lsac.Ft). This biotope is most commonly associated with the sheltered fjordic sealochs of Scotland where sublittoral hard substrata can be found at the sheltered head of the lochs. Similarly the sheltered loughs of Ireland (Lough Hyne, Strangford Lough and Carlingford Lough). It is also found where suitable hard substrata exist in the sheltered inlets of south-west Britain, such as Milford Haven or Plymouth Sound. 4 variants has been described: A mixture of [L. saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] (Lsac.Ldig), dense [L. saccharina] forest in the upper infralittoral (Lsac.Ft), sparse [L. saccharina] in the lower infralittoral (Lsac.Pk) and urchin-grazed (Lsac.Gz).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock
narrower: Grazed [Laminaria saccharina] with [Echinus], brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock

Pontic thalassinid-dominated muddy sands with [Upogebia pusilla]
type: Concept
notation: A5.247
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

Pontic muddy sands with [Mya arenaria] and [Anadara inaequivalvis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.248
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

Circalittoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.25
definition: Clean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay in deeper water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m. The habitat may also extend offshore and is characterised by a wide range of echinoderms (in some areas including the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus]), polychaetes and bivalves. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: [Echinocyamus pusillus], [Ophelia borealis] and [Abra prismatica] in circalittoral fine sand
narrower: [Abra prismatica], [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand
narrower: Medium to very fine sand, 100-120 m, with polychaetes [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Amphipectene auricoma], [Myriochele] sp., [Aricidea wassi] and amphipods [Harpinia antennaria]

[Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3131
definition: Sheltered bedrock and boulders in the sublittoral fringe characterised by a mixed canopy of the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (usually in its broad-fronded cape-form) and [Laminaria saccharina] - both species are generally Frequent or greater. Beneath the kelp canopy, the understorey of red seaweeds often includes [Chondrus crispus, Dumontia contorta, Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. The surface of the rock is usually covered with encrusting coralline algae as well as non-calcified red crusts and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The brown seaweeds [Chorda filum], Ectocarpaceae and [Fucus serratus] can be present along with the green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Patches of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] can frequently be found in cracks and crevices. Beneath and between boulders a variety of mobile crustaceans such as [Carcinus maenas], the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] and the starfish [Asterias rubens] are common. Situation: Where hard substrata occur on the shore, this biotope will be found below the [F. serratus] zone (Fser.Fser, Fser or FserX on mixed substrata). With such sheltered shores, the transition between sublittoral fringe and the true sublittoral zone may not be distinct; this biotope therefore extends into the shallow sublittoral kelp forest below (LhypLsac.Ft, Lsac.Ft or LhypCape).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock

[Laminaria saccharina] forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3132
definition: Sheltered to extremely sheltered sublittoral fringe and infralittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles characterised by a dense canopy of the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. In such sheltered conditions, a distinct sublittoral fringe is not always apparent and this biotope can therefore extend from below the [Fucus serratus] zone (Fserr) into the upper infralittoral zone, though there may be a mixed [L. saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] zone (Lsac.Ldig) in between. There is a relatively low species diversity and species density due to a combination of heavy siltation of the habitat and the lack of light penetrating through the dense kelp canopy. Only a few species of red seaweeds are present compared with Lsac.Ldig or LhypLsac. The most commonly occurring red seaweeds are [Delesseria sanguinea], [Phycodrys rubens], [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] and coralline crusts. Brown seaweeds are also sparse and generally comprise [Chorda filum] and ectocarpoids. At extremely sheltered sites, where there is a heavy silt cover on the rock and the kelp fronds, the sub-flora is reduced to a few specialised species able to tolerate these conditions, such as the cartilaginous seaweeds [Polyides rotundus] and [Chondrus crispus]. Ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ascidiella aspersa] and [Ascidia mentula] can remain prominent in such conditions, often occurring on steep or vertical rock which is subject to less siltation. The variety of red seaweeds is further reduced where grazers such as the urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] are present. The keelworm [Pomatoceros triqueter], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] can be present. Geographical variations: Northern sites: in sheltered sealochs the most conspicuous fauna in these forests are the large solitary ascidians [Ciona intestinalis], [Ascidiella] spp. and [A. mentula] which tend to occur in greater abundance than in the mixed kelp forests (LhypLsac). In common with m…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock

[Echinocyamus pusillus], [Ophelia borealis] and [Abra prismatica] in circalittoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.251
definition: Circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sand (from 40m to 140m) characterised by the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus], the polychaete [Ophelia borealis] and the bivalve [Abra prismatica]. Other species may include the polychaetes [Spiophanes bombyx], [Pholoe] sp., [Exogone] spp., [Sphaerosyllis bulbosa], [Goniada maculata], [Chaetozone setosa], [Owenia fusiformis], [Glycera lapidum], [Lumbrineris latreilli] and [Aricidea cerrutii] and the bivalves [Thracia phaseolina] and [Moerella pygmaea] and to a lesser extent [Spisula elliptica] and [Timoclea ovata]. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine sand

Medium to very fine sand, 100-120 m, with polychaetes [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Amphipectene auricoma], [Myriochele] sp., [Aricidea wassi] and amphipods [Harpinia antennaria]
type: Concept
notation: A5.253
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Group Iib of Eleftheriou & Basford, 1989.
broader: Circalittoral fine sand

Circalittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.26
definition: Circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20%. This habitat is generally found in water depths of over 15-20 m and supports animal-dominated communities characterised by a wide variety of polychaetes, bivalves such as [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa], and echinoderms such as [Amphiura] spp and [Ophiura] spp., and [Astropecten irregularis]. These circalittoral habitats tend to be more stable than their infralittoral counterparts and as such support a richer infaunal community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa] in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment
narrower: [Amphiura brachiata] with [Astropecten irregularis] and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand
narrower: Pontic muddy sands with [Spisula subtruncata], [Abra alba], [Parvicardium exiguum] and [Cerastoderma glaucum]
narrower: Pontic muddy sands with [Paphia aurea] and [Spisula subtruncata]
narrower: Pontic upper circalittoral mud with [Spisula subtruncata] and [Aricidea claudiae]

[Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa] in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.261
definition: Non-cohesive muddy sands or slightly shelly/gravelly muddy sand characterised by the bivalves [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa]. Other important taxa include [Nephtys] spp., [Chaetozone setosa] and [Spiophanes bombyx] with [Fabulina fabula] also common in many areas. The echinoderms [Ophiura albida] and [Asterias rubens] may also be present. The epibiotic biotope EcorEns may overlap this biotope. This biotope is part of the [Abra] community defined by Thorson (1957) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

[Laminaria saccharina] park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3133
definition: Silty bedrock or boulders with a [Laminaria saccharina] park (often the cape-form). Beneath the canopy, the rock is covered by encrusting coralline algae, and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] is often present. Due to the amount of silt cover on the rock and the reduced light intensity beneath the broad-fronded kelp, only a few red seaweeds typically survive, the most common species being [Phycodrys rubens], [Delesseria sanguinea], [Bonnemaisonia] spp. and [Brongniartella byssoides]. The brown seaweeds [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Cutleria multifida] may be present in low abundance. Compared to the kelp forest zone above (Lsac.Ft) both the kelp and other seaweeds are sparse (Occasional). The most conspicuous animals are large solitary ascidians, particularly [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], together with the smaller [Clavelina lepadiformis]. In general, the faunal component of this biotope is similar to other sheltered kelp biotopes and includes a variety of mobile crustaceans such [Carcinus maenas] and [Pagurus bernhardus], the keelworm [Pomatoceros] spp., terebellid worms, echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and the featherstar [Antedon bifida]. The hydroid [Kirchenpauria pinnata], although only rare is often found in the kelp park along with the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. Situation: [L. saccharina] park can be found below a similar forest (Lsac.Ft) where suitable hard substrata exist or on isolated rock exposures surrounded by sediment communities. It may also occur below a zone of mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [L. saccharina] forest (LhypLsac). [L. saccharina] can also form a band below [L. hyperborea] forest (Lhyp.Ft) where some shelter from wave-action is afforded with depth ([L. saccharina] is not tolerant of surge), or more likely where [L. hyperborea] has been grazed out (below Lhyp.GzFt) since [L. saccharina] grows far quicker than [L. hyperborea]. Where such a narrow band occurs it is gener…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock

Grazed [Laminaria saccharina] with [Echinus], brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.3134
definition: Coralline encrusted rock with scattered tufts of red seaweed and a relatively high abundance of grazing echinoderms which typically include the urchin [Echinus esculentus] and/or the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] or [Ophiocomina nigra]. The rock often looks bare, with few conspicuous species present although [Laminaria saccharina] may occur it is generally in low abundance (Rare or Occasional). The red seaweeds, reduced to small tufts through grazing, include [Phycodrys rubens], [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Brongniartella byssoides] and although these seaweeds also occur in Lsac.Pk they are far less frequent in this biotope. Brown seaweeds, such as [Desmarestia viridis], [Chorda filum] and [Cutleria multifida], may be present. Grazing molluscs, such as [Gibbula cineraria] and can be common. Under-boulder habitats can harbour the crabs Necora puber and [Pagurus bernhardus], terebellid polychaetes and the polychaete [Pomatoceros] spp. with ascidians [Ascidia mentula]. and [Clavelina lepadiformis] on the open rock along with the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the hydroids [Kirchenpauria pinnata] and [Obelia dichotoma]. Situation: This biotope generally occurs on rock below a dense kelp forest of [L. saccharina] (Lsac.Ft) or mixed kelp (LhypLsac.Ft). Temporal variation: If the grazing pressure is reduced (i.e. a decrease in the number of grazing echinoderms present) a richer kelp community may develop (Lsac.Pk or LhypLsac.Pk).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] on very sheltered infralittoral rock

Silted cape-form [Laminaria hyperborea] on very sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.314
definition: Cape-form of the kelp [Laminaria hyperborea] on very silted rock, particularly in extremely sheltered sealochs of western Scotland. Below the huge kelp fronds (which often trail onto the seabed) foliose seaweeds form a silted understorey on the rock including [Phycodrys rubens, Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Plocamium cartilagineum] as well as coralline crusts. At some sites the filamentous red seaweed [Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Heterosiphonia plumosa] and [Brongniartella byssoides] may carpet the seabed. Ascidians, particularly [Ascidiella aspersa], [Ascidia mentula, Ciona intestinalis] and [Clavelina lepadiformis] thrive well in these conditions. The echinoderms [Antedon bifida, Echinus esculentus] and [Asterias rubens] are often present along with the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. An abundant growth of the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] can cover the silted kelp fronds along with the bryozoan [Membranipora membranacea]. The anthozoan [Caryophyllia smithii] can be present among the kelp holdfasts. The tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be present on the rock surface along with the crab [Necora puber]. This biotope generally occurs on shallow bedrock or boulder slopes or isolated rocks protruding through muddy sediment. Situation: This biotope is often present on rocky outcrops surrounded by muddy sediments (such as VirOphPmax). Deeper, nearby rock, beyond the limit of foliose seaweeds, is often dominated by solitary ascidians (AmenCio).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity

Pontic muddy sands with [Spisula subtruncata], [Abra alba], [Parvicardium exiguum] and [Cerastoderma glaucum]
type: Concept
notation: A5.263
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

Pontic muddy sands with [Paphia aurea] and [Spisula subtruncata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.264
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

Pontic upper circalittoral mud with [Spisula subtruncata] and [Aricidea claudiae]
type: Concept
notation: A5.265
definition: This type of habitat occurs in the Black Sea around mussel bed patches. The distinguishing species are [Aricidea claudiae] and [Spisula subtruncata]. In general the community is characterised by the extremely high abundance of polychaetes such as [Aricidea claudiae], [Melinna palmata] and [Heteromastus filiformis]. Todorova & Konsulova (2003) state that this community has equivalents to Marinov's (1990) traditional classification of the [Melinna palmata] coastal mud community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

Deep circalittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.27
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Maldanid polychaetes and [Eudorellopsis deformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand
narrower: [Owenia fusiformis] and [Amphiura filiformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand
narrower: Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone

Maldanid polychaetes and [Eudorellopsis deformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.271
definition: In deep offshore sand or non-cohesive muddy sand dense populations of maldanid polychaetes such as [Maldane sarsi] and the cumacean [Eudorellopsis deformis] may be found. Accompanying these species are abundant ophiuroids including [Amphiura filiformis], polychaetes such as Terebellidae sp., [Chaetozone setosa], [Levinsenia gracilis], [Scoloplos armiger], the amphipod [Harpinia antennaria] and the bivalves [Nuculoma tenuis] and [Parvicardium minimum]. This biotope is similar to the [Maldane sarsi]-[Ophiura sarsi] community defined by Glemarec (1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral sand

[Sargassum muticum] on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.315
definition: Mixed substrata from the sublittoral fringe to 5m below chart datum dominated by the brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum]. This invasive non-native brown seaweed can form a dense canopy on areas of mixed substrata (typically 0-10% bedrock on 90-100% sandy sediment). The substrate on which this [S. muticum]-dominated community is able to develop is highly variable, but particularly prevalent on broken rock and pebbles anchored in sandy sediment. The pebbles, cobbles and broken bedrock provide a substrate for alga such as the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. During the spring, [S. muticum] has large quantities of epiphytic ectocarpales and may also support some epifauna e.g. the hydroid [Obelia geniculata] commonly found on kelp. The brown seaweed [Chorda filum], which thrives well on these mixed substrata, is also commonly found with [S. muticum] during the summer months. In Strangford Lough, where this biotope occurs, the amphipod [Dexamine spinosa] has been recorded to dominate the epiphytic fauna (this is known to be commonly found in [Zostera] spp. beds). [S. muticum] is also found on hard, bedrock substrates within [L. saccharina] canopies. [S. muticum] plants on hard substrate area, under a dense [L. saccharina] canopy, are typically smaller and at a much lower density, especially where a lush, under-storey exists with red seaweeds such as [Ceramium nodolosum, Gracilaria gracilis, Chylocladia verticillata, Pterosiphonia plumula] and [Polysiphonia elongata] and the green seaweeds [Cladophora sp., Ulva lactuca] and [Bryopsis plumosa]. The anthozoan [Anemonia viridis] and the crab [Necora puber] can be present. More information is necessary to validate this description. Situation: Where there is a greater proportion of bedrock or boulders (15-100%) [L. saccharina] will typically dominate the canopy. Areas with pebble cover on a hard substrate are colonised by [S. muticum], but individuals quickly become peripatetic and are lost.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silted kelp on low energy infralittoral rock with full salinity

Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.32
definition: Very wave-sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to only weak tidal streams in the sublittoral fringe and infralittoral zone, in areas of variable/reduced salinity. This habitat type is characterised by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and coralline crusts such as [Lithothamnion glaciale]. Grazers such as the urchins [Psammechinus miliaris] and [Echinus esculentus], and the gastropods [Gibbula cineraria] and [Buccinum undatum] may be present. The tube-dwelling polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the ascidians [Ciona intestinalis], [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidiella scabra], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] may also be present. Red algal communities are composed primarily of [Phycodrys rubens]. The crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Pagurus bernhardus], and the bivalve [Modiolus modiolus] may also be observed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock
narrower: [Codium] spp. with red seaweeds and sparse [Laminaria saccharina] on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and [Psammechinus miliaris] on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] with [Phyllophora] spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

[Codium] spp. with red seaweeds and sparse [Laminaria saccharina] on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.321
definition: Very shallow, heavily-silted infralittoral rock characterised by dense stands of [Codium] spp., together with silt-tolerant red seaweeds, the green seaweed [Ulva] spp. and often only a sparse covering of the kelp [Laminaria saccharina]. This biotope appears to have a restricted distribution, being known at present only from the sheltered voes of Shetland, some Scottish lagoons and from the harbours of south-west England. These locations suggest the habitat is likely to be subject to reduced salinity conditions (although the habitat data indicate mostly fully marine records). Dense [Codium] spp. can occur at very sheltered sites, on cobbles or boulders, often in dense patches interspersed with filamentous red seaweeds [Bonnemaisonia hamifera], [Antithamnionella spirographidis] and [Ceramium] spp. Where sediment is present the red seaweed [Polyides rotundus] is commonly found along the rock-sediment interface, and the sponge [Dysidea fragilis] often occurs on the rock. Other red seaweeds that may be present include [Chondrus crispus], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Gelidium latifolium], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. The brown seaweeds [Halidrys siliquosa], [Desmarestia viridis] or [Chorda filum] may be present in high abundance and although kelp [L. saccharina] may occur, it is usually sparse. There are no conspicuous fauna that typify this biotope, though polychaetes such as terebellids and spirorbids may occur. The opisthobranch [Elysia viridis] may be locally abundant on the seaweeds and is known to favour [Codium fragilis] in particular. Large stands of [Codium] sp. (generally Common abundance) are accompanied by red seaweeds such as [G. latifolium], [C. laciniata] and [A. spirographidis] on the rock beneath. Cod has been reported to occur in the shallows of The Fleet, Bembridge Ledges, Pagham Harbour and Jersey (Tittley et al. 1985). In Ireland, species-poor shallow, silted bedrock in the North Water of Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, is characterised by [Gr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock

Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.273
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep circalittoral sand

Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.28
definition: These habitats are located in protected coves, in sheltered environments, where a substrate consisting of a muddy-sandy sediment, sometimes mixed with a small amount of gravel, occurs. Depth is mostly around 1 metre, rarely more than 3 metres. These shallow areas are characterised by very variable environmental conditions and may present facies with epiflora or major developments of filtering or burrowing species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check for overlap with BioMar or HELCOM units, and whether this unit should be grouped in A4.2 (sublittoral sands and muddy sands). There is overlap with both BioMar's IMU and CMU types (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral sand
narrower: Facies with [Callianassa tyrrhena] and [Kellia corbuloides]
narrower: Facies with fresh water resurgences with [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata]
narrower: Facies with [Loripes lacteus], [Tapes] spp.
narrower: Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
narrower: Facies of hydrothermal oozes with [Cyclope neritea] and nematodes

Facies with [Callianassa tyrrhena] and [Kellia corbuloides]
type: Concept
notation: A5.281
definition: This facies of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters is characterised by the dominance of the ghost shrimp [Callianassa tyrrhena] and the bivalve mollusc [Kellia corbuloides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Facies with fresh water resurgences with [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.282
definition: This facies, typical of fresh water springs, is characterised by the bivalve mulluscs [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Facies with [Loripes lacteus], [Tapes] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A5.283
definition: This facies is characterised by the bivalve molluscs [Loripes lacteus] and [Tapes] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.284
definition: This facies is characterised by the green alga [Caulerpa prolifera] and is present in the warmest areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

[Laminaria saccharina] and [Psammechinus miliaris] on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.322
definition: Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles, in areas of reduced salinity, with kelp [Laminaria saccharina], and depauperate coralline-encrusted rock supporting few foliose seaweeds but many grazing urchins [Psammechinus miliaris] and [Echinus esculentus]. The coralline crusts are typically [Lithothamnion glaciale], while the brown crusts can be [Pseudolithoderma extensum]. Encrusting polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter], resistant to the grazing, are also present on most of the rock. The grazing fauna are a significant component of this biotope; large numbers of [P. miliaris] are typically present, although where absent the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] may occur. Other grazers prevalent on the rock include the chiton [Tonicella marmorea], the limpet [Tectura testudinalis] and the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria]. A combination of grazing pressure and lowered salinity maintains a low diversity of species in this biotope, with foliose and filamentous seaweeds generally absent or reduced to small tufts by grazing. In stark contrast to the range of seaweeds present in the [L. saccharina] forests (Lsac.Ft) the only red seaweed consistently found in this biotope is [Phycodrys rubens]. The range of fauna is similarly low, with a conspicuous absence of hydroids and bryozoans. Bedrock and boulders provide a firm substrate on which ascidians [Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula] and the bivalve [Modiolus modiolus] can attach. The crabs [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Carcinus maenas] can usually be found here, though [Necora puber] typically is absent due to the brackish conditions. The starfish [Asterias rubens] along with the whelk [Buccinum undatum] can be present. The substratum on which this biotope occurs varies from bedrock to boulders or cobbles on sediment. The kelp band is relatively narrow and shallow (upper 5 m) compared to Lsac.Ft, although the grazed coralline encrusted rock extends deeper. This depth limit becomes shallower towards the heads of the sealochs. Geogr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock

[Laminaria saccharina] with [Phyllophora] spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.323
definition: Shallow infralittoral bedrock or boulder slopes, in reduced or low salinity conditions, characterised by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] with dense stands of silted filamentous green seaweeds and red seaweeds [Phyllophora crispa], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides] and [Phycodrys rubens]. The filamentous green seaweeds e.g. [Chaetomorpha melagonium] and [Cladophora] spp. can form a blanket cover amongst the [L. saccharina] in the upper zone, which is under greater influence of freshwater input. In deeper water the green seaweeds are replaced by red seaweed [Phyllophora] spp. or [Polysiphonia fucoides] which may form a distinct sub-zone in the biotope. Coralline crust can be present. The solitary ascidians [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidiella scabra] are often epiphytic on the seaweed (particularly [Phyllophora] spp.) and dominate the animal community along with the starfish [Asterias rubens]. The small ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the tube-building polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] occur on the rock surface. More mobile species include the crab [Carcinus maenas], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the whelk [Buccinum undatum]. Bryozoans [Electra pilosa] and [Spirorbis] sp. may cover kelp fronds. The red seaweed [Odonthalia dentata] may be present in the north. Situation: The ascidians found in LsacPhyVS may continue onto the circalittoral rock below where dense colonies of anthozoans and brachiopods can also be found (NeoPro.Den). Where tidal streams are increased, sponge and hydroid communities may occur below (HbowEud).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp in variable salinity on low energy infralittoral rock

Mixed fucoids, [Chorda filum] and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.341
definition: Permanently submerged mixed fucoids on rock in lagoons. The main species are the wracks [Fucus serratus] and [Fucus vesiculosus], but the brown seaweeds [Chorda filum], [Ascophyllum nodosum] and Ectocarpaceae can be present as well. Red seaweeds are normally present and include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Polyides rotundus, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium] spp. and coralline crusts. A variety of green seaweeds is also present and include [Enteromorpha] spp., while dense patches of [Cladophora rupestris] may occur on vertical rock faces. The faunal component is restricted to the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the polychaete [Arenicola marina] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Opossum shrimps Mysidae can be present as well. The kelp [Laminaria saccharina] is absent, possibly due to the low salinity conditions. Situation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids (AscSpAs and FcerEnt) or where salinity is further reduced ProtFur can occur. Slightly deeper rock often supports [Laminaria saccharina] (Lsac.Ft), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sediments of the lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both [Ruppia] spp. and [Zostera marina] and some locations in the Outer Hebrides support dense beds of the nationally rare stonewort [Lamprothamnion papulosum] (Rup and Zmar). The sublittoral mud, which abuts most of the submerged rock, can become anoxic and covered by a bacterial mat of [Beggiatoa] spp. (Beg).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

Facies of hydrothermal oozes with [Cyclope neritea] and nematodes
type: Concept
notation: A5.285
definition: These facies are characterised by the gastropod [Cyclope neritea] and some species of nematodes. The facies are present between 3 - 15 metres depth with high hydrothermal activity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Sublittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.3
definition: Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud extending from the extreme lower shore to offshore, circalittoral habitats. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle. Such habitats are often by dominated by polychaetes and echinoderms, in particular brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. Seapens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and burrowing megafauna including [Nephrops norvegicus] are common in deeper muds. Estuarine muds tend to be characterised by infaunal polychaetes and oligochaetes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: Infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: Infralittoral fine mud
narrower: Circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: Circalittoral fine mud
narrower: Deep circalittoral mud
narrower: Mediterranean communities of muddy detritic bottoms
narrower: Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds

Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.31
definition: Shallow, typically anoxic, muddy and sandy mud sediments in areas of low or reduced, although stable, salinity (may vary annually) with largely ephemeral faunal communities. Characterised by [Arenicola marina] and blue-green algae with other species, including mysids, [Carcinus maenas] and [Corophium volutator] which commonly occur in lagoons. Important infaunal species may include [Hediste diversicolor], [Heterochaeta costata] and chironomids; however infaunal records for this biotope are limited.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity

[Ascophyllum nodosum] and epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.342
definition: Dense subtidal stands of [Ascophyllum nodosum], heavily epiphytised by sponges and ascidians in lagoon-like habitats. The wracks [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus] can be present along with the brown seaweed [Chorda filum] and the red seaweed [Polyides rotundus]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present between the [A. nodosum] holdfasts along with the shrimps Mysidae. Situation: Nearby rock often supports similar biotopes of submerged fucoids and green seaweeds (FChoG). Slightly deeper rock often supports [Laminaria saccharina] (Lsac.Ft), usually surrounded by more extensive areas of sediment. Seagrass beds thrive well in the muddy sand of these lagoons and often cover large areas. They include both [Ruppia maritima] and [Zostera marina] (Rup and Zmar).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

[Polyides rotundus] and/or [Furcellaria lumbricalis] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.343
definition: Bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense turf of the red seaweeds [Polyides rotundus] and/or [Furcellaria lumbricalis], often with a dense mat of filamentous brown and green seaweeds including Ectocarpaceae and [Cladophora] spp. Other red seaweeds presents include [Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis] and coralline crusts as well as the odd brown seaweed [Chorda filum] or [Laminaria] spp. Associated with these seaweeds are a variety of ascidians including [Clavelina lepadiformis, Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra] and [Ciona intestinalis] as well as the anemones [Anemonia viridis] and [Actinia equina] and the sponge [Halichondria panicea]. More mobile fauna include the starfish [Asterias rubens], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], the opossum shrimps Mysidae and the gastropod [Littorina littorea]. Attached to the rock or cobbles are spirorbid polychaetes and the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Please notice that part of this diversity is due to large differences between sites. Situation: Nearby rock (AscSpAs and FChoG) and seagrass [Ruppia maritima] dominating much of the surrounding muddy sediment (Rup). Mixed sediment supports filamentous green seaweeds e.g. [Cladophora] spp. and [Derbesia marina] on (FiG).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged fucoids, green or red seaweeds (low salinity infralittoral rock)

[Mytilus edulis] beds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.361
definition: This biotope occur in shallow, often tide-swept, reduced salinity conditions. Dense beds of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] with the occasional barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. A wide variety of epifaunal colonisers on the mussel valves, including seaweeds, hydroids and bryozoans can be present. Predatory starfish [Asterias rubens] can be very common in this biotope. This biotope generally appears to lack large kelp plants, although transitional examples containing mussels and kelps plants may also occur. More information needed to validate this description. Situation: Occurs in tide-swept entrance channels in very enclosed basins of sealochs where the basins are typically of lowered salinity. Also occurs in very sheltered subtidal rock (often vertical) in lagoons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

[Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and [Conopeum reticulum] on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A3.363
definition: Upper estuarine mixed hard substrata colonised by very sparse communities of animals with low species richness and with a few seaweeds in very shallow water. In the Tamar estuary the hydroid [Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and bryozoan [Conopeum reticulum] are found on stones. In the River Dart the bryozoan [Bowerbankia imbricata] is most abundant. The mussel [Mytilus edulis], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the hydroid [Obelia dichotoma] can be present. A similar brackish-water rocky biotope is recorded from the Bann Estuary, Northern Ireland. There are considerable differences in species composition between sites, but all occur in brackish turbid-water conditions. More information required to validate this description.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal communities on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Features of infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.7
definition: Includes surge gulleys (A3.71), which are found throughout the infralittoral rock zone, and usually consist of vertical bedrock walls, occasionally with overhanging faces, and support communities, which reflect the degree of wave surge they are subject to and any scour from mobile substrata on the cave/gully floors. The larger cave and gully systems, such as found in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles and St Kilda, typically show a marked zonation from the entrance to the rear of the gully/cave as wave surge increases and light reduces. Also includes habitats in hard substrata in the infralittoral zone characterised by the presence of seeping or bubbling gases, oils or water (A3.73) and recently colonised artificial hard substrata in the infralittoral zone (A3.72).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata
narrower: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves
narrower: Infralittoral fouling seaweed communities
narrower: Vents and seeps in infralittoral rock
narrower: Caves and overhangs in infralittoral rock

Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.311
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved to level 5 to join other reduced or variable salinity units (CEH). Check title (David Connor)
broader: Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Baltic muds of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Boreal Baltic narrow inlets with soft mud substrate

Baltic muds of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.3111
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity

Boreal Baltic narrow inlets with soft mud substrate
type: Concept
notation: A5.3112
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity

Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.32
definition: Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore into the subtidal in variable salinity (estuarine) conditions. Such habitats typically support communities characterised by oligochaetes, and polychaetes such as [Aphelochaeta marioni]. In lowered salinity conditions the sediments may include a proportion of coarser material, where the silt content is sufficient to yield a similar community to that found in purer muds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Polydora ciliata] and [Corophium volutator] in variable salinity infralittoral firm mud or clay
narrower: [Aphelochaeta marioni] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mud
narrower: [Nephtys hombergii] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral soft mud
narrower: Infralittoral fluid mobile mud
narrower: [Capitella capitata] and [Tubificoides] spp. in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: [Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri], [Tubifex tubifex] and [Gammarus] spp. in low salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: Pontic mud with [Spisula subtruncata], [Syndesmia fragilis], and [Cardium paucicostatum] in low and variable salinity

[Nephtys hombergii] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral soft mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.323
definition: Variable salinity soft infralittoral mud and sandy mud characterised by the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] and oligochaetes of the genus [Tubificoides]. Other characterising species that may be present are the polychaetes [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Aphelochaeta marioni], and the cumacean [Diastylis rathkei typica]. Situation: The biotope is found in areas of silt deposition in soft and sandy muds but may not form a stable habitat. It may be found adjacent to AphTubi, separated by the abundance of [Aphelochaeta marioni] and its more cohesive sediments
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Infralittoral fluid mobile mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.324
definition: Fluid mobile mud suspended and deposited on each tide. In areas with very high quantities of suspended particulate material in the water column it may become deposited around slack water when tidal currents fall. This can form fluid mud layers up to several metres thick (Warwick & Uncles 1980) becoming a transient habitat in its own right. Species present within this biotope will be those washed in from other communities such as [Nephtys hombergii] or [Capitella capitata]. This biotope may be under-recorded due to sampling problems, and also where sediment descriptions are absent from field data. Situation: It may be found adjacent to; OlVS, NhomTubi and to some extent AphTubi.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.33
definition: Infralittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, in depths of less than 15-20 m. This habitat is generally found in sheltered bays or marine inlets and along sheltered areas of open coast. Typical species include a rich variety of polychaetes including [Melinna palmate], tube building amphipods ([Ampelisca] spp.) and deposit feeding bivalves such as [Macoma balthica] and [Mysella bidentata]. Sea pens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. may be present but not in the same abundances as found in deeper circalittoral waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Nephtys hombergii] and [Macoma balthica] in infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Sagartiogeton undatus] and [Ascidiella aspersa] on infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Melinna palmata] with [Magelona] spp. and [Thyasira] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Ampelisca] spp., [Photis longicaudata] and other tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in infralittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Capitella capitata] in enriched sublittoral muddy sediments
narrower: Pontic sandy mud with [Melinna palmata]
narrower: Pontic sandy mud with [Abra alba], Cardiidae and [Mytilus]

Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves
type: Concept
notation: A3.71
definition: Infralittoral rocky habitats subject to strong wave surge conditions, as found in surge gullies and shallow caves, and typically colonised by faunal communities of encrusting or cushion sponges, colonial ascidians, short turf-forming bryozoans, anthozoans, barnacles and, where there is sufficient light, red seaweeds. These features usually consist of vertical bedrock walls, occasionally with overhanging faces, and support communities which reflect the degree of wave surge they are subject to, and any scour from mobile substrata on the cave/gully floors. The larger cave and gully systems, such as found in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles and St Kilda, typically show a marked zonation from the entrance to the rear of the gully/cave as wave surge increases and light reduces. This is reflected in communities of anthozoans, ascidians, bryozoans and red seaweeds near the entrance, leading to sponge crust-dominated communities and finally barnacle and spirorbid worm communities in the most severe surge conditions. Gully/cave floors usually have mobile boulders, cobbles, pebbles or coarse sediment. The mobile nature of the gully/cave floors leads to communities of encrusting species, tolerant of scour and abrasion or fast summer-growing ephemeral species. The lower zone of the gully side walls are also often scoured, and typically colonised by coralline crusts and barnacles. Situation: On open rocky coasts with moderate or greater wave action. Temporal variation: Unknown, although winter storms likly to yield scouring on gully/cave walls; some ephemeral growth likely in calmer summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: All subunits are derived from the BioMar classification. They need to be checked to ensure completeness across the geographic range of EUNIS.
broader: Features of infralittoral rock
narrower: Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in surge gully entrances
narrower: Anemones, including [Corynactis viridis,] crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged vertical infralittoral rock
narrower: Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with [Dendrodoa grossularia] or barnacles on wave-surged infralittoral rock
narrower: [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Clathrina coriacea] on wave-surged vertical infralittoral rock
narrower: Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged infralittoral cave or gully walls
narrower: Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock

Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in surge gully entrances
type: Concept
notation: A3.711
definition: This biotope is found on steep wave-surged entrances to gullies and caves and on unstable boulders in the entrance to caves and gullies. The rock may be abraded by the movement of the boulders and cobbles in heavy surge and tends to be dominated by dense foliose seaweeds that grow rapidly in the calmer summer months. Beneath the foliose seaweeds the rock surface is typically covered with coralline crusts, which are longer-lived, and tolerant of abrasion. The flora of this biotope is relatively varied, depending upon the amount of light and degree of abrasion or rock mobility with red seaweeds such as [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Odonthalia dentata], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Phycodrys rubens], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Phyllophora crispa] and [Corallina officinalis]. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] also occurs in these conditions, since it is tolerant of some sand scour. During the summer months small fast-growing kelp plants can arise in this biotope, although the mobility of the substratum prevents the kelp from forming a kelp forest. Dense swathes of very young kelp such as [Laminaria hyperborea] are, however, not uncommon. The faunal community consist of the anemone [Urticina felina], the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia]. More mobile fauna include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: Further into the cave or gully, beyond the dense red seaweeds of FoSwCC, the vertical rock grades to either an ascidian and sponge dominated community or sponge crusts and anthozoans (CrSpAsAn/CrSpAsDenB). Further into the cave or gully the floor and any boulders or cobbles are generally scoured clean or may support coralline encrusting algae (CC.Mo). Above the red seaweeds, steep rock surfaces often support a kelp community (LhypR or Lhyp) or in shallower water [Alaria esculenta] is usually present (Ala.Myt).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

Anemones, including [Corynactis viridis,] crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged vertical infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.712
definition: Vertical very exposed and exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave-surge dominated by sponge crusts such as [Clathrina coriacea, Myxilla incrustans, Pachymatisma johnstonia] and [Halichondria panicea] and anthozoans such as [Sagartia elegans, Urticina felina, Alcyonium digitatum, Corynactis viridis] and dwarf [Metridium senile] generally dominate the area; the anthozoans often appearing to protrude through the sponge layer. There may be dense aggregations of the hydroid [Tubularia] [indivisa], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the colonial ascidians [Botrylloides leachi] and [Polyclinum aurantium]. There may be a short crisiid turf, interspersed with [Scrupocellaria reptans]. Encrusting coralline algae may occur on well-illuminated rock faces. The echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Echinus esculentus], [Antedon bifida] and [Ophiothrix fragilis], the topshell [Calliostona zizphinum] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may also be present on the rock face. The crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber] may also be recorded. Due to the wave-surged nature and vertical orientation of these biotopes, kelps are rare and certainly never dominate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

[Sagartiogeton undatus] and [Ascidiella aspersa] on infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.332
definition: Sheltered sublittoral mud or sandy mud in shallow water with relatively few conspicuous species may be characterised by the anemone [Sagartiogeton undatus] in low numbers and the tunicate [Ascidiella] [aspersa]. Other taxa may include [Carcinus maenas], [Pagurus bernhardus] and terebellid polychaetes. The burrowing anemones [Cerianthus lloydii] may also be found occasionally. The status of this biotope is uncertain at present as it is not known whether it is an impoverished, disturbed or epifaunal variant of other sheltered, shallow mud biotopes such as PhiVir or if the areas in which it has been recorded have been incompletely surveyed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

[Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.333
definition: Cohesive sandy mud, sometimes with a small quantity of shell in shallow water may contain the bivalves [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. (typically [A. alba] and [A. nitida]). Other characteristic taxa may include [Scoloplos armiger], [Mya] sp., and [Thyasira flexuosa]. Tube building amphipods are also characteristic of this biotope in particular [Ampelisca] spp. and Aoridae such as [Microprotopus maculatus]. Situation: This biotope is generally found in sheltered marine inlets or sealochs such as Strangford Lough.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

Pontic sandy mud with [Melinna palmata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.337
definition: The most abundant species is [Aricidea claudiae], considered as a species sensitive to disturbance. However the habitat is named after the terebellid worm ([Melinna palmata]) which ranks second in the abundance but has highest contribution to within-group similarity and is a key structural species. Its dense vertical tubes consolidate the sediment and determine the specific character of the habitat. The [Melinna palmata] biocenosis is considered a new biocenosis recorded in the mid 1970s along the Rumenian coasts (Gomoiu 1976) but was already known in 1971 in Bulgaria for quite some time (Kalugina-Gitneck, 1975). Bacescu had described this community in 1971 but had included it as a subtype of Mytilus beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with [Dendrodoa grossularia] or barnacles on wave-surged infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.713
definition: Vertical and overhanging, exposed to moderately exposed bedrock gullies, tunnels and cave entrances subject to wave surge, and dominated by the crustose sponges [Halichondria panicea], [Myxilla incrustans], [Clathrina coriacea], [Leucosolenia botryoides], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Grantia compressa]. There may also be dense aggregations of the anthozoan [Sagartia elegans], dwarf [Metridium senile], [Alcyonium digitatum], and [Urticina felina], and a dense covering of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] on the bare rock face. Dense aggregations of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa] may be recorded, growing through the sponge crust. Colonial ascidians such as [Polyclinum aurantium], [Botryllus schlosseri], [Botrylloides leachi], [Aplidium nordmanni] and the solitary ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia] may all be recorded. The echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus], [Henricia] sp., the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may also be present on the rock face, along with encrusting coralline algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

[Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Clathrina coriacea] on wave-surged vertical infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.714
definition: Vertical or overhanging infralittoral rock subject to considerable wave-surge, especially in the middle or back of caves but also in gullies and tunnels, and dominated by dense sheets of the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia], together with variable quantities of the sponge [Clathrina coriacea]. At some sites [D. grossularia] forms continuous sheets, with few other species present. Other sponges such as [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Leucosolenia botryoides], [Scypha ciliata] and [Halichondria panicea] regularly occur in this biotope, though generally at low abundance. Other ascidians, especially [Polyclinum aurantium], [Diplosoma] spp. and other didemnids may also occur, though only [P. aurantium] is ever as abundant as [D. grossularia]. Being characteristically found in the middle or towards the backs of the caves mean that there is generally insufficient light to support any foliose seaweeds, although encrusting coralline algae are not uncommon. More scoured areas may also contain the anemone [Urticina felina], whilst [Sagartia elegans] is often present in low numbers. Mobile fauna are often limited to the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Henricia] spp., the brittlestar [Ophiopholis aculeata] and crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] can occur, usually in low densities. Situation: Where this biotope develops in a cave or tunnel it can occur anywhere from the entrance to the rear of the system. Typically, it will give way to sponge crust or barnacle and encrusting tubeworm communities at the rear of the cave, where surge forces are amplified (CrSp or CC.BalPom). The vertical rock below the DenCla zone, abutting the cave/gully floor, is likely to be severely scoured, colonised by the robust CC.BalPom biotope. The cave or gully floor is generally scoured clean by boulders and/or cobbles (CC.Mo). The cave or gully entrance has more available light for algal growth so dense foliose seaweeds usually dominate the roc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged infralittoral cave or gully walls
type: Concept
notation: A3.715
definition: Walls, or massive boulders, in caves or gullies that are subject to severe wave-surge and characterised by extensive thin crusts of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] with smaller patches of other sponges such as [Esperiopsis fucorum] or [Clathrina coriacea]. Small turfs of robust hydroids, such as [Diphasia rosacea] and [Ventromma halecioides], and patches of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], coralline crusts and tube-building spirorbid polychaetes may be present. The starfish [Henricia] spp., the brittlestar [Ophiopholis aculeata] and the crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber] can be present. The anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Urticina felina] and [Actinia equina] can be found in cracks and crevices or under boulders. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] may be present in low densities. Situation: This surge-tolerant biotope of low-growing fauna is typically confined to the mid or rear section of caves (or the narrowest part of gullies) where the wave-surge is intensified. It generally abuts the less surged ascidian-sponge communities (CrSpAsAn, DenCcor and CrSpAsDenB). A highly scoured zone of barnacles and calcareous tubeworms often form a zone below, abutting the cave/gully floor (CC.BalPom).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves

Pontic sandy mud with [Abra alba], Cardiidae and [Mytilus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.338
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

[Ocnus planci] aggregations on sheltered sublittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.344
definition: Dense aggregations of [Ocnus planci [?brunneus]] on various substrata, typically muddy but occasionally with stones or shells, in sheltered conditions such as sealochs. [Philine aperta] also characterises this biotope but is present in lower abundances than in PhiVir. Other associated species vary but are typical of very sheltered muddy habitats and include the ophiuroids [Ophiura] spp. and [Ophiothrix fragilis]. [Melanella alba], which parasitises holothurians, has been found in large numbers at one site.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

[Astarte crenata] beneath high salinity cold polar water
type: Concept
notation: A5.345
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Need to check position in hierarchy.
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

Oligochaetes in mobile mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.346
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Need to check position in hierarchy. Is this the same as A4.327? (David Connor)
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

Pontic mobile muds of the River Danube mouths
type: Concept
notation: A5.347
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

Circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.35
definition: Circalittoral, cohesive sandy mud, typically with over 20% silt/clay, generally in water depths of over 10 m, with weak or very weak tidal streams. This habitat is generally found in deeper areas of bays and marine inlets or offshore from less wave exposed coasts. Sea pens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. are particularly characteristic of this habitat whilst infaunal species include the tube building polychaetes [Lagis koreni] and [Owenia fusiformis], and deposit feeding bivalves such as [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Amphiura filiformis], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra nitida] in circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Thyasira] spp. and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Amphiura filiformis] and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral and offshore muddy sand
narrower: [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus] on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud
narrower: [Lagis koreni] and [Phaxas pellucidus] in circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: Pontic circalittoral sandy muds with [Heteromastus filiformis], [Dipolydora quadrilobata] and [Nephthys hombergii]

Pontic circalittoral sandy muds with [Heteromastus filiformis], [Dipolydora quadrilobata] and [Nephthys hombergii]
type: Concept
notation: A5.356
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

Circalittoral fine mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.36
definition: Sublittoral muds, occurring below moderate depths of 15-20 m, either on the open coast or in marine inlets such as sealochs. The seapens [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea] are characteristic of this habitat type together with the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the ophiuroid [Amphiura] spp. The relatively stable conditions often lead to the establishment of communities of burrowing megafaunal species, such as [Nephrops norvegicus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Seapens and burrowing megafauna in circalittoral fine mud
narrower: Burrowing megafauna and [Maxmuelleria lankesteri] in circalittoral mud
narrower: [Brissopsis lyrifera] and [Amphiura chiajei] in circalittoral mud
narrower: Silty sediments > 140 m with polychaetes [Lumbrineris fragilis], [Levinsenia gracilis] and amphipods [Eriopisa elongata]
narrower: [Spiochaetopterus] beneath high salinity Atlantic water
narrower: [Macoma calcarea] in deep-water soft clayey mud
narrower: Pontic very soft, organic-rich muds of the Danube front
narrower: Pontic thalassinid-dominated circalittoral muds
narrower: Pontic circalittoral muds with [Acanthocardia paucicostata], [Papillicardium papillosum] and hydroids
narrower: Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mya arenaria] and Spisula subtruncata
narrower: Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mellina palmata] and [Aricidea claudiae]

Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.716
definition: Scoured rock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of [Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available and scour is severe, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of [P. triqueter] and/or [B. crenatus] immediately above. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts such as [Halichondria panicea] and occasional anemones [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans]. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderms [Asterias rubens] and [Echinus esculentus] as well as the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Two variants have been identified: Wave-surged bedrock with coralline crust, [B. crenatus] and [P. triqueter] (CC.BalPom) and coralline crusts on mobile boulders in severely scoured caves (CC.Mo). Situation: Generally occurring at the base of walls in caves and gullies and on the floors of caves and gullies. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (CrSpAsAn, CrSpAsDenB); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (DenCcor); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (CrSp). At some sites with extreme wave surge, CC.BalPom can form a zone towards the rear of the cave, beyond the sponge crust zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Robust faunal cushions and crusts in surge gullies and caves
narrower: [Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely scoured vertical infralittoral rock
narrower: Coralline crusts and crustaceans on mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies

[Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely scoured vertical infralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A3.7161
definition: Severely scoured bedrock in wave-surged caves, tunnels or gullies often looks rather bare, and may be characterised by a limited scour-tolerant fauna of [Balanus crenatus] and/or [Pomatoceros triqueter] with spirorbid polychaetes. In areas where sufficient light is available, encrusting coralline algae and non-calcareous crusts cover the rock surface, giving a pink appearance. This biotope most commonly occurs at the bottom of walls in caves and gullies, where abrasion by cobbles and stones is severe, especially during winter. In some gullies, extreme scouring and abrasion produces a narrow band of bare coralline algal crust at the very bottom of the walls, with a band of [P. triqueter] and or [B. crenatus] immediately above. In some caves extreme wave surge at the back of the cave leads to a zone of this biotope which may also be dominated solely by sprorbids or by the barnacle [Verruca stroemia]. Other scour-tolerant species, such as encrusting bryozoans may also be common. Crevices and cracks in the rock provide a refuge for sponge crusts, small [Mytilus edulis] and occasional [Actinia equina], [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans]. More mobile fauna is usually restricted to the echinoderm [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. During periods of relative stability in the summer, small quantities of foliose red seaweeds and opportunistic kelps may occur where sufficient light is available; the seaweeds however do not dominate (compare with FoSwCC). Situation: Generally occurs at the base of walls in caves and gullies, but in extreme surge may occur as a zone at the back of caves. Immediately above this zone a variety of biotopes may occur depending on the proximity to the cave/gully entrance. Typically sponge crusts and ascidians with a hydroid-bryozoan turf will occur in the outer to mid section (CrSpAsAn, CrSpAsDenB); sponge crusts and dense ascidians in the outer to rear section (DenCcor); and low-growing sponge crusts at the rear of caves (CrSp). …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock

Coralline crusts and crustaceans on mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies
type: Concept
notation: A3.7162
definition: Highly mobile and scoured boulders and cobbles found on cave and gully floors and which often appear bare. Where there is sufficient light and stability, however, the boulders are encrusted by coralline algal crusts. Barnacles [Balanus crenatus] and keelworms [Pomatoceros triqueter] may survive in areas protected from severe abrasion. Crabs such as [Cancer pagurus] and [Carcinus maenas] may occur, often beneath and between the rocks, along with the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. The anemone [Actinia equina] may be present in low numbers. Situation: The slightly less-scoured walls often found above this biotope in caves and gullies are generally characterised by a similar, but richer community of scour-tolerant [Balanus crenatus], [Pomatoceros triqueter], coralline crusts and spirorbid worms (CC.BalPom). This impoverished biotope may form an intermediate between barren gravel and slightly more stable larger pebbles and cobbles which are covered by algae that are often found in the mouths of caves (FoSwCC). Temporal variation: Winter storms periodically mobilise the boulders and cobbles, causing abrasion to any seasonal biota that may have developed over the calmer summer months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock

Burrowing megafauna and [Maxmuelleria lankesteri] in circalittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.362
definition: In circalittoral stable mud distinctive populations of megafauna may be found. These typically include [Nephrops norvegicus], [Calocaris macandreae] and [Callianassa subterranea]. Large mounds formed by the echiuran [Maxmuelleria lankesteri] are also frequent in this biotope. The seapen [Virgularia mirabilis] may occur occasionally in this biotope but not in the same abundance as SpnMeg to which MegMax is closely allied. Infaunal species may include [Nephtys hystricis], [Chaetozone setosa, Amphiura chiajei] and [Abra alba].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Silty sediments > 140 m with polychaetes [Lumbrineris fragilis], [Levinsenia gracilis] and amphipods [Eriopisa elongata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.364
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Group IV of Eleftheriou & Basford, 1989. Need to check position in hierarchy.
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

[Spiochaetopterus] beneath high salinity Atlantic water
type: Concept
notation: A5.365
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

[Macoma calcarea] in deep-water soft clayey mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.366
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Pontic very soft, organic-rich muds of the Danube front
type: Concept
notation: A5.367
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud
narrower: Very soft muds with [Nephthys hombergii]
narrower: Soft muds with [Abra prismatica], [Acanthocardia paucicostata] and [Spisula subtruncata]

Very soft muds with [Nephthys hombergii]
type: Concept
notation: A5.3671
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic very soft, organic-rich muds of the Danube front

Soft muds with [Abra prismatica], [Acanthocardia paucicostata] and [Spisula subtruncata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.3672
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic very soft, organic-rich muds of the Danube front

Pontic thalassinid-dominated circalittoral muds
type: Concept
notation: A5.368
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Pontic circalittoral muds with [Acanthocardia paucicostata], [Papillicardium papillosum] and hydroids
type: Concept
notation: A5.369
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4
definition: Circalittoral rock is characterised by animal dominated communities (a departure from the algae dominated communities in the infralittoral zone). The circalittoral zone can itself be split into two sub-zones; upper circalittoral (foliose red algae present but not dominant) and lower circalittoral (foliose red algae absent). The depth at which the circalittoral zone begins is directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the seabed; in highly turbid conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin just below water level at mean low water springs (MLWS). The biotopes identified in the field can be broadly assigned to one of three energy level categories: high, moderate and low energy circalittoral rock (used to define the habitat complex level). The character of the fauna varies enormously and is affected mainly by wave action, tidal stream strength, salinity, turbidity, the degree of scouring and rock topography. It is typical for the community not to be dominated by single species, as is common in shore and infralittoral habitats, but rather comprise a mosaic of species. This, coupled with the range of influencing factors, makes circalittoral rock a difficult area to satisfactorily classify; particular care should therefore be taken in matching species and habitat data to the classification.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Baltic exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Baltic moderately exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Baltic sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: Features of circalittoral rock

Very tide-swept faunal communities on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.11
definition: This habitat type occurs in wave-exposed, tide-swept narrows and straits on circalittoral bedrock and boulders. The biotopes within this complex are characterised by a high abundance of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] is characteristic of A4.111, the cushion sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Myxilla incrustans] are characteristic of A4.1121 and [Alcyonium digitatum] is characteristic of A4.1122. The anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Urticina felina], [Corynactis viridis] and [Metridium senile] are all found within this complex. Other species present in this high-energy complex are the sponges [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia], the bryozoans [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea], [Cancer pagurus], [Sertularia argentea] and [Asterias rubens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Balanus crenatus] and [Tubularia indivisa] on extremely tide-swept circalittoral rock
narrower: [Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock

[Balanus crenatus] and [Tubularia indivisa] on extremely tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.111
definition: This biotope typically occurs on upward-facing, extremely tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles found in a broad spectrum of wave-exposures. It is characterised by a few species that are capable of maintaining a foothold in strong tides. These species either form a flat, adherent crust in the case of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], or have strong attachment points and are flexible, bending with the tide, such as the turf of the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. Other species able to tolerate these very strong tides, or just situated slightly out of the main force of the current, include the sponge [Halichondria panicea], the robust hydroid [Sertularia argentea] and current-tolerant anemones such as [Sagartia elegans], [Urticina felina] and [Metridium senile]. Mobile species such as the starfish [Asterias rubens], the crab [Cancer pagurus] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] may also be present. Situation: This biotope is typically occurs in deep, very tide-swept straights, sounds and narrows with a bedrock/boulder/cobble slope. Kelp forest (LhypT) occurs in shallower water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Very tide-swept faunal communities on circalittoral rock

[Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.112
definition: This biotope is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is characterised by a dense carpet of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus], where present, is recorded as common. The accompanying species in the community are determined by tidal stream strength. On the more sheltered sides of headlands, where tidal streams are accelerated, sponges such as [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Myxilla incrustans] and [Halichondria panicea] proliferate forming the CTub.CuSp sub-biotope. There may also be a scattered bryozoan turf, formed by criisid bryozoans. However, where tidal streams are slightly reduced, but on more wave-exposed coasts, anthozoans such as [Alcyonium digitatum] become more prominent forming the CTub.Adig biotope. Other species recorded in this biotope include the anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Corynactis virdis] and [Urticina felina]. There may be scattered clumps of hydroids such as [Sertularia argentea] and [Nemertesia antennina]. Where `relative shelter' is afforded by the topography of the seabed, the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be found. More ubiqutous species such as [Asterias rubens] and [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may also be present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Very tide-swept faunal communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Tubularia indivisa] and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid circalittoral bedrock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum] with dense [Tubularia indivisa] and anemones on strongly tide-swept circalittoral rock

Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mya arenaria] and Spisula subtruncata
type: Concept
notation: A5.36A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Pontic circalittoral muds with [Mellina palmata] and [Aricidea claudiae]
type: Concept
notation: A5.36B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

Deep circalittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.37
definition: In mud and cohesive sandy mud in the offshore circalittoral zone, typically below 50-70 m, a variety of faunal communities may develop, depending upon the level of silt/clay and organic matter in the sediment. Communities are typically dominated by polychaetes but often with high numbers of bivalves such as [Thyasira] spp., echinoderms and foraminifera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop): name clarified by CEH.
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Ampharete falcata] turf with [Parvicardium ovale] on cohesive muddy sediment near margins of deep stratified seas
narrower: Foraminiferans and [Thyasira] spp. in deep circalittoral soft mud
narrower: [Styela gelatinosa], [Pseudamussium septemradiatum] and solitary ascidians on sheltered deep circalittoral muddy sediment
narrower: [Capitella capitata] and [Thyasira] spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
narrower: [Levinsenia gracilis] and [Heteromastus filifirmis] in offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
narrower: [Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amphiura filiformis] in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Myrtea spinifera] and polychaetes in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
narrower: Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Modiolula phaseolina]
narrower: Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Terebellides stroemi] and [Amphiura] sp.
narrower: Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Pachycerianthus solitarius]
narrower: Pontic periazoic white calcareous muds with [Bougainvillia ramosa] and nematodes

[Styela gelatinosa], [Pseudamussium septemradiatum] and solitary ascidians on sheltered deep circalittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.373
definition: This biotope is known only from deep water in Loch Goil (Clyde sealochs) in fine mud at 65 m with terrigenous debris. Large numbers of solitary ascidians, including [Styela gelatinosa], [Ascidia conchilega], [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidiella] spp., are characteristic of this biotope together with the bivalve [Pseudamussium septemradiatum]. Terebellid worms, the bivalve [Abra alba] and the polychaete [Glycera tridactyla] may also occur. It is possibly an ice age relict biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

[Capitella capitata], [Thyasira] spp. and [Ophryotrocha dubia] inorganically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud or sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.3741
definition: In deep offshore sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the pollution tolerant opportunist [Capitella capitata] and the polychaete [Ophryotrocha dubia] (or other species of [Ophryotrocha]). These species are generally found in extremely high abundances and accompanied by [Thyasira] spp., [Raricirrus beryli], [Paramphinome jeffreysii] and [Chaetozone setosa]. Other taxa including [Exogone verugera], [Pholoe inornata] and [Idasola simpsoni] may also be present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Capitella capitata] and [Thyasira] spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud

[Myrtea spinifera] and polychaetes in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.377
definition: Deep, offshore habitats with cohesive sandy mud (>20% mud) may support communities characterised by infaunal polychaetes and the bivalve [Myrtea spinifera]. Polychaetes typically include [Chaetozone setosa], [Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Levinsenia gracilis], [Aricidea catherinae] and [Prionospio malmgreni]. The bivalves [Thyasira] spp. and [Abra nitida] may also be found as may seapens, such as [Pennatula phosphorea]. Some examples of the biotope AfilNten contain [Myrtea spinifera] (Mackie 1990) in lower numbers but these habitats are generally sandier than those in MyrPo. Situation: This biotope has been recorded in the northern North Sea but may also exist in the Irish Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

[Tubularia indivisa] and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid circalittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1121
definition: This variant is typically found on the vertical and upper faces of strongly tide-swept, exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders. It is commonly associated with areas where turbidity levels are high for much of the year, for example, around Anglesey and the Lleyn Penisula. From afar, this variant appears as a dense carpet of [Tubularia indivisa] covering tide-swept gully walls, floors and boulders. [T. indivisa] is frequently observed growing through sheets of sponges such as [Myxilla incrustans] and [Halichondria panicea] as well as through dense patches of the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and tubes of the amphipod [Jassa] spp. Several other species of sponge appear to be tolerant of the high turbidity in areas where this variant occurs, many of which are common in other biotopes. These include [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Hemimycale columella], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Clathrina coriacea]. Robust hydroids (other than [T. indivisa]) such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Sertularia argentea] occur in patches. The anemones [Urticina felina], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Sagartia elegans] are typically common. A short bryozoan turf consisting of crisiid bryozoans, [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bicellariella ciliata], [Bugula turbinata] and [Bugula flabellata] may be present. [Alcyonium digitatum] may occasionally be seen although it doesn't tend to be as dominant as in CTub.Adig. Individual [Corynactis viridis] may be seen scattered across the gully walls and boulders. The starfish [Henricia oculata] may be seen on boulders and gully floors whilst typical under-boulder fauna includes the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: Above this biotope, [Laminaria] forest (LhypR) may be found.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock

[Alcyonium digitatum] with dense [Tubularia indivisa] and anemones on strongly tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1122
definition: This variant is typically found on exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders in sounds, narrows and around tide-swept promontories in accelerated tidal streams. It is dominated by aggregations of dead man's fingers [Alcyonium digitatum], and dense clumps or continuous cover of the robust hydroid [Tubularia indivisa], particularly on prominent ledges and ridges. Anemones such as [Sagartia elegans], [Urticina felina], [Metridium senile], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Corynactis virdis] form a prominent component of the community. Occasionally, massive sponges such as [Pachymatisma johnstonia] and [Esperiopsis fucorum] may be present. Encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] may be dotted around the rocks, and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may also be observed. Clumps of the bryozoan [Flustra foliacea] are occasionally seen. The starfish [Asterias rubens] may be seen amongst a patchy turf of [Crisia denticulata] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. This variant may also be found on tideswept wrecks and other artificial sustratum. Situation: Above this biotope, it is usual to find well-developed kelp forest in the upper infralittoral, dominated by [Laminaria hyperborea] (LhypR). In the lower infralittoral, it is usual to find a tide-swept turf of hydroids and red algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Sponge communities on deep circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.12
definition: This habitat type typically occurs on deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge habitat type (A4.131) although in this case, the sponges [Phakellia ventilabrum], [Axinella infundibuliformis], [Axinella dissimilis] and [Stelligera stuposa] dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include [Cliona celata], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Haliclona viscosa], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis], [Suberites carnosus], [Stelligera rigida], [Hemimycale columella] and [Tethya aurantium]. The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the anemone [Corynactis virdis] may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian [Holothuria forskali]. The soft corals [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] are frequently observed. The bryozoans [Pentapora foliacea] and [Porella compressa] are also more frequently found in this deep-water habitat type. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Sertularella gayi] may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Luidia ciliaris], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Strichastrella rosea], [Henricia oculata] and [Aslia lefevrei] may also be present. The sea fan [Eunicella verucosa] may be locally common but to a lesser extent than in A4.1311. The top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] is often recorded as present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Phakellia ventilabrum] and axinellid sponges on deep, wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Baltic muddy bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.378
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Modiolula phaseolina]
type: Concept
notation: A5.379
definition: Discriminated by the mussel [Modiolula phaseolina]. The habitat is characterised by bulk of dead shells and shelly detritus of the same species, decreasing oxygen concentration and increasing salinity in comparison to coastal habitats. Other specific species are [Amphiura stepanovi] and [Notomastus profundus]. In Bulgarian waters the community is not present below 100m.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Terebellides stroemi] and [Amphiura] sp.
type: Concept
notation: A5.37A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Pontic deep circalittoral muds with [Pachycerianthus solitarius]
type: Concept
notation: A5.37B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Pontic periazoic white calcareous muds with [Bougainvillia ramosa] and nematodes
type: Concept
notation: A5.37C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Mediterranean communities of muddy detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A5.38
definition: This biocenosis develops in areas where a detritus bottom is covered with mud formed by terrigenous deposits from rivers. The sediment is a very muddy sand or sandy mud, or even a rather compacted mud, rich in shell debris or valocanic fragments (scoriae); sedimentation is slow enough to allow the development of sessile epifauna. Gravel, sand and mud are mixed in varying quantities, but mud always predominates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Facies with [Ophiothrix quinquemaculata]

Facies with [Ophiothrix quinquemaculata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.381
definition: This facies is exclusive to the muddy detritic biocenosis and is characterised by an unusual community of the brittlestar [Ophiothrix quinquemaculata] ([Ophiuroidea]). This species in some places forms an extremely dense population which is almost 90% ophiuran.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of muddy detritic bottoms

Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds
type: Concept
notation: A5.39
definition: The sediment is always pure mud, more or less clayey, almost always of fluvial origin. Such coarse debris as may be deposited is quickly covered, with the result that no epifauna develops.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: Facies of soft muds with [Turritella tricarinata communis]
narrower: Facies of sticky muds with [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]
narrower: Facies of sticky muds with [Alcyonium palmatum] and [Stichopus regalis]

[Phakellia ventilabrum] and axinellid sponges on deep, wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.121
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of deep (commonly below 30m depth), wave-exposed circalittoral rock subject to negligible tidal streams. Although it occurs in exposed and very exposed conditions, at such depth, the turbulent wave action appears to have a much-attenuated effect on the fauna compared with shallower depths. As the majority of records are from depths between 30-50+ m, slightly deeper than the depths of most surveys, it is possible that this biotope is more widespread than the available dataset indicates. The sponge component of this biotope is the most striking feature, with similar species to the bryozoan and erect sponge biotope complex (BrErSp) although in this case, the sponges [Phakellia ventilabrum], [Axinella infundibuliformis], [Axinella dissimilis] and [Stelligera stuposa] dominate. Other sponge species frequently found on exposed rocky coasts are also present in low to moderate abundance. These include [Cliona celata], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Haliclona viscosa], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis], [Suberites carnosus], [Stelligera rigida], [Hemimycale columella] and [Tethya aurantium]. The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the anemone [Corynactis virdis] may be locally abundant in some areas, along with the holothurian [Holothuria forskali]. The soft corals [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] are frequently observed. The bryozoans [Pentapora foliacea] and [Porella compressa] are also more frequently found in this deep-water biotope. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are also occasionally recorded. Isolated clumps of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Sertularella gayi] may be seen on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Large echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Luidia ciliaris], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Strichastrella rosea], [Henricia oculata] and [Aslia lefevrei] may also be present. The seafan [Eunicella verucosa] may be locall…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sponge communities on deep circalittoral rock

Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.13
definition: This habitat type occurs on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, subject to tidal streams ranging from strong to moderately strong. This complex is characterised by its diverse range of hydroids ([Halecium halecinum], [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa]), bryozoans ([Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Flustra foliacea], [Bugula flabellata] and [Bugula plumosa]) and sponges ([Scypha ciliata], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Cliona celeta], [Raspailia ramosa], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Hemimycale columella] and [Dysidea fragilis]) forming an often dense, mixed faunal turf. Other species found within this complex are [Alcyonium digitatum], [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Caryophyllia smithii], [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Balanus crenatus], [Cancer pagurus], [Necora puber], [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus] and [Clavelina lepadiformis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock
narrower: [Corynactis viridis] and a mixed turf of crisiids, [Bugula], [Scrupocellaria], and [Cellaria] on moderately tide-swept exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with [Swiftia pallida] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Sparse sponges, [Nemertesia] spp., and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] on circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Suberites] spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and [Bugula] spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed shallow circalittoral rock
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] and [Haliclona oculata] with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Molgula manhattensis] with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Sponges and anemones on vertical circalittoral bedrock

Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.131
definition: This biotope is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to tidal streams ranging from moderately strong to strong. It often has a thin layer of silt covering the seabed, and is characterised by a bryozoan/hydroid turf with erect sponges. Typical bryozoans to be found include crisiids, [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Flustra foliacea], [Pentapora foliacea], [Bugula plumosa] and [Bugula flabellata], while typical hydroids include [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halecium halecinum]. The soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] is frequently recorded on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. Characteristic erect sponges include [Raspailia ramosa], [Stelligera stuposa] and [Stelligera rigida]; other sponges present include [Cliona celata], [Dysidea fragilis], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Hemimycale columella], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Polymastia mamillaris] and [Tethya aurantium]. Other species present include [Caryophylia smithii], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Corynactis viridis], [Urticina felina], [Balanus crenatus], [Asterias rubens], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Henricia oculata], [Echinus esculentus], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Necora puber]. Three variants of this biotope have been described, but all are characterised by a bryozoan turf with erect sponges. ByErSp.Eun is found primarily on circalittoral bedrock and is dominated by the seafan [Eunicella verrucosa]. ByErSp.DysAct is found under slightly stronger tide-swept conditions, and is characterised particularly by the sponge [D. fragilis] and the anemone [A. sphyrodeta]. Finally ByErSp.Sag is characterised by the anemone [Sagartia elegans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Eunicella verrucosa] and [Pentapora foliacea] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Dysidia fragilis] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] on tide-swept wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Sagartia elegans] on tide-swept ciraclittoral rock

Facies of soft muds with [Turritella tricarinata communis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.391
definition: This facies is characterised by presence of the gastropod [Turritella tricarinata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds

Facies of sticky muds with [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]
type: Concept
notation: A5.392
definition: This facies is characterised by the soft corals [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea] on sticky muddy bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds

Facies of sticky muds with [Alcyonium palmatum] and [Stichopus regalis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.393
definition: This facies is characterised by the soft coral [Alcyonium palmatum] and the echinoderm [Stichopus regalis] on sticky muddy bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of coastal terrigenous muds

Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.41
definition: Shallow, muddy mixed sediments in areas of low or reduced, although stable, salinity (may vary annually) with largely ephemeral faunal communities. Characterised infaunally by oligochaetes, including [Heterochaeta costata] and members of the Enchytraeidae, polychaetes such as [Hediste diversicolor], [Polydora ciliata] and [Pygospio elegans],and bivalves such as [Mya arenaria] and the lagoon cockle [Cerastoderma glaucum]. These bivalve species may also form conspicuious members of the epifauna together with more ubiquitous species like the common goby [Pomatoschistus microps].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone

Baltic level mixed sediment bottoms of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.411
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity

Baltic mixed sediment bottoms of the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.412
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Moved from level 4 to 5 under new more comprehensive level 4 unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity

Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.42
definition: Shallow sublittoral mixed sediments in estuarine conditions, often with surface shells or stones, enabling the development of diverse epifaunal communities, e.g. [Crepidula fornicata] (A5.422), as well as infaunal communities. This habitat type is therefore often quite species rich, compared with purer sediments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Aphelochaeta] spp. and [Polydora] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Crepidula fornicata] and [Mediomastus fragilis] in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment

[Eunicella verrucosa] and [Pentapora foliacea] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1311
definition: This variant typically occurs on wave-exposed, steep, circalittoral bedrock, boulder slopes and outcrops, subject to varying tidal streams. This silty variant contains a diverse faunal community, dominated by the seafan [Eunicella verrucosa], the bryozoan [Pentapora foliacea] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. There are frequently numerous [Alcyonium digitatum], and these may become locally abundant under more tide-swept conditions. [Alcyonium glomeratum] may also be present. A diverse sponge community is usually present, including numerous erect sponges; species present include [Cliona celata], [Raspailia ramosa], [Raspailia hispida], [Axinella dissimilis], [Stelligera stuposa], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Polymastia boletiformis]. [Homaxinella subdola] may be present in the south west. A hydroid/bryozoan turf may develop in the understorey of this rich sponge assemblage, with species such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], crisiids, [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Bugula plumosa]. The sea cucumber [Holothuria forskali] may be locally abundant, feeding on the silty deposits on the rock surface. Other echinoderms encountered include the starfish [Marthasterias glacialis] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Other fauna includes aggregations of colonial ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Stolonica socialis]. Anemones such as [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Parazoanthus axinellae] may be seen dotted across the rock surface. This biotope is present in south west England and Wales. Situation: This biotope is commonly found on rocky outcrops, surrounded by coarse sediment. This may be in the form of shelly gravel or muddy gravel, supporting [Urticina felina], [Cerianthus lloydi] and [Neopentadactyla mixta]. Above ByErSp.Eun, dense kelp forest containing [Saccorhiza polyschides] is usually found.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Dysidia fragilis] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] on tide-swept wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1312
definition: This variant typically occurs on exposed and moderately wave-exposed bedrock and boulders subject to a variety of tidal regimes (from strong through to weak). It is found mainly in the 10-20m depth range and does not usually occur deeper than 30 m. It therefore often straddles the upper circalittoral and lower infralittoral. It often has a light covering of silt and sand may be in the vicinity. Sponges form a dominant part of this variant, although cover usually appears patchy, with no single species dominating. Species present include [Dysidea fragilis], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Hemimycale columella], [Cliona celata], [Stelligera rigida], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Stelligera stuposa], [Raspailia ramosa], [Tethya aurantium], [Polymastia mamillaris] and [Axinella dissimilis]. Tufts of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], frequently recorded on the tops of outcrops and boulders, stand out more clearly than the understorey of finer hydroid and bryozoan turf such as [Aglaophenia pluma], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula plumosa], crisiids, [Cellaria sinuosa] and [Bugula turbinata]. Other bryozoans such as [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea] are also frequently recorded. Other more widespread species present include [Asterias rubens], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Balanus crenatus], [Caryophyllia smithii], [Corynactis viridis], [Necora puber] and [Clavelina lepadiformis]. This variant has been recorded off the south east coast of Ireland, the welsh coast and Lundy Island. Situation: This biotope is typically found on exposed coasts, with exposed kelp forest in the infralittoral zone, characterised by species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. The ByErSp.DysAct variant is usually found below ByErSp.Eun, with similar geographic range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Sagartia elegans] on tide-swept ciraclittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1313
definition: This variant is typically found on wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders, on steep slopes and upper faces in moderate tidal streams. This species-rich biotope is characterised by a dense sponge, hydroid and bryozoan turf and frequent [Alcyonium digitatum]. There are frequently large growths of [Cliona celata] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia]. Other species present in this diverse sponge community include [Polymastia boletiformis], [Haliclona viscosa], [Polymastia mamilliaris], [Scypha ciliata], [Hemimycale columella] and [Dysidea fragilis]. Axinellid sponges such as [Stelligera stuposa] and [Raspailia ramosa] may be present in low abundance, and are usually more abundant in deeper water. A dense hydroid turf forms a significant part of this biotope, with tufts of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] frequently recorded. Other hydroid turf component species include [Halecium halecinum], [Aglaophenia tubulifera] and [Abietinaria abietina]. Anemones are also well represented, with species such as [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans] and [Metridium senile] recorded. The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the anemone [Corynactis viridis] are also frequently seen. The bryozoan turf is composed predominantly of [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea], whilst crustose species such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] contribute to a lesser extent. The delicate [Bugula plumosa] may also be present. There is a significant echinoderm component in this biotope. Species such as the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata], [Marthasterias glacialis] and [Luidia ciliaris], the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the crinoid [Antedon bifida] are all regularly recorded. Other species which may be observed include the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinium], the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the barnacle [Balanus crenatus]. The crab [Cancer pagurus] is typically found under boulders. This variant has been recorded from from…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock

[Aphelochaeta] spp. and [Polydora] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.421
definition: In sheltered muddy mixed sediments in estuaries or marine inlets with variable or reduced/low salinity communities characterised by [Aphelochaeta marioni] and [Polydora ciliata] may be present. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes [Nephtys hombergii], [Caulleriella zetlandica] and [Melinna palmata], tubificid oligochaetes and bivalves such as [Abra nitida]. Conspicuous epifauna may include members of the bivalve family Cardiidae (cockles) and the slipper limpet [Crepidula fornicata]. This biotope is often found in polyhaline waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Cerianthus lloydii] with [Nemertesia] spp. and other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.4411
definition: In sheltered muddy sandy gravel with appreciable quantities of surficial cobbles, pebbles and shells a community similar to ClloMx may develop with frequent [Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones. However, the pebbles and cobbles embedded in the sediment are colonised by hydroids and in particular [Nemertesia antennina] and [N. ramosa]. Other hydroids may include [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and [Halecium halecinum] whilst ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspersa] or [Corella parallelogramma] may also be present locally. [Pecten maximus] and [Pomatoceros triqueter] may also be frequent in certain areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment

[Corynactis viridis] and a mixed turf of crisiids, [Bugula], [Scrupocellaria], and [Cellaria] on moderately tide-swept exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.132
definition: This biotope typically occurs on wave-exposed, vertical or steep, circalittoral bedrock or large boulders, usually subject to moderate or strong tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the anemone [Corynactis viridis] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] intermixed with a short bryozoan turf of one or more [Crisia] spp., [Scrupocellaria] spp., [Bugula] spp. and [Cellaria] spp. Occasionally, this turf obscures the underlying [C. virdis] and [C. smithii]. Cushion and encrusting sponges, particularly [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Cliona celata], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis], are present in moderate amounts at many sites. The axinellid sponges [Stelligera] spp. and [Raspailia] spp. are less frequently recorded. Clumps of large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] as well as the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum] may be found covering the hard substratum. The anemones [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Sagartia elegans] are typically present in low numbers, while the hard `coral' [Pentapora foliacea] is also occasionally observed. The most frequently recorded echinoderms are [Marthasterias glacialis] and [Asterias rubens], although other species such as [Echinus esculentus] may also be seen. The rocky substratum may have a patchy covering of encrusting red seaweeds/algae. The crabs [Necora puber] and [Cancer pagurus] may be seen in crevices or under overhangs. This biotope is regularly recorded around south west England and Wales, often on vertical rock faces. Situation: Due to its wave-exposed nature, kelp park and forest biotopes (LhypR and Ala) are commonly found in the infralittoral zone shallower than this biotope, and feature species such as [Laminaria hyperborea], [Sacchoriza polyschides] and [Alaria esculenta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with [Swiftia pallida] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.133
definition: This biotope typically occurs from exposed through to sheltered circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is found in water depths ranging from 4m to 37m. This biotope is distinguished by frequently occurring [Swiftia pallida], abundant [Caryophilia smithii] and a diverse range of ascidians including [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ascidia mentula], [Polycarpa pomaria], [Diazona violacea] and [Corella parallelogramma]. A sparse, yet diverse hydroid turf is often apparent, with species such as [Aglaophenia tubulifera], [Nemertesia antennina], [Polyplumaria frutescens], [Halecium halecinum], [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halopteris catharina] often recorded. Spaces amongst the turf are usually colonised by the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and encrusting red algae. Crinoids such as [Antedon petasus], [Antedon bifida] and [Leptometra celtica] may be seen filter feeding on the tops of outcrops and boulders, along with the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum]. Other echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Crossaster papposus] and [Asterias rubens] may also be recorded. There may also be a bryozoan component to the sparse faunal turf. Species such as [Securiflustra securifrons] and [Eucratea loricata] as well as the crustose [Parasmittina trispinosa] are all usually present. There may be a few isolated growths of sponge, such as [Iophonopsis nigricans], [Axinella infundibuliformis] and [Haliclona urceolus]. Other species that may be present include the brachiopod [Terebratulina retusa] and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. The crustacean [Munida rugosa] may be visible in crevices. All records are from the west coast of Scotland (east coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides). Situation: Above this biotope, kelp forests and parks are typically found in the infralittoral, with [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea]. This biotope is found in Scottish Sealochs and, in the most sheltered situations, may gr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.134
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders (although a variant is found on mixed substrata). It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is exposed to varying amounts of scour (due to nearby patches of sediment) and, as a consequence, is characteristically dominated by dense [Flustra folicaea], a range of colonial ascidians and a variety of other scour/silt-tolerant species. In addition to [F. foliacea], other bryozoans present in this biotope include [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bugula flabellata] and [Bugula plumosa]. Varying amounts of the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] may be recorded, depending on the amount of scouring which may vary locally. Where scour is a major factor, species such as the scour-tolerant [Urticina felina] are frequently observed. Hydroids present in this biotope include [Nemertesia antennina], [Halecium halecium], [Tubularia indivisa] and [Hydrallmania falcata]. Other species present include silt-tolerant sponges such as [Scypha ciliata], [Cliona celata], [Leucosolenia botryoides], and the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Botryllus schlosseri]. [Balanus crenatus] may be recorded occasionally on the boulder/rock surface, and the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be observed finding refuge in crevices and under boulders. More ubiquitous species present include [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Pagurus bernhardus]. Three variants of this biotope have been defined. FluCoAs.SmAs tends to have a high abundance of barnacles, which populate the rocky seabed. The second variant (FluCoAs.Paur) is characterised by abundant [Polyclinum aurantium] in addition to [F. foliacea], which often incorporates sand grains into itself, giving the crustose appearance of sandy rock nodules. Finally, FluCoAs.X is found on mixed substrata and is characterised by a dense hydroid turf growing alongside [F. foliacea] and other …
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Polyclinum aurantium] and [Flustra foliacea] on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Flustra foliacea], small solitary and colonial ascidians on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock or boulders
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed circalittoral mixed substrata

Sandy mixed sediment with [Alcyonidium diaphanum]
type: Concept
notation: A5.446
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop)
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

Deep circalittoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.45
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with slightly muddy mixed gravelly sand and stones or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little data available. Such habitats are often highly diverse with a high number of infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore gravels and coarse sands and in some areas populations of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus may develop in these habitats (see A5.622).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Polychaete-rich deep [Venus] community in offshore mixed sediments

Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A5.46
definition: These communities occur on a substratum whose nature varies widely and depends largely on the typology of the nearby coast and of nearby infralittoral formations. This implies that substrata can sometimes be gravels and sands originating from predominant local rocks, sometimes shell debris from various molluscs, sometimes debris from branched bryozoans or debris of dead and more or less corroded [Melobesiae] spp. The interstices between these various components are partially filled by a greater or lesser proportion of sand and mud.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Facies with [Ophiura texturata]
narrower: Facies with Synascidies
narrower: Facies with large Bryozoa

[Polyclinum aurantium] and [Flustra foliacea] on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.1341
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper face of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. Sand and silt are periodically re-suspended in the water column, resulting in scour-tolerant species being characteristic of these areas. There is a dense covering of the scour-resistant bryozoan [Flustra foliacea] attached to the bedrock plains and boulders. The colonial ascidian [Polyclinum aurantium] commonly covers the rock surface at most locations within this biotope - itself incorporating sand grains into its surface to give it the appearance of sandy rock nodules. Other ascidians that may occur in this crust are the flat, encrusting colonial [Botrylloides leachi], [Botryllus schlosseri] and the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], although in varying quantities at each location. A short turf of other bryozoans such as [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bugula plumosa] and [Bugula flabellata] occur amongst the ascidians. Other species found in this biotope are the sponges [Cliona celata], [Leucosolenia botryoides] and [Scypha ciliata], the hydroids [Tubularia indivisa], [Nemertesia antennina], [Halecium halecinum] and the anthozoans [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina]. Echinoderms which may be present include the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis]. Crustaceans such as the crab [Cancer pagurus], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the lobster [Homarus gammarus] may be observed in crevices and under boulders. The palps of the polychaete [Polydora] spp. may be observed whilst the nudibranch [Janolus cristatus] may be seen preying on the hydroid/bryozoan turf. This variant is commonly found on the Northumberland coast, Flamborough Head and the Lleyn Peninsula. Situation: As FluCoAs.Paur tends to occur in waters with a sediment load, the resulting light penetration is reduced, meaning that kelp forests such as Lhyp, normally found shallower than FluCoAs.Paur in the inf…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Flustra foliacea], small solitary and colonial ascidians on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock or boulders
type: Concept
notation: A4.1342
definition: This sub-biotope is typically found on the upper faces of exposed to moderately exposed, tide-swept, scoured, circalittoral bedrock or boulders. It most frequently occurs between 10-20m water depth. The biotope is characteristically dominated by dense [Flustra foliacea] with a variety of slightly scour/silt-tolerant species forming a dense turf. This turf is primarily composed of bryozoans ([Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula plumosa], [Bicellariella ciliata]) and hydroids ([Tubularia indivisa], [Nemertesia antennina], [Sertularia argentea], [Hydrallmania falcata], [Abietinaria abietina]). Where space permits, barnacles such as [Balanus crenatus] may be found encrusting on the rock surface. There may also be occasional crusts formed by the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa], especially where the rock is most influenced by sand. Anthozoans which may be observed include [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans], whilst the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] may be recorded on the tops of boulders and bedrock ridges. A range of small solitary and colonial ascidians may be seen, including [Polycarpa scuba], [Dendrodoa grossularia], [Molgula manhattensis], [Botryllus schlosseri], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and polyclinids. Sponges found include [Scypha ciliata], [Cliona celata], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Dysidea fragilis]. Echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata] and [Crossaster papposus] may be seen on the rock surface. Other species found include the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum], the crabs [Cancer pagurus] and [Necora puber]. Situation: Above this variant, exposed kelp forest supporting [Laminaria hyperborea] is commonly found (LhypR). At locations where wave-exposure and/or tidal streams are less, this biotope may be replaced by [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Securiflustra securifrons] (FaAlCr.Sec). Where the substrata changes to a less stable mixed substrata, then this biotope will be replaced by the sub-biotope FluCoAs.X, with more `sedi…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.1343
definition: This variant is typically found on very exposed to moderately exposed, circalittoral mixed substrata subject to moderately strong tidal streams. It most frequently occurs between 10m and 20m water depth. This variant is characterised by a dense hydroid and [Flustra foliacea] turf, along with other scour-tolerant species, growing on the more stable boulders and cobbles which overlie coarse muddy sand and gravel. Although [Nemertesia antennina] is the dominant species within the hydroid turf, other species such as [Halecium halecinum], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Hydrallmania falcata] may also be present. Other bryozoans found amongst the hydroid and [Flustra] turf include [Cellepora pumicosa], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula turbinata], and a crisiid turf. Encrusting red algae, the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and barnacles such as [Balanus crenatus] may be found on the smaller cobbles and pebbles, which may become mobile during extreme storms. Echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] and [Ophiothrix fragilis] may be present on the boulders, or the coarse sediment in between. On the larger, more stable boulders, isolated sponge communities may develop, with species such as [Scypha ciliata], [Dysidea fragilis], [Hemimycale columella], [Esperiopsis fucorum] and [Stelligera rigida]. In addition, small [Alcyonium digitatum], various ascidians ([Clavelina lepadiformis], [Botryllus schlosseri]), [Pododesmus patelliformis] and top shells ([Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Gibbula cineraria]) may colonise the upper faces and vertical sides of larger boulders. At some shallower sites, the foliose red algae [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] may be found on the tops of larger boulders. Within the coarse sediment underlying these boulders and cobbles, anemones such as [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Urticina felina] may be recorded. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of terebellid worms, and crabs such as [Pisidia longicornis] and [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: This variant is found in wave-expose…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Facies with [Ophiura texturata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.461
definition: This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the Echinoderm [Ophiura texturata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms

Facies with Synascidies
type: Concept
notation: A5.462
definition: This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of tunicate colonial ascidians or "Synascidies".
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms

Facies with large Bryozoa
type: Concept
notation: A5.463
definition: This facies is characterised by the frequent presence of big colonies of arborescent bryozoans, unattached or fixed to small substrata.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms

Sparse sponges, [Nemertesia] spp., and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] on circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.135
definition: This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed sand-scoured, circalittoral boulders, cobbles and pebbles that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams (referred to as lag-cobbles locally). It is characterised by sparse sponges and a diverse bryozoan and hydroid turf. The sparse sponge community is primarily composed of [Dysidea fragilis] and [Scypha ciliata]. The mixed faunal turf is composed of [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Halecium halecinum], [Sertularia argentea], [Alcyonium digitatum], [Bugula flabellata], [Bugula turbinata], [Bugula plumosa], [Flustra foliacea], [Cellepora pumicosa], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Cellaria fistulosa] and crisiid bryozoans. The anemones [Epizoanthus couchii], [Sagartia elegans] and [Cerianthus lloydii] may also be recorded. Echinoderms such as the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], [Henricia oculata] and the crinoid [Antedon bifida]. Other species present include the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria], the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the ascidian [Morchellium argus], [Prosthecareus vittatus] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. It is distributed off Pen Llyn and over considerable areas of the Irish Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Suberites] spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and [Bugula] spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed shallow circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.136
definition: This biotope is found on heavily silted, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock and boulders (often limestone) that are subject to moderately strong tidal streams. A very high silt loading in the water column means that this 'circalittoral' biotope occurs at unusually shallow depths (1 - 10 m BCD). It is characterised by a mixed faunal turf and `massive' examples of the sponges [Suberites ficus], [Suberites carnosus] and [Hymeniacidon perleve]. Other sponges recorded in this biotope are [Cliona celata], [Halichondria panicea], [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Raspailia ramosa], [Polymastia mamillaris], [Dysidea fragilis], [Scypha ciliata], [Stelligera rigida] and [Haliclona oculata]. Also characteristic of this biotope is a dense bryozoan turf with one or more crisiid species, [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa]. The polychaete [Polydora] spp. and the rock-boring bivalve [Hiatella arctica] are able to bore into the relatively soft limestone. There is an ascidian component to the biotope, with [Morchellium argus] and [Clavelina lepadiformis] among the most abundant. There may be scattered clumps of the hydroids [Abietinaria abietina] and [Hydrallmania falcata]. Other species present include the anemones [Metridium senile], [Sagartia elegans] and [Urticina felina], the starfish [Asterias rubens], the crab [Necora puber], the nudibranch [Janolus cristatus] and the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum]. This biotope has currently only been recorded off the east coast of Anglesey, Wales.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Flustra foliacea] and [Haliclona oculata] with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.137
definition: This biotope is typically found on exposed slopes of silty cobble and pebble subject to strong to moderate tidal streams. From afar, large 'finger' growths of the sponge [Haliclona oculata] occur amongst a rich faunal turf of hydroids and bryozoans with [Flustra foliacea] prominent. The dense faunal turf growing on the cobbles is composed of the bryozoans [F. foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Crisia eburnea] and sporadic occurrences of the hydroids [Nemertesia antennina], [Hydrallmania falcata], [Tubularia larynx], [Rhizocaulus verticillatus] and [Halecium halecinum]. Caprellid shrimps may be observed within this faunal turf. The hard substratum frequently has a dense covering of the sponge [H. oculata] and occasionally [Esperiopsis fucorum], while the softer gravely/sand between the cobbles provides a habitat for anemones such as [Urticina felina] and [Cerianthus lloydii]. The nudibranch [Janolus cristatus] may be seen preying on the faunal turf and the fan worm [Sabella pavonia] is occasionally seen amongst the cobbles. The soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] is often attached to the upper faces of more stable cobbles and rocks, while in the crevices between cobbles, the anemone [Sagartia elegans], the crab [Cancer pagurus], the prawn [Pandalus montagui] and the amphipod [Dyopedos porrectus] may be observed. Under-cobble fauna includes terebellid worms and [Harmothoe] spp. This biotope has been recorded from the Menai Strait, Milford Haven and Morecambe Bay.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Molgula manhattensis] with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.138
definition: This biotope is typically found on slightly sand-scoured, tide-swept, moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock and cobbles. It is commonly recorded from the shallower reaches of the circalittoral around depths from 5m to 15m BCD, as it occurs mostly in very turbid waters. From afar, the physical characteristics are usually silted bedrock reefs and cobble, interspersed with patches of clean sand, causing a scour effect on the rock. Dense aggregations of the ascidian [Molgula manhattensis] form a silty mat on the rock and there is a sparse hydroid and bryozoan turf. A hydroid turf, composed of [Nemertesia antennina], [Halecium beanii], [Hydrallmania falcata], [Sertularella gaudichaudi], [Tubularia indivisa] and [Alcyonium digitatum], in varying amounts, occurs at most sites on the tops of boulders and ridges. A bryozoan turf is also present, but not usually dense and includes [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Electra pilosa] and the crust-forming bryozoan [Conopeum reticulum]. The polychaete [Lanice conchilega] thrives in the sandy patches which often occur between the rock ridges. The scour effect tends to reduce the diversity of sponges present with only [Halichondria panicea] occasionally present. Isolated clumps of the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] may be present but they do not occur in dense aggregations as in the Sspi.ByB biotope. The anemones [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia troglodytes] may occur in cracks between cobbles or on stones buried in the sandy substratum. The anemone [Sagartia elegans] is more commonly found attached to crevices in the bedrock. Other species such as the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the polychaete [Sabella pavonia] and [Pomatoceros triqueter] may all be present whilst the crab [Pisidia longicornis] may be found under cobbles and stones. Records of this biotope are distributed along the south coast of England and the north Wales coast as well as Pembrokeshire near the entrance to M…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

Mediterranean communities of shelf-edge detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A5.47
definition: These communities are present in detritic bottoms with abundance of dead shells, bryozoans and coral skeletons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Maybe referring to shell substrate (A4.73). Need to check with G. Bellan.
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Facies with [Neolampas rostellata]
narrower: Facies with [Leptometra phalangium]

Sponges and anemones on vertical circalittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A4.139
definition: This biotope is found on exposed to moderately wave exposed , vertical and overhanging, circalittoral bedrock, subject to strong through to weak tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by a mixed faunal turf of hydroids ([Nemertesis antennina], [Tubularia indivisa] and [Halecium halecium]) and bryozoans ([Alcyonidium diaphanum] and crisiid turf). There is frequently a diverse range of sponges recorded, including [Cliona celata], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Hemimycale columella]. There may be dense aggregation of dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] along with clumps of the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii], and the anthozoans [Corynactis viridis], [Actinothoe sphyrodeta], [Sagartia elegans] and [Metridium senile]. Other species present include the echinoderms [Echinus esculentus], [Asterias rubens], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Henricia oculata], [Holothuria forskali] and [Antedon bifida], clumps of the lightbulb tunicate [Clavelina lepadiformis] and the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum]. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. The first variant is characterised by a [Bugula] turf along with the pink sea fan [Eunicella verrucosa], and has been recorded from around southwest England and Wales. The second variant, characterised by a dense 'carpet' of [Corynactis viridis] and [Metridium senile] has been recorded predominantly from the west coast of Ireland. The final variant is characterised by a very diverse, dense faunal turf of hydroids, bryozoans and ascidians and has been recorded from the coasts around Northern Ireland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed faunal turf communities on circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.211
definition: This biotope is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of very exposed through to wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulders, which are typically subject to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by dense aggregations of the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the sea fan [Swiftia pallida] on the silty substratum. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and encrusting red algae may be seen. This biotope may have a grazed appearance, perhaps attributable to the frequently occurring [Echinus esculentus]. There may be a sparse hydroid turf present, with species such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halecium halecinum] present. The soft corals [Alcyonium glomeratum] and [Alcyonium digitatum] may be present on the tops of boulders along with the crinoids [Antedon petasus] and [Antedon bifida]. Other echinoderms occasionally observed include the starfish [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens] and [Luidia ciliaris]. Sponges feature only occasionally in this biotope, including species such as [Cliona celata]. The bryozoan [Porella compressa] may also be recorded. Ascidians occasionally present include [Ascidia mentula], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]. Under-boulder fauna typically consists of the crustacean [Munida rugosa]. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be seen encrusting the rocky surface. Two variants of this biotope have been identified; CarSwi.Aglo and CarSwi.LgAs. CarSwi.Aglo is a heavily silted biotope characterised by the sea fan [S. pallida], the cup coral [C. smithii] and the soft coral [A. glomeratum] and is only present in Irish waters. CarSwi.LgAs has been recorded off the west coast of Scotland, and is characterised by large solitary ascidians and the cup coral [C. smithii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2111
definition: This variant typically occurs on sheltered, ridged, circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to only weak tidal streams, but may be found in somewhat more exposed conditions. It is found in water depths ranging from 15m to 32m. Commonly occurring [Swiftia pallida] characterises this heavily silted biotope along with [Caryophyllia smithii] and frequent [Alcyonium glomeratum]. Under the silt, bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] may be found. There is a strong echinoderm component to the community, with the tentacles of [Aslia lefevrei] frequently seen protruding from crevices in the ridged bedrock. [Holothuria forskali] is often seen on the upper faces of boulders and bedrock. [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens], [Echinus esculentus], [Henricia oculata] and [Luidia ciliaris] may also be present. A sparse hydroid turf may also be present, with species such as [Polyplumaria frutescens], [Halecium halecinum] and [Nemertesia antennina]. In addition, there may be anthozoans such as [Isozoanthus sulcatus] and [Corynactis viridis]. The sponge [Suberites carnosus] is typically associated with a heavily silted habitat. Other sponges present include [Cliona celata], [Stelligera stuposa] and [Polymastia boletiformis]. The only records are from the west coast of Ireland. Situation: Usually found on bedrock ridges and outcrops surrounded by sand and muddy gravel.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock

Facies with [Neolampas rostellata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.471
definition: This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the sea urchin [Neolampas rostellata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of shelf-edge detritic bottoms

Facies with [Leptometra phalangium]
type: Concept
notation: A5.472
definition: This facies is characterised by the high abundance of the crynoid [Leptometra phalangium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of shelf-edge detritic bottoms

Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.5
definition: This habitat type includes maerl beds, seaweed dominated mixed sediments (including kelps such as [Laminaria saccharina] and filamentous/foliose red and green algae), seagrass beds, and lagoonal angiosperm communities. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to lagoons and are found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Change in name and generalisation to include Posidonia, which had been separated at level 3 in 1999 (Southampton workshop).
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Maerl beds
narrower: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

Maerl beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.51
definition: Beds of maerl in coarse clean sediments of gravels and clean sands, which occur either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets (the latter often stony). In fully marine conditions the dominant maerl is typically [Phymatolithon calcareum] (A5.511), whilst under variable salinity conditions in some sealochs beds of [Lithothamnion glaciale] (A5.512) may develop.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
narrower: [Lithothamnion glaciale] maerl beds in tide-swept variable salinity infralittoral gravel
narrower: [Lithothamnion corallioides] maerl beds on infralittoral muddy gravel
narrower: [Lithophyllum fasciculatum] maerl beds on infralittoral mud
narrower: Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents
narrower: Association with rhodolithes on coastal detritic bottoms

[Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with red seaweeds in shallow infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5111
definition: Upper infralittoral maerl beds characterised by [Phymatolithon calcareum] in gravels and sand with a wide variety of associated red seaweeds. These algae typically include [Dictyota dichotoma], [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Phycodrys rubens], [Chondrus crispus], [Halarachnion ligulatum], [Chylocladia verticillata], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides] and [Nitophyllum punctum]. These species are not restricted to maerl beds but their abundance on maerl beds differentiates this biotope from Pcal.Nmix. Anthozoans and echinoderms are much less common in this biotope than in Pcal.Nmix, which typically occurs deeper than Pcal.R.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand

[Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with [Neopentadactyla mixta] and other echinoderms in deeper infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5112
definition: Lower infralittoral maerl beds characterised by [Phymatolithon calcareum] in gravels and sand with a variety of associated echinoderms. The echinoderm [Neopentadactyla mixta] is frequently observed in this biotope. Other echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Ophiura albida] and rarely [Luidia ciliaris] may also be present. Red seaweed such as [Plocamium cartilagineum] may be present but at a much lower abundance than in Pcal.R and with fewer species present. Other, more ubiquitous echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] may also be found in low numbers throughout Pcal biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand

[Caryophyllia smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2112
definition: This variant typically occurs on exposed to moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral bedrock and boulders rock subject to mainly weak tidal streams and has a thin layer of silt present. It is found predominantly from 10-30m water depth. From afar, this biotope is mostly distinguished by the frequently occurring seafan [Swiftia pallida], encrusting red algae and the abundant cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. This biotope has quite an impoverished appearance, compared with SwiLgAs which has a strong sponge component. Other species present are typically in low abundance. Echinoderms such as [Echinus esculentus], [Antedon bifida], [Antedon petasus], [Leptometra celtica], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Luidia ciliaris] and [Asterias rubens] may be recorded. Large hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] may occasionally be seen in isolated clumps on the tops of boulders and rocky outcrops. The anthozoan [Parazoanthus anguicomus] may be recorded. Bryozoans such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and [Porella compressa] are occasionally observed. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be observed encrusting the sides of rocks and boulders while occasional [Alcyonium digitatum] may also be seen. A small suite of large ascidians may be present, including [Ascidia mentula], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ciona intestinalis], [Diazona violacea] and [Ascidia virginea]. Sponges are typically absent from this biotope, although [Cliona celata] may be recorded occasionally. The top shell [Gibbula cineraria] is usually present. Under boulders and overhangs, the squat lobster [Munida rugosa] can usually be seen hiding. All these records are from the west coast of Scotland (East coast of Lewis /Outer Hebrides). Situation: Above this biotope in the infralittoral zone, sheltered kelp forests are usually found, with species such as [Laminaria hyperborea], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Sacchoriza polyschides]. This biotope is found on bedrock and boulders, which may either be pr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.212
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper and vertical faces of wave-exposed, moderately strong to weakly tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock or boulders, with a water depth range of 20-30m. This often silty biotope has a typically sparse fauna, appearing grazed, and is characterised by common cup corals [Caryophyllia smithii], frequent [Alcyonium digitatum] and occasional urchins [Echinus esculentus]. There may be occasional large growths of the sponge [Cliona celata], [Haliclona viscosa], [Pachymatisma johnstonia] and the axinellid sponge [Stelligera stuposa]. Echinoderms form a prominent feature of the fauna within this biotope, with species such as [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens], [Luidia ciliaris], [Henricia oculata], [Holothuria forskali], [Antedon bifida] and [Aslia lefevrei] present. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and encrusting red algae cover the rock/boulder surface. The bryozoan [Porella compressa] may also be recorded occasionally. Isolated clumps of hydroids feature species such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Abietinaria abietina], [Halecium halecinum] and [Sertularella gayi]. Other species observed include the anemone [Corynactis viridis], [Urticina felina], [Sagartia elegans], [Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Balanus crenatus] and [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Two variants within this biotope have been distinguished: CarSp.PenPcom and CarSp.Bri. While CarSp.PenPcom tends to have the bryozoans [Pentapora foliacea] and [P. compressa], while CarSp.Bri features a dynamic community of brittlestars covering the seabed in a dense mat. [Ophiothrix fragilis] is usually the dominant species in shallow water but tends to be replaced by [Ophiocomina nigra] in deeper water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts, [Parasmittina trispinosa] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii] and sponges with [Pentapora foliacea], [Porella compressa] and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts, [Parasmittina trispinosa] and [Caryophyllia smithii] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2121
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, on open coasts. However, the depth at which the variant occurs means that wave action is not so severe on the seabed as to displace the dense mat of brittlestars that covers the seabed. [Ophiothrix fragilis] is usually the most dominant species in shallow water, with [Ophiocomina nigra] usually found amongst them, but sometimes becoming the dominant species in deeper water. Although brittlestar biotopes are typically species-poor, the underlying fauna in this variant is relatively diverse and resembles that of CarSp.PenPcom. Species such as the anemone [Urticina felina], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii], and the anemone [Corynactis viridis] may occasionally be present. There may also be sparse clumps of various hydroids including [Halecium halecinum], [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Sertularella gayi] and [Abietinaria abietina]. Soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] is occasionally present and there may be sparse specimens of the sponges [Cliona celata] and [Polymastia boletiformis]. In addition, various echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens], [Antedon bifida], [Echinus esculentus], [Henricia oculata], [Marthasterias glacialis] and [Luidia ciliaris] may be observed. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be seen attached to any available space on the bedrock and boulders not smothered by brittlestars. Bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] may also be present. Situation: Wave-exposed seabed composed of bedrock ridges and/or boulder or cobble slope. Shallower than this biotope, the lower infralittoral kelp park is dominated by [Laminaria hyperborea]. A dense understorey may be present, containing [Antedon] spp., [Phycodrys rubens] and [Plocamium cartilagineum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Caryophyllia smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Association with rhodolithes in coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents
type: Concept
notation: A5.515
definition: This facies is characterised by the presence of small calcareous algae species exposed to strong bottom currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check that this is truly a biogenic structure
broader: Maerl beds

Association with rhodolithes on coastal detritic bottoms
type: Concept
notation: A5.516
definition: This association characterised by "balls" of calcareous encrusting algae occurs on coastal detritic bottoms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds

Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.52
definition: Shallow sublittoral sediments which support seaweed communities, typically including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina], the bootlace weed [Chorda filum] and various red and brown seaweeds, particularly filamentous types. The generally sheltered nature of these habitats enables the seaweeds to grow on shells and small stones which lie on the sediment surface; some communities develop as loose-lying mats on the sediment surface.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum] on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] with [Psammechinus miliaris] and/or [Modiolus modiolus] on variable salinity infralittoral sediment
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina], [Gracilaria gracilis] and brown seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral sediment
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and [Gracilaria gracilis] with sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral sediment
narrower: Mats of [Trailliella] on infralittoral muddy gravel
narrower: Loose-lying mats of [Phyllophora crispa] on infralittoral muddy sediment
narrower: Filamentous green seaweeds on low salinity infralittoral mixed sediment or rock
narrower: Facies with [Ficopomatus enigmaticus]
narrower: Association with [Gracilaria] spp.
narrower: Association with [Chaetomorpha linum] and [Valonia aegagropila]
narrower: Association with [Halopitys incurva]
narrower: Association with [Ulva laetevirens] and [Enteromorpha linza]
narrower: Association with [Cystoseira barbata]
narrower: Association with [Lamprothamnium papulosum]
narrower: Association with [Cladophora echinus] and [Rytiphloea tinctoria]
narrower: Association with [Peyssonnelia rosa-marina]
narrower: Association with [Arthrocladia villosa]
narrower: Association with [Osmundaria volubilis]
narrower: Association with [Kallymenia patens]
narrower: Association with [Laminaria rodriguezii]
narrower: Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] biocenosis on shell gravel
narrower: Pontic degraded facies of the [Phyllophora] biocenosis

[Caryophyllia smithii] and sponges with [Pentapora foliacea], [Porella compressa] and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2122
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces and vertical sides of wave-exposed bedrock or boulders subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The fauna is often sparse with the frequently observed [Echinus esculentus] giving it a grazed appearance, but the community may also be affected by violent storm action working into deep water during winter storms. Despite this spartan appearance, the community is relatively diverse and contains a wide range of sponges, hydroids, bryozoans and echinoderms. This variant is found on open coasts or offshore, and is characterised by the cup-coral [Caryophyllia smithii], [Alcyonium digitatum], the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus], large specimens of the sponge [Cliona celata], encrusting bryozoans and encrusting red algae. Although this variant tends to occur in deep water (depth range of 20-30m), a high degree of water clarity allows some red algae to grow at these depths. Other species recorded include large specimens of [Haliclona viscosa], the bryozoans [Parasmittina trispinosa], [Porella compressa] and [Pentapora foliacea], the sea cucumbers [Holothuria forskali] and [Aslia lefevrei] and sparse hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Halecium halecinum]. Anemones such as [Corynactis viridis], [Sagartia elegans] and [Urticina felina] are also frequently seen. Various other species characteristic of wave-exposed rock include the sponges [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Stelligera stuposa], the starfish [Luidia ciliaris], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata], the crinoid [Antedon bifida], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. The majority of the records within this variant originate from the west coast of Ireland. Situation: Exposed kelp forest and park biotopes such as LhypR with species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] are typically found shallower than this biotope…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Caryophyllia smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Urticina felina] and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.213
definition: This biotope typically occurs on tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, rock adjacent to mobile sand/gravel in gullies, and cobbles on gravel and sand, characterised by scour-tolerant robust species. Although many of these species are found on subtidal rock, they tend to occur in larger numbers in these highly sand-influenced conditions. The dominant species by far is the anemone [Urticina felina] which commonly occurs on rocks at the sand-rock interface, where the scour levels are at a maximum and few species can tolerate this abrasion. The sponge [Ciocalypta penicillus] is also very characteristic of shifting sand-covered rock. This biotope is only occasionally recorded as a separate entity, because its extent is typically restricted to a very narrow band of rock at the sediment interface. Only occasionally does it cover a large extent of rock (e.g. where the wave action is strong enough to cause sand abrasion well up the rock face or where the rock is low-lying). More often, this scoured zone is recorded as part of whatever biotope occurs on the nearby hard substrata. Other species (which are able to survive, and benefit from the reduced competition) include [Balanus crenatus], [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Cellepora pumicosa], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Cliona celata], encrusting red algae and [Asterias rubens]. Situation: This biotope tends to be found in close proximity to mobile sand or gravel, producing scour that tends to limit the number of species found.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock

Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.214
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the vertical and upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to mostly moderate to weak tidal streams (a variant of this biotope containing brittlestar is found on bedrock, boulders and cobbles). The biotope is dominated by faunal (e.g. [Parasmittina trispinosa]) and algal (Corallinaceae) crusts, and tends to have a grazed appearance; this may be partially attributable to the abundance of [Echinus esculentus] found in this biotope. Occasionally, the rock may appear pink from a distance, due to the expanses of encrusting red algae on the rock surface. [Alcyonium digitatum] is one of the few species to stand erect from the encrusted rock surface and are frequently encountered, on the tops of rocky outcrops and boulders. Hydroids do not form a prominent feature of this biotope, with only robust species such as [Abietinaria abietina] frequently recorded. Sponges and [Caryophyllia smithii] are rarely present while erect bryozoans and ascidians are scarce (although there are exceptions, see variants). The [E. esculentus] grazed substratum may be interspersed with other encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis]. Other species present include [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Urticina felina], [Ophiocomina nigra], [Pagurus bernhardus], [Flustra foliacea], [Gibbula cineraria], [Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Ophiura albida], [Ciona intestinalis] and [Antedon bifida]. Six variants of this biotope have been recorded. FaAlCr.Flu is dominated by the silt and scour tolerant bryozoan [F. foliacea]. FaAlCr.Adig is dominated by [A. digitatum]. FaAlCr.Sec is dominated by [Securiflustra securifrons]. FaAlCr.Pom looks extremely impoverished (even for a grazed community). FaAlCr.Bri has a dense covering of brittlestars while FaAlCr.Car is only found under weak/very weak tides and is dominated by [C. smithii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] on slightly scoured silty circalittoral rock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum], [Pomatoceros triqueter], algal and bryozoan crusts on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum] with [Securiflustra securifrons] on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Faunal and algal crusts with [Pomatoceros triqueter] and sparse [Alcyonium digitatum] on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Caryophyllia smithii] with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Mats of [Trailliella] on infralittoral muddy gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.526
definition: Dense loose-lying beds of the '[Trailliella]' phase of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] may occur in extremely sheltered shallow muddy environments. Beds of this alga are often 10 cm thick but may reach 100 cm at some sites. Other loose-lying algae may also occur such as [Audouinella floridula, Phyllophora crispa] and species of [Derbesia]. Often the mud is gravelly or with some cobbles and may be black and anoxic close to the sediment surface. This biotope is widely distributed in lagoons, sealochs and voes but should only be described as SMP.Tra when a continuous mat is found. It is likely that the infaunal component of this biotope may be considerably modified by the overwhelming quantity of loose-lying algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Facies with [Ficopomatus enigmaticus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.529
definition: The characteristic species of this association is the Annelid [Ficopomatus enigmaticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Gracilaria] spp.
type: Concept
notation: A5.52A
definition: This association is characterised by the red algae belonging to the genus [Gracilaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Chaetomorpha linum] and [Valonia aegagropila]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52B
definition: This association is characterised by the green algae [Chaetomorpha linum] and [Valonia aegagropila].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

[Flustra foliacea] on slightly scoured silty circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2141
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong tidal streams. These rocky patches may be interspersed with gravelly sand patches, causing a scouring effect. From afar, the variant appears dominated by the bryozoan [Flustra foliacea]. [Alcyonium digitatum] may also be seen attached to the rocky substratum. Under closer inspection, the white tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be observed on the rock and boulders, especially on vertical faces. There may be sandy/gravelly patches in between the boulders colonised by the anemone [Urticina felina]. The regular occurrence of large numbers of the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] in this biotope may be responsible for grazing the faunal and algal turf, thus keeping species richness relatively low. Other echinoderms that may be seen include the ubiquitous starfish [Asterias rubens] and the common brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis]. Sparse clumps of the hydroids [Thuiaria thuja], [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia antennina] and [Tubularia indivisa] are occasionally seen attached to the rocky substratum. The hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], the polychaete [Sabella pavonina] and sparse bryozoan crusts may also be present. This biotope is characteristic of the bedrock terraces along the Northumberland coast that are generally species impoverished compared to similar [F. foliacea] biotopes on the west coasts of the UK, which have a more diverse range of sponges, hydroids and bryozoans. As the turbidity levels increase in this fairly silty biotope, so the species diversity is reduced. Situation: This biotope typically occurs around coasts subject to sand scour and siltation. Associated biotopes common around the north-east coast of England include circalittoral gravel and coarse sands. Typical species present include [Echinocardium], [Lanice conchilega], [Ensis] spp., [Mya truncata] and [Myxicola]. Where suitable substr…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Alcyonium digitatum], [Pomatoceros triqueter], algal and bryozoan crusts on wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2142
definition: This variant is typically found on the vertical, steep and upper faces of wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subject to varying amounts of current. The variant has a very grazed, sparse appearance, dominated only by the presence of [Alcyonium digitatum] and large expanses of encrusting red alage and bryozoan crusts particularly ([Parasmittina trispinosa]). The sparse appearance can be attributed to the frequently observed sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be locally abundant, and may in some cases cover far more rock surface than [A. digitatum], especially on vertical faces. Clumps of robust hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina] occur occasionally. Other species present include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Henricia sanguinolenta], [Ophiothrix fragilis], the anemone [Urticina felina], [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: Shallower than this biotope, dense kelp forest is typically found, containing species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Alaria esculentus]. Occasionally, this biotope may be found on rocky outcrops surrounding by coarse sand. With this increased scour, MCR.UrtScr may develop at the rock/sand interface. Below this biotope, coarse sediments, muddy gravel and sand are typically recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Alcyonium digitatum] with [Securiflustra securifrons] on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2143
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The rock surface is dominated by [Alcyonium digitatum] and the bryozoan [Securiflustra securifrons]. The rock between these species appears fairly sparse and grazed, with expanses of encrusting red algae. The sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] is frequently seen, and in collaboration with the light attenuating effects of depth, is probably the principal reason for the lack of algal turf. Other species found include the hydroids [Abietinaria abietina], [Nemertesia antennina], [Thuiaria thuja], the bryozoans [Cellepora pumicosa], [Parasmittina trispinosa], [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and other bryozoan crusts. Encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacle [Balanus balanus] are frequently observed. Other species present include [Asterias rubens], [Antedon bifida], [Ophiura albida], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Caryophyllia smithii], [Urticina felina], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Calliostoma zizphinium] and [Pandalus montagui]. Situation: Above this biotope, you tend to find exposed kelp forest and park (LhypR). There is a tendency for slight scouring to occur in this biotope. However, if this scour increases further, for example if water movement increases, mobilising more sand, this biotope may graduate into UrtScr. In more silty sites, there is a tendency for [S. securifrons] to be replaced by [F. foliacea] as the dominant bryozoan, turning the biotope into FaAlCr.Flu. Temporal variation: Whilst the great majority of species in this variant are most likely present throughout the year, [C. lepadiformis] grows in spring and may show great variation in abundance from year to year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Association with [Halopitys incurva]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52C
definition: This association is characterised by the red alga [Halopitys incurvus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Ulva laetevirens] and [Enteromorpha linza]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52D
definition: This association is characterised by the green algae [Ulva laetevirens] and [Enteromorpha linza].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Cystoseira barbata]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52E
definition: This association is characterised by the brown alga [Cystoseira barbata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Lamprothamnium papulosum]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52F
definition: This association is characterised by the foxtail stonewort (charophyte) [Lamprothamnium papulosum]. [Lamprothamnium papulosum] is a rare, brackish water stonewort growing to a height of up to 40 cm with regular whorls of slender cylindrical branches each with several spine-like bracts which give the plant a furry appearance. The foxtail stonewort has a sporadic distribution around the coast of Europe from Norway to the Iberian Peninsula. In the Mediterranean it extends eastwards to Tunisia and Sicily with isolated records from Cyprus and the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Cladophora echinus] and [Rytiphloea tinctoria]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52G
definition: The characteristic species of this association are the green alga [Cladophora echinus] and the red alga [Rytiphloea tinctoria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Peyssonnelia rosa-marina]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52H
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga [Peyssonnelia rosa-marina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2144
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. It is characterised by high densities of brittlestars (predominantly [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiura albida]). In fact, they may form such dense beds that the seabed underneath may not be visible. The rocky substratum is usually colonised by species such as encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Only robust hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina], [Alcyonium digitatum] and bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are able to tolerate the significant smothering effect from the dense mat of brittlestars. Other species typically seen include [Echinus esculentus], [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus], [Anapagurus hyndmanni], [Gibbula cineraria], [Urticina felina], [Pododesmus patelliformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]. Situation: Shallower than the FaAlCr.Bri variant, kelp park and forest may be found with species such as [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria hyperborea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Faunal and algal crusts with [Pomatoceros triqueter] and sparse [Alcyonium digitatum] on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2145
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral bedrock or boulders subjected to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. From afar, the seabed has a rather sparse, grazed appearance, reminiscent of a brittlestar bed after the brittlestars have moved elsewhere. The rocky substratum is generally covered with encrusting red algae and the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], dotted with the abundant urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Under closer inspection, [Alcyonium digitatum] are usually seen attached to the rocky surface underneath rock overhangs and large boulders. Although they may be recorded as abundant or common in some areas, their relatively small size means that their biomass is generally lower than in other biotopes. Sparse clumps of robust hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina] are frequently observed, and bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are occasionally seen. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiocomina nigra], and the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be seen within crevices in the boulders/rock whilst the starfish [Asterias rubens] may be seen on the rock surface. Muddy-gravel patches between boulders (especially within Scottish sealochs) provide a suitable habitat for the anemone [Urticina felina]. The top shell [Gibbula cineraria] is occasionally seen grazing on the rock surface. Within this biotope, there is some regional variation. The robust hydroid [A. abietina] is typically found in higher abundances in northern (Scottish) regions, especially around the Isle of May. Situation: Above the FaAlCr.Pom variant in the infralittoral zone, species such as [Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria hyperborea] are found in more wave exposed sites (KFaR.Ala/KFaR.Lhyp) while species such as [Laminaria saccharina] may be found above FaAlCr.Pom in the more sheltered examples. Due to moderately tide-swept conditions this variant is found in, clean, coa…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia smithii] with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2146
definition: This variant is typically found on the upper and vertical faces of exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock, subject to very little water movement. Where this variant is found on slightly more wave-exposed sites, it tends to be found towards the bottom of its depth range. The rocky substratum has a grazed appearance, with encrusting red algae. Diversity of species is very low, possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. From afar, there is little evident epifauna attached to the rocks apart from the white, calcareous tubes of the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the cup-coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. In addition, bryozoan crusts such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] are frequently seen. Under closer inspection, a few more species become apparent but few are typically characterising of this particular variant. The echinoderms [Antedon bifida], [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Marthasterias glacialis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Crossaster papposus] are occasionally present. Sparse clumps of hydroids such as [Halecium halecinum], [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and [Nemertesia antennina] may be found attached to rocky outcrops or boulders. Small specimens of [Alcyonium digitatum] may be present. The ascidians [Ciona intestinalis], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ascidia mentula] also occur in this variant but are found in greater numbers in other biotopes. The top shells [Calliostoma zizyphinum], [Gibbula cineraria], and the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] may be seen on the rock surface whilst the crab [Cancer pagurus] may be seen under boulders and in crevices. The anemone [Metridium senile] may be found under rocky overhangs and on the sides of boulders. Situation: As FaAlCr.Car occurs on moderately wave-exposed coasts, kelp forests in the infralittoral zone shallower than this variant tend to be dominated by robust kelp species such as [Laminaria hyperborea] (Lhyp) and [Saccorhiza polyschides]. Immediately belo…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Association with [Arthrocladia villosa]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52I
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga [Arthrocladia villosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Osmundaria volubilis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52J
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga [Osmundaria volubilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Kallymenia patens]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52K
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the red alga [Kallymenia patens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Association with [Laminaria rodriguezii]
type: Concept
notation: A5.52L
definition: This association on coastal detritic bottoms is characterised by the abundance of the brown alga [Laminaria rodriguezii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

[Alcyonium digitatum] and faunal crust communities on vertical circalittoral bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A4.215
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the vertical faces and overhangs of exposed to moderately exposed lower infralittoral and upper circalittoral bedrock subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. Due to the large numbers of the urchin [Echinus esculentus] often recorded, this biotope tends to have a grazed appearance, and the bedrock is often encrusted with pink coralline algae, encrusting bryozoans such as [Parasmittina trispinosa] and the calcareous tubeworm [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Dense aggregations of dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] may be present along with the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Other species present include the echinoderms [Asterias rubens], [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Antedon bifida], the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula], the anthozoans [Urticina feline], [Cortynactis viridis], [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia elegans], the gastropod [Calliostoma zizyphinum] and the crustacean [Cancer pagurus]. Three regional variations of this biotope have been recorded. One variant found typically off the north-east coast of Scotland and around the Northern Isles, has a very impoverished appearance dominated by anthozoans. A second variant occurs along the west coast of Scotland, extending to Rockall in the west, and the Northern Isles in the north-east, and has a more fauna, characterised by hydroids, sponges, anthozoans and echinoderms. A third variant occurs along the north-east coast of England (Northumberland) up to the Northern Isles and is dominated by [Alcyonium digitatum], brittlestars and [Echinus esculentus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Echinoderms and crustose communities on circalittoral rock

[Sabellaria] reefs on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.22
definition: This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to moderately strong tidal streams. It is characterised by dense crusts of the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] covering the substratum. Other fauna present in many cases reflects the biotopes found on nearby rock, so to a certain extent, is quite variable. Species typically present include the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Pentapora foliacea], the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina], the sponges [Tethya aurantium] and [Phorbas fictitius], the anemones [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans], and the ascidians [Distomus variolosus], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Polycarpa scuba]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus], the polychetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Salmacina dysteri], the starfish [Crossaster papposus], and [Alcyonium digitatum] may also be recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa] encrusted circalittoral rock

[Sabellaria spinulosa] encrusted circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.221
definition: This biotope is typically found encrusting the upper faces of wave-exposed and moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to strong/moderately strong tidal streams in areas with high turbidity. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm [Sabellaria spinulosa] may even completely cover the rock, binding the substratum together to form a crust. A diverse fauna may be found attached to, and sometimes obscuring the crust, often reflecting the character of surrounding biotopes. Bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea], [Pentapora foliacea] and [Alcyonidium diaphanum], anemones such as [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans], the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Alcyonium digitatum], the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] and echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] and [Crossaster papposus] may all be recorded within this biotope. There are two variants. The first (Sspi.ByB) contains significant cover of barnacles ([Balanus crenatus]) and bryozoans. The second (Sspi.As) has a dense turf of didemnid ascidians as well as scour-tolerant bryozoans such as [F. foliacea], sponges such as [Tethya aurantium] and [Phorbas fictitius], colonies of the serpulid worm [Salmacina dysteri] and patchy occurrences of the ascidians [Distomus variolosus], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Polycarpa scuba]. This biotope has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, Lundy Island (including the wreck of the MV Robert) and the north-east and south coast of England.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Sabellaria] reefs on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa] with a bryozoan turf and barnacles on silty turbid circalittoral rock
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa], didemnid and small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Sabellaria spinulosa] with a bryozoan turf and barnacles on silty turbid circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2211
definition: This variant is typically found encrusting the upper faces of exposed and moderately exposed circalittoral rock and mixed substrata, subject to strong and moderately strong currents and high turbidity levels. The crusts formed by the sandy tubes of the polychaete worm [Sabellaria spinulosa] may completely cover the rock, binding gravel and pebbles together. A diverse fauna may be found attached to this crust, and in many cases reflects the character of nearby biotopes. There is normally considerable variation in the associated fauna encountered. There may be a sparse bryozoan turf ([Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Bicellariella ciliata], [Bugula plumosa] and [Vesicularia spinosa]) attached to the [Sabellaria] crust and available rocky substrata. Other scour-tolerant species such as [Urticina felina] are occasionally observed. Clumps of robust hydroids such as [Tubularia indivisa], [Nemertesia antennina], [Hydrallmania falcata] and [Halecium halecinum] may also be observed. Other species which may be present include the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Balanus crenatus], [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Gibbula cineraria]. Occasionally, sponges such as [Haliclona oculata] and [Halichondria panicea], and ascidians such as [Dendrodoa grossularia] may also be observed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Sabellaria spinulosa] encrusted circalittoral rock

Pontic degraded facies of the [Phyllophora] biocenosis
type: Concept
notation: A5.52N
definition: This facies represents a degraded form of the [Phyllophora nervosa] biocenosis in which [Phyllophora nervosa] is substituted by [Phyllophora brodiaei] and [Mytilus galloprovincialis] is dominant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Sublittoral seagrass beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.53
definition: Beds of submerged marine angiosperms in the genera [Cymodocea], [Halophila], [Posidonia], [Ruppia], [Thalassia], [Zostera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: [Cymodocea] beds
narrower: [Halophila] beds
narrower: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments
narrower: [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
narrower: [Posidonia] beds

[Cymodocea] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.531
definition: Formations of [Cymodocea nodosa] of the Atlantic shores of southern Iberia, northwestern Africa and the Macaronesian Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Macaronesian [Cymodocea] beds
narrower: Lusitanian [Cymodocea] beds
narrower: Mediterranean [Cymodocea] beds

Macaronesian [Cymodocea] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5311
definition: Formations of [Cymodocea nodosa] or [Cymodocea] and [Caulerpa] spp., in particular [Caulerpa prolifera], occupying large surfaces, on sandy substrates at depths of 1-15 metres, around the Macaronesian Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cymodocea] beds

Lusitanian [Cymodocea] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5312
definition: Formations of [Cymodocea nodosa] of the southernmost Atlantic coasts of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cymodocea] beds

Mediterranean [Cymodocea] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5313
definition: [Cymodocea nodosa] formations of the Mediterranean, permanently submerged in waters down to 10 metres deep, often in sheltered areas behind [Posidonia] reefs, monospecific or associated with either the alga [Caulerpa prolifera] or the phanerogam [Halophila stipulacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cymodocea] beds
narrower: Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on well sorted fine sands
narrower: Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on well sorted fine sands
type: Concept
notation: A5.53131
definition: This association, characterised by the seagrass [Cymodocea nodosa], lives on soft bottoms formed by well sorted fine sands and can constitute a local facies with epiflora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean [Cymodocea] beds

[Sabellaria spinulosa], didemnid and small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2212
definition: This variant is typically found on tide-swept, moderately wave-exposed circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles subject to slight sand-scour. It occurs predominantly in the lower circalittoral. This variant normally appears as a bedrock/boulder outcrop or reef with a dense crust of the polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] and a dense turf of didemnid ascidians and scour-tolerant bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea], [Pentapora foliacea] and [Cellaria] species. There may be discreet clumps of [Alcyonium digitatum] and sparse sponges such as [Tethya aurantium] and [Phorbas fictitius]. Patchy occurrences of the small ascidians [Polycarpa scuba], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Distomus variolosus] may be present on the tops of rocks and boulders whilst in crevices between, the anemone [Urticina felina] may be found. Species such as [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], the serpulid worm [Salmacina dysteri] and the anemone [Sagartia elegans] are occasionally seen on the rock surface. This variant has been recorded from the Lleyn Peninsula, the Skerries and around Pembrokeshire in Wales.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Sabellaria spinulosa] encrusted circalittoral rock

Communities on soft circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.23
definition: This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed, circalittoral soft bedrock subject to moderately strong tidal streams. As this complex is found in highly turbid water conditions, the circalittoral zone may begin at the low water mark, due to poor light penetration. This complex is dominated by the piddock [Pholas dactylus]. Other species typical of this complex include the polychaete [Polydora] and [Bispira volutacornis], the sponges [Cliona celata] and [Suberites ficus], the bryozoan [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonium digitatum], the starfish [Asterias rubens], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the crab [Necora puber] and [Cancer pagurus]. Foliose red algae may also be present. Please note: in areas subject to very high turbidity, biotopes within this habitat type may occur in the infralittoral and even the littoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in sublittoral very soft chalk or clay
narrower: [Polydora] sp. tubes on moderately exposed sublittoral soft rock
narrower: [Hiatella]-bored vertical sublittoral limestone rock

Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in sublittoral very soft chalk or clay
type: Concept
notation: A4.231
definition: This biotope occurs on circalittoral soft rock, such as soft chalk or clay, most often in moderately exposed tide-swept conditions. As soft chalk and firm clay are often too soft for sessile filter-feeding animals to attach and thrive in large numbers, an extremely impoverished epifauna results on upward-facing surfaces, although vertical faces may be somewhat richer. The rock is sufficiently soft to be bored by bivalves. Species vary with location, but [Pholas dactylus] is the most widespread borer and may be abundant. Other species present may include the sponges [Dysidea fragilis] and [Suberites carnosus] and the polychaete [Bispira volutacornis]. Foliose red algae may be present on the harder, more stable areas of rock. Mobile fauna often include the crabs [Necora puber] and [Cancer pagurus]. Situation: Subtidal chalk reefs or clay outcrops, mostly known from south-east England.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities on soft circalittoral rock

[Polydora] sp. tubes on moderately exposed sublittoral soft rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.232
definition: Large patches of chalk and soft limestone are occasionally covered entirely by [Polydora] sp. tubes to the exclusion of almost all other species. This tends to occur in highly turbid conditions and spans the infralittoral and circalittoral in limestone areas such as the Great and Little Ormes (North Wales) and Gower (South Wales). It is even present on the lower shore in the Severn estuary. The boring form of the sponge [Cliona celata] often riddles the surface layer of the stone. Other sponges present include [Halichondria panicea], [Haliclona oculata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve]. [Polydora] sp. also frequently occurs in small patches as part of other biotopes (e.g. FluCoAs). Other species present include [Alcyonium digitatum], [Sarcodictyon roseum], the hydroids [Halecium halecinum], [Abietinaria abietina] and [Tubularia indivisa], the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Botryllus schlosseri] and [Morchellium argus], the anemones [Urticina felina], [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia elegans] and the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea] and a crisiid turf. The starfish [Asterias rubens], the crabs [Inachus phalangium] and [Carcinus maenas], the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] may also be seen. Please note: this biotope may extend into the infralittoral and littoral zone in areas where water turbidity is sufficiently high.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities on soft circalittoral rock

[Hiatella]-bored vertical sublittoral limestone rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.233
definition: Moderately exposed vertical and overhanging soft rock (typically chalk), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams, bored by the rock-boring mollusc [Hiatella arctica]. As with other biotopes in the soft rock complex, it is found in areas of high turbidity, where there is poor light penetration. There may be isolated clumps of the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] and a sparse bryozoan turf formed by various crisiids, [Bugula plumosa] and [Bugula flabellate] (often being grazed on by the nudibranch [Janolus cristatus]), [Alcyonidium diaphanum], [Flustra foliacea] and [Cellapora pumicosa]. A patchy 'carpet' of the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] is often recorded along with other echinoderms such as [Asterias rubens] and [Henricia sanguinolenta]. Other species present include the colonial ascidians [Polyclinum aurantium], [Botrylloides leachi], [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Aplidium punctatum] and [Botryllus schlosseri], dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. Sponges present include the boring sponge [Cliona celata], [Halichondria panicea], [Myxilla incrustans], [Leucosolenia botryoides]and [Dysidea fragilis]. Occasionally, the foliose red seaweed [Delessaria sanguinea] may be recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities on soft circalittoral rock

Association with [Cymodocea nodosa] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.53132
definition: This association is characterised by the seagrass [Cymodocea nodosa] and is present when the water is actively renewed and there is no trace of desalination.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean [Cymodocea] beds

[Halophila] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.532
definition: Deep water colonies of [Halophila] spp. or [Thalassia] spp. of the Mediterranean and the Macaronesian Atlantic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Canary Island [Halophila] beds
narrower: Mediterranean [Halophila] beds

Canary Island [Halophila] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5321
definition: [Halophila decipiens] colonies of Tenerife, at depths between 10 and 14 metres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Halophila] beds

Mediterranean [Halophila] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5322
definition: The facies characterised by the seagrass [Halophila stipulacea] lives on soft bottoms with fine sands that are fairly enriched by fine particles. Colonies of [Halophila stipulacea] have invaded the Mediterranean as a result of the opening of the Suez Canal; they have been reported from continental Greece, the Cyclades, Crete, Rhodes, Samos, the Maltese Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Halophila] beds

[Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.533
definition: Beds of seagrass ([Zostera marina] or [Ruppia] spp.) in shallow sublittoral sediments. These communities are generally found in extremely sheltered embayments, marine inlets, estuaries and lagoons, with very weak tidal currents. They may inhabit low, variable and full salinity marine habitats. Whilst generally found on muds and muddy sands they may also occur in coarser sediments, particularly marine examples of [Zostera] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar, Palaearctic, Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. A mixture of parameters (plant species, salinity, substrate and depth) is used to define level 4 units: a decision is needed on the primary criterion. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: [Zostera marina]/[angustifolia] beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand
narrower: Mediterranean and Pontic [Zostera noltii] beds
narrower: Association with [Zostera marina] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment
narrower: Mediterranean [Zostera hornemanniana] beds

Mussel beds on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.24
definition: This habitat type occurs on moderately wave-exposed upper circalittoral bedrock subject to strong or moderately strong tidal streams. This complex is characterised by dense aggregations of the mussels [Mytilus edulis] or [Musculus discors] carpeting the underlying substrata. Sponges that may be recorded in this complex are [Scypha ciliata], [Tethya aurantium], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis] and [Cliona celata]. A sparse hydroid/bryozoan turf composed primarily of [Nemertesia antennina], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Flustra foliacea] is often recorded. Anemones present are [Urticina felina] and [Sagartia elegans]. Other species recorded are the crabs [Cancer pagurus], [Carcinus maenas] and [Necora puber], the starfish [Crossaster papposus] and [Asterias rubens], and [Alcyonium digitatum] and in this upper circalittoral complex, algae species such as [Dictyota dichotoma], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Plocamium cartilagineum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar or the Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions (presently based on BioMar and Barcelona) should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: [Musculus discors] beds on moderately exposed circalittoral rock
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral rock

[Mytilus edulis] beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.241
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of tide-swept circalittoral bedrock, boulders and mixed substrata exposed to varying amounts of wave action. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] forms dense beds, to the exclusion of other species. The starfish [Asterias rubens] is frequently recorded, and it predates heavily on the mussels. Occasionally, the anemone [Urticina felina] may be seen within crevices in the rock or on gravel patches. Crabs such as [Necora puber] and [Carcinus maenas] may be seen on the rock or mussels whilst fauna observed in crevices typically consists of the lobster [Homarus gammarus] and the crab [Cancer pagurus]. The anemone [Sargatia elegans] can be seen attached to bedrock and cobbles, whereas the barnacle [Balanus crenatus] may be seen attached to the mussels themselves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel beds on circalittoral rock

[Musculus discors] beds on moderately exposed circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.242
definition: This biotope typically occurs on the upper faces of moderately exposed, moderately tide-swept bedrock, boulders and cobbles in slightly silty conditions. The mussel [Musculus discors] occurs in dense mats and occasionally completely coats all available surfaces. There is also often a layer of pseudofaeces, forming a thick, silty matrix. A relatively diverse fauna of cushion and branching sponges is often present on rocky outcrops and other hard substratum that is free of mussels. These include [Tethya aurantium], [Scypha ciliata], [Pachymatisma johnstonia], [Dysidea fragilis], [Cliona celata] and [Stelligera stuposa]. There may be isolated clumps of silt-tolerant bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa]. Various species may be observed on top of the mussels, including [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and the brittlestar [Ophiura albida]. Occasional [Alcyonium digitatum] and clumps of the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] are found attached to rocky outcrops and boulders whilst the anemone [Urticina felina] may be seen in crevices in the rock or on gravely patches between boulders. Colonial ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis] and didemnids may occasionally be present. A wide range of seaweeds may be present, including [Dictyota dichotoma], [Plocamium cartliagineum], [Dictyopteris membranacea], [Cryptopleura ramosa] and [Heterosiphonia plumosa]. The crab [Cancer pagurus] may be observed in crevices. The majority of the records for this biotope are from the Lleyn Peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mussel beds on circalittoral rock

Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity
type: Concept
notation: A4.25
definition: This habitat type occurs on wave-sheltered, variable salinity bedrock and cobbles, subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This complex contains a suite of sponges able to tolerate the variable salinity conditions like [Hymeniacidon perleve], [Suberites ficus], [Halichondria panicea], [Halichondria bowerbanki], [Cliona celata] and [Leucosolenia botryoides]. The barnacle [Balanus crenatus] is frequently recorded in this complex. A sparse hydroid/bryozoan turf composed primarily of [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemerteis ramosa], [Plumularia setacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Bugula plumosa] is often recorded. Other species recorded are the ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Morchellium argus] and [Dendrodoa grossularia], the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia troglodytes], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and the crab [Carcinus maenas].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Halichondria bowerbanki], [Eudendrium arbusculum] and [Eucratea loricata] on reduced salinity tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata

Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.251
definition: This biotope is found in variable salinity environments and tends to occur on the upper faces of circalittoral bedrock and boulders, in sheltered sites subject to moderately strong tidal streams. This biotope is characterised by aggregations of cushion sponges such as [Hymeniacidon perleve], [Halichondria panicea], [Halichondria bowerbanki] and [Cliona celata], other sponges ([Leucosolenia botryoides] and [Suberites ficus]) along with occasional hydroid tufts of [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and [Plumularia setacea]. Other species that may be present include the colonial ascidians [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Morchellium argus], [Dendrodoa grossularia], the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Sagartia troglodytes], the barnacle [Balanus crenatus], [Asterias rubens], [Carcinus maenas] and [Bugula plumosa]. Two variants of this biotope have been recorded: CuSpH.VS and CuSpH.As.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity
narrower: Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock

Mediterranean and Pontic [Zostera noltii] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5332
definition: Sparse meadows formed on muddy sands of the upper part of the infralittoral zone of Mediterranean coasts. This association is found in euryhaline and eurythermal waters and is characterised by the dwarf eel-grass [Zostera noltii] and the alga [Giraudya sphacelarioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments
narrower: Association with [Zostera noltii] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment
narrower: Association with [Zostera noltii] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

Association with [Zostera noltii] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment
type: Concept
notation: A5.53321
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic [Zostera noltii] beds

Association with [Zostera noltii] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters
type: Concept
notation: A5.53322
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean and Pontic [Zostera noltii] beds

Association with [Zostera marina] in euryhaline and eurythermal environment
type: Concept
notation: A5.5333
definition: This association is found in euryhaline and eurythermal waters and it is characterised by the eel-grass [Zostera marina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments

Mediterranean [Zostera hornemanniana] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5334
definition: Formations of the Mediterranean endemic [Zostera hornemanniana], vicariant of [Zostera marina], often confined to coastal lagoons, recorded also from the Istrio-Dalmatian archipelago.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments

[Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
type: Concept
notation: A5.534
definition: Beds of seagrass ([Zostera marina] or [Ruppia] spp.) in shallow sublittoral sediments. These communities are generally found in extremely sheltered embayments, marine inlets, estuaries and lagoons, with very weak tidal currents. They may inhabit low, variable and full salinity marine habitats. Whilst generally found on muds and muddy sands they may also occur in coarser sediments, particularly marine examples of [Zostera] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: There is a certain degree of duplication among some habitat classes in the EUNIS system coming either from BioMar, Palaearctic, Barcelona or HELCOM classifications. Therefore this means that all level 4 definitions should be checked, and given a new name if necessary. A mixture of parameters (plant species, salinity, substrate and depth) is used to define level 4 units: a decision is needed on the primary criterion. The biogeographic details are to be addressed in level 5 habitats.
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Middle European [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
narrower: Tethyan marine [Ruppia] communities
narrower: [Ruppia maritima] in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sand

Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2511
definition: This sub-biotope typically occurs in a mixture of turbid, full and variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered and moderately exposed bedrock or boulders. Tidal streams are typically moderately strong but may vary considerably. This sub-biotope occurs in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 11m water depth) and is dominated by cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians. On the silty, rocky substrata, large growths of sponge are usually associated with this biotope ([Suberites ficus], [Hymeniacidon perleve], [Cliona celata], [Halichondria panicea], [Raspailia ramosa]). The tasselled form of [Esperiopsis fucorum] is also notably present. Other epifauna present includes silty hydroids such as [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa], [Plumularia setacea], [Hydrallmania falcata] and [Halecium halecinum]. Individual colonies of dead mans fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] and plumose anemones [Metridium senile] may be seen attached to the tops of boulders and ridges. At some sites, whole sides of rocks may be colonised by the anemones [Sagartia elegans], [Sagartia troglodytes] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta]. Within crevices in the rocky substratum and at the base of boulders [Urticina felina] and [Cereus pedunculatus] may be found. Ascidians such as [Clavelina lepadiformis], [Morchellium argus], [Dendrodoa grossularia], [Diplosoma listerianum] and [Distomus variolosus] may all be observed. Other ubiquitous species which may be recorded include [Polydora], terebellid worms, [Balanus crenatus], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Asterias rubens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock

Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.2512
definition: This sub-biotope typically occurs in turbid, variable salinity water, on wave-sheltered bedrock in estuaries subject to strong tidal regimes where circalittoral communities occur in relatively shallow water (typically 5m to 8m water depth). Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians dominate the biotope. Large growths (often up to 50cm across) of the sponges [Halichondria panicea] mixed with [Halichondria bowerbanki] almost entirely cover the bedrock, appearing in places like a continuous cushion. [Haliclona oculata], [Suberites ficus], [Leucosolenia botryoides], various hydroids such as [Plumularia setacea], [Nemertesia antennina], [Nemertesia ramosa] and various bryozoans such as [Bugula plumosa], [Bugula turbinata] and [Bowerbankia pustulosa] protude through the [Halichondria] spp. sponge growth. Colonial ascidians such as the lightbulb ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Morchellium argus] may also be observed. Other more ubiquitous species include [Balanus crenatus], [Carcinus maenas], [Asterias rubens], [Metridium senile], [Sagartia elegans] and [Ophiothrix fragilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock

[Halichondria bowerbanki], [Eudendrium arbusculum] and [Eucratea loricata] on reduced salinity tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.252
definition: This biotope typically occurs on circalittoral mixed substrata (bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel) in the moderately strong, tide-swept narrows near the entrance of Loch Etive, although not in the extremely tide-swept Falls of Lora. This sea loch is unique in having a substantial freshwater input from the surrounding moorland, yielding the most brackish, large sea loch in Scotland. Large growths of the brackish-tolerant sponge [Halichondria bowerbanki] cover the cobble and boulder seabed, interspersed with [Mycale lobata], the hydroid [Eudendrium arbusculum] and the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum] which are particularly characteristic of these conditions. Tufts of the bryozoan [Eucratea loricata] are occasional in most areas. Other species recorded include [Carcinus maenas], [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], [Buccinum undatum], [Pagurus berhardus], [Henricia] spp., [Onchidoris bilamellata] and [Palio dubia], tolerant of the low salinity, are found in the circalittoral throughout this area. Ascidians such as [Ascidiella scabra] and [Corella parallelogramma] may also be present. A very impoverished low salinity version is present in the upper basin of Loch Etive. The biotope CuSpH is similar in several respects to this biotope and will develop in less brackish situations where species-richness is generally greater.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity

Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.31
definition: This habitat type occurs on the wave-sheltered, circalittoral bedrock and boulders subject to weak tidal streams. The biotopes within this complex are typically found in the Scottish sealochs (with the exception of A4.312, recorded off Ireland) and are characterised by brachipod and ascidian communities. Ascidians often recorded in this complex are [Ciona intestinalis], [Ascidia mentula], [Ascidia virginea] and [Clavelina lepadiformis]. The brachiopod [Neocrania anomala] is also characteristic of the biotopes within this complex recorded in Scottish sealochs. The polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and encrusting red algae are frequently recorded on the rocky substrata. Echinoderms such as the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fraglis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiura albida], the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and [Henricia oculata], the crinoid [Antedon bifida] and the urchin [Echinus esculentus] are all found in this complex. Other species present include the squat lobster [Munida rugosa], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus], [Alcyonium digitatum], the anemone [Protanthea simplex] and the hydroid [Kirchenpaueria pinnata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock
narrower: Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Antedon] spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock

Middle European [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities
type: Concept
notation: A5.5341
definition: Submerged beds of [Ruppia maritima], [Ruppia cirrhosa], [Zannichellia pedicellata], [Chara] spp., [Tolypella nidifica] of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons of Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts of boreal and temperate Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities

Tethyan marine [Ruppia] communities
type: Concept
notation: A5.5342
definition: Submerged beds of [Ruppia maritima] or [Ruppia cirrhosa] and of [Chara] spp. of sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the subtropical Atlantic, north to southwestern Iberia, south to 27øN.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities

[Posidonia] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.535
definition: This assemblage is characterised by the presence of the marine seagrass (phanerogam) [Posidonia oceanica]. This species is endemic to the Mediterranean and constitutes characteristic formations called Posidonia meadows, located between the surface and up to 50 metres depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral seagrass beds
narrower: Ecomorphosis of striped [Posidonia oceanica] meadows
narrower: Ecomorphosis of "barrier-reef" [Posidonia oceanica] meadows
narrower: Facies of dead "mattes" of [Posidonia oceanica] without much epiflora
narrower: Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on [Posidonia] beds

Ecomorphosis of striped [Posidonia oceanica] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A5.5351
definition: The striped [Posidonia oceanica] meadows facies is found at depth 0 - 5 metres. It appears as fairly narrow ribbons that can be several dozen metres long. These ribbons are separated by stretches of dead mat colonised by [Cymodocea nodosa] and/or [Caulerpa] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Posidonia] beds

Ecomorphosis of "barrier-reef" [Posidonia oceanica] meadows
type: Concept
notation: A5.5352
definition: This ecomorphosis can be found in [Posidonia oceanica] beds present in sheltered bays. The vertical growth of the rhizomes leads to the raising of the mat, thus enabling the meadow to reach the surface.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Posidonia] beds

Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.311
definition: This biotope predominantly occurs on the upper faces of wave-sheltered (often sealochs) circalittoral bedrock, boulder and cobble slopes with little tidal flow. Apart from the solitary ascidians [Ciona intestinalis] and [Ascidia mentula], this biotope has a rather barren, pink appearance (due to the encrusting red algae), possibly due to grazing pressure from the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus]. Other organisms found encrusting the rocky surface include the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii]. Other species occasionally encountered include [Alcyonium digitatum], [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus berhardus], [Crossaster papposus], [Antedon bifida] and [Metridium senile]. Crustaceans such as [Munida rugosa] and [Cancer pagurus] may be recorded in crevices. Two variants of this biotope exist: AmenCio.Ant and AmenCio.Bri. AmenCio.Bri occurs where is a dense carpet of brittlestars which sometimes completely cover the rocky substratum. Species present include [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Ophiura albida]. Temporal variation: The abundance of [C. intestinalis] tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other solitary ascidian species such as [A. mentula] and [Ascidiella aspersa] tend to be longer-lived (approximately 7 years and 3 years, respectively).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], with [Antedon] spp. on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: Dense brittlestars with sparse [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis] on sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], with [Antedon] spp. on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.3111
definition: This variant occurs on circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes in generally wave-sheltered conditions (often in sea lochs) with little tidal flow. It is frequently found on vertical or steeply-sloping rock. Apart from the large ascidians, [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], the rock surface usually has a rather sparse appearance. Scyphistomae larvae are often present on any vertical surfaces. Grazing by the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] leaves only encrusting red algae (giving the bedrock/boulder substratum a pink appearance), cup corals [Caryophyllia smithii] and the keelworm [Pomatoceros triqueter]. There may be a few hydroid species present, such as [Nemertesia] spp. and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], occasional [Alcyonium digitatum] and occasional [Metridium senile]. Barnacles [Balanus] spp. and the colonial ascidian [Clavelina lepadiformis] also occasionally occur. At some sites, echinoderms such as the crinoid [Antedon] spp., the starfish [Crossaster papposus] and [Asterias rubens] and the brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] (in low densities) may be found. The squat lobster [Munida rugosa] is likely to be found in crevices, under boulders, and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] may be observed moving around the rock surface. The brachiopod [Neocrania anomala] is frequently observed (especially where this biotope occurs shallower than NeoPro for example). The saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] may occasionally be seen attached to the rock/boulder face. Situation: This biotope is typical of one found in sheltered sealochs. On slightly more wave and tide exposed sites, a transition to the more diverse AntAsH biotope will occur. Below AmenCio.Ant, you may find the NeoPro biotope (especially situated on the sills of sealochs). Temporal variation: The abundance of [C. intestinalis] tends to fluctuate seasonally, so it may appear absent at a site at one time of year and then be present at other times, altering the visual appearance of the biotope. Other s…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Dense brittlestars with sparse [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis] on sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.3112
definition: This biotope is typically found on wave-sheltered sites (although it may be found in wave-exposed through to extremely wave-sheltered conditions), on circalittoral mixed substrata (Bedrock, boulders, cobbles, pebbles and gravel), subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. This biotope often has a silty appearance in parallel with AmenCio.Ant but is characterised by a dense carpet of brittlestars ([Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and to a lesser extent [Ophiura albida]) which virtually cover the seabed. Where the underlying substratum is visible, pink coralline crusts and the white calcareous tubes of the keelworm [Pomatoceros triqueter] are often observed. Hydroids and bryozoans are scarce, perhaps partly due to the smothering effect of the brittlestars and possibly due to the grazing pressure of the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] which is occasionally recorded. Other echinoderms present include [Asterias rubens] and [Crossaster papposus]. The solitary ascidian [Ciona intestinalis] may be seen attached to isolated rocks and boulders, whilst on the tops and sides of larger boulders, dead man's fingers [Alcyonium digitatum] may be recorded. The hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] is often recorded, whilst under boulders and in crevices the claws belonging to the long-clawed squat lobster [Munida rugosa] may be seen. Situation: AmenCio.Bri is found in predominantly sheltered areas, so in the infralittoral zone above, kelp forest formed by dense [Laminaria saccharina] and cape-form [Laminaria hyperborea] are frequently recorded. A dense understorey of red algae is also present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Facies of dead "mattes" of [Posidonia oceanica] without much epiflora
type: Concept
notation: A5.5353
definition: This facies is characterised by a dead mat of [Posidonia oceanica] without macro-epiflora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Posidonia] beds

Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on [Posidonia] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.5354
definition: This facies is characterised by the presence of the green alga [Caulerpa prolifera] in association with the [Posidonia oceanica] bed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Posidonia] beds

Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.54
definition: Beds of submerged or slightly emergent vascular vegetation of brackish seas, sea inlets, estuaries, permanent pools of mud or sand flats, and coastal lagoons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral macrophyte-dominated sediment
narrower: Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Phragmites australis]
narrower: Association with [Potamogeton pectinatus]
narrower: Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Ranunculus baudotii]
narrower: Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Scirpus lacustris] or [Scirpus tabernaemontani]
narrower: [Zostera] beds in reduced salinity infralittoral sediments

Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Phragmites australis]
type: Concept
notation: A5.541
definition: Permanently low salinity muds or peaty muddy sands with some gravel which supports [Phragmites australis] reed beds. These reed beds are often found in enclosed water bodies influenced by freshwater inflow and may have notable quantities of decaying reed material. The substratum may be mixtures of mud, peaty mud, sand and some gravel. Filamentous green algae and charaphytes such as [Lamprothamnium papulosum] and [Chara aspera] may also be found in association with this biotope as well as a the freshwater quillwort [Myriophyllum] spp. The infaunal component of this biotope is poorly known. This biotope is further described as NVC type S4 (Rodwell 1995).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Ranunculus baudotii]
type: Concept
notation: A5.543
definition: [Ranunculus] spp.-dominated communities developed in shallow-waters of very low salinity of coastal lagoons, coastal basins and coastal waters of the Palaearctic region, including the Atlantic, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. The most widespread characteristic species is [Ranunculus baudotii]. Locally, other crowfoots may be typical, as, in particular, in the Gulf of Bothnia, [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.312
definition: A4.312 is characteristic of the wave-sheltered conditions found in the Kenmare River on the west coast of Ireland. This biotope is typically found on silty circalittoral bedrock and boulders in wave-sheltered channels subject to varying amounts of tidal flow. These fully marine inlets and channels have steep, often vertical sides with small terraces or ledges. This biotope, characterised by erect sponges and large solitary ascidians, appears to be biologically diverse. A diverse ascidian fauna is generally present, including [Ascidia mentula], [Aplidium punctum], [Corella parallelogramma], [Ascidia virginea], [Botryllus schlosseri], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]. An equally diverse sponge fauna, with massive erect sponges particularly noticeable, compliments these species. Dominant species include [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Dysidea fragilis], [Tethya aurantium], [Polymastia boletiformis], [Raspailia ramosa], [Stelligera stuposa], [Polymastia mamilliaris] and [Pachymatisma johnstonia]. Other sponges present are [Suberites carnosus], [Haliclona fistulosa], [Stelligera rigida], [Mycale rotalis], [Haliclona simulans], [Iophon hyndmani] and [Hemimycale columella]. Various sponge crusts may also be present but in most cases in lower abundances. Other significant components of the community include the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and various echinoderms, including the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and the starfish [Henricia oculata] and [Marthasterias glacialis]. Small isolated clumps of [Nemertesia antennina] and individual [Alcyonium digitatum] may be seen, whilst the top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] may also be present. At present, there are relatively few records in this biotope, as it is only reported from around the south-western coast of Ireland, where sponge diversity is very high. Situation: Due to the sheltered nature of the biotope, LgAsSp is usually situated on bedrock/boulder outcrops associated with mud slopes and plains. Typical spe…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock

[Antedon] spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.313
definition: This biotope is typically found on silty boulder or rock slopes, in the sheltered parts of sealochs, subject to weak or very weak tidal currents. The seabed consists of smooth, silty bedrock or boulders, often as outcrops on mixed muddy sediment. There are often small vertical faces on the sides of rock ridges, and at few sites, there may be more extensive steep or vertical bedrock. In sharp contrast to the barren, grazed appearance of AmenCio.Ant, the species composition of AntAsH is quite diverse, although no one phyla dominates. A wide range of encrusting species may be found, including the brachiopod [Neocrania anomala], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis], encrusting red algae and polychaetes ([Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Protula tubularia]). Other conspicuous species include crinoids on the tops of boulders ([Antedon bifida], commoner in shallower water and [Antedon petasus], commoner in deeper water), scattered solitary and colonial ascidians ([Ascidia mentula], [Ascidia virginea], [Corella parallelogramma], [Clavelina lepadiformis] and [Ciona intestinalis]) and tufts of fine hydroids ([Kirchenpaueria pinnata], [Nemertesia antennina], [Obelia dichotoma] and [Halceum halecinum]). The cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii] and the crustose bryozoan [Parasmittina trispinosa] are all typically present, as are a wide range of echinoderms, including the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus], the starfish [Asterias rubens] and [Crossaster papposus], and the brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiura albida]. Other species recorded are the squat lobster [Munida rugosa], the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the chiton [Tonicella marmorea]. Situation: The range of biotopes shallower and deeper than AntAsH is typical of a sheltered sealoch. Silted kelp biotopes (e.g. LhypLsac, Lsac) are typically found shallower than AntAsH in the infralittoral zone. Deeper than AntAsH, the boulder slope typically grades into a muddy slope or plain (CMU or CMX), along with fauna c…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock

Vegetation of brackish waters dominated by [Scirpus lacustris] or [Scirpus tabernaemontani]
type: Concept
notation: A5.544
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

[Zostera] beds in reduced salinity infralittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.545
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

Sublittoral biogenic reefs
type: Concept
notation: A5.6
definition: This habitat type includes polychaete reefs, bivalve reefs (e.g. mussel beds) and cold water coral reefs. These communities develop in a range of habitats from exposed open coasts to estuaries, marine inlets and deeper offshore habitats and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed change of unit and level (Southampton workshop) to allow new grouping
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment
narrower: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: Circalittoral coral reefs
narrower: Pontic [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs on mobile seabottom

Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.61
definition: Sublittoral reefs of polychaete worms in mixed sediments found in a variety of hydrographic conditions. Such habitats may range from extensive structures of considerable size to loose agglomerations of tubes. Such communities often play an important role in the structural composition or stability of the seabed and provide a wide range of niches for other species to inhabit. Consequently polychaete worm reefs often support a diverse flora and fauna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: [Sabellaria spinulosa] on stable circalittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Sabellaria alveolata] on variable salinity sublittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Serpula vermicularis] reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand

Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.62
definition: Sublittoral mussel beds comprised of either the horse mussel [Modiolus modiolus] or the common mussel [Mytilus edulis]. These communities may be sublittoral extensions of littoral reefs or exist independently. Found in a variety of habitats ranging from sheltered estuaries and marine inlets to open coasts and offshore areas they may occupy a range of substrata, although due to the stabilising effect such communities have on the substratum muddy mixed sediments are typical. A diverse range of epibiota and infauna often exists in these communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop), with name ("mussel beds") clarified by CEH.
broader: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: [Modiolus modiolus] beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Modiolus modiolus] beds on open coast circalittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Modiolus modiolus] beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Modiolus modiolus] beds with [Chlamys varia], sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
narrower: [Mytilus edulis] beds on sublittoral sediment
narrower: [Hiatella arctica] beds on silty clay with small pebbles and shells
narrower: Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment

[Hiatella arctica] beds on silty clay with small pebbles and shells
type: Concept
notation: A5.626
definition: Proposed new unit. No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit. Needs further clarification. (Southampton workshop).
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.627
definition: Communities of Atlantic, Baltic and Mediterranean mussel beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Baltic mussel beds of the infralittoral photic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.6271
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed move to new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone

[Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.314
definition: This biotope typically occurs in full to variable salinity conditions on very wave-sheltered circalittoral bedrock and boulder slopes subject to negligible tidal streams (this tends to be in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs). This biotope is characterised by often dense populations of the anemone [Protanthea simplex], growing on the silty bedrock. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered by encrusting red algae, the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the brachiopods [Neocrania anomala] and [Terebratulina retusa], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] and the polychaete [Sabella pavonina]. Scattered colonies of [Alcyonium digitatum] and the hydroid [Bougainvillia ramosa] may occasionally be recorded. A diverse range of ascidians including [Ciona intestinalis], [Ascidia mentula], [Corella parallelogramma], [Ascidia virginea], [Polycarpa pomaria] and [Dendrodoa grossularia] are also occasionally recorded. Echinoderms such as the common brittlestar [Ophiothrix fragilis] are frequently reported with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Henricia oculata], and the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and [Psammechinus miliaris] are occasionally found on the boulder/rock surface. The whelk [Buccinum undatum] is often present but in very low numbers. The squat lobster [Munida rugosa] may be seen hiding in crevices. The hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] may also be recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brachiopod and ascidian communities on circalittoral rock
narrower: [Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
narrower: [Neocrania anomala], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Sarcodictyon roseum] on variable salinity circalittoral rock

[Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.3141
definition: This variant typically occurs on deep, lower circalittoral bedrock or boulder slopes (often-vertical walls) in the landward, very sheltered basins of fjordic sealochs. In these very sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the anemone [Protanthea simplex] growing on the silty boulder or rock slope, and on the tubes of the parchment worm [Chaetopterus variopedatus]. The underlying rock surfaces are usually covered with encrusting red algae, the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], the brachiopod [Neocrania anomala], the saddle oyster [Pododesmus patelliformis] and the conspicuous fan worm [Sabella pavonina]. Scattered colonies of [Alcyonium digitatum] are occasionally present along with the hydroid [Bougainvillia ramosa]. The barnacle [Balanus balanus] and the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] is occasionally seen on boulder or rock surface, whilst underneath in crevices, the squat lobster [Munida rugosa] may be present. A diverse range of solitary ascidians, typically found in sheltered conditions, are often present including [Ciona intestinalis], [Corella parallelogramma], [Polycarpa pomaria], [Ascidia mentula] and [Ascidia virginea]. Echinoderms such as brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] are frequently seen with their arms protruding from crevices in the rock, whilst the starfish [Asterias rubens], the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] and [Psammechinus miliaris] are occasionally found on the boulder or rock surface. The whelk [Buccinum undatum] is often present but in very low numbers. Situation: Where this biotope occurs on vertical rock cliffs, you tend to find silted sugar kelp [Laminaria saccharina] communities above NeoPro, in the infralittoral zone (Lsac). Where NeoPro occurs on a rock or boulder slope and due to the very sheltered nature of the habitat, it is common to find a mud plain community where slope ends (CMU). Species such as the seapen [Funiculina quadrangularis], the anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the Norway lobster [Nephrop…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock

[Neocrania anomala], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Sarcodictyon roseum] on variable salinity circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.3142
definition: This variant typically occurs on lower circalittoral silty, bedrock or boulder cliffs and ridges in very wave-sheltered fjordic sealochs subjected to variable salinity regimes (such as Loch Etive). In these sheltered conditions, there are frequently dense populations of the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia], the brachiopod [Neocrania anomala] and to a lesser extent, the brachiopod [Terebratulina retusa], which are able to tolerate the variable salinity. Other solitary ascidians that may be present include [Ciona intestinalis], [Corella parallelogramma], [Ascidiella scabra], [Ascidia mentula], [Ascidia virginea] and [Polycarpa pomaria]. The anemone [Protanthea simplex] is occasionally seen, although to a lesser extent than in NeoPro, possibly due to the variable salinity. The hydroids [Bougainvillia ramosa] and [Lafoea dumosa], the cup-coral [Caryophilia smithii] and [Sarcodictyon roseum] are occasionally present. The tubes formed by the polychaete [Sabella pavonina] may be observed standing erect from the rock surface. The rest of the rock surface is usually covered by encrusting red algae and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Protula tubularia]. The sea cucumber [Psolus phantapus] may be found on the underside of boulders. Other species such as the hermit crab [Pagurus bernhardus] and the spider crab [Hyas araneus] may be found amongst the rock/boulders. The starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus], and [Henricia] spp. and the sea urchin [Psammechinus miliaris] are also recorded within this variant. The relatively bare, silty rock supports low numbers of a relatively few species. Although barren rock grazed by the sea urchin [Echinus esculentus] is found in other sea loch biotopes (see FaAlCr.Pom and FaAlCr.Car), [E.esculentus] is virtually absent within NeoPro.VS. Situation: Due to the variable or reduced salinity conditions present where this biotope is found, you tend to find reduced salinity kelp biotopes above NeoPro.VS, such as LsacVSPsa and…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Neocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock

Baltic mussel beds of the infralittoral photic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.6272
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic mussel beds in the infralittoral photic zone

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.628
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral shelly gravel
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral sand
narrower: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral mud

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral shelly gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.6281
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on infralittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.6282
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment

Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on circalittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.6283
definition: Found especially in muddy sediments forming seabed features as elongated patches perpendicular to predominant currents. These are destroyed by disturbance such as that generated by trawling activities and extreme siltation processes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Mytilus galloprovincialis] beds on sublittoral sediment

Pontic [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs on mobile seabottom
type: Concept
notation: A5.64
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: Deep massive [Ostrea edulis] reefs on bottoms of shelly gravel and boulders
narrower: [Crassostrea gigas] beds

Deep massive [Ostrea edulis] reefs on bottoms of shelly gravel and boulders
type: Concept
notation: A5.641
definition: This habitat is composed of [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs of three dimensional structure on soft bottoms. The massive reefs can reach dimensions of up to 7m in height and are composed of dead [Ostrea edulis] shells and cemented tubes of serpulid are overgrown by blue mussels, sponges, the red algae [Delesseria ruscifolia], the brown algae [Xanardinia prototypus], crabs such as [Eriphia verrucosa] and also constitute essential habitat for the bivalve [Petricola lithophaga]. It is unknown whether live [Ostrea edulis] reefs can still be found in the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs on mobile seabottom

Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging circalittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: A4.711
definition: This biotope occurs on shaded and overhanging rock, such as on cave walls and ceilings although there are very few records of caves in conditions not subject to wave surge (i.e. deeper circalittoral habitats) and almost all are different in species composition. There are also a few examples of similar communities on very deep (70-100 m+) upward-facing rock (in Loch Hourn) and more may be found through the use of ROVs. These often species-rich habitats are almost invariably adjacent to well-mixed turbulent water. Characteristic species include the sponges [Stryphnus ponderosus], [Dercitus bucklandi], [Chelonaplysilla noevus], [Pseudosuberites] sp. and [Spongosorites] sp., the anemones [Parazoanthus] spp., the cup corals [Leptopsammia pruvoti], [Hoplangia durotrix], [Caryophyllia inornatus] and the soft coral [Parerythropodium coralloides]. [Thymosia guernei] is sometimes present. This biotope is likely to need further splitting with further data and analysis. Situation: Subtidal rocky coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of circalittoral caves and overhangs

Circalittoral fouling faunal communities
type: Concept
notation: A4.72
definition: This habitat type contains two biotopes which, although have different physical habitat characteristics, share the fact that they colonise new areas of artificial substrata relatively quickly. The [Ascidiella aspersa] fouling biotope (A4.722) is found on wave-sheltered artificial substrata such as discarded fishing nets/mooring lines. A separate fouling biotope (A4.721) is described for open coast wrecks. This biotope has a characteristic faunal community of [Alcyonium digitatum] and the anemone [Metridium senile]. Other species recorded in this complex (primarily under the AdigMsen biotope) include the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina], the anemones [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] and [Sagartia elegans], the cup coral [Caryophyllia smithii], the bryozoans [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa], the crabs [Necora puber], [Cancer pagurus] and [Maja squinado] and the lobster [Homarus gammarus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of circalittoral rock
narrower: [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Metridium senile] on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks
narrower: [Ascidiella aspersa] on circalittoral artificial substrata
narrower: Pontic large Hydrozoa and [Molgula manhattensis] on circalittoral steel wrecks

[Alcyonium digitatum] and [Metridium senile] on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks
type: Concept
notation: A4.721
definition: This biotope is found on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral steel wrecks that are subject to moderately strong to weak tidal streams. The vertical and upward facing sides of the wreck stand proud of the seabed, and may be colonised by dense aggregations of [Alcyonium digitatum], [Metridium senile] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta]. [Caryophyllia smithii] and [Corynactis viridis] are also recorded with varying abundance. A mixed faunal turf may also be present on the vertical sides, with [Nemertesia antennina], [Flustra foliacea] and [Bugula plumosa]. Where tidal stream strength is elevated, for example if the wreck is situated in a straight or sound, the hydroid [Tubularia indivisa] may prevail. Crustaceans such as the crabs [Necora puber], [Maja squinado] and [Cancer pagurus], the lobster [Homarus gammarus] and barnacles are all recorded. The top shell [Calliostoma zizyphinum] is also recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fouling faunal communities

[Ascidiella aspersa] on circalittoral artificial substrata
type: Concept
notation: A4.722
definition: Sheltered artificial substrata (such as discarded fishing nets or scrap metal on muddy sediment plains), sometimes subject to variable salinity, with high numbers of the ascidian [Ascidiella aspersa] which is capable of rapidly colonising hard substrata. Other species that are quickly able to take advantage of such substrata include the dahlia anemone [Urticina felina] and the plumose anemone [Metridium senile]. The edible crab [Cancer pagurus], the velvet swimming crab [Necora puber] and the shore crab [Carcinus maenas] may occasionally be found hiding under the discarded nets, lobster pots or anchor chains. Situation: As a fouling community, this biotope may be found throughout the circalittoral zone in coastal waters. It may be more prevalent around harbours, moorings, and fishing grounds where suitable substratum is available. In situations where wave exposure or tidal stream increase, biotopes dominated by bryozoans and/or robust hydroids (EcCr) may arise. Temporal variation: A gradual development of more long-lived species is expected, where the artificial substrata are of a more permanent nature (e.g. wooden or concrete pier pilings).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fouling faunal communities

Sparse fauna on highly mobile sublittoral shingle (cobbles and pebbles)
type: Concept
notation: A5.131
definition: Sublittoral clean shingle and pebble habitats with a lack of conspicuous fauna. Unstable, rounded pebbles and stones (as opposed to sub-angular cobbles, which are often found lying on or embedded in other sediment) that are strongly affected by tidal steams and/or wave action can support few animals and are consequently faunally impoverished. The species composition of this biotope may be highly variable seasonally and is likely to comprise of low numbers of robust polychaetes or bivalves with occasional epibiota including echinoderms and crustacea such as [Liocarcinus] spp. and [Pagurus] spp. In more settled periods there may be colonisation by anemones such as [Urticina felina] and small populations of hydroids and Bryozoa. Situation: This biotope is found in marine inlets with very strong tidal currents as well as in very wave exposed open coast environments. Temporal variation: The faunal composition of this biotope is likely to be highly variable as a result of seasonal changes in wave and tidal energy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Crassostrea gigas] beds
type: Concept
notation: A5.642
definition: New habitat created by the introduction of allochthonous species used for for cultivation such as [Crassostrea gigas] and [Ostrea virginica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Ostrea edulis] biogenic reefs on mobile seabottom

Features of sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.7
definition: Features of sublittoral sediments include sublittoral habitats characterised by the presence of gases or liquids bubbling or seeping through sediments (A5.71) and sublittoral sediments which are organically-enriched or permanently or periodically anoxic (A5.72).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Organically-enriched or anoxic sublittoral habitats

Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.71
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: No changes proposed (Southampton workshop)
broader: Features of sublittoral sediments
narrower: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone
narrower: Bubbling reefs in the aphotic zone
narrower: Freshwater seeps in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Methane seeps in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Oil seeps in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Vents in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral sediments

Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.711
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments
narrower: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
narrower: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation

Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.7111
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone

Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone dominated by macrophyte vegetation
type: Concept
notation: A5.7112
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bubbling reefs in the sublittoral euphotic zone

Bubbling reefs in the aphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A5.712
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Freshwater seeps in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.713
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Methane seeps in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.714
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Oil seeps in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.715
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Vents in sublittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.716
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Pontic sulphide vents in infralittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.717
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps and vents in sublittoral sediments

Organically-enriched or anoxic sublittoral habitats
type: Concept
notation: A5.72
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Features of sublittoral sediments
narrower: Periodically and permanently anoxic sublittoral muds

[Halcampa chrysanthellum] and [Edwardsia timida] on sublittoral clean stone gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.132
definition: Periodically (seasonally?) disturbed sublittoral stone gravel with small pebbles characterised by the presence of the anemones [Halcampa chrysanthellum] and [Edwardsia timida]. Associated species are often typical of a hydroid/bryozoan turf with polychaetes such as [Pomatoceros] spp. encrusting larger pebbles and low numbers of syllid and phyllodocid polychaetes living interstitially. In some areas this biotope may also contain opportunistic red seaweeds and infauna such as [Sabella pavonina]. It should be noted that this habitat may show considerable variation in community composition and it is possible that it is a sub-biotope of other gravel biotopes. Situation: This biotope tends to occur at the entrance to marine inlets where tidal currents are moderately strong. Temporal variation: The faunal composition and species richness of this biotope may vary seasonally as a result of disturbance from increased wave or tidal action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Moerella] spp. with venerid bivalves in infralittoral gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.133
definition: Infralittoral medium to coarse sand and gravelly sand which is subject to moderately strong water movement from tidal streams may be characterised by [Moerella] spp. with the polychaete [Glycera lapidum] (agg.) and venerid bivalves. Typical species include [Moerella pygmaea] or [M. donacina] with other robust bivalves such as [Dosinia lupinus], [Timoclea ovata], [Goodallia triangularis] and [Chamelea gallina]. Other infauna include nephtyd and spionid polychaetes and amphipod crustacea. Another important component of this biotope in some areas is the bivalve [Spisula solida] (see Khne & Rachnor 1996) which may be common or abundant. In conjunction with FfabMag this biotope may form part of the 'Shallow [Venus] Community', the 'Boreal Off-shore Sand Association' and the '[Goniadella-Spisula] association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Salzwedel, Rachor & Gerdes 1985). Epifaunal communities may be reduced in this biotope when compared to FfabMag; both types may have surface sand waves which may be indicative of the presence of venerid bivalves (Warwick & Davies 1977). This hypothesis, however, requires testing. Remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate venerid bivalves and other deep-burrowing and more dispersed species such as [Paphia], [Ensis] and [Spatangus]. In southern areas of the UK and the North Sea, in slightly siltier sand and shelly sand, SCS.MoeVen may give way to the other [Spisula] biotope SSA.SsubNhom. Together these two biotopes replace the old biotope IGS.Sell. Situation: This biotope is found on the exposed open coast and in estuaries with moderately strong tidal currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Hesionura elongata] and [Microphthalmus similis] with other interstitial polychaetes in infralittoral mobile coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.134
definition: On infralittoral sandbanks and sandwaves and other areas of mobile medium-coarse sand, populations of interstitial polychaetes may be found. These habitats consist of loosely packed grains of sand forming waves up to several metres high often with gravel, or occasionally silt, in the troughs of the waves. This biotope is commonly found both inshore along the east coast of the UK e.g. around the Race Bank, Docking Shoal and Inner Dowsing banks (IECS, 1995; IECS, 1999), and in the Southern Bight of the North Sea and off the Belgian coast (Degraer [et al]. 1999; Vanosmael [et al]. 1982). These habitats support interstitial communities living in the spaces between the grains of sand, in particular hesionurid polychaetes such as [Hesionura elongata] and [Microphthalmus similis], along with protodrilid polychaetes such as [Protodrilus] spp. and [Protodriloides] spp. Other important species may include Turbellaria spp. and larger deposit feeding polychaetes such as [Travisia forbesii]. An important feature of this biotope which is not reflected in much of the available data is the importance of the meiofaunal population which may exceed the macrofaunal population both in terms of abundance and biomass (Willems [et al]. 1982). Situation: This biotope is commonly found both in shore adjacent to the coast, and further away from the coast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Glycera lapidum] in impoverished infralittoral mobile gravel and sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.135
definition: In infralittoral mixed slightly gravelly sands on exposed open coasts impoverished communities characterised by the polychaete [Glycera lapidum] (agg.) may be found. [Glycera lapidum] is a species complex and as such some variability in identification may be found in the literature. It is also quite widespread and may occur in a variety of coarser sediments and is often present in other SCS biotopes. However, it is rarely considered a characteristic species and where this is the case it is normally due to the exclusion of other species. Consequently it is considered that habitats containing this biotope may be subject to continual or periodic sediment disturbance from wave action, which prevents the establishment of a more stable community. Other taxa include spionid polychaetes such as [Spio martinensis] and [Spiophanes bombyx, Nephtys] spp. and in some areas the bivalve [Spisula elliptica]. It is possible that SCS.Glap it is not a true biotope, rather an impoverished, transitional community, which in more settled conditions develops into other more stable communities. Situation: In many cases e.g. along the East Yorkshire coast this biotope is found in shallow inshore areas facing directly into the prevailing wind and subject to considerable wave action. Temporal variation: Due to the variability in sediment regime at these habitats there may be high seasonal or spatial variability within this community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Periodically and permanently anoxic sublittoral muds
type: Concept
notation: A5.721
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Definition widened to include permanently anoxic muds (CEH). Agreed (David Connor)
broader: Organically-enriched or anoxic sublittoral habitats
narrower: [Beggiatoa] spp. on anoxic sublittoral mud

Deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6
definition: The sea bed beyond the continental shelf break. The shelf break occurs at variable depth, but is generally over 200 m. The upper limit of the deep-sea zone is marked by the edge of the shelf. Includes areas of the Mediterranean Sea which are deeper than 200 m but not of the Baltic Sea which is a shelf sea. Excludes caves in the deep sea which are classified in A4.71 irrespective of depth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata
narrower: Deep-sea mixed substrata
narrower: Deep-sea sand
narrower: Deep-sea muddy sand
narrower: Deep-sea mud
narrower: Deep-sea bioherms
narrower: Raised features of the deep-sea bed
narrower: Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
narrower: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea

Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A6.1
definition: Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of bedrock, immobile boulders or artificial hard substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Deep-sea bedrock
narrower: Deep-sea artificial hard substrata
narrower: Deep-sea manganese nodules
narrower: Boulders on the deep-sea bed

Deep-sea bedrock
type: Concept
notation: A6.11
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed split of previous unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata

Deep-sea artificial hard substrata
type: Concept
notation: A6.12
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed split of previous unit A5.11 (Southampton workshop) and combination with previous A6.12.
broader: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata

Deep-sea manganese nodules
type: Concept
notation: A6.13
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed split of previous unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata

Boulders on the deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6.14
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Omitted from list produced at Southampton workshop, but originally proposed at Oban. Proposed re-instatement (CEH). Needs checking.
broader: Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata

Deep-sea mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A6.2
definition: Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of mixed particle size or gravel. Includes habitats with mobile substrates of biogenic origin but no longer living, and of allochthonous material such as macrophyte debris. Deep-sea habitats with living biogenic substrates are included in A6.6.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of unit. Content expanded to include combination substrates in the abyssal zone, not included in 1999 version (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Deep-sea lag deposits
narrower: Deep-sea biogenic gravels (shells, coral debris)
narrower: Deep-sea calcareous pavements
narrower: Communities of allochthonous material

Cumaceans and [Chaetozone setosa] in infralittoral gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.136
definition: In shallow medium-fine sands with gravel, on moderately exposed open coasts, communities dominated by cumacean crustaceans such as [Iphinoe trispinosa] and [Diastylis bradyi] along with the cirratulid polychaete [Chaetozone setosa] (agg.) may occur. [Chaetozone setosa] is a species complex so it is likely that some variability in nomenclature will be found in the literature. Other important taxa may include the polychaetes [Anaitides] spp., [Lanice conchilega], [Eteone longa] and [Scoloplos armiger]. This community may be subject to periodical sedimentary disturbance, such that a sub-climactic community may develop with opportunistic taxa such as [C. setosa] and [S. armiger] often dominating the community (Allen 2000). Situation: This biotope may be found in areas with moderate currents and wave action often facing into the prevailing wind and along the Holderness coast of the North Sea. It is possible that this biotope has developed due to chronic sedimentary disturbance in areas where the biotopes AalbNuc or FfabMag would normally develop as these biotopes are often found in more sheltered areas adjacent to CumCset. Temporal variation: The importance of the cumacean crustaceans in this biotope is unusual, and their numbers are likely to fluctuate over time; at times of increased disturbance it is likely that C. setosa will become more dominant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

Dense [Lanice conchilega] and other polychaetes in tide-swept infralittoral sand and mixed gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.137
definition: Dense beds of [Lanice conchilega] occur in coarse to medium fine gravelly sand in the shallow sublittoral, where there are strong tidal streams or wave action. Several other species of polychaete also occur as infauna e.g. [Spiophanes bombyx], [Scoloplos armiger], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Magelona mirabilis]. Lanice beds are found in a wide range of habitats including muddier mixed sediment. The dense [Lanice] biotope (LGS.Lan) on certain lower shores may be a littoral extension of the current biotope. The presence of [L. conchilega] in high numbersmay, over time, stabilise the sediment to the extent where a more diverse community may develop (Wood, 1987). Possibly as a result of this, there is a high level of variation with regard the infauna found in SCS.SLan. It is likely that a number of sub-biotopes may subsequently be identified for this biotope. Offshore from the Wash and the North Norfolk coast [Lanice] beds are often found intermixed with [Sabellaria spinulosa] beds in muddier mixed sediment, particularly in the channels between the shallow sandbanks, which are so prevalent in this area (IECS, 1995; NRA, 1995). It is possible that the presence of [Lanice] has stabilised the habitat sufficiently to allow the deposition of finer material, which has subsequently assisted the development of [S. spinulosa]. It may be more accurate to define SLan as an epibiotic biotope which overlays a variety of infaunal biotopes (e.g. NcirBat in finer sands and AalbNuc or FfabMag in slightly muddier areas).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral coarse sediment

[Pomatoceros triqueter] with barnacles and bryozoan crusts on unstable circalittoral cobbles and pebbles
type: Concept
notation: A5.141
definition: This biotope is characterised by a few ubiquitous robust and/or fast growing ephemeral species which are able to colonise pebbles and unstable cobbles and slates which are regularly moved by wave and tidal action. The main cover organisms tend to be restricted to calcareous tube worms such as [Pomatoceros triqueter] (or [P. lamarcki)], small barnacles including [Balanus crenatus] and [Balanus balanus], and a few bryozoan and coralline algal crusts. Scour action from the mobile substratum prevents colonisation by more delicate species. Occasionally in tide-swept conditions tufts of hydroids such as [Sertularia argentea] and [Hydrallmania falcata] are present. This biotope often grades into SMX.FluHyd which is characterised by large amounts of the above hydroids on stones also covered in [Pomatoceros] and barnacles. The main difference here is that SMX.FluHyd, seems to develop on more stable, consolidated cobbles and pebbles or larger stones set in sediment in moderate tides. These stones may be disturbed in the winter and therefore long-lived and fragile species are not found. Situation: This biotope is found on exposed open coasts as well as at the entrance to marine inlets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

[Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris] spp. and venerid bivalves in circalittoral coarse sand or gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.142
definition: Circalittoral gravels, coarse to medium sands, and shell gravels, sometimes with a small amount of silt and generally in relatively deep water (generally over 15-20m), may be characterised by polychaetes such as [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris] spp., [Glycera lapidum] with the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus]. Other taxa may include Nemertea spp., [Protodorvillea kefersteini, Owenia fusiformis, Spiophanes bombyx] and [Amphipholis squamata] along with amphipods such as [Ampelisca spinipes]. This biotope may also be characterised by the presence of conspicuous venerid bivalves, particularly [Timoclea ovata]. Other robust bivalve species such as [Moerella] spp., [Glycymeris glycymeris] and [Astarte sulcata] may also be found in this biotope. [Spatangus purpureus] may be present especially where the interstices of the gravel are filled by finer particles, in which case, [Gari tellinella] may also be prevalent (Glemarec 1973). Venerid bivalves are often under-sampled in benthic grab surveys and as such may not be conspicuous in many infaunal datasets. Such communities in gravelly sediments may be relatively species-rich and they may also contain epifauna such as [Hydroides norvegicus] and [Pomatoceros lamarcki]. In sand wave areas this biotope may also contain elements of the FfabMag biotope, particularly [Magelona] species. This biotope has previously been described as the 'Deep [Venus] Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950) and may also be part of the Venus community described by Thorson (1957) and in the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973). SCS.MedLumVen may be quite variable over time and in fact may be closer to a biotope complex in which a number of biotopes or sub-biotopes may yet be defined. For example, Ford (1923) describes a 'Series A' and a 'Series B' characterised by [Echinocardium cordatum-Chamelea gallina] and [Spatangus purpurea-Clausinella fasciata]. Furthermore, mosaics of co…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

Deep-sea lag deposits
type: Concept
notation: A6.21
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of name (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea mixed substrata

Deep-sea biogenic gravels (shells, coral debris)
type: Concept
notation: A6.22
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of name (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea mixed substrata

[Protodorvillea kefersteini] and other polychaetes in impoverished circalittoral mixed gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.143
definition: In coarse gravelly or shelly sand sometimes with a slight mud content, along open coasts in depths of 10 to 30m, and in shallower offshore areas, an impoverished community characterised by [Protodorvillea kefersteini] may be found. This biotope has a number of other species associated with it including Nemertea spp., [Caulleriella] [zetlandica], [Minuspio cirrifera], [Glycera lapidum], [Ampelisca spinipes] and numerous other polychaete species all occurring at low abundances. The polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] is also found in low numbers in this biotope Situation: This biotope has been reported in the North Sea along the Norfolk/Lincolnshire coast located in and around marine aggregate dredging areas (IECS, 1999). Temporal variation: This biotope may be quite variable both spatially and temporally in terms community structure and also sediment type which is often borderline between the SCS complex and the SMX complex.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

[Neopentadactyla mixta] in circalittoral shell gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.144
definition: Sublittoral plains of clean, shell, maerl and / or stone gravels or sometimes coarse sands, with frequent [Neopentadactyla mixta]. [Pecten maximus] may occur occasionally along with [Lanice conchilega]. Other epifaunal species may include [Ophiura albida, Pagurus] spp. and [Callionymus] spp. These sediments may be thrown into dunes by wave action or tidal streams. Widespread species such as [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Chaetopterus variopedatus] are present in many examples of this biotope. Scarcely recorded species such as [Molgula oculata], [Ophiopsila annulosa] and [Amphiura securigera] may also be found. [O. annulosa] only occurs in records from the south-west of the British Isles. It should be noted that [Neopentadactyla] may exhibit periodicity in its projection out of, and retraction into, the sediment (Picton 1993).This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of the biotope MedLumVen. Situation: This biotope may occur adjacent to maerl beds and to some extent in the lower infralittoral where some seaweeds may occur in low abundances.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

[Branchiostoma lanceolatum] in circalittoral coarse sand with shell gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.145
definition: Gravel and coarse sand with shell gravel often contains communities of robust venerid bivalves (SCS.MedLumVen). Shallower examples, such as the biotope presented here, may support a significant population of [Branchiostoma lanceolatum]. Other conspicuous infauna may include [Echinocyamus pusillus], [Glycera lapidum], [Polygordius, Pisione remota] and [Arcopagia crassa] (in the south of UK). Sessile epifauna are typically a minor component of this community. This biotope has been described from a limited number of records and as such may need revising when further data become available. This biotope is related to the 'Boreal Offshore Gravel Association' and 'Deep [Venus] Community' described by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951), and may also be closely allied (the same?) as the '[Venus fasciata]' community of Cabioch (Glemarec 1973). This biotope may be an epibiotic overlay of the biotope SCS.MoeVen or SCS.MedLumVen.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coarse sediment

Deep circalittoral coarse sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.15
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel or shell. This habitat may cover large areas of the offshore continental shelf although there is relatively little quantitative data available. Such habitats are quite diverse compared to shallower versions of this habitat and generally characterised by robust infaunal polychaete and bivalve species. Animal communities in this habitat are closely related to offshore mixed sediments and in some areas settlement of [Modiolus modiolus] larvae may occur and consequently these habitats may occasionally have large numbers of juvenile [M. modiolus]. In areas where the mussels reach maturity their byssus threads bind the sediment together, increasing stability and allowing an increased deposition of silt leading to the development of the biotope A5.622.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral coarse sediment
narrower: [Glycera lapidum], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amythasides macroglossus] in offshore gravelly sand
narrower: [Hesionura elongata] and [Protodorvillea kefersteini] in offshore coarse sand
narrower: Pontic offshore shell gravel in strong currents
narrower: Pontic very deep Wurmian shell gravel of the shelf margin

[Glycera lapidum], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amythasides macroglossus] in offshore gravelly sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.151
definition: Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with coarse sands and gravel, stone or shell and occasionally a little silt (<5%) may be characterised by the polychaetes [Glycera lapidum] and [Amythasides macroglossus] with the bivalve [Thyasira] spp. (particularly [Thyasira succisa]). Other taxa include polychaetes such as [Exogone verugera], [Notomastus latericeus], [Spiophanes kroyeri],[Aphelochaeta marioni] ([Tharyx marioni]) and [Lumbrineris gracilis] and occasional numbers of the bivalve [Timoclea ovata]. This biotope bears some resemblance to the shallow SCS.Glap and also to the circalittoral and offshore venerid biotopes (SCS.MedLumVen and SMX.PoVen) but differs by the range of polychaete and bivalve fauna present. This biotope is notable for the presence of the rarely recorded ampharetid polychaete [Amythasides macroglossus] and also for the small ear file clam [Limatula subauriculata] which is common in some examples of this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral coarse sediment

Deep-sea calcareous pavements
type: Concept
notation: A6.23
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of name (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea mixed substrata

Communities of allochthonous material
type: Concept
notation: A6.24
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea mixed substrata
narrower: Communities of macrophyte debris

Communities of macrophyte debris
type: Concept
notation: A6.241
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Communities of allochthonous material

Deep-sea sand
type: Concept
notation: A6.3
definition: Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of sand.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Communities of bathyal detritic sands with [Grypheus vitreus]

Communities of bathyal detritic sands with [Grypheus vitreus]
type: Concept
notation: A6.31
definition: These communities are characterised by detritic sand substrata and by the abundant presence of the brachiopod [Grypheus vitreus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check position in hierarchy (is this a bioherm?).
broader: Deep-sea sand

Deep-sea muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A6.4
definition: Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of muddy sand.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of unit. Content expanded to include part of soft substrates in the abyssal zone (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea bed

Deep-sea mud
type: Concept
notation: A6.5
definition: Bathyal and abyssal benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of yellowwish or blue-grey mud, relatively consistent, whose population is extremely sparse. This biocoenosis is characterised by constant homothermy and an almost total absence of light.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds
narrower: Communities of abyssal muds

Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds
type: Concept
notation: A6.51
definition: This biocenosis is characterised by a constant homothermy of around 13° C and an almost total absence of light. The granulometry and thickness of the sediment is not homogeneous. It is present, generally, at depths of 150 - 250 metres. The faunal composition is characterised by foraminifera, sponges, polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea mud
narrower: Facies of sandy muds with [Thenea muricata]
narrower: Facies of fluid muds with [Brissopsis lyrifera]
narrower: Facies of soft muds with [Funiculina quadrangularis] and [Apporhais seressianus]
narrower: Facies of compact muds with [Isidella elongata]

Facies of sandy muds with [Thenea muricata]
type: Concept
notation: A6.511
definition: This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the mollusc [Thenea muricata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds

Facies of fluid muds with [Brissopsis lyrifera]
type: Concept
notation: A6.512
definition: This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the echinoderm [Brissopsis lyrifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds

Facies of soft muds with [Funiculina quadrangularis] and [Apporhais seressianus]
type: Concept
notation: A6.513
definition: This facies, present on the upper part of the continental slope, is characterised by sandy muds in which the cnidarian [Funiculina quadrangularis] and the gastropod [Apporhais serresianus] are present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds

Infralittoral mobile sand in variable salinity (estuaries)
type: Concept
notation: A5.221
definition: Very mobile sand in areas of strong tidal currents and variable salinity. No stable community is able to develop within this extremely mobile and abrasive habitat. The fauna encountered in this habitat consists of epifaunal crustaceans or relatively low numbers of robust species, such as the isopod [Eurydice pulchra] or [Mesopodopsis slabberi]. The polychaete [Capitella capitata] may occur frequently in some areas. Other taxa such as the polychaetes [Eteone] spp. and [Arenicola marina], the mysid [Neomysis integer] and the amphipods [Bathyporeia] spp. and [Haustorius arenarius] may also be washed in from adjacent communities. This biotope is found in tidal channels of estuaries and areas where water movement keeps silt and mud in suspension, and excludes even the more robust infauna. If oligochaetes, polychaetes and bivalves are present in any numbers within this habitat type then care must be taken to avoid the inclusion of juvenile or spat recruitment counts which may mask the presence of this biotope. This is particularly relevant as sampling usually occurs at slack water periods when settlement takes place
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Neomysis integer] and [Gammarus] spp. in fluctuating low salinity infralittoral mobile sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.223
definition: Upper estuary mobile fine muddy sands with very low fluctuating salinity characterised by the mysid shrimp [Neomysis integer] (see Arndt 1991) and amphipods of the genus [Gammarus] spp. This habitat has a rather sparse infauna and species such as [N. integer] will most likely be found on the sediment surface or just above it whilst [Gammarus] may be under loose weed, stones or other detritus on the sediment surface. The harsh physicochemical regime imposed by such environmental conditions in the upper estuary leads to a relatively impoverished community but high densities of the mobile, salinity-tolerant, crustaceans can occur. The biotope is found in the transitional zone between freshwater and brackish environments, relying on the decreased freshwater input during the summer for penetration of the brackish species up-stream. As such this biotope may also contain elements of freshwater communities. Situation: It may be found in conjunction with SMuVS.LhofTtub, although it lacks appreciable numbers of oligochaetes. Temporal variation: Numbers of [Neomysis] may to fluctuate on a seasonal basis due high over wintering mortality (Gameson 1982) and the location of this biotope within the estuary may also shift upstream or downstream on a seasonal or yearly basis related in part to the freshwater flow into the estuary as has been noted in the Humber (Allen [et al]. 2003).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)

Infralittoral mobile clean sand with sparse fauna
type: Concept
notation: A5.231
definition: Medium to fine sandy sediment in shallow water, often formed into dunes, on exposed or tide-swept coasts often contains very little infauna due to the mobility of the substratum. Some opportunistic populations of infaunal amphipods may occur, particularly in less mobile examples in conjunction with low numbers of mysids such as [Gastrosaccus spinifer], the polychaete [Nephtys cirrosa] and the isopod [Eurydice pulchra]. Sand eels [Ammodytes] sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others). This biotope is more mobile than SSA.NcirBat and may be closely related to LSa.BarSa on the shore. Common epifaunal species such as [Pagurus bernhardus], [Liocarcinus depurator], [Carcinus maenas] and [Asterias rubens] may be encountered and are the most conspicuous species present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

[Sertularia cupressina] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept sublittoral sand with cobbles or pebbles
type: Concept
notation: A5.232
definition: Shallow sands with cobbles and pebbles, exposed to strong tidal streams, with conspicuous colonies of hydroids, particularly [Hydrallmania falcata] and to a lesser extent [Sertularia cupressina] and [S. argentea]. These hydroids are tolerant to periodic submergence and scour by sand. Both diving and dredge surveys will easily record this biotope. [Flustra foliacea, Balanus crenatus] and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] may also occur on the more stable cobbles and pebbles, with [Urticina felina] and occasional [Lanice conchilega] present in the sand. Infaunal components of the other biotopes in the SSA or SCS complex may occur in this biotope as may elements of the 'Venus' associations; indeed, this biotope may be at one extreme of the spectrum of such associations (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997) and this biotope may be best considered an epibiotic overlay.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

[Nephtys cirrosa] and [Bathyporeia] spp. in infralittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.233
definition: Well-sorted medium and fine sands characterised by [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Bathyporeia] spp. (and sometimes [Pontocrates] spp.) which occur in the shallow sublittoral to at least 30 m depth. This biotope occurs in sediments subject to physical disturbance, as a result of wave action (and occasionally strong tidal streams). The magelonid polychaete [Magelona mirabilis] may be frequent in this biotope in more sheltered, less tideswept areas whilst in coarser sediments the opportunistic polychaete [Chaetozone setosa] may be commonly found. The faunal diversity of this biotope is considerably reduced compared to less disturbed biotopes (such as FfabMag) and for the most part consists of the more actively-swimming amphipods. Sand eels [Ammodytes] sp. may occasionally be observed in association with this biotope (and others) and spionid polychaetes such as [Spio filicornis] and [S. martinensis] may also be present. Occasional [Lanice conchilega] may be visible at the sediment surface. Temporal variation: Stochastic recruitment events in the [Nephtys cirrosa] populations may be very important to the population size of other polychaetes present and may therefore create a degree of variation in community composition (Bamber 1994).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

Facies of compact muds with [Isidella elongata]
type: Concept
notation: A6.514
definition: This facies is present at the base of the continental slope and bathyal plain and is characterised by compact muds in which the cnidarian [Isidella elongata] is present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds

Communities of abyssal muds
type: Concept
notation: A6.52
definition: These are the communities populating the muddy seabottoms of the abyssal zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea mud

Deep-sea bioherms
type: Concept
notation: A6.6
definition: A bioherm is a mound, dome, or reef-like mass of rock that is composed almost exclusively of the remains of sedentary marine organisms and is embedded in rock of different physical character. This habitat type includes deep-sea coral reefs (A6.61) and sponge beds (A6.62).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Need to confirm terminology (why not "biogenic structures" as in A2.8 and A5.6).
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Communities of deep-sea corals
narrower: Deep-sea sponge aggregations

Facies with [Pheronema grayi]
type: Concept
notation: A6.621
definition: This facies is characterised by the presence of the sponge [Pheronema grayi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea sponge aggregations

Raised features of the deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6.7
definition: Habitats on the deep-sea bed with significant elevation (typically >200m) in relation to their surroundings. Includes permanently submerged flanks of oceanic islands (A6.71), seamounts, knolls and banks (A6.72), oceanic ridges (A6.73), abyssal hills (A6.74) and carbonate mounds (A6.75).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Permanently submerged flanks of oceanic islands
narrower: Seamounts, knolls and banks
narrower: Oceanic ridges
narrower: Abyssal hills
narrower: Carbonate mounds

Permanently submerged flanks of oceanic islands
type: Concept
notation: A6.71
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed

Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in sublittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.234
definition: Sublittoral marine sand in moderately exposed or sheltered inlets and voes in shallow water may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. Typically dominated by [Corophium crassicorne] with other tube building amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp. also common. Other taxa include typical shallow sand fauna such as [Spiophanes bombyx], [Urothoe elegans], [Bathyporeia] spp. along with various polychaetes including [Exogone hebes] and [Lanice conchilega]. [Polydora ciliata] may also be abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface, Arenicola marina worm casts may be visible and occasional seaweeds such as [Laminaria saccharina] may be present. As many of the sites featuring this biotope are situated near to fish farms it is possible that it may have developed as the result of moderate nutrient enrichment. The distribution of this biotope is poorly known and like the muddier SMU.AmpPlon, to which it is related, appears to have a patchy distribution. Temporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal or spatial variant of other more stable biotopes resulting from localised changes to sediment stability and organic status.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine sand

Pontic fine and muddy sands with [Mya arenaria]
type: Concept
notation: A5.237B
definition: The [Mya arenaria] biocoenosis can be found on sandy and silty-sandy sediments, in habitats which mainly disperse into fresh waters (Gomoiou 1981, Petran and Gomoiou 1972, Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998). This allochtonous species, recorded for the first time in the Black Sea in 1966, is tolerant to pollution and as such has substituted [Lentidium mediterraneum], where this biocenosis has disappeared as a result of habitat degradation. This biocenosis is now present in the estuarine regions of the northwestern Black Sea. The dominant species (Mya) accounts for an average of 80% of the total density and biomass of the biocenosis itself. In areas with conspicuous river run-off such as the Danube-Dnester this value can rise to as much as 96%. The accompanying species are the polichaetes [Nereis succinea] and [Polydora ciliata limicola]. (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic communities of well sorted fine sands

[Echinocardium cordatum] and [Ensis] spp. in lower shore and shallow sublittoral slightly muddy fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.241
definition: Sheltered lower shore and shallow sublittoral sediments of sand or muddy fine sand in fully marine conditions, support populations of the urchin [Echinocardium cordatum] and the razor shell [Ensis siliqua] or [Ensis ensis]. Other notable taxa within this biotope include occasional [Lanice conchilega], [Pagurus] and [Liocarcinus] spp. and [Asterias rubens]. This biotope has primarily been recorded by epifaunal dive, video or trawl surveys where the presence of relatively conspicuous taxa such as E. cordatum and Ensis spp. have been recorded as characteristic of the community. However, these species, particularly [E. cordatum] have a wide distribution and are not necessarily the best choice for a characteristic taxa (Thorson, 1957). Furthermore, detailed quantitative infaunal data for this biotope is often rather scarce, possibly as a result of survey method as remote grab sampling is likely to under-estimate deep-burrowing species such as [Ensis] sp. (Warwick & Davis 1977). Consequently, it may be better to treat this biotope as an epibiotic overlay which is likely to overlap a number of other biotopes such as FfabMag, NcirBat and AalbNuc with infaunal components of these biotopes occurring within EcorEns. The precise nature of this infaunal community will be related to the nature of the substratum, in particular the quantity of silt/clay present. Infaunal species may include the polychaetes [Spiophanes bombyx], [Magelona mirabilis], [Nephtys cirrosa] and [Chaetozone setosa] and the amphipod [Bathyporeia] spp. This biotope is currently broadly defined and needs further consideration as to whether it should be placed at biotope or biotope complex level. AreISa is another biotope based primarily on epibiotic data. It is likely that this biotope and EcorEns form a wider epibiotic sand /muddy sand community with EcorEns biased towards sandier areas and SSA.AreISa towards slightly muddier areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

[Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] with venerid bivalves and amphipods in infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.242
definition: In stable, fine, compacted sands and slightly muddy sands in the infralittoral and littoral fringe, communities occur that are dominated by venerid bivalves such as [Chamelea gallina]. This biotope may be characterised by a prevalence of [Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] or other species of [Magelona (e.g. [M. filiformis)]. Other taxa, including the amphipod [Bathyporeia] spp. and polychaetes such as [Chaetozone setosa], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Nephtys] spp. are also commonly recorded. In some areas the bivalve [Spisula elliptica] may also occur in this biotope in low numbers. The community is relatively stable in its species composition, however, numbers of [Magelona] and [F. Fabulina] tend to fluctuate. Around the Scilly Isles numbers of [F. fabulina] in this biotope are uncommonly low whilst these taxa are often found in higher abundances in muddier communities (presumably due to the higher organic content). Consequently it may be better to revise this biotope on the basis of less ubiquitous taxa such as key amphipod species (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002) although more data is required to test this. FfabMag and MoeVen are collectively considered to be the 'shallow [Venus] community' or 'boreal off-shore sand association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1950; Thorson 1957). These communities have been shown to correlate well with particular levels of current induced 'bed-stress' (Warwick & Uncles 1980). The 'Arctic [Venus] Community' and 'Mediterranean [Venus] Community' described to the north and south of the UK (Thorson 1957) probably occur in the same habitat and appears to be the same biotope described as the [Ophelia borealis] community in northern France and the central North Sea (Künitzer [et al]. 1992). Sites with this biotope may undergo transitions in community composition. The epibiotic biotopes EcorEns and AreISa may also overlay this biotope in some areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within euphotic zone
type: Concept
notation: A6.721
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks

Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within the mesopelagic zone, i.e. interacting with diurnally migrating plankton
type: Concept
notation: A6.722
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks

Deep summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank (i.e. below mesopelagic zone)
type: Concept
notation: A6.723
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks

Flanks of seamount, knoll or bank
type: Concept
notation: A6.724
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks

Base of seamount, knoll or bank
type: Concept
notation: A6.725
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Seamounts, knolls and banks
narrower: Moat around base of seamount, knoll or bank

Moat around base of seamount, knoll or bank
type: Concept
notation: A6.7251
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation.
broader: Base of seamount, knoll or bank

Oceanic ridges
type: Concept
notation: A6.73
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed change of name (Southampton workshop).
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed
narrower: Communities of ridge flanks
narrower: Communities of ridge axial trough (i.e. non-vent fauna)
narrower: Oceanic ridge without hydrothermal effects

[Arenicola marina] in infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.243
definition: In shallow fine sand or non-cohesive muddy sand in fully marine conditions (or occasionally in variable salinity) a community characterised by the polychaete [Arenicola marina] may occur. This biotope appears quite faunally sparse. Those other taxa present however, include scavenging crustacea such as [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator], terebellid polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega] and the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii]. Occasional [Sabella pavonina] and frequent [Ensis] spp. may also be observed in some areas. The majority of records for this biotope are derived from epifaunal surveys and consequently there is little information available for the associated infaunal species. It is possible that this biotope, like EcorEns (to which it is broadly similar) is an epibiotic overlay on other biotopes from the SSA complex. Temporal variation: At certain times of the year a diatom film may be present on the sediment surface.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

[Spisula subtruncata] and [Nephtys hombergii] in shallow muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.244
definition: In shallow non-cohesive muddy sands, in fully marine conditions, a community characterised by the bivalve [Spisula subtruncata] and the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] may occur. The sediments in which this community is found may vary with regard silt content but they generally have less than 20% silt/clay and in some areas may contain a degree of shell debris. This biotope falls somewhere between SSA.FfabMag and SSA.AalbNuc with regard sediment type (i.e. somewhat muddier than SSA.FfabMag and less muddy than SSA.AalbNuc) and may have species in common with both. As a result, other important species in this community include [Abra alba], [Fabulina fabula] spp. and [Mysella bidentata] spp. In addition, [Diastylis rathkei/typical], [Philine aperta] (in muddier sediments), [Ampelisca] spp., [Ophiura albida], [Phaxas pellucidus] and occasionally [Bathyporeia] spp, may also be important, although this is not clear from the data available. In areas of slightly coarser, less muddy sediment [S. solida] or [S. elliptica] may appear occasionally in this biotope. Abundances of [Spisula subtruncata] in this biotope are often very high and distinguish it from other closely related biotopes. Extensive areas of this community to the north east of the Dogger Bank were recorded in the 1950s, but these seem to have declined since then (Kroncke 1990). More information is required with regard the status of this biotope. Temporal variation: In some areas this biotope may be a temporal variant or sub-biotope of SSA.FfabMag and SSA.AalbNuc rather than an established biotope in itself. For example SSA.SsubNhom has been recorded in Red Wharf Bay and Conwy Bay where it appears to be short term variant of other more established biotopes (e.g. SSA.AalbNuc) and appears to have only intermittent occurrence in single age cohort patches possibly due to predation in some areas (e.g. Red Wharf Bay) by the common Scoter [Melanitta nigra] (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral muddy sand

[Abra prismatica], [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.252
definition: In circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sands between 25m and 100m a community characterised by the bivalve [Abra prismatica], the amphipod [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes such as [Scoloplos armiger], [Spiophanes bombyx], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Chaetozone setosa], [Ophelia borealis] and [Nephtys longosetosa] may be found. Crustacea such as the cumacean [Eudorellopsis deformis] and the opheliid polychaetes such as [Ophelia borealis], [Travisia forbesii] or [Ophelina neglecta] are often present in this biotope and the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis] may also be common at some sites. This biotope has been reported in the central and northern North Sea ( Basford and Eleftheriou, 1989; Künitzer et al., 1992).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine sand

[Amphiura brachiata] with [Astropecten irregularis] and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.262
definition: In shallow, circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sand (typically less than 20% silt/clay) abundant populations of the brittlestar [Amphiura brachiata] may occur with other echinoderms such as [Astropecten irregularis], [Asterias rubens], [Ophiura ophiura] and [Echinocardium cordatum]. Other infaunal species typically include [Mysella bidentata, Lanice conchilega] and [Magelona filiformis]. This biotope is likely to form part of the non-cohesive/cohesive muddy sand communities, which make up the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). It is possible that in some areas this biotope forms an epifaunal overlay which may cover a range of biotopes in years of good recruitment but does not develop into a settled or established community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral muddy sand

Communities of ridge flanks
type: Concept
notation: A6.731
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Oceanic ridges

Communities of ridge axial trough (i.e. non-vent fauna)
type: Concept
notation: A6.732
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs checking - is this different from Palaearctic 11.214?
broader: Oceanic ridges

Oceanic ridge without hydrothermal effects
type: Concept
notation: A6.733
definition: Benthic communities occupying raised features of the deep sea-floor; they include assemblages colonizing active or nonactive constructive midocean ridges, as well as those developed on asismic ridges, but with the exception of hydrothermal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oceanic ridges

Abyssal hills
type: Concept
notation: A6.74
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed

Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
type: Concept
notation: A6.8
definition: Habitats on the deep-sea bed significantly below the deep-sea bed, including deep ocean trenches, often greater than 6000 m depth with an active margin reduction zone (A6.82), and downslope or along-slope channels on the deep-sea bed (A6.81).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
narrower: Deep-sea trenches

Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
type: Concept
notation: A6.81
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Need to check criteria.
broader: Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope
narrower: Active downslope channels
narrower: Inactive downslope channels
narrower: Alongslope channels
narrower: Turbidites and fans

Active downslope channels
type: Concept
notation: A6.811
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Inactive downslope channels
type: Concept
notation: A6.812
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Alongslope channels
type: Concept
notation: A6.813
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Turbidites and fans
type: Concept
notation: A6.814
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Deep-sea trenches
type: Concept
notation: A6.82
definition: Benthic communities of the oceanic trenches, deep elongated subduction troughs of the ocean floor.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope

Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea
type: Concept
notation: A6.9
definition: Deep-sea habitats characterised by chemical conditions. Includes interface habitats on the deep-sea bed where reducing conditions exist (A6.91), not generally associated with drastically elevated temperatures, including the carcasses of large cetaceans (A6.913). These habitats are often indicated by the presence of seeping or bubbling gases or liquids, hypoxic and/or anoxic conditions in the water column above. Also includes vents in the deep-sea bed (A6.94).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bed
narrower: Deep-sea reducing habitats
narrower: Deep-sea bed influenced by hypoxic water column
narrower: Isolated ‘oceanic’ features influenced by hypoxic water column
narrower: Vents in the deep sea
narrower: Pontic anoxic H2S black muds of the slope and abyssal plain, with anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria and nematodes

Deep-sea reducing habitats
type: Concept
notation: A6.91
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit to accommodate seeps and other reducing habitats (Southampton workshop).
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea
narrower: Seeps in the deep-sea bed
narrower: Gas hydrates in deep-sea
narrower: Cetacean and other carcasses on the deep-sea bed

Seeps in the deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6.911
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed expansion to include seeps in the abyssal zone (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea reducing habitats
narrower: Cold seep benthic communities of hadal zone

[Owenia fusiformis] and [Amphiura filiformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.272
definition: Areas of slightly muddy sand (generally <20% mud) in offshore waters may be characterised by high numbers of the tube building polychaete [Owenia fusiformis] often with the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis]. Whilst [O. fusiformis] is also found in other circalittoral or offshore biotopes it usually occurs in lower abundances than in SSA.OfusAfil. Other species found in this community are the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Pholoe inornata], [Diplocirrus glaucus], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Spiophanes kroyeri] with occasional bivalves such as [Timoclea ovata] and [Thyasira equalis]. The sea cucumber [Labidoplax buski] and the cumacean [Eudorella truncatula] are also commonly often found in this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral sand

[Polydora ciliata] and [Corophium volutator] in variable salinity infralittoral firm mud or clay
type: Concept
notation: A5.321
definition: Variable salinity clay and firm mud characterised by a turf of the polychaete [Polydora ciliata] along with the amphipod [Corophium volutator]. Other important taxa include the polychaetes [Pygospio elegans], [Hediste diversicolor, Streblospio shrubsolii] and the oligochaete [Tubificoides benedii]. [P. ciliata] also occurs in high densities elsewhere (see MCR.Pol) and may be a specific feature of the Humber Estuary in these conditions. This biotope occurs only in very firm mud and clay and possibly submerged relict saltmarsh with a high detrital content. It is characterised, and can be separated from other biotopes, by a combination of the sediment characteristics and the very high density of [Polydora ciliata]. In some areas, such as the Humber estuary, cyclical behaviour with regard its characteristic taxa has been reported with either [P. ciliata] or [C. volutator] increasing in dominance at the expense of the other (Gameson 1982). It is possible that changes in water quality or the sediment regime may be responsible for this.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Aphelochaeta marioni] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.322
definition: Variable salinity cohesive muddy sediment (sometimes with some coarser material) dominated by the polychaete [Aphelochaeta marioni] (or other [Aphelochaeta] species e.g. [A. amplivasatus]) and the oligochaete [Tubificoides] spp. These taxa are generally accompanied by [Nephtys hombergii] whilst the polychaetes [Capitella capitata] and [Melinna palmata] may also occur in high numbers in some areas. Other members of the cirratulid polychaete group e.g. [Caulleriella zetlandica]. and [Tharyx] spp[]. may also occur in high numbers, sometimes replacing [A. marioni] as the dominant polychaete. However, there is still inconsistency in the identification of the cirratulid group which is further compounded by fragmentation during sample processing. This biotope is very common in stable muddy environments and may extend from reduced salinity to fully marine conditions. Situation: This biotope may also be found in conjunction with MacAbr.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Capitella capitata] and [Tubificoides] spp. in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.325
definition: Reduced or variable salinity muddy sediment characterised by the [Capitella capitata] species complex with a relatively low species richness. Large numbers of the oligochaetes [Tubificoides] spp. may be found in conjunction with [C. capitata], along with other species such as [Marenzellaria] sp, [Macoma balthica], [Arenicola marina] and [Eteone longa]. In some estuaries this biotope may also include high numbers of the polychaete [Ophryotrocha]. This biotope usually has a moderate organic content, and is found away from tidal channels in estuaries. The presence of dense [Capitella] has classically been associated with organically enriched and physically disturbed habitats in the marine environment (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) and areas of higher organic loads in estuaries will typically fall into the biotope Cap. Where Capitella is less abundant and accompanied by other typical estuarine species the dominance of Capitella may be associated with other natural factors including the occurrence of a competitive refuge for [C. capitata] in the reduced-salinity environment (Wolff 1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.326
definition: Reduced or variable salinity muddy and sandy mud sediments characterised by oligochaetes, particularly of the genus [Tubificoides] or from the group Enchytraeidae. The abundance of the oligochaetes may vary by several orders of magnitude but very few other species will be present. Organic loading and poor water-exchange within the sediment lead to anoxic conditions which may explain the low species richness within this biotope. Situation: This biotope is found towards the edges of tidal channels in estuaries where current velocities allow deposition of silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. The biotope may occur downstream of SMU.LhofTtub, differentiated by the absence of the freshwater species, and adjacent to more mobile and sandier biotopes in the tidal channels.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Cold seep benthic communities of hadal zone
type: Concept
notation: A6.9111
definition: Highly distinctive benthic communities of large bivalves, sponges and bryozoans, inhabiting the vicinity of oceanic methane-laden seeps, mostly localized in subduction trenches.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seeps in the deep-sea bed

Gas hydrates in deep-sea
type: Concept
notation: A6.912
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea reducing habitats

Cetacean and other carcasses on the deep-sea bed
type: Concept
notation: A6.913
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed change of name (CEH).
broader: Deep-sea reducing habitats

Deep-sea bed influenced by hypoxic water column
type: Concept
notation: A6.92
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of unit to include all deep-sea anoxic habitats (Southampton workshop).
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea

Isolated ‘oceanic’ features influenced by hypoxic water column
type: Concept
notation: A6.93
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Further clarification required.
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea

Active vent fields
type: Concept
notation: A6.941
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop). Needs confirmation, especially relationship with level 3 unit.
broader: Vents in the deep sea

Inactive vent fields
type: Concept
notation: A6.942
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Vents in the deep sea

Pontic anoxic H2S black muds of the slope and abyssal plain, with anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria and nematodes
type: Concept
notation: A6.95
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea

Pelagic water column
type: Concept
notation: A7
definition: The water column of shallow or deep sea, or enclosed coastal waters. Note that because of the strong temporal nature of the pelagic environment, the water column at a given location will be classified differently at different times of the year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Revised to omit ice-associated habitats (Southampton workshop).
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Neuston
narrower: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Completely mixed water column with full salinity
narrower: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time
narrower: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Fronts in reduced salinity water column
narrower: Unstratified water column with full salinity
narrower: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity
narrower: Fronts in full salinity water column

Neuston
type: Concept
notation: A7.1
definition: The interface between air and sea water, inhabited by communities of minute or microscopic organisms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed raising to level 3 (Southampton workshop).
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Temporary neuston layer
narrower: Permanent neuston layer

Temporary neuston layer
type: Concept
notation: A7.11
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Neuston

Permanent neuston layer
type: Concept
notation: A7.12
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Neuston

Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.2
definition: A water column which is completely and actively mixed, and influenced by freshwater so that the salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time
narrower: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time
narrower: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

[Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri], [Tubifex tubifex] and [Gammarus] spp. in low salinity infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.327
definition: Upper estuary muddy sediments with very low fluctuating salinity, characterised by the oligochaetes [Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri] and [Tubifex tubifex]. Other taxa may include [Marenzelleria wireni], [Gammarus zaddachi], [Paranais litoralis] and [Heterochaeta costata]. The biotope contains elements of both freshwater and brackish communities. Situation: This biotope is found in the transitional zone between the freshwater and brackish environments where tidal currents are sufficiently reduced to allow the deposition of fine silt and the establishment of an infaunal community. It may be found adjacent to NeoGam away from the stronger tidal streams. Temporal variation: The position of this biotope in the estuary may vary seasonally depending on freshwater input (Gameson, 1982).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

Pontic mud with [Spisula subtruncata], [Syndesmia fragilis], and [Cardium paucicostatum] in low and variable salinity
type: Concept
notation: A5.328
definition: The biocenosis has been observed in areas of low salinity in proximity of estuaries (Tiganus, 1976 describes an area in proximity of the Danube estuary). The dominant species is [Syndesmia fragilis] in terms of numerical presence. The biocenosis is characterised by a lower quantitative presence of [Spisula subtruncata] and [Cardium paucicostatum], a high presence of the polychaete [Melinna palmata] and a rich meiobenthic fauna characterised by Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Oligochaeta and Copepods (Tiganus 1976). The biocenosis is recently characterised by the dominant presence of the allochtonous mollusc, [Mya arenaria], which has caused a variation in the composition of this biocenosis (Gomoiu 1976).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Nephtys hombergii] and [Macoma balthica] in infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.331
definition: Near-shore shallow sandy muds and muds, and sometimes mixed sediments, may be characterised by the presence of the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] and the bivalve [Macoma balthica]. [Abra alba], and [Nucula nitidosa] may also be important although they may not necessarily occur simultaneously or in high numbers. Other taxa include [Spiophanes bombyx], Lagis koreni], and [Echinocardium cordatum]. In some areas [Scoloplos armiger] and [Crangon crangon] may also be present. The community appears to be quite stable (Dewarumez [et al]. 1992) and the substratum is typically rich in organic content. This community has been included in the 'Boreal Offshore Muddy Sand Association' of Jones (1950) and is also described by several other authors (Petersen 1918; Cabioch & Gla‡on 1975). A similar community may occur in deep water in the Baltic (Thorson 1957). This biotope may occur in slightly reduced salinity estuarine conditions where [Mya] sp. may become a significant member of the community (Thorson 1957). Situation: The community may occur in small patches or swathes in shallow waters parallel to the shore (Jones 1950; Cabioch & Gla‡on 1975) or in shallow nearshore depressions or trenches where finer material collects e.g. off the Suffolk coast (IECS 1991). This biotope is known to occur in patches between Denmark and the western English Channel. Temporal variation: Sites with SMU.NhomMac may develop into [Amphiura] biotopes with time (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1996)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

[Melinna palmata] with [Magelona] spp. and [Thyasira] spp. in infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.334
definition: In infralittoral cohesive sandy mud, in sheltered marine inlets, and occasionally variable salinity environments, dense populations of the polychaete [Melinna palmata] may occur, often with high numbers of [Magelona] spp. and the bivalve [Thyasira flexuosa]. Other important taxa may include [Chaetozone gibber, Nephtys hombergii, Galathowenia oculata], [Euclymene oerstedii], [Ampelisca tenuicornis], [Ampharete lindstroemi], [Abra alba], and [Phoronis] sp. In addition the polychaete [Aphelochaeta] spp. and the gastropod [Turritella communis] may be common or abundant in some areas. At the sediment surface visible taxa may include occasional [Virgularia mirabilis], and mobile epifauna such as [Pagurus bernhardus]. This biotope is characteristic in many southern UK marine inlets and in some areas e.g. Plymouth Sound during high levels of recruitment when [M. palmata] often occurs in abundances between 500 to 1000 per m2 moderate numbers of the species often 'overspill' into adjacent biotopes (Allen [et al]. 2001). Situation: In many areas this biotope is found on or near the boundary between euryhaline and polyhaline waters and in such areas moderately high numbers of [Aphelochaeta] spp. are often recorded. Temporal variation: Numbers of [M. palmata] tend to vary considerably from year to year presumably due to recruitment and/or adult mortality.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.21
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Baltic outer unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water

Baltic outer unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water
type: Concept
notation: A7.211
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and short residence time

Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.22
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Baltic inner unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water

Baltic inner unenclosed seasonally stratified coastal water
type: Concept
notation: A7.221
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time

Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.23
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Water body of Baltic eutrophic coastal lakes
narrower: Water body of Baltic mesotrophic coastal lakes
narrower: Water body of Baltic eutrophic glo-lakes
narrower: Water body of Baltic mesotrophic glo-lakes

Water body of Baltic eutrophic coastal lakes
type: Concept
notation: A7.231
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Water body of Baltic mesotrophic coastal lakes
type: Concept
notation: A7.232
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Water body of Baltic eutrophic glo-lakes
type: Concept
notation: A7.233
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Water body of Baltic mesotrophic glo-lakes
type: Concept
notation: A7.234
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Need to check criteria for this Baltic unit
broader: Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Completely mixed water column with full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.3
definition: A water column which is completely and actively mixed, not influenced by freshwater, so that the salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type is usually found in relatively shallow, coastal situations, without river inflow or ice melt.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time
narrower: Completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time
narrower: Completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time

Completely mixed water column with full salinity and short residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.31
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with full salinity

Completely mixed water column with full salinity and medium residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.32
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with full salinity

Completely mixed water column with full salinity and long residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.33
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Completely mixed water column with full salinity

Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.41
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time

Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.42
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time

Unstratified water column with reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.5
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
narrower: Mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
narrower: Bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
narrower: Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water

[Ampelisca] spp., [Photis longicaudata] and other tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in infralittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.335
definition: Sublittoral stable cohesive sandy muds occurring over a wide depth range may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. In particular large numbers of the amphipods [Ampelisca] spp. and [Photis longicaudata] may be present along with polychaetes such as [Lagis koreni]. Other important taxa may include bivalves such as [Nucula nitidosa], [Chamelea gallina], [Abra alba] and [Mysella bidentata] and the echinoderms [Echinocardium cordatum] and [Amphiura brachiata]. In some areas polychaetes such as [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Polydora ciliata] may also be conspicuously numerous. This community is poorly known, appearing to occur in restricted patches. In some areas it is possible that AmpPlon may develop as a result of moderate organic enrichment. A similar community in mud has also been reported in the Baltic which is characterised by large populations of amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp., [Corophium] spp. and [Haploops tubicola] (see Petersen 1918; Thorson 1957) and it is not known if SMU.AmpPlon is a UK variant of this biotope. Temporal variation: In some areas of the Irish Sea this biotope is reported to be a temporal variant of AalbNuc, SsubNhom and LkorPpel. Some researchers consider these biotopes to be part of a wider muddy sand community which varies temporally depending on changes in sediment deposition and recruitment as was reported in areas of Red Wharf Bay off the Welsh coast (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

[Capitella capitata] in enriched sublittoral muddy sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.336
definition: The polychaete [Capitella capitata] (agg.) a widely-occurring, opportunist species complex that is particularly associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978) where it may be superabundant. In very polluted/disturbed areas only [Capitella], Nematodes and occasional [Malacoceros fuliginosus] may be found whilst in slightly less enriched areas and estuaries species such as [Tubificoides], [Cirriformia tentaculata], [Pygospio elegans] and [Polydora ciliata] may also be found. In some areas e.g. the Tees estuary, high numbers of the polychaete [Ophryotrocha] may also be present. Cap may become established as a result of anthropogenic activities such as fish farming and sewerage effluent but may also occur with natural enrichment as a result of, for example, coastal bird roosts. This biotope may also occur to some extent in the intertidal and in estuaries. Situation: This biotope typically occurs in marine inlets, embayments or estuaries where organic enrichment allows [C. capitata] to out compete other taxa, although the species may also occur in enriched muddy coastal sediments and also offshore where there is a high organic input from adjacent oil drilling platforms (CapThy & CapThy.Odub).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral sandy mud

Infralittoral fine mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.34
definition: Shallow sublittoral muds, extending from the extreme lower shore to about 15-20 m depth in fully marine or near marine conditions, predominantly in extremely sheltered areas with very weak tidal currents. Such habitats are found in sealochs and some rias and harbours. Populations of the lugworm [Arenicola marina] may be dense, with anemones, the opisthobranch [Philine aperta] and synaptid holothurians also characteristic in some areas. The extent of the oxidised layer may be shallow with some areas being periodically or permanently anoxic. In these areas bacterial mats may develop on the sediment surface. Infaunal records for this habitat type are limited encompassing only one biotope. They are therefore not representative of the full suite of infaunal species found in this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mud
narrower: [Cerastoderma edule] with [Abra nitida] in infralittoral mud
narrower: [Arenicola marina] in infralittoral mud
narrower: [Philine aperta] and [Virgularia mirabilis] in soft stable infralittoral mud
narrower: [Ocnus planci] aggregations on sheltered sublittoral muddy sediment
narrower: [Astarte crenata] beneath high salinity cold polar water
narrower: Oligochaetes in mobile mud
narrower: Pontic mobile muds of the River Danube mouths

[Cerastoderma edule] with [Abra nitida] in infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.341
definition: Sheltered shallow sublittoral muds and gravelly muds in marine embayments, inlets or harbours may contain populations of the edible cockle [Cerastoderma edule] with [Abra nitida]. Other taxa may include the gastropod [Hydrobia ulvae], cirraltulid polychaetes such as [Caulleriella] spp. and other polychaetes including [Hediste diversicolor] and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. Available data for this biotope are limited to parts of Southampton Water, Chichester Harbour and also in the Wash. The species list given here may therefore be far from complete. It is not known at this stage whether this biotope is a sublittoral extension of intertidal cockle beds (e.g. LSA.CerPo) or whether it exists independently of intertidal populations of [C. edule].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

[Arenicola marina] in infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.342
definition: In very shallow, extremely sheltered, very soft muds [Arenicola marina] may form very conspicuous mounds and casts. This biotope may also contain synaptid holothurians such as [Labidoplax media] and [Leptosynapta bergensis] or [L. inhaerens]. However these species may be under recorded (possibly due to periodicity in feeding) and are not considered characteristic of this biotope. Other conspicuous fauna may include [Carcinus maenas], [Asterias rubens] and [Pagurus bernhardus] whilst the scallop [Pecten maximus] and the turret shell [Turritella] [communis] may also be present in some areas. Situation: This biotope typically occurs in waters shallower than about 5 m in sheltered basins of sealochs and lagoons that may be partially separated from the open sea by tidal narrows or rapids. Temporal variation: Sediment surfaces may become covered by a diatom film at certain times of the year
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.51
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity

Mesopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.52
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity

Bathypelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.53
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity

Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified reduced salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.54
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.61
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.62
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.63
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.64
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.65
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.66
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity
narrower: Baltic offshore deep water above the halocline
narrower: Baltic offshore deep water below the halocline

Baltic offshore deep water above the halocline
type: Concept
notation: A7.661
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity

Baltic offshore deep water below the halocline
type: Concept
notation: A7.662
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity

Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.67
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

[Philine aperta] and [Virgularia mirabilis] in soft stable infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.343
definition: Physically very stable muds, occasionally with small stones, with a high proportion of fine material (typically greater than 80 %) may contain the opisthobranch [Philine aperta] and the seapen [Virgularia mirabilis]. These muds typically occur in shallow water down to about 12-15 m where significant seasonal variation in temperature is presumed to occur. This habitat is restricted to the most sheltered basins in, for example, sealochs. Although most records suggest full salinity conditions are prevalent, some sites may be subject to variable salinity. [Philine aperta] is the most characteristic species of this habitat, occurring in high densities at many sites, whilst [Virgularia mirabilis], a species found more widely in muddy sediments, appears to reach its highest densities in this shallow mud but may not be present in all examples of this biotope. Other conspicuous species found in this shallow muddy habitat include [Cerianthus lloydii], [Pagurus bernhardus], [Sagartiogeton] spp. and [Hydractinia echinata]. Burrowing crustacean megafauna, characteristic of deeper mud, are rare or absent from this shallow sediment although [Nephrops norvegicus] may sometimes be recorded. This biotope has been primarily recorded on the basis of its epifauna and a few conspicuous infauna. Little data exists on the infaunal component of this biotope but it may include [Nephtys] spp., spionid polychaetes, [Ampelisca] spp. and the bivalves [Nucula] spp., [Thyasira flexuosa], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra] spp. In the south of Great Britain, the polychaete [Sternaspis scutata] is also characteristic of this biotope. This polychaete is rare in Great Britain (Sanderson 1996). Indeed, this southern variant of the biotope is very restricted in the UK to Portland Harbour but is known to occur further south in the Gulf of Gascony and the Mediterranean (Glemarec 1973; Dauvin [et al]. 1994). Temporal variation: It is possible that this biotope is a temporal variant of other SMU biotopes. The k…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral fine mud

[Amphiura filiformis], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra nitida] in circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.351
definition: Cohesive sandy mud off wave exposed coasts with weak tidal streams can be characterised by super-abundant [Amphiura filiformis] with [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra nitida]. This community occurs in muddy sands in moderately deep water (Hiscock 1984; Picton [et al]. 1994) and may be related to the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and is part of the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec. This community is also characterised by the sipunculid [Thysanocardia procera] and the polychaetes [Nephtys incisa], [Phoronis] sp. and [Pholoe] sp., with cirratulids also common in some areas. Other taxa such as [Nephtys hombergii], [Echinocardium cordatum], [Nucula nitidosa], [Callianassa subterranea] and [Eudorella truncatula] may also occur in offshore examples of this biotope (e.g. Künitzer [et al]. 1992).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

[Thyasira] spp. and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.352
definition: Circalittoral cohesive sandy muds with small quantities of gravel, off sheltered or moderately exposed coasts may support populations characterised by [Thyasira] spp. and in particular [Thyasira flexuosa]. Other characteristic taxa may include [Nuculoma tenuis], [Goniada maculate] and in some areas [Rhodine gracilior]. [Mysella bidentata], [Abra alba], [Harpinia antennaria] and [Amphiura filiformis] may be abundant in some examples of this biotope. Whilst moderately diverse, animal abundances are often low and it is possible that the biotope is the result of sedimentary disturbance e.g. from trawling and is possibly an impoverished version of AfilNten. Collectively the biotopes ThyNten, AfilMysAnit, AfilNten and OfusAfil, may form the [Amphiura] dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Thorson 1957; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

[Amphiura filiformis] and [Nuculoma tenuis] in circalittoral and offshore muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.353
definition: In cohesive and non-cohesive sandy mud, off moderately exposed coasts in deep water dense populations of [Amphiura filiformis] with the bivalve [Nuculoma tenuis] may occur. This biotope together with AfilMysAnit, ThyNten and OfusAfil may be part of the [Amphiura filiformis] dominated infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973) and part of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). Other species characteristic of this biotope may include the echinoderms [Ophiura albida] and [Echinocardium flavescens] and the bivalve [Mysella bidentata]. [Phaxas pellucidus], [Owenia fusiformis] and [Virgularia mirabilis] may also be present. At the sediment surface the hydroid [Sertularia argentea] may be present although only at very low abundances. Variations of this biotope exist in the northern North Sea (see below) and it is possible that more than one entity exists for this biotope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.68
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.69
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity

Fronts in reduced salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.7
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column
narrower: Seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column
narrower: Persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column

Ephemeral fronts in reduced salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.71
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in reduced salinity water column

Seasonal fronts in reduced salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.72
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in reduced salinity water column

Persistent fronts in reduced salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.73
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in reduced salinity water column

Unstratified water column with full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.8
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Unstratified water columns have very weak or no horizontal or vertical gradients.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water
narrower: Mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
narrower: Bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
narrower: Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water

Euphotic (epipelagic) zone in unstratified full salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.81
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with full salinity

Mesopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.82
definition: Waters situated over the continental slope, the steep descent from the continental shelf to the ocean bottom, an area where upwellings, water mixing or shearing and other anomalies often develop.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unstratified water column with full salinity

[Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus] on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.354
definition: Circalittoral fine sandy mud may contain [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. A variety of species may occur, and species composition at a particular site may relate, to some extent, to the proportions of the major sediment size fractions. Several species are common to most sites including [Virgularia mirabilis] which is present in moderate numbers, [Ophiura albida] and [Ophiura ophiura] which are often quite common, and [Pecten maximus] which is usually only present in low numbers. [Virgularia mirabilis] is usually accompanied by occasional [Cerianthus lloydii], [Liocarcinus depurator] and [Pagurus bernhardus]. [Amphiura chiajei] and [Amphiura filiformis] may occur in some examples of this biotope. Polychaetes and bivalves are generally the main components of the infauna, although the nemerteans, [Edwardsia claparedii], [Phoronis muelleri] and [Labidoplax buski] may also be widespread. Of the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Nephtys incisa], [Minuspio cirrifera], [Chaetozone setosa], [Notomastus latericeus] and [Owenia fusiformis] are often the most widespread species whilst [Myrtea spinifera], [Lucinoma borealis], [Mysella bidentata], [Abra alba] and [Corbula gibba] are typical bivalves in this biotope. This biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as SpnMeg, AfilMysAnit and AfilNten. Situation: Such sediments are very common in sealochs, often occurring shallower than the finest mud or in somewhat more exposed parts of the lochs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud
narrower: [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus], hydroids and ascidians on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with shells or stones

[Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus], hydroids and ascidians on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with shells or stones
type: Concept
notation: A5.3541
definition: Circalittoral fine sandy mud with shell gravel and notable quantities of shells or small stones scattered over the sediment surface. These sediments, like SMU.VirOphPmax, may contain [Virgularia mirabilis, Pecten maximus] and [Ophiura] spp. but shells and small stones scattered over the sediment surface provided sufficient stable substrata for a variety of sessile epifaunal species to occur. Of these the hydroids [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], [Nemertesia antennina] and [Nemertesia ramosa] are most common with solitary ascidians such as [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ascidia mentula] also present. The anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] is often found in the sediment together with occasional [Lanice conchilega]. The serpulids [Protula tubularia], [Serpula vermicularis] and [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the barnacles [Balanus balanus] and [Balanus crenatus] are also often present on pebbles and shells. [Munida rugosa] are occasionally found under larger stones. All these species are typical of more rocky habitats in such sheltered conditions. As with SMU.VirOphPmax this biotope is primarily identified on the basis of its epifauna and may be an epibiotic overlay over other closely related biotopes such as AfilMysAnit and AfilNten.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Ophiura] spp. with [Pecten maximus] on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud

[Lagis koreni] and [Phaxas pellucidus] in circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.355
definition: In stable circalittoral sandy mud dense populations of the tube building polychaete [Lagis koreni] may occur. Other species found in this habitat typically include bivalves such as [Phaxas pellucidus], [Mysella bidentata] and [Abra alba] and polychaetes such as [Mediomastus fragilis], [Spiophanes bombyx], [Owenia fusiformis] and [Scalibregma inflatum]. At the sediment surface easily visible fauna include [Lagis koreni] and [Ophiura ophiura]. [Lagis koreni] is an important source of food for commercially important demersal fish, especially dab and plaice (Macer, 1967; Lockwood, 1980 and Basimi & Grove, 1985). Temporal variation: In some areas e.g. Liverpool Bay, AalbNuc and LkorPpel have exhibited cyclical behaviour with the community periodically switching from one biotope to another - possibly in relation to dredge spoil disposal (Rees [et al]. 1992) along with other environmental and biological factors. Both [Lagis koreni] and [Phaxas pellucidus], are capable of tolerating sudden increases in the deposition of sediment and often dominate such areas following such an event. Indeed it is likely that the two biotopes are merely different aspects of the same community as [Lagis koreni] is often recorded with high densities of [Abra alba] (Eagle 1975; Rees and Walker 1983). Densities of mature populations of [L. koreni] may exceed 1000m-2
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral sandy mud

Seapens and burrowing megafauna in circalittoral fine mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.361
definition: Plains of fine mud at depths greater than about 15 m may be heavily bioturbated by burrowing megafauna; burrows and mounds may form a prominent feature of the sediment surface with conspicuous populations of seapens, typically [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]. The burrowing crustacea present typically include [Nephrops norvegicus], which is frequently recorded from surface observations although grab sampling may fail to sample this species. Indeed, some forms of sampling may also fail to indicate seapens as characterising species. This biotope also seems to occur in deep offshore waters in the North Sea, where densities of [Nephrops norvegicus] may reach 68 per 10 m2 (see Dyer [et al]. 1982, 1983), and the Irish Sea. The burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] and the ubiquitous epibenthic scavengers [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator] are present in low numbers in this biotope whilst the brittlestars [Ophiura albida] and [Ophiura ophiura] are sometimes present, but are much more common in slightly coarser sediments. Low numbers of the anemone [Pachycerianthus multiplicatus] may also be found, and this species, which is scarce in the UK, appears to be restricted to this habitat (Plaza & Sanderson 1997). The infauna may contain significant populations of the polychaetes [Pholoe] spp., [Glycera] spp., [Nephtys] spp., spionids, [Pectinaria belgica] and [Terebellides stroemi], the bivalves [Nucula sulcata], [Corbula gibba] and [Thyasira flexuosa], and the echinoderm [Brissopsis lyrifera]. Situation: These soft mud habitats occur extensively throughout the more sheltered basins of sealochs and voes and are present in quite shallow depths (as little as 15 m) in these areas probably because they are very sheltered from wave action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud
narrower: Seapens, including [Funiculina quadrangularis], and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud

Bathypelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.83
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed revision of unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Unstratified water column with full salinity

Abyssopelagic zone in unstratified full salinity water
type: Concept
notation: A7.84
definition: Waters beyond the continental shelf. They occupy the greatest part of the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, the Mediterranean Sea, the Ligurian Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ionian Sea, as well as the central part of the Aegean Sea, the Black Sea, the southern Adriatic Sea, the eastern part of the northern North Sea. They are absent from the Baltic Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Unstratified water column with full salinity

Vertically stratified water column with full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.9
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by atmospheric temperature). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent halocline and full salinity
narrower: Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity

Seapens, including [Funiculina quadrangularis], and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.3611
definition: Deep muds, especially in sealochs, support forests of the nationally scarce [Funiculina quadrangularis], in addition to populations of the seapens [Virgularia mirabilis] and [Pennatula phosphorea]. The sediment is usually extensively burrowed by crustaceans, the most common of which is [Nephrops norvegicus], but [Calocaris macandreae] and [Callianassa subterranea] may also be present (the latter is likely to be under-recorded by grab sampling because it is deep burrowing). The burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] is present in low numbers in this biotope and the rare anemone [Pachycerianthus multiplicatus] may also be found occasionally. [Amphiura] spp. are also often present in high densities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seapens and burrowing megafauna in circalittoral fine mud

[Brissopsis lyrifera] and [Amphiura chiajei] in circalittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.363
definition: Mud in deep offshore, or shallower stable nearshore, waters can be characterised by the urchin [Brissopsis lyrifera] and the brittle star [Amphiura chiajei]. Where intense benthic dredge fishing activity occurs, populations of the indicator species, [Brissopsis lyrifera] may be depressed, although broken tests may still remain (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 1997; M. Costello pers. comm. 1997). Low numbers of the seapen [Virgularia mirabilis] may be found in many examples of this biotope. In addition, in certain areas of the UK such as the northern Irish Sea, this community may also contain [Nephrops norvegicus] and can consequently be the focus for fishing activity (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). Infaunal species in this community are similar to those found in SpnMeg and include the polychaetes [Nephtys hystricis], [Pectinaria belgica], [Glycera] spp. and [Lagis koreni] and the bivalves [Myrtea spinifera] and [Nucula sulcata]. This community is the 'Boreal Offshore Mud Association' and '[Brissopsis - Chiajei]' communities described by other workers (Petersen 1918; Jones 1950).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral fine mud

[Ampharete falcata] turf with [Parvicardium ovale] on cohesive muddy sediment near margins of deep stratified seas
type: Concept
notation: A5.371
definition: Dense stands of [Ampharete falcata] tubes which protrude from muddy sediments, appearing as a turf or meadow in localised areas. These areas seem to occur on a crucial point on a depositional gradient between areas of tide-swept mobile sands and quiescent stratifying muds. Dense populations of the small bivalve [Parvicardium ovale] occur in the superficial sediment. Other infauna in this diverse biotope includes [Lumbrineris scopa], [Levinsenia] sp., [Prionospio steenstrupi], [Diplocirrus glaucus] and [Praxillella affinis] although a wide variety of other infaunal species may also be found. Both the brittlestars [Amphiura filiformis] and [Amphiura chiajei] may be present together with [Nephrops norvegicus] in higher abundance than the BlyrAchi or AfilEcor biotopes. Substantial populations of mobile epifauna such as [Pandalus montagui] and smaller fish also occur, together with those that can cling to the tubes, such as [Macropodia] spp. A similar turf of worm tubes formed by the maldanid polychaete [Melinna cristata] has been recorded from Northumberland (Buchanan 1963). Nephrops trawling may severely damage this biotope and it is possible that such activity has destroyed examples of this biotope in the Irish Sea (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Foraminiferans and [Thyasira] spp. in deep circalittoral soft mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.372
definition: In deep water and soft muds of Boreal and Arctic areas, a community dominated by foraminiferans and the bivalve [Thyasira] sp. (e.g. [T. croulinensis and T. pygmaea]) may occur (Thorson 1957; Künitzer [et al]. 1992). Foraminiferans such as [Saccammina], [Psammosphaera], [Haplophragmoides], [Crithionina] and [Astorhiza] are important components of this community with dead tests numbering thousands per m2 (see Stephen 1923; McIntyre 1961) and sometimes visible from benthic photography (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). It is likely that a community dominated by [Astorhiza] in fine sands in the Irish Sea may be another distinct biotope (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002). Polychaetes, e.g. [Paraonis gracilis], [Myriochele heeri], [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Tharyx] sp., [Lumbrineris tetraura], are also important components of this biotope. These communities appear to have no equivalent on the continental plateau further south (Glemarec 1973) but are known from the edge of the Celtic Deep in the Irish Sea (Mackie, Oliver & Rees 1995). The benthos in these offshore areas has been shown to be principally Foraminifera and similar, rich communities may exist in Scottish sealochs (McIntyre 1961). Communities from yet deeper (northern) waters at the extremes of the North Sea may be reminiscent, although dissimilar to ForThy (see Pearson [et al]. 1996) reflecting a higher proportion of silt/clay. A fully Arctic version of this biotope has also been described (Thorson 1934, 1957) although it should be noted that Jones (1950) considered this Boreal foraminiferan community to be part of a 'Boreal Deep Mud Association'. Situation: This community typically occurs in water deeper than 100 m in the northern North Sea (Knitzer [et al]. 1992) and have been referred to as 'Foraminifera communities' by other workers (e.g. Stephen 1923; Thorson 1957; McIntyre 1961).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.91
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.92
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with permanent thermal stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.93
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with ephemeral halocline and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.94
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with seasonal halocline and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.95
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with permanent halocline and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.96
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.97
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.98
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity

Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.99
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Vertically stratified water column with full salinity
narrower: Anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity

Anoxic water column in water with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.991
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (CEH, following Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and full salinity

Fronts in full salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.A
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is the same as that in adjacent seawater. Horizontal gradients give rise to fronts, which are separated at level 4 by the degree of persistence of the stratification – ephemeral such as eddies, gyres and upwellings; seasonal upwellings; or persistent water mass interfaces.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column
narrower: Seasonal fronts in full salinity water column
narrower: Persistent fronts in full salinity water column

Ephemeral fronts in full salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.A1
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in full salinity water column

[Capitella capitata] and [Thyasira] spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.374
definition: In circalittoral and deep offshore mud and sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the [Capitella capitata], an opportunist especially associated with organically enriched and polluted sediments as described for Cap (Warren 1977; Pearson & Rosenberg 1978). The bivalves [Thyasira flexuosa] or [Thyasira sarsi] may also be found in moderate numbers at some sites. Other taxa may be present in low numbers in areas of less severe enrichment including [Pholoe inornata], [Lagis koreni], [Philine scabra], [Anaitides groenlandica], [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Paramphinome jeffreysii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud
narrower: [Capitella capitata], [Thyasira] spp. and [Ophryotrocha dubia] inorganically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud or sandy mud

[Levinsenia gracilis] and [Heteromastus filifirmis] in offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.375
definition: In deep offshore mud and sandy mud a community characterised by the polychaetes [Levinsenia gracilis] and [Heteromastus filiformis] may occur. Other important taxa may include [Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Nephtys hystricis] and [N. incisa], [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Orbinia norvegica], [Terebellides stroemi], [Thyasira gouldi] and [Thyasira equalis]. Burrowing megafauna such as [Calocaris macandreae] may also be found in this biotope. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea. A similar community, dominated by [L. gracilis] but accompanied by [Glycera] spp. (particularly [Glycera rouxii]) and [Monticellina dorsobranchialis], has also been reported from the Irish Sea. This Irish community also contains [Calocaris macandreae], [Mediomastus fragilis], [Tubificoides amplivasatus], [Nephtys incisa], [Ancistrosyllis groenlandica], [Nucula sulcata], [Litocorsa stremma] and [Minuspio] sp. and it is not known at present whether this represents a separate biotope or whether it is a geographic variant of a wider [Levinsenia] biotope. Situation: This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea and may also occur in the Irish Sea
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

[Paramphinome jeffreysii], [Thyasira] spp. and [Amphiura filiformis] in offshore circalittoral sandy mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.376
definition: Deep, offshore cohesive sandy mud communities characterised by the polychaete [Paramphinome jeffreysii], bivalves such as [Thyasira equalis] and [Thyasira gouldi] and the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis]. Other taxa may include Laonice cirrata, the sea cucumber Labidoplax buski and the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Spiophanes kroyeri] and [Aricidea catherinae]. [Amphiura chiajei] may be occasional in this biotope as may [Philine scabra], [Levinsenia gracilis] and [Pholoe inornata]. This biotope along with SMU.ThyNten, SMU.AfilMysAnit, SMU.AfilNten and SSA.OfusAfil, may comprise the [Amphiura] dominated components of the 'off-shore muddy sand association' (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mud

Sublittoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.4
definition: Sublittoral mixed (heterogeneous) sediments found from the extreme low water mark to deep offshore circalittoral habitats. These habitats incorporate a range of sediments including heterogeneous muddy gravelly sands and also mosaics of cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon sand, gravel or mud. There is a degree of confusion with regard nomenclature within this complex as many habitats could be defined as containing mixed sediments, in part depending on the scale of the survey and the sampling method employed. The BGS trigon can be used to define truly mixed or heterogeneous sites with surficial sediments which are a mixture of mud, gravel and sand. However, another 'form' of mixed sediment includes mosaic habitats such as superficial waves or ribbons of sand on a gravel bed or areas of lag deposits with cobbles/pebbles embedded in sand or mud and these are less well defined and may overlap into other habitat or biological subtypes. These habitats may support a wide range of infauna and epibiota including polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms, anemones, hydroids and Bryozoa. Mixed sediments with biogenic reefs or macrophyte dominated communities are classified separately in A5.6 and A5.5 respectively.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral sediment
narrower: Sublittoral mixed sediment in low or reduced salinity
narrower: Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)
narrower: Infralittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Circalittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Deep circalittoral mixed sediments
narrower: Mediterranean animal communities of coastal detritic bottoms
narrower: Mediterranean communities of shelf-edge detritic bottoms

[Crepidula fornicata] and [Mediomastus fragilis] in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.422
definition: Variable salinity mixed sediment characterised by the slipper limpet [Crepidula fornicata] and the polychaetes [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. Other numerically important taxa include the oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii], syllids such as [Exogone] [naidina] and [Sphaerosyllis], and [Nephtys hombergii]. [Lepidonotus squamatus] and [Scoloplos armiger] may also be common. Shell debris and cobbles are colonised by the ascidians [Ascidiella aspersa], [Ascidiella scabra], [Molgula] sp. and [Dendrodoa grossularia] (the ascidians may not be recorded adequately by remote infaunal survey techniques). Situation: This biotope occurs in the lower estuary where currents allow a stable environment to develop. It is associated with oyster beds and relict oyster beds, (Ost) in southern England and Wales. It may be found adjacent to or in conjunction with AphTubi and AphPol. It may be associated with VsenAsquAps and possibly form a component of SundAasp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)

Seasonal fronts in full salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.A2
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in full salinity water column

Persistent fronts in full salinity water column
type: Concept
notation: A7.A3
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Fronts in full salinity water column

Ice-associated marine habitats
type: Concept
notation: A8
definition: Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Raised from level 3 to 2 with expanded contents (Southampton workshop)
broader: Marine habitats
narrower: Sea ice
narrower: Freshwater ice
narrower: Brine channels
narrower: Under-ice habitat

Sea ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.1
definition: Ice formations floating on sea water, usually constituting an incomplete cover, variable in form and structure, unstable and dynamic under the influence of surface air and water currents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ice-associated marine habitats
narrower: Seasonal pack-ice
narrower: Permanent pack-ice
narrower: Ice floes

Seasonal pack-ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.11
definition: Semi-continuous ice sheets forming on the sea for part of the year, characteristic of the Arctic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, Bothnia Bay, the Bothnia Sea, and coastal areas of the Åland Sea, the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga, exceptional in other areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sea ice

Permanent pack-ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.12
definition: Semicontinuous ice sheets covering the sea throughout the year, limited to the Arctic Ocean.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sea ice

Ice floes
type: Concept
notation: A8.13
definition: Discontinuous formations of floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks detached from the sea pack, remaining after the break-up of seasonal ice packs or drifting to more southern regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sea ice

Freshwater ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.2
definition: Floating and drifting blocks of ice detached from coastal glaciers (H4.2). These are separated by size at level 4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ice-associated marine habitats
narrower: Large tabular iceberg
narrower: Medium iceberg
narrower: Small iceberg
narrower: Bergy bit
narrower: Growler

Large tabular iceberg
type: Concept
notation: A8.21
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new units (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'
broader: Freshwater ice

Medium iceberg
type: Concept
notation: A8.22
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new units (CEH, May 2001)
broader: Freshwater ice

Small iceberg
type: Concept
notation: A8.23
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new units (CEH, May 2001)
broader: Freshwater ice

Infralittoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.43
definition: Shallow mixed (heterogeneous) sediments in fully marine or near fully marine conditions, supporting various animal-dominated communities, with relatively low proportions of seaweeds. This habitat may include well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in mud, sand or gravel. Due to the quite variable nature of the sediment type, a widely variable array of communities may be found, including those characterised by bivalves (A5.433, A5.431, and A5.435), polychaetes (A5.432) and file shells (A5.434). This has resulted in many species being described as characteristic of this habitat type all contributing only a small percentage to the overall similarity (see below). This habitat type may also include a newly proposed [Chaetopterus] biotope (Rees pers com.) recently found in the eastern English Channel. This biotope is characterised by an undescribed [Chaetopterus] sp. and small [Lanice conchilega]. Further sampling is need in order to assess and fully characterise this potential biotope. As a result, the Chaetopterus biotope has not been included in this revision. Infaunal data for this habitat type are limited to that described in the biotope A5.433 and so are not representative of the infaunal component of the whole habitat type.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Crepidula fornicata] with ascidians and anemones on infralittoral coarse mixed sediment
narrower: [Sabella pavonina] with sponges and anemones on infralittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Venerupis senegalensis], [Amphipholis squamata] and [Apseudes latreilli] in infralittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Limaria hians] beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment
narrower: [Ostrea edulis] beds on shallow sublittoral muddy mixed sediment

[Crepidula fornicata] with ascidians and anemones on infralittoral coarse mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.431
definition: Medium-coarse sands with gravel, shells, pebbles and cobbles on moderately exposed coasts may support populations of the slipper limpet [Crepidula fornicata] with ascidians and anemones. [C. fornicata] is common in this biotope though not as abundant as in the muddier estuarine biotope CreMed to which this is related. Anemones such as [Urticina felina] and [Alcyonium digitatum] and ascidians such as [Styela clava] are typically found in this biotope. Bryozoans such as [Flustra foliacea] are also found along with polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega]. Little information is available with regard the infauna of this biotope but given the nature of the sediment the infaunal communities are liable to resemble those in biotopes from the SCS habitat complex. As with FluHyd this biotope could be considered a superficial or epibiotic overlay but more data is required to support this.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

[Sabella pavonina] with sponges and anemones on infralittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.432
definition: Muddy gravelly sand with pebbles off shallow, sheltered or moderately exposed coasts or embayments may support dense populations of the peacock worm [Sabella pavonina]. This community may also support populations of sponges such as [Esperiopsis fucorum], [Haliclona oculata] and [Halichondria panicea] and anemones such as [Sagartia elegans], [Cerianthus lloydii] and [Urticina felina]. Hydroids such as [Hydrallmania falcata] and the encrusting polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] are also important. This biotope may have an extremely diverse epifaunal community. Less is known about its infaunal component, although it is likely to include polychaetes such as Nephtys spp., [Harmothoe] spp., [Glycera] spp., syllid and cirratulid polychaetes, bivalves such as [Abra] spp., Aoridae amphipods and brittlestars such as [Amphipholis squamata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

[Venerupis senegalensis], [Amphipholis squamata] and [Apseudes latreilli] in infralittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.433
definition: Sheltered muddy sandy gravel and pebbles in marine inlets, estuaries or embayments with variable salinity or fully marine conditions, support large populations of the pullet carpet shell [Venerupis senegalensis] with the brittlestar [Amphipholis squamata] and the tanaid [Apseudes latreilli]. This biotope may be found at a range of depths from 5m to 30m although populations of [V. senegalensis] may also be found on the low shore. Other common species within this biotope include the gastropod [Calyptraea chinensis], a range of amphipod crustacea such as [Corophium sextonae] and [Maera grossimana] and polychaetes such as [Mediomastus fragilis], [Melinna palmata], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Syllids] and tubificid oligochaetes. Many of the available records for this biotope are from southern inlets and estuaries such as Plymouth Sound and Milford Haven but [V. senegalensis] has a much wider distribution and it should be noted that northern versions of this biotope may a have a much lower species diversity than reported here.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

[Limaria hians] beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.434
definition: Mixed muddy gravel and sand often in tide-swept narrows in the entrances or sills of sealochs with beds or 'nests' of [Limaria hians]. The [Limaria] form woven 'nests' or galleries from byssus and fragments of seaweeds so that the animals themselves cannot be seen from above the seabed. [Modiolus modiolus] sometimes occur at the same sites lying over the top of the [Limaria] bed. Other fauna associated with this biotope include echinoderms ([Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and [Asterias rubens]), [Buccinum undatum], mobile crustaceans (e.g. [Pagurus bernhardus]), [Alcyonium digitatum] and hydroids such as [Plumularia setacea], [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and [Nemertesia] spp. Sometimes red seaweeds such as [Phycodrys rubens] occur if the beds are in shallow enough water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

Bergy bit
type: Concept
notation: A8.24
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new units (CEH, May 2001)
broader: Freshwater ice

Growler
type: Concept
notation: A8.25
definition: Proposed new habitat type (CEH, May 2001), qualifying previous unspecified 'icebergs'.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Freshwater ice

Brine channels
type: Concept
notation: A8.3
definition: During freezing of seawater, salt is rejected from the ice crystals. The remaining brine solution forms a three-dimensional network of tubes and channels with typical diameters of 200 µm within the ice matrix. Despite the harsh environmental conditions (low light intensities, low temperature, high salinity), a specialised community has developed and adapted to live within the brine channel system. Minute unicellular algae like diatoms are the dominant primary producers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Ice-associated marine habitats
narrower: Brine channels in first year ice
narrower: Brine channels in multi-year ice

Brine channels in first year ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.31
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Brine channels

Brine channels in multi-year ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.32
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Brine channels

Under-ice habitat in first-year ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.41
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Under-ice habitat

Under-ice habitat in multi-year ice
type: Concept
notation: A8.42
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Under-ice habitat

Coastal habitats
type: Concept
notation: B
definition: Coastal habitats are those above spring high tide limit (or above mean water level in non-tidal waters) occupying coastal features and characterised by their proximity to the sea, including coastal dunes and wooded coastal dunes, beaches and cliffs. Includes free-draining supralittoral habitats adjacent to marine habitats which are normally only affected by spray or splash, strandlines characterised by terrestrial invertebrates and moist and wet coastal dune slacks and dune-slack pools. Excludes supralittoral rock pools and habitats adjacent to the sea which are not characterised by salt spray, wave or sea-ice erosion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Coastal shingle
narrower: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral

[Ostrea edulis] beds on shallow sublittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.435
definition: Dense beds of the oyster [Ostrea edulis] can occur on muddy fine sand or sandy mud mixed sediments. There may be considerable quantities of dead oyster shell making up a substantial portion of the substratum. The clumps of dead shells and oysters can support large numbers of [Ascidiella aspersa] and [Ascidiella scabra]. Sponges such as [Halichondria bowerbanki] may also be present. Several conspicuously large polychaetes, such as [Chaetopterus variopedatus] and terebellids, as well as additional suspension-feeding polychaetes such as [Myxicola infundibulum] and [Sabella pavonina] may be important in distinguishing this biotope, whilst the Opisthobranch [Philine aperta] may also be frequent in some areas. A turf of seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Nitophyllum punctatum] and [Spyridia filamentosa] may also be present. This biotope description may need expansion to account for oyster beds in England.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Infralittoral mixed sediments

Circalittoral mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.44
definition: Mixed (heterogeneous) sediment habitats in the circalittoral zone (generally below 15-20 m) including well mixed muddy gravelly sands or very poorly sorted mosaics of shell, cobbles and pebbles embedded in or lying upon mud, sand or gravel. Due to the variable nature of the seabed a variety of communities can develop which are often very diverse. A wide range of infaunal polychaetes, bivalves, echinoderms and burrowing anemones such as Cerianthus lloydii are often present in such habitat and the presence of hard substrata (shells and stones) on the surface enables epifaunal species to become established, particularly hydroids such as [Nemertesia] spp and [Hydrallmania falcata]. The combination of epifauna and infauna can lead to species rich communities. Coarser mixed sediment communities may show a strong resemblance, in terms of infauna, to biotopes within the A5.1. However, infaunal data for this habitat type is limited to that described under the biotope A5.443, and so are not representative of the infaunal component of this habitat type.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
narrower: Sparse [Modiolus modiolus], dense [Cerianthus lloydii] and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment
narrower: [Mysella bidentata] and [Thyasira] spp. in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
narrower: [Flustra foliacea] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment
narrower: [Ophiothrix fragilis] and/or [Ophiocomina nigra] brittlestar beds on sublittoral mixed sediment
narrower: Sandy mixed sediment with [Alcyonidium diaphanum]

[Cerianthus lloydii] and other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.441
definition: Circalittoral plains of sandy muddy gravel may be characterised by burrowing anemones such as [Cerianthus lloydii]. Other burrowing anemones such as [Cereus pedunculatus], [Mesacmaea mitchellii] and [Aureliania heterocera] may be locally abundant. Relatively few conspicuous species are found in any great number in this biotope but typically they include ubiquitous epifauna such as [Asterias rubens], [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator] with occasional terebellid polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega] and also the clam [Pecten maximus]. [Ophiura albida] may be frequent in some areas, and where surface shell or stones are present ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspersa] may occur in low numbers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments
narrower: [Cerianthus lloydii] with [Nemertesia] spp. and other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment

Sparse [Modiolus modiolus], dense [Cerianthus lloydii] and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.442
definition: Pebbles and cobbles on mud or muddy gravel in sealochs with frequent [Cerianthus lloydii] and occasional [Modiolus modiolus]. Large burrowing holothurians may include [Psolus phantapus], [Paracucumaria hyndmani], [Thyonidium commune], [Thyone fusus] and [Leptopentacta elongate]. Many of these species only extend their tentacles above the sediment surface seasonally and are likely to be under recorded by epifaunal surveys. Other more conspicuous characterising taxa include [Pagurus bernhardus], [Asterias rubens], and [Buccinum undatum]. This biotope is well developed in the Clyde sealochs, although many examples are rather species-poor. Some examples in south-west Scottish sealochs have greater quantities of boulders and cobbles and therefore have a richer associated biota (compared with other sheltered [Modiolus] bed biotopes such as ModHAs). Examples in Shetland are somewhat different in having the cucumber [Cucumaria frondosa] amongst sparse [Modiolus] beds and a slightly different balance in abundance of other species; for example the brittlestar [Ophiopholis aculeata] is more abundant in these far northern examples in the voes and narrows
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

[Mysella bidentata] and [Thyasira] spp. in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.443
definition: In moderately exposed or sheltered, circalittoral muddy sands and gravels a community characterised by the bivalves [Thyasira] spp. (often [Thyasira flexuosa]), [Mysella bidentata] and [Prionospio fallax] may develop. Infaunal polychaetes such as [Lumbrineris gracilis], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Scoloplos armiger] are also common in this community whilst amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp. and the cumacean [Eudorella truncatula] may also be found in some areas. The brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis] may also be abundant at some sites. Conspicuous epifauna may include encrusting bryozoans [Escharella] spp. particularly [Escharella immersa] and, in shallower waters, maerl ([Phymatolithon calcareum]), although at very low abundances and not forming maerl beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

Coastal dunes and sandy shores
type: Concept
notation: B1
definition: Sand-covered shorelines of the oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, fashioned by the action of wind or waves. They include gently sloping beaches and beach-ridges, formed by sands brought by waves, longshore drift and storm waves, as well as dunes, formed by aeolian deposits, though sometimes re-fashioned by waves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal habitats
narrower: Sand beach driftlines
narrower: Sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: Shifting coastal dunes
narrower: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)
narrower: Coastal dune heaths
narrower: Coastal dune scrub
narrower: Coastal dune woods
narrower: Moist and wet dune slacks
narrower: Machair

Sand beach driftlines
type: Concept
notation: B1.1
definition: The lowest level of the supralittoral, just above the normal tide limit, where drift material accumulates and the sand may be rich in nitrogenous organic matter. Vegetation, if present at all, is very open and composed of annuals, e.g. [Atriplex] spp., [Cakile] spp., [Salsola kali], [Polygonum] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Boreo-Arctic sand beach annual communities
narrower: Middle European sand beach annual communities
narrower: Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

Boreo-Arctic sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.11
definition: Annual communities of sand beaches of the low Arctic and high Arctic oceanic zones of the Palaearctic Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, with [Cakile edentula ssp. islandica] ([Cakile arctica]), [Atriplex lapponica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beach driftlines

Middle European sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.12
definition: Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of the sand beaches of the temperate North Atlantic, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Baltic, with [Suaeda maritima], [Bassia hirsuta], [Cakile maritima], [Salsola kali], [Beta maritima], [Atriplex] spp., [Glaucium flavum], [Polygonum] spp., [Mertensia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beach driftlines
narrower: Baltic sand beach annual communities

Baltic sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.121
definition: Annual driftline communities of central and southern Baltic sand beaches, with [Cakile maritima ssp. baltica], [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex calotheca], [Atriplex hastata], [Salsola kali], [Polygonum aviculare], [Polygonum oxyspermum], [Senecio vulgaris], [Matricaria perforata], [Matricaria maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European sand beach annual communities

Tethyan sand beach driftline communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.13
definition: Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Mediterraneo-Atlantic coasts. [Zosterion marinae] and [Cymodoceion nodosae] communities with e.g. [Caulerpa prolifera], [Zostera noltii], [Cymodocea nodosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beach driftlines
narrower: Western Tethyan sand beach annual communities
narrower: Pontic sand beach annual communities
narrower: Pontic sand beach perennial communities

[Flustra foliacea] and [Hydrallmania falcata] on tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.444
definition: This biotope represents part of a transition between sand-scoured circalittoral rock where the epifauna is conspicuous enough to be considered as a biotope and a sediment biotope where an infaunal sample is required to characterise it and is possibly best considered an epibiotic overlay. [Flustra foliacea] and the hydroid [Hydrallmania falcata] characterise this biotope; lesser amounts of other hydroids such as [Sertularia argentea], [Nemertesia antennina] and occasionally [Nemertesia ramose], occur where suitably stable hard substrata is found. The anemone [Urticina feline] and the soft coral [Alcyonium digitatum] may also characterise this biotope. Barnacles [Balanus crenatus] and tube worms [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be present and the robust bryozoans [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Vesicularia spinosa] appear amongst the hydroids at a few sites. [Sabella pavonina] and [Lanice conchilega] may be occasionally found in the coarse sediment around the stones. In shallower (i.e. upper circalittoral) examples of this biotope scour-tolerant robust red algae such as [Polysiphonia nigrescens], [Calliblepharis] spp. and [Gracilaria gracilis] are found. Situation: This biotope is found around most coasts, although regional differences are seen where one or two similarly scour-tolerant species such as [Styela clava] and [Crepidula fornicata] (Solent) occupy the hard substrata
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

[Ophiothrix fragilis] and/or [Ophiocomina nigra] brittlestar beds on sublittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.445
definition: Circalittoral sediment dominated by brittlestars (hundreds or thousands m-2) forming dense beds, living epifaunally on boulder, gravel or sedimentary substrata. [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiocomina nigra] are the main bed-forming species, with rare examples formed by [Ophiopholis aculeate]. Brittlestar beds vary in size, with the largest extending over hundreds of square metres of sea floor and containing millions of individuals. They usually have a patchy internal structure, with localized concentrations of higher animal density. [Ophiothrix fragilis] or [Ophiocomina nigra] may dominate separately or there may be mixed populations of the two species. [Ophiothrix] beds may consist of large adults and tiny, newly-settled juveniles, with animals of intermediate size living in nearby rock habitats or among sessile epifauna. Unlike brittlestar beds on rock, the sediment based beds may contain a rich associated epifauna (Warner, 1971; Allain, 1974; Davoult & Gounin, 1995). Large suspension feeders such as the octocoral [Alcyonium digitatum], the anemone [Metridium senile] and the hydroid [Nemertesia antennina] are present mainly on rock outcrops or boulders protruding above the brittlestar-covered substratum. The large anemone [Urticina feline] may be quite common. This species lives half-buried in the substratum but is not smothered by the brittlestars, usually being surrounded by a 'halo' of clear space (Brun, 1969; Warner, 1971). Large mobile animals commonly found on Ophiothrix beds include the starfish [Asterias rubens], [Crossaster papposus] and [Luidia ciliaris], the urchins [Echinus esculentus] and [Psammechinus miliaris], edible crabs [Cancer pagurus], swimming crabs [Necora puber], [Liocarcinus] spp., and hermit crabs [Pagurus bernhardus]. The underlying sediments also contain a diverse infauna including the bivalve [Abra alba]. Warner (1971) found that numbers and biomass of sediment dwelling animals were not significantly reduced under dense brittlestar pat…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral mixed sediments

Polychaete-rich deep [Venus] community in offshore mixed sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.451
definition: In offshore circalittoral slightly muddy mixed sediments, a diverse community particularly rich in polychaetes with a significant venerid bivalve component may be found. Typical species include the polychaetes [Glycera lapidum], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Laonice bahusiensis], [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lumbrineris gracilis], [Pseudomystides limbata], [Protomystides bidentata] and syllid species and bivalves such as [Timoclea ovata], [Glycymeris glycymeris], [Spisula elliptica] and [Goodallia triangularis]. This biotope has been recorded on surveys of the Lambay and Codling Deeps and other areas of the Irish Sea and collectively with MedLumVen comprise the 'Deep [Venus] Community' and the 'Boreal Off-Shore Gravel Association' as defined by other workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1950). Some examples of this biotope may have abundant juvenile [Modiolus modiolus]
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep circalittoral mixed sediments

[Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.511
definition: Maerl beds characterised by [Phymatolithon calcareum] in gravels and sands. Associated epiphytes may include red algae such as [Dictyota dichotoma, Halarachnion ligulatum], [Callophyllis laciniata], [Cryptopleura ramosa], [Brongniartella byssoides] and [Plocamium cartilagineum]. Algal species may be anchored to the maerl or to dead bivalve shells amongst the maerl. Polychaetes, such as [Chaetopterus variopedatus], [Lanice conchilega], [Kefersteinia cirrata], [Mediomastus fragilis, Chone duneri, Parametaphoxus fultoni] and [Grania] may be present. Gastropods such as [Gibbula cineraria], [Gibbula magus], [Calyptraea chinensis] [Dikoleps pusilla] and [Onoba aculeus] may also be present. [Liocarcinus depurator] and [Liocarcinus corrugatus] are often present, although they may be under-recorded; it would seem likely that robust infaunal bivalves such as [Circomphalus casina], [Mya truncata], [Dosinia exoleta] and other venerid bivalves are more widespread than available data currently suggests. It seems likely that stable wave-sheltered maerl beds with low currents may be separable from SMP.Pcal; having a generally thinner layer of maerl overlying a sandy /muddy substratum with a diverse cover of epiphytes (e.g. Bosence 1976; Blunden [et al]. 1977; 1981; Davies & Hall-Spencer 1996) but insufficient data currently exists on a national scale. Wave and current-exposed maerl beds, where thicker depths of maerl accumulate, frequently occur as waves and ridge / furrows arrangements (see Bosence 1976; Blunden [et al]. 1977; 1981; Irvine & Chamberlain 1994; Hall-Spencer 1995). At some sites where Pcal occurs, there may be significant patches of maerl gravel containing the rare burrowing anemone [Halcampoides elongatus]; this may be a separate biotope, but insufficient data exists at present. Northern maerl beds in the UK do not appear to contain [L. corallioides] but in south-west England and Ireland [L. corallioides] may occur to some extent in Pcal as well as Lcor, where it do…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds
narrower: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with red seaweeds in shallow infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand
narrower: [Phymatolithon calcareum] maerl beds with [Neopentadactyla mixta] and other echinoderms in deeper infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand

Western Tethyan sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.131
definition: Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean and the subtropical Atlantic, between Portugal and the southern limit of the Mediterraneo-Saharan transition zone at 27øN.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

Pontic sand beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.132
definition: Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of sand beaches of the Black Sea, with [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica], [Salsola kali ssp. tragus], [Atriplex hastata], [Polygonum maritimum], [Euphorbia peplis], [Euphorbia paralias], [Glaucium flavum], [Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum], [Convolvulus lineatus], [Convolvulus persicus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

[Lithothamnion glaciale] maerl beds in tide-swept variable salinity infralittoral gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.512
definition: Upper infralittoral tide-swept channels of coarse sediment in full or variable salinity conditions support distinctive beds of [Lithothamnion glaciale] maerl 'rhodoliths'. [Phymatolithon calcareum] may also be present as a more minor maerl component. Associated fauna and flora may include species found in other types of maerl beds (and elsewhere), e.g. [Pomatoceros triqueter], [Cerianthus lloydii], [Sabella pavonina], [Chaetopterus variopedatus], [Lanice conchilega], [Mya truncata], [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Phycodrys rubens]. Lgla, however, also has a fauna that reflects the slightly reduced salinity conditions, e.g. [Psammechinus miliaris] is often present in high numbers along with other grazers such as chitons and [Tectura] spp. [Hyas araneus], [Ophiothrix fragilis], [Ophiocomina nigra] and the brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] are also typically present at sites. In Scottish lagoons this biotope may show considerable variation but the community falls within the broad description defined here. Situation: This biotope can often be found at the upper end of Scottish sealochs where the variable salinity of the habitat may not be immediately obvious.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds

[Lithothamnion corallioides] maerl beds on infralittoral muddy gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.513
definition: Live maerl beds in sheltered, silty conditions which are dominated by [Lithothamnion corallioides] with a variety of foliose and filamentous seaweeds. Live maerl is at least common but there may be noticeable amounts of dead maerl gravel and pebbles. Other species of maerl, such as [Phymatolithon calcareum] and [Phymatolithon purpureum], may also occur as a less abundant component. Species of seaweed such as [Dictyota dichotoma], [Halarachnion ligulatum]. and [Ulva] spp. are often present, although are not restricted to this biotope, whereas [Dudresnaya verticillata] tends not to occur on other types of maerl beds. The anemones [Anemonia viridis] and [Cerianthus lloydii], the polychaetes [Notomastus latericeus] and [Caulleriella alata], the isopod [Janira maculosa] and the bivalve [Hiatella arctica] are typically found in SMP.Lcor where as [Echinus esculentus] tends to occur more in other types of maerl. The seaweeds [Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum] may also be present in some habitats. Lcor has a south-western distribution in Britain and Ireland. Sheltered, stable, fully saline maerl beds in the north of Great Britain (where [L. corallioides] has not been confirmed to occur) may need to be described as an analogous biotope to Lcor (see Pcal).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds

[Lithophyllum fasciculatum] maerl beds on infralittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.514
definition: Shallow, sheltered infralittoral muddy plains with [Lithophyllum fasciculatum] maerl. This rarely recorded maerl species forms flattened masses or balls several centimetres in diameter (Irvine & Chamberlain 1994). Lfas may be found on mud and muddy gravel mixed with shell. Species of anemone typical of sheltered conditions may be found in association, for example, [Anthopleura ballii], [Cereus pedunculatus] and [Sagartiogeton undatus]. Polychaetes such as [Myxicola infundibulum] and terebellids, also characteristic of sheltered conditions, may be present as may hydroids such as [Kirchenpaueria pinnata]. Occasional [Chlamys varia] and [Thyone fuscus] are present in all records of this biotope and red seaweeds such as [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Calliblepharis jubata] and [Chylocladia verticillata] are often present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maerl beds

[Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments
type: Concept
notation: A5.521
definition: On infralittoral mixed muddy substrata communities characterised by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and mixed filamentous and foliose red algae can be found. This biotope contains a number of sub-biotopes distinguished by the degree of either wave or tidal exposure. In moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas [Laminaria] is sparse and dense stands of red seaweeds are found attached to the boulders and cobbles that make up a large proportion of the sediment (LsacR.CbPb). As the degree of wave and/or tidal exposure decreases there is a change in community structure, with the density of [Laminaria] and the diversity of red algal species increasing (LsacR.Gv). As the environment becomes more stable a number of brown algal species are able to inhabit this environment and a rich infauna develops (LsacR.Sa). In the most sheltered examples of this biotope a diverse muddy sediment infauna can be found and the ['Trailliella'] phase of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] may develop (LsacR.Mu).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment
narrower: Red seaweeds and kelps on tide-swept mobile infralittoral cobbles and pebbles
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and robust red algae on infralittoral gravel and pebble
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand
narrower: [Laminaria saccharina] with red and brown seaweeds on lower infralittoral muddy mixed sediment

Red seaweeds and kelps on tide-swept mobile infralittoral cobbles and pebbles
type: Concept
notation: A5.5211
definition: Shallow mixed substrata of cobbles and pebbles swept by moderately strong tidal streams in exposed areas, and characterised by dense stands of red seaweeds. Tide-swept infralittoral cobbles and pebbles which may be highly mobile, create an environment that is difficult for many algae to survive in. Foliose and filamentous seaweeds with an encrusting phase in their life history, or those that are able to withstand rolling of the substratum and scouring, can form dense turfs of seaweed in the more settled summer months. Characteristic red seaweeds include [Halarachnion ligulatum] which is able to survive attached to the pebbles and cobbles. Ephemeral algae grow rapidly in periods of relative stability. Other characteristic red seaweeds include [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Hypoglossum hypoglossoides], [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides] and [Brongniartella byssoides]. Coralline encrusting algae cover many of the cobbles and pebbles; some areas of cobbles may be quite barren, dominated only by encrusting coralline algae and brittlestars. Of the brown seaweeds scattered [Laminaria] spp. and [Desmarestia] spp. may be present on more stable large boulders or bedrock outcrops. [Chorda filum] and [Halidrys siliquosa] may be present in low abundance but where these seaweeds occur in greater abundance (typically >Frequent) refer to MIR.LsacChoR and MIR.HalXK respectively. Although the faunal component of this biotope is usually relatively sparse it can include a wide variety of species. Turfs of hydroids ([Nemertesia] spp., [Aglaophenia tubulifera]) and bryozoans ([Crisia] spp. and [Bugula] spp.) are the major components but sponges and anemones may also occur. Brittlestars, sea-urchins, hydroids and solitary ascidians are more prominent in the Scottish examples of this biotope, which tend to occur in deeper water, due in part to clearer waters. Situation: Although not common, this biotope is widely distributed from Sussex to the shallow areas of the Sarns in Cardigan Bay, the west co…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments

[Laminaria saccharina] and robust red algae on infralittoral gravel and pebble
type: Concept
notation: A5.5212
definition: Shallow kelp community found on gravel and gravelly sand in slightly less exposed areas than SMP.LsacR.CbPb but in moderately strong tidal currents, and characterised by occasional [Laminaria saccharina] with an undergrowth of robust red seaweeds. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with LsacR.CbPb, include [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Halarachnion ligulatum] and [Brongniartella byssoides]; however the greater stability of this biotope allows a slightly more diverse range of red seaweeds to become established including [Polyides rotundus], [Rhodophyllis divaricata], [Delesseria sanguinea] and [Nitophyllum punctatum]. Coralline encrusting algae may be found covering the larger pebbles. [Laminaria hyperborea] may also be present within this biotope, although at low densities. Other brown algal species present include [Desmarestia] spp., [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Chorda filum], all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed [Ulva] sp. may be found attached to larger pebbles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments

[Laminaria saccharina] and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5213
definition: Shallow kelp community found on sand and slightly gravelly sand, in moderately exposed and sheltered conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by occasional [Laminaria saccharina] with an undergrowth of red algae. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with LsacR.Gv, include [Plocamium cartilagineum], [Polyides rotundus], [Polysiphonia elongate] and [Lomentaria clavellosa]. Coralline encrusting algae is much less important in this biotope as a result of a lack of suitable substrate. Brown algal species present, as with other LsacR biotopes, include [Desmarestia] spp., [Dictyota dichotoma] and [Chorda filum], all at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed [Ulva] sp. may also be present. The sandy substrate is home to a variety of typical sand dwelling infauna including polychaetes ([Scoloplos armiger], [Exogone hebes], and [Aricidea minuta]), amphipods ([Ampelisca brevicornis]), and bivalves ([Lucinoma borealis] and [Abra alba]). [Arenicola] worm casts and [Lanice] worm tubes may be visible at the sediment surface.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments

[Laminaria saccharina] with red and brown seaweeds on lower infralittoral muddy mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.5214
definition: Slightly deeper kelp community in the lower infralittoral, found on sandy gravelly mud, in sheltered and very sheltered conditions, with very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by occasional [Laminaria saccharina] with an undergrowth of red and brown algae. Characteristic red seaweeds, as with other LsacR biotopes include [Plocamium cartilagineum] and [Phycodrys rubens]. However, the sheltered conditions of this biotope allow the '[Trailliella]' phase of [Bonnemaisonia hamifera] to develop (although not to the extent of forming distinct mats as in SMP.Tra), and the related species [Bonnemaisonia asparagoides]. Brown algal species present, as with other LsacR biotopes, include [Desmarestia] spp at low abundance. The ubiquitous green seaweed [Ulva] sp. may also be present. The muddy substrate is home to a variety of typical mud dwelling fauna including the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii]. The gravelly component of this biotope provides a substrate for encrusting species such as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and coralline encrusting algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds on infralittoral sediments

[Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum] on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.522
definition: Shallow kelp community found on sandy mud and gravelly sandy mud, in sheltered or extremely sheltered conditions, with very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of [Laminaria saccharina] and [Chorda filum]. Beneath the kelp canopy, [Ulva lactuca] is often frequent and some filamentous and foliose red algae may be present, along with filamentous brown ectocarpoid algae although in much lower abundance than in the LsacR biotopes. At the sediment surface ubiquitous fauna such as [Asterias rubens], crabs such as [Pagurus bernhardus], [Carcinus maenas], and the gastropod [Gibbula cineraria] may be visable and in some areas [Sabella pavonina] may be present. Given the nature of the sediment it is likely that a wide range of infaunal bivalves and polychaetes are present including [Arenicola marina], [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Anaitides mucosa]. In more tideswept areas with coarser and generally less muddy sediments SMP.LsacCho may be replaced by one of the sub biotopes of SMP.LsacR.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

[Laminaria saccharina] with [Psammechinus miliaris] and/or [Modiolus modiolus] on variable salinity infralittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.523
definition: Shallow kelp community found on stoney mixed sediment, in full or variable salinity, in sheltered or moderately exposed conditions, with weak or very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a dense covering of [Laminaria saccharina]. Beneath the kelp canopy, frequent [Psammechinus miliaris] may be found grazing the algal turf and scattered [Modiolus modiolus] are characteristic of this biotope. Encrusting the suface of stones and pebbles are [Pomatoceros triqueter] and in the sediment between the stones, the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii] may also be present. Small patches of [Lithothamnion glaciale] may be found in this biotope, although these patches do not form distict beds as in SBR.Lgla. In addition, a more ubiquitous fauna such as [Asterias rubens] and [Pagurus bernhardus] are also present. This biotope is generally found in sealochs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Pontic sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.133
definition: Halo-nitrophilous communities of Black Sea sand beaches dominated by perennial herbs, including [Crambe maritima ssp. pontica], [Argusia sibirica], [Lactuca tatarica], [Petasites spurius] or [Trachomitum venetum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

Sand beaches above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B1.2
definition: Gently sloping sand-covered shorelines fashioned by wind action along coasts and beside associated coastal lagoons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands
narrower: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Sandy beach ridges with no or low vegetation
narrower: Sandy beach ridges dominated by shrubs or trees

Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B1.21
definition: Sandy beaches of oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, devoid of phanerogamic vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: Baltic unvegetated spits and bars above the driftline
narrower: Baltic unvegetated sandy beaches above the driftline

Baltic unvegetated spits and bars above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B1.211
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline

Baltic unvegetated sandy beaches above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B1.212
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline

Biocenosis of supralittoral sands
type: Concept
notation: B1.22
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: Facies of depressions with residual humidity
narrower: Facies of quickly-drying wracks
narrower: Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore
narrower: Facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore (upper part)

Facies of depressions with residual humidity
type: Concept
notation: B1.221
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands

Facies of quickly-drying wracks
type: Concept
notation: B1.222
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands

Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore
type: Concept
notation: B1.223
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands

Facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore (upper part)
type: Concept
notation: B1.224
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biocenosis of supralittoral sands

Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.23
definition: Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of sand, gravelly sand and gravel cordons of upper beaches of the arctic and boreal sea coasts of Eurasia formed by [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Ammophila arenaria], [Honkenya peploides], [Elymus farctus], [Elymus repens], [Mertensia maritima], accompanied by [Atriplex] spp. ([Atriplex prostrata], [Atriplex longipes ssp. praecox], [Atriplex glabriuscula]), [Polygonum aviculare], [Cakile maritima], [Cakile arctica], [Petasites spurius], [Potentilla anserina]. Representatives of these communities occur very locally within the nemoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline
narrower: North Sea sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Baltic sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Boreo-Bothnian sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Icelandic sand beach perennial communities
narrower: Beach ridges consisting of algal or other plant material

[Laminaria saccharina], [Gracilaria gracilis] and brown seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.524
definition: Shallow kelp community found on muddy sand, in moderately exposed or sheltered, fully marine conditions, with weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering of [Laminaria saccharina]. Frequent [Chorda filum] may also form part of the canopy although not at the abundance in LsacCho. Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae [Gracilaria gracilis], and various brown algal species particularly [Dictyota dichotoma]. Other members of the understory may include a variety of other filamentous and foliose red algae in particular [Ceramium nodulosum] and the green alga [Ulva]. The muddy sand substrate supports a variety of faunal species including polychaetes ([Lanice conchilega]) and gastropods ([Hinia reticulata]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

[Laminaria saccharina] and [Gracilaria gracilis] with sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.525
definition: Shallow kelp community found on stony sediment, in extremely sheltered, variable salinity conditions, with moderately strong tidal currents. The community is characterised by a more sparse covering of [Laminaria saccharina], particularly when compared to the fully marine version of this sub biotope (SMP.LsacGraFS). Beneath the canopy the community is characterised by the red algae [Gracilaria gracilis], and a variety of faunal species in particular sponges ([Suberites ficus] and [Halichondria panacea]) and ascidians ([Ascidiella aspersa] and [Dendrodoa grossularia]). The stony substrate provides a surface for attachment for these and many other filter and suspension feeding species, particularly barnacles ([Balanus crenatus]), hydroids ([Urticina feline] and [Hydractinia echinata]) and anemones. Other members of the understory may include a variety of filamentous and foliose red algae in particular [Pterothamnion plumula], and the green alga [Ulva].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Loose-lying mats of [Phyllophora crispa] on infralittoral muddy sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.527
definition: Infralittoral muddy sand and sandy mud, sometimes with some shells or pebbles, and a dense, loose-lying cover of [Phyllophora crispa]. This biotope occurs in very sheltered conditions such as those found in sealochs and voes. SMP.Pcri is similar to other biotopes described with dense, loose-lying algae but has been less frequently recorded, and from the few records available, appears to occur in slightly deeper infralittoral waters primarily between 10m to 30m and typically in fully saline waters. The seaweeds in this biotope may be epiphytised by ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspera]. Kelp such as [Laminaria saccharina] and red seaweeds including [Plocamium cartilagineum] may be present in some areas. The scallops [Pecten maximus] and [Aequipecten opercularis] may also be found occasionally in this biotope and [Trailliella]/[Bonnemaisonia hamifera] may also be present but not at the levels found in SMP.Tra.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Filamentous green seaweeds on low salinity infralittoral mixed sediment or rock
type: Concept
notation: A5.528
definition: Shallow muddy sediments, often with boulders, cobbles and pebbles around the edges of lagoons, or other areas that are exposed to wide salinity variations are unsuitable for colonisation by many species. Such areas may be colonised by a dense blanket of ephemeral green algae such as [Enteromorpha] spp., [Chaetomorpha linum], [Cladophora liniformis] or [Rhizoclonium riparium]. This biotope may also contain some red seaweeds, such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis], but always at low abundance (compare with PolFur). Amongst the filamentous green algae, grazing molluscs and solitary ascidians may be present. Infauna may typically include [Corophium volutator], [Heterochaeta costata], [Tubificoides benedeni] and other taxa suited for low/variable salinity environments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

Pontic [Phyllophora nervosa] biocenosis on shell gravel
type: Concept
notation: A5.52M
definition: The dominant species is the alga [Phyllophora nervosa]. In addition to the dominant species there are three other species of Phyllophora: [Phyllophora brodiaei], [Phyllophora pseudoceranoides], [Phyllophora trallii]. There are 118 species of invertebrates in the Phyllophora field the most characteristic of which are: [Bittium reticulatum], [Harmothoe imbricata], [Balanus improvisus], [Synisoma capito] (Zaitsev and Alexandrov 1998). Studies conducted in the NW shelf area (Zernov's Phyllophora field) indicated tht the mass macrozoobenthos species are: the bivalve mollusc [Mytilus galloprovincialis], [Mytilaster lineatus], the gastropod [Rissoa parva], the barnacle [Balanus improvisus] and the polychaete [Nereis succinea]. In Egorlitsky Bay the mass species are [Mytilaster lineatus], [Nereis zonata] and [Platynereis dumerilii]. Studies conducted along the Romanian coast (Vailiu and Bodeanu, 1972) indicate that [Phyllophora nervosa] and [Phyllophora brodiae] are present between 10-56 m with highest biomass recorded in the northernmost part of the Romanian coasts, at 43-46 m depth where the presence of [Phyllophora brodiae] is favoured by the presence of a particular substrate given by the massive development of calcareous algal concretions of the red alga [Lithothamnion] present on bivalve shells (Vasiliu and Bodeanu, 1972). In Romanian waters, in the area known as Zernov's Phyllophora field, the fauna is composed mostly of [Mytilus galloprovincialis] up to 20-30 meters depth, and [Modiolus phaseolinus] at depths exceeding 30 meters (Tiganus, 1991-1992).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment

North Sea sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.231
definition: [Leymus arenarius]-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of North Sea coasts of southern Norway, Jutland, Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, the Netherlands, England, Scotland and Orkney, and of the Danish coast of the Kattegat.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Baltic sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.232
definition: [Leymus arenarius]-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of southern and central Baltic upper beaches, often with [Petasites spurius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Boreo-Bothnian sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.233
definition: Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of the upper beaches of the Gulf of Bothnia dominated by [Leymus arenarius] and [Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Icelandic sand beach perennial communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.234
definition: Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of Iceland dominated by [Leymus arenarius] or [Mertensia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Beach ridges consisting of algal or other plant material
type: Concept
notation: B1.235
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

Sandy beach ridges with no or low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B1.24
definition: Sandy beach ridges may be bare or may host pioneer communities of the class [Ammophiletea] consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association [Agropyrion juncei]-[Sporoboletum pungentis]. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms. The vegetation may be ammonitrophilous, of the class [Cakiletea maritimae], enriched by many [Ammophiletea] species like [Echinophora spinosa], [Elymus farctus], [Eryngium maritimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline

[Zostera marina]/[angustifolia] beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5331
definition: Expanses of clean or muddy fine sand and sandy mud in shallow water and on the lower shore (typically to about 5 m depth) can have dense stands of [Zostera marina/angustifolia] [Note: the taxonomic status of [Z. angustifolia] is currently under consideration]. In Zmar the community composition may be dominated by these [Zostera] species and therefore characterised by the associated biota. Other biota present can be closely related to that of areas of sediment not containing [Zostera marina], for example, [Laminaria saccharina], [Chorda filum] and infaunal species such as [Ensis] spp. and [Echinocardium cordatum] (e.g. Bamber 1993). From the available data it would appear that a number of sub-biotopes may be found within this biotope dependant on the nature of the substratum and it should be noted that sparse beds of [Zostera marina] may be more readily characterised by their infaunal community. For example, coarse marine sands with seagrass have associated communities similar to MoeVen, SLan or Glap whilst muddy sands may have infaunal populations related to EcorEns, AreISa and FfabMag. Muddy examples of this biotope may show similarities to SundAasp, PhiVir, Are or AfilMysAnit. At present the data does not permit a detailed description of these sub-biotopes but it is likely that with further study the relationships between these assemblages will be clarified. Furthermore, whilst the [Zostera] biotope may be considered an epibiotic overlay of established sedimentary communities it is likely that the presence of [Zostera] will modify the underlying community to some extent. For example, beds of this biotope in the south-west of Britain may contain conspicuous and distinctive assemblages of Lusitanian fauna such as [Laomedea angulata], [Hippocampus] spp. and Stauromedusae. In addition, it is known that seagrass beds play an important role in the trophic status of marine and estuarine waters, acting as an important conduit or sink for nutrients and consequently some ex…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Zostera] beds in full salinity infralittoral sediments

[Ruppia maritima] in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.5343
definition: In sheltered brackish muddy sand and mud, beds of [Ruppia maritima] and more rarely [Ruppia spiralis] may occur. These beds may be populated by fish such as [Gasterosteus aculeatus] which is less common on filamentous algal-dominated sediments. Seaweeds such as [Chaetomorpha] spp., [Enteromorpha] spp., [Cladophora] spp., and [Chorda filum] are also often present in addition to occasional fucoids. In some cases the stoneworts [Lamprothamnium papulosum] and [Chara aspera] occur. Infaunal and epifaunal species may include mysid crustacea, the polychaete [Arenicola marina], the gastropod [Hydrobia ulvae], the amphipod [Corophium volutator] and oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata]. In some areas [Zostera marina] may also be interspersed with the [Ruppia] beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ruppia] and [Zannichellia] communities

Association with [Potamogeton pectinatus]
type: Concept
notation: A5.542
definition: Low and variable salinity infralittoral mud with beds of [Potamogeton pectinatus]. Other associated species are broadly similar to that of Rup, with blankets of filamentous green algae such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Cladophora liniformis] and [Rhizoclonium riparium]. The grazing gastropod [Potamopyrgus antipodarum] is found in this biotope and juvenile [Mytilus edulis] have been observed settled on [Potamogeton] leaves and amongst the algae. The nationally scarce charaphyte [Lamprothamnium papulosum] may be found to some extent in this biotope but more often in neighbouring habitats (see Plaza & Sanderson 1997). Mysids, trout ([Salmo trutta]), and sticklebacks [Gasterosteus aculeatus] can be found swimming amongst the vegetation. [Mya arenaria] may be found in some examples of this biotope, but the infaunal component of this biotope requires further investigation but is likely to contain oligochaetes, [Arenicola marina], [Corophium volutator] and [Gammarus] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

[Sabellaria spinulosa] on stable circalittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.611
definition: The tube-building polychaete [Sabellaria spinulosa] at high abundances on mixed sediment. These species typically forms loose agglomerations of tubes forming a low lying matrix of sand, gravel, mud and tubes on the seabed. The infauna comprises typical sublittoral polychaete species such as [Protodorvillea kefersteini], [Pholoe synophthalmica], [Harmothoe] spp, [Scoloplos armiger], [Mediomastus fragilis], [Lanice conchilega] and cirratulids, together with the bivalve [Abra alba], and tube building amphipods such as [Ampelisca] spp. The epifauna comprise a variety of bryozoans including [Flustra foliacea], [Alcyonidium diaphanum] and [Cellepora pumicosa], in addition to calcareous tubeworms, pycnogonids, hermit crabs and amphipods. The reefs formed by [Sabellaria] consolidate the sediment and allow the settlement of other species not found in adjacent habitats leading to a diverse community of epifaunal and infauna species. The development of such reefs is assisted by the settlement behaviour of larval [Sabellaria] which are known to selectively settle in areas of suitable sediment and particularly on existing [Sabellaria] tubes (Tait and Dipper, 1997; Wilson 1929). These reefs are particularly affected by dredging or trawling and in heavily dredged or disturbed areas an impoverished community may be left (e.g. Pkef) particularly if the activity or disturbance is prolonged. However, it is likely that reefs of [S. spinulosa] can recover quite quickly from short term or intermediate levels of disturbance as found by Vorberg (2000) in the case of disturbance from shrimp fisheries and recovery will be accelerated if some of the reef is left intact following disturbance as this will assist larval settlement of the species. Situation: [S. spinulosa] reefs are often found in areas with quite high levels of natural sediment disturbance. Temporal variation: In some areas the reefs are periodically destroyed by storm events leading to a cyclical shift in biotopes from SspiMx t…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment

Sandy beach ridges dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B1.25
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sand beaches above the driftline

Shifting coastal dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.3
definition: Mobile sands of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, unvegetated or occupied by open grasslands; they may form tall dune ridges or, particularly along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, be limited to a fairly flat upper beach, still subject in part to inundation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Embryonic shifting dunes
narrower: White dunes
narrower: Young boreo-arctic dunes

Atlantic embryonic dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.311
definition: Embryonic dunes of the Atlantic, south to southern Iberia, of the North Sea and of the Baltic coasts of Denmark, Germany, southern Sweden, Poland, the Baltic States, Russia and southwestern Finland, with [Elymus farctus] ([Agropyron junceum]) accompanied by [Leymus arenarius] in the north, by [Euphorbia paralias] on middle and southern Atlantic shores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Embryonic shifting dunes

Western Tethyan embryonic dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.312
definition: Embryonic dunes of the Mediterranean coasts, on which [Elymus farctus] is accompanied by [Sporobolus pungens], [Euphorbia peplis], [Otanthus maritimus], [Medicago marina], [Anthemis maritima], [Anthemis tomentosa], [Eryngium maritimum], [Pancratium maritimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Embryonic shifting dunes

[Sabellaria alveolata] on variable salinity sublittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.612
definition: Tide-swept sandy mixed sediments with cobbles and pebbles, in variable salinity or fully marine conditions, may be characterised by surface accumulations of the reef building polychaete [Sabellaria alveolata]. The presence of [Sabellaria] sp. has a strong influence on the associated infauna as the tubes bind the surface sediments together and provide increased stability. Such reefs may form large structures up to a metre in height although they are considerably less extensive than the intertidal reefs formed by this species (Salv). Other associated species may include the polychaete [Melinna cristata], itself often as dense aggregations, mobile surface feeding polychaetes including [Typosyllis armillary] and [Eulalia tripunctata]. Other polychaetes may include [Mediomastus fragilis] and [Pygospio elegans] whilst amphipods such as [Harpinia pectinata] and tubificid oligochaetes may also be found.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment

[Serpula vermicularis] reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand
type: Concept
notation: A5.613
definition: Large clumps (mini 'reefs') of the calcareous tubes of [Serpula vermicularis], typically attached to stones on muddy sediment in very sheltered conditions in sealochs and other marine inlets. A rich associated biota attached to the calcareous tube may include [Esperiopsis fucorum], thin encrusting sponges, and the ascidians [Ascidiella aspersa], [Ascidia mentula], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Diplosoma listerianum]. The echinoderms [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Psammechinus miliaris] and the queen scallop ([Aequipecten opercularis]) are also found throughout this biotope. In shallow water dense [Phycodrys rubens] may grow on the 'reefs'. This biotope has been recorded in the U.K. from Loch Creran, where these reefs have been well studied (Moore 1996), and Loch Sween, where they are reported to have deteriorated. The only other known sites for this biotope are Salt Lake, Cliffden and Killary Harbour, Co. Galway.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed move to biogenic structures: needs confirmation.
broader: Sublittoral polychaete worm reefs on sediment

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A5.621
definition: [Modiolus] beds on mixed substrata (cobbles, pebbles and coarse muddy sediments) in moderately strong currents or wave exposed areas, typically on the open coast but also in tide-swept channels of marine inlets. [Ophiothrix fragilis] are often common in this biotope along with the calcareous tubes of [Pomatoceros triqueter], anemones such as [Alcyonium digitatum] and [Urticina felina] and hydroids such as [Abietinaria abietina] and [Sertularia argentea]. [Buccinum undatum] may also be important and in some areas the clam [Chlamys varia] may be frequent but not in the same abundances as in ModCvar. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the [Modiolus] biotopes. This biotope is typified by examples off the north-west Lleyn Peninsula in N Wales and off Co. Down, Northern Ireland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

[Modiolus modiolus] beds on open coast circalittoral mixed sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.622
definition: Muddy gravels and coarse sands in deeper water of continental seas may contain venerid bivalves with beds of [Modiolus modiolus]. The clumping of the byssus threads of the [M. modiolus] creates a stable habitat that attracts a very rich infaunal community with a high density of polychaete species including [Glycera lapidum], [Paradoneis lyra], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Laonice bahusiensis], [Protomystides bidentata], [Lumbrineris] spp., [Mediomastus fragilis] and syllids such as [Exogone] spp. and [Sphaerosyllis] spp. Bivalves such as [Spisula elliptica], [Timoclea ovata] and other venerid species are also common. Brittlestars such as [Amphipholis squamata] may also occur with this community. This biotope is very similar to SMX.PoVen and the 'boreal off-shore gravel association' and the 'deep Venus community' described by previous workers (Ford 1923; Jones 1951). Similar [Modiolus] beds (though with a less diverse infauna) on open coast stable boulders, cobbles and sediment are described under MCR.ModT.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A5.623
definition: Beds or scattered clumps of [Modiolus modiolus] in generally sheltered conditions with only slight tidal movement. Typically occurs in sealochs and the Shetland voes. Brittlestars [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Ophiocomina nigra], as well as [Ophiopholis aculeata] are often frequent, sometimes forming a dense bed as described in OphMx. The queen scallop [Aequipecten opercularis] is often present in moderate abundances. Large solitary ascidians ([Ascidiella aspersa], [Corella parallelogramma, Dendrodoa grossularia]) and fine hydroids ([Kirchenpaueria pinnata]) are present attached to the mussel shells. Decapods such as hermit crabs ([Pagurus bernhardus]) and spider crabs ([Hyas araneus]) are typically present. Coralline algal crusts may be found on the mussel shells, with some red seaweeds in shallower water such as [Phycodrys rubens]. Little information on the infaunal component is given here although it is likely that it is very rich and may highlight more subtle differences in the [Modiolus] biotopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

Pontic embryonic dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.313
definition: Formations of Black Sea coasts, transitional between Pontic white dune and driftline communities, characterized by the adjunction to [Elymion gigantei] species assemblies of [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica], [Euphorbia peplis] and other sand beach annual species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Embryonic shifting dunes

Large migrating dunes with no or low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B1.314
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Embryonic shifting dunes

White dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.32
definition: Mobile dunes forming the seaward cordon or cordons of dune systems of the coasts of nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones. Communities of [Ammophilion arenariae], [Ammophilion borealis], [Zygophyllion fontanesii] and several indicator species: [Ammophila arenaria], [Eryngium maritimum], [Euphorbia paralias], [Otanthus maritimus]. White dunes are further subdivided by region: Atlantic, Western Tethyan, Canario-Saharan and Pontic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shifting coastal dunes
narrower: Atlantic white dunes
narrower: Western Tethyan white dunes
narrower: Canario-Saharan white dunes
narrower: Pontic white dunes

Atlantic white dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.321
definition: White dunes of the Atlantic, south to Aquitaine, of the North Sea and of the Baltic coasts of Denmark, southern Sweden, Germany, Poland, the Baltic States and Russia, dominated, when vegetated, by marram grass ([Ammophila arenaria]) accompanied by, among others, [Eryngium maritimum], [Euphorbia paralias], [Calystegia soldanella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White dunes
narrower: Coastal dunes: white dunes (sensu strictu)
narrower: Coastal dunes: green dunes

Coastal dunes: white dunes (sensu strictu)
type: Concept
notation: B1.3211
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic white dunes

Coastal dunes: green dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.3212
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic white dunes

Western Tethyan white dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.322
definition: White dunes of the Mediterranean coasts and of the subtropical Atlantic coasts of Iberia and mediterranean North Africa, south to Safi at 32øN, dominated, when vegetated, by the marram grass [Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea] ([Ammophila australis]), accompanied by, among others, [Otanthus maritimus], [Echinophora spinosa], [Eryngium maritimum], [Euphorbia paralias], [Cutandia maritima], [Medicago marina], [Anthemis maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White dunes

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with [Chlamys varia], sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata
type: Concept
notation: A5.624
definition: Dense [Modiolus modiolus] beds, covered by hydroids and bryozoans, on soft gravelly, shelly mud with pebbles in areas of slight or moderate tidal currents. The variable scallop ([Chlamys varia]) is frequently found in large numbers amongst the [Modiolus] shells. Hydroids such as [Halecium] spp. and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata] and ascidians such as [Ascidiella aspersa], [Corella parallelogramma] and [Ciona intestinalis] may be found attached to pebbles or mussel shells. The echinoderms [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Antedon bifida] are often frequent in this biotope as is the encrusting polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Similar communities have been found on cobble and pebble plains in stable, undisturbed conditions in some sealochs, although not all these examples have [Modiolus] beds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

[Mytilus edulis] beds on sublittoral sediment
type: Concept
notation: A5.625
definition: Shallow sublittoral mixed sediment, in fully marine coastal habitats or sometimes in variable salinity conditions in the outer regions of estuaries, are characterised by beds of the common mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Other characterising infaunal species may include the amphipod [Gammarus salinus] and oligochaetes of the genus [Tubificoides]. The polychaetes [Harmothoe] spp., [Kefersteinia cirrata] and [Heteromastus filiformis] are also important. Epifaunal species in addition to the [M. edulis] include the whelks [Nucella lapillus] and [Buccinum undatum], the common starfish [Asterias rubens] the spider crab [Maja squinado] and the anemone [Urticina felina]. Relatively few records are available for this biotope and it is possible that as more data is accumulated separate estuarine and fully marine sub-biotopes may be described. Further clarification may also be required with regard to the overlap between littoral and sublittoral mussel beds and with regard to mussel beds biotopes on hard substratum.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral mussel beds on sediment

Circalittoral coral reefs
type: Concept
notation: A5.63
definition: The coral reef structures in UK waters are found in cold, largely aphotic waters, generally along the shelf edge and in offshore waters down to 2000 m. In the north east Atlantic, [Lophelia pertusa] is the dominant colonial coral and is the characterising species of the biotope described under this habitat type. [Lophelia] and its deep-water allies lack the symbiotic algae of their tropical relatives, so can live in the permanent darkness of the deep sea. These corals form colonies and can aggregate into patches and banks which may be described as reefs. These deep-sea corals can support and shelter hundreds of other species, including sponges, polychaete worms, echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars) and bryozoans (sea mats). Some 200-300 species can be found in one of these coral habitats, a number comparable to that found in other important deep-water habitats. Unlike tropical coral reef systems, they are dominated by only a few hard-coral species, and there are far fewer fish species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sublittoral biogenic reefs
narrower: Circalittoral [Lophelia pertusa] reefs

Circalittoral [Lophelia pertusa] reefs
type: Concept
notation: A5.631
definition: Reefs of the coral [Lophelia pertusa], typically supporting a range of other biota. [Lophelia] reefs are generally found in areas of elevated current. The coral provides a 3 dimensional structure and a variety of microhabitats that provide shelter and a surface of attachment for other species. Boring sponges, anemones, bryozoans, gorgonians including [Paragorgia arborea], [Paramuricea placomus], [Primnoa resedaeformis], polychaetes, barnacles, squat lobsters ([Munida sarsi]) and bivalves have all been recorded within and among the corals (Wilson, 1979; Mortensen et al., 1995) Other hard corals such as [Madrepora oculata] and [Solenosmilia variabilis] may also be present. Mobile species present include the redfish ([Sebastes viviparous] and [Sebastes marinus]), Ling ([Molva molva]) and tusk ([Brosme brosme]) (Husebo et al., 2002). Situation: In British waters [Lophelia] reefs have been found on fine silt sediment and rock on the continental slope, on rock on the continental shelf, and on other hard structures such as the legs of oil platforms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circalittoral coral reefs

[Beggiatoa] spp. on anoxic sublittoral mud
type: Concept
notation: A5.7211
definition: Sublittoral soft anoxic mud, often in areas with poor water exchange with the open sea, can have a conspicuous bacterial mat covering of [Beggiatoa] spp. The anoxia may be a result of natural conditions of poor water exchange in some sealochs (and many Scandinavian fjords) or artificially under fish farm cages from nutrient enrichment. The fauna is normally impoverished at such sites, with few elements of the infaunal communities present in other muddy biotopes. Scavenging species such as [Asterias rubens] and [Carcinus maenas] are typically present where the habitat is not too anoxic along with occasional [Arenicola marina] but in extreme conditions of anoxia little survives other than the [Beggiatoa]. The polychaete [Ophiodromus flexuosus] occurs in high densities at the interface between oxygenated and deoxygenated sediments (in Norwegian fjords).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Periodically and permanently anoxic sublittoral muds

Canario-Saharan white dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.323
definition: Mobile dunes of the Canary Islands and of the mediterraneo-Saharan coasts of Atlantic North Africa, with [Traganum moquini], [Euphorbia paralias], [Polycarpaea nivea], [Cyperus capitatus], [Ononis natrix], [Convolvulus caput-medusae], [Polygonum maritimum], [Lotus] spp. and the threatened Lanzarote endemic lily [Androcymbium psammophilum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White dunes

Pontic white dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.324
definition: Mobile dunes of the Black Sea coasts, with [Leymus racemosus ssp. sabulosus] ([Elymus giganteus]), [Elymus farctus ssp. bessarabicus], [Elymus pycnanthus], [Artemisia tschernieviana], [Eryngium maritimum], [Convolvulus persicus], [Petasites spurius], [Corispermum marschallii], [Lactuca tatarica], [Crambe maritima var. pontica], [Cynanchum acutum], [Centaurea arenaria ssp. odessana], [Argusia sibirica] ([Tournefortia arguzia]) and, in western formations, [Ammophila arenaria ssp. arundinacea], [Euphorbia paralias], [Calystegia soldanella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White dunes

Young boreo-arctic dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.33
definition: Young dunes of arctic and boreal latitudes colonised by halo-nitrophilous perennial vegetation similar to that of unit B1.23, including [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Ammophila arenaria], [Honkenya peploides], [Elymus farctus] ([Elytrigia juncea]), [Elymus repens], [Mertensia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shifting coastal dunes

Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)
type: Concept
notation: B1.4
definition: Fixed or semifixed dunes of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, with the perennial grasslands, chamaephyte-dotted grasslands, forblands, subshrub or succulent communities that stabilise them and the therophyte communities that may occupy the grassland clearings.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Northern fixed grey dunes
narrower: Biscay fixed grey dunes
narrower: Mediterraneo-Atlantic fixed grey dunes
narrower: East Mediterranean fixed grey dunes
narrower: Atlantic dune [Mesobromion] grassland
narrower: Atlantic dune thermophile fringes
narrower: Dune fine-grass annual communities
narrower: Tethyan dune deep sand therophyte communities
narrower: Dune Mediterranean xeric grassland
narrower: Thermo-Atlantic succulent and semi-fixed dunes
narrower: Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Boreo-arctic grey dunes

Northern fixed grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.41
definition: Grasslands of Baltic, North Sea, English Channel and northern Atlantic fixed dunes, including those of the British Isles, the Faeroes, southern Norway, the North Sea and Baltic coasts, the Channel coasts of France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)
narrower: Crested-hairgrass dune communities
narrower: Grey-hairgrass dune communities
narrower: Mouse-ear dune communities

Communities of deep-sea corals
type: Concept
notation: A6.61
definition: The only community described is [Lophelia pertusa], a cold water, reef-forming coral, which has a wide geographic distribution ranging from 55°S to 70°N, where water temperatures typically remain between 4-8°C. These reefs are generally subject to moderate current velocities (0.5 knots). The majority of records occur in the north-east Atlantic. The extent of [L. pertusa] reefs varies, with examples off Norway several km long and more than 20 m high. These reefs occur within a depth range of 200 - >2000 m on the continental slope, and in shallower waters in Norwegian fjords and Swedish west coast. In Norwegian waters, [L. pertusa] reefs occur on the shelf and shelf break off the western and northern parts on local elevations of the sea floor and on the edges of escarpments. The biological diversity of the reef community is approximately three times as high as the surrounding soft sediment (ICES, 2003), suggesting that these cold-water coral reefs may be biodiversity hotspots. Characteristic species include other hard corals, such as [Madrepora oculata] and [Solenosmilia variabilis], the redfish [Sebastes viviparous] and the squat lobster [Munida sarsi]. [L. pertusa] reefs occur on hard substrata; this may be [Lophelia] rubble from an old colony or on glacial deposits. For this reason, [L. pertusa] reefs can be associated with iceberg plough-mark zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Deep-sea bioherms
narrower: Deep-sea [Lophelia pertusa] reefs

Deep-sea [Lophelia pertusa] reefs
type: Concept
notation: A6.611
definition: Lophelia pertusa, a cold water, reef-forming coral, has a wide geographic distribution ranging from 55°S to 70°N, where water temperatures typically remain between 4-8°C. These reefs are generally subject to moderate current velocities (0.5 knots). The majority of records occur in the north-east Atlantic. The extent of L. pertusa reefs vary, with examples off Norway several km long and more than 20m high. These reefs occur within a depth range of 200->2000m on the continental slope, and in shallower waters in Norwegian fjords and Swedish west coast. In Norwegian waters, L. pertusa reefs occur on the shelf and shelf break off the western and northern parts on local elevations of the sea floor and on the edges of escarpments. The biological diversity of the reef community is approximately three times as high as the surrounding soft sediment (ICES, 2003), suggesting that these cold-water coral reefs may be biodiversity hotspots. Characteristic species include other hard corals, such as Madrepora oculata and Solenosmilia variabilis, the redfish Sebastes viviparous and the squat lobster Munida sarsi. L. pertusa reefs occur on hard substrata; this may be Lophelia rubble from an old colony or on glacial deposits. For this reason, L. pertusa reefs can be associated with iceberg plough-mark zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Communities of deep-sea corals

Deep-sea sponge aggregations
type: Concept
notation: A6.62
definition: Deep sea sponge aggregations are principally composed of sponges from two classes: [Hexactinellida] and [Desmospongia]. They are known to occur between water depths of 250 m to 1300 m (Bett & Rice, 1992), where the water temperature ranges from 4-10°C and there is moderate current velocity (0.5 knots). Deep sea sponge aggregations may be found on soft substrata or hard substrata, such as boulders and cobbles which may lie on sediment. Iceberg plough-mark zones provide an ideal habitat for sponges because stable boulders and cobbles, exposed on the seabed, provide numerous attachment/settlement points (B. Bett, pers comm.). However, with 3.5 kg of pure siliceous spicule material per m2 reported from some sites (Gubbay, 2002), the occurrence of sponge fields can alter the characteristics of surrounding muddy sediments. Densities of occurrence are hard to quantify, but sponges in the class [Hexactinellida] have been reported at densities of 4-5 per m2, whilst ‘massive’ growth forms of sponges from the class [Desmospongia] have been reported at densities of 0.5 to 1 per m2 (B. Bett, pers comm.). Deep sea sponges have similar habitat preferences to cold-water corals, and hence are often found at the same location. Research has shown that the dense mats of spicules present around sponge fields may inhibit colonisation by infaunal animals, resulting in a dominance of epifaunal elements (Gubbay, 2002). Sponge fields also support ophiuroids, which use the sponges as elevated perches.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit to accommodate wider geographic area (Southampton workshop).
broader: Deep-sea bioherms
narrower: Facies with [Pheronema grayi]

Seamounts, knolls and banks
type: Concept
notation: A6.72
definition: Seamounts are defined as undersea mountains, with a crest that rises more than 1,000 m above the surrounding sea floor (Menard, 1964 in Rogers, 1994). Seamounts can be a variety of shapes, but are generally conical with a circular, elliptical or more elongate base. Seamounts are volcanic in origin, and are often associated with seafloor ‘hot-spots’; thinner areas of the earth’s crust where magma can escape. Seamounts, often with a slope inclination of up to 60°, provide a striking contrast to the surrounding ‘flat’ abyssal plain. Their relief has profound effects on the surrounding oceanic circulation, with the formation of trapped waves, jets, eddies and closed circulations known as Taylor columns (Taylor, 1917 in Rogers, 1994). Seamounts occur frequently within the OSPAR Maritime Area. Analysis of narrow beam bathymetric data by the US Naval Oceanographic office from 1967-1989 identified more than 810 seamounts within the North Atlantic. The majority occur along the Mid-Atlantic ridge between Iceland and the Hayes fracture zone (Gubbay, 2002). The enhanced currents that occur around seamounts provide ideal conditions for suspension feeders. Gorgonian, scleratinian and antipatharian corals may be particularly abundant, and other suspension feeders such as sponges, hydroids and ascidians are also present. Concentrations of commercially important fish species, such as [Hoplostethus atlanticus] (orange roughy), aggregate around seamounts and live in close association with the benthic communities (Gubbay, 2002).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed
narrower: Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within euphotic zone
narrower: Summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank within the mesopelagic zone, i.e. interacting with diurnally migrating plankton
narrower: Deep summit communities of seamount, knoll or bank (i.e. below mesopelagic zone)
narrower: Flanks of seamount, knoll or bank
narrower: Base of seamount, knoll or bank

Crested-hairgrass dune communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.411
definition: Calciphile communities of fixed dunes of the North Sea, the English Channel, the north Atlantic and, locally, of the southwestern Baltic, with [Koeleria albescens], ([Koeleria glauca], [Koeleria arenaria]), [Galium verum var. maritimum], [Viola curtisii], [Ononis repens], [Festuca rubra], [Festuca polesica], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. maritima] and moss (e.g. [Tortula ruraliformis]) and lichen carpets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern fixed grey dunes

Grey-hairgrass dune communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.412
definition: Communities of less calcareous or decalcified dunes of the North Atlantic, the English Channel, the North Sea and the Baltic north to southern Norway, northern Jutland, southern Sweden, the Kalinin district and the Gulf of Riga, often rich in [Corynephorus canescens] and [Viola canina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern fixed grey dunes

Mouse-ear dune communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.413
definition: Short-lived, warmth-loving communities of the dunes of the North Atlantic and its connected seas north to extreme southern Sweden, with [Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum], [Cerastium diffusum ssp. subtetrandrum], [Cerastium semidecandrum], [Erodium lebelii], [Phleum arenarium], [Silene conica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern fixed grey dunes

Biscay fixed grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.42
definition: Fixed dune grasslands infiltrated by dwarf bushes of French Brittany and the coasts of the Bay of Biscay, with [Helichrysum stoechas], [Artemisia campestris], [Ephedra distachya].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Carbonate mounds
type: Concept
notation: A6.75
definition: Carbonate mounds are very steep-sided mounds of variety of shapes, which may be up to 350 m high and 2 km wide at their base (Weering et al, 2003). They occur offshore in water depths of 500 m-1100 m with examples present in the Porcupine Seabight and Rockall Trough (Kenyon et al, 2003). Carbonate mounds may have a sediment veneer, typically composed of carbonate sands, muds and silts. The cold-water reef-building corals [Lophelia pertusa] and [Madrepora oculata], as well as echiuran worms are characteristic fauna of carbonate mounds. Where cold-water corals (such as [Lophelia]) are present on the mound summit, coral debris may form a significant component of the overlying substratum. There is currently speculation on the origin of carbonate mounds, with possible associations with fault-controlled methane seepage from deep hydrocarbon reservoirs, or gas-hydrate dissociation (Henriet et al, 1998) through to the debris from ‘cold-water’ coral colonies such as [Lophelia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised features of the deep-sea bed

Vents in the deep sea
type: Concept
notation: A6.94
definition: Hydrothermal vents occur along spreading ridges (such as the mid-Atlantic ridge), subduction zones, fracture zones and back-arc basins (Gage & Tyler, 1991), and are caused by seawater penetrating the upper levels of the Earth’s crust through channels formed in cooling lava flows, reacting chemically with hot basalt in the Earth’s crust and then rising back to the sea-bed to vent as superheated water containing compounds such as sulphides, metals, CO2 and methane (Tunnicliffe et al, 1998 in Gubbay, 2002). The water may trickle out from cracks and crevices on the seabed as hot springs (5-250°C), or as very concentrated jets of superheated water (270-380°C). As these concentrated jets of water cool, minerals dissolved in the water precipitate out in black clouds, giving them their common name of ‘black smokers’. At lower temperatures, sulphides are mostly precipitated within the rocks, making the venting fluids appear cloudier. These are known as ‘white smokers’ (Gage & Tyler, 1991). Hydrothermal vent fields cover relatively small areas of the seabed in water depths of 850 - 4000 m. The biological communities associated with hydrothermal vents are unusual as they are able to derive energy under conditions where photosynthesis is not possible. These habitats contain a huge diversity of chemoautotrophic bacteria, which form the core of the trophic structure around the vent. Characteristic species include the giant vent clam [Calyptogena magnifica], the mussel [Bathymodiolus thermophilus], the tube worm [Riftia pachyptila], the crabs [Cyanograea praedator] and [Bythograea thermydron] and the shrimp [Charocaris fortunate].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea
narrower: Active vent fields
narrower: Inactive vent fields

Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time
type: Concept
notation: A7.4
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. Medium residence time is defined as changing over time preiods greater than daily and up to about 14 days (based on the time required for the phytoplankton population to double) and long residence time lasting longer than 14 days.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium residence time
narrower: Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and long residence time

Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity
type: Concept
notation: A7.6
definition: A water column which is unmixed or only partially mixed because the depth of the water body is greater than the depth of mixing, and with short residence time, defined as changing diurnally. Salinity is reduced relative to the adjacent fully marine seawater. This habitat type is usually found in deeper coastal water situations and is the result of river inflow or ice melt. Note that some discretion should be used in the interpretation of “adjacent”, for example in the Baltic Sea, “adjacent” fully marine seawater is reached only in the Kattegat. This habitat type shows pronounced vertical stratification (e.g. caused by seasonal temperature changes, river discharge influence or ice-melt). The subtypes are separated at level 4 by the cause and degree of persistence of the gradient – e.g. seasonal temperature gradients or persistent salinity gradients.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Galway working group April 2001)
broader: Pelagic water column
narrower: Water column with ephemeral thermal stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal thermal stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent thermal stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with ephemeral halocline and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal halocline and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent halocline and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with ephemeral oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with seasonal oxygen stratification and reduced salinity
narrower: Water column with permanent oxygen stratification and reduced salinity

Under-ice habitat
type: Concept
notation: A8.4
definition: The boundary layer between sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is colonized by autochthonous under-ice amphipods ([Apherusa glacialis], [Onisimus] spp., [Gammarus wilkitzkii]), which live directly at the ice underside and complete their entire life-cycle here, and allochthonous sub-ice fauna, organisms originating either from the ice interior or the pelagic realm, which are found in this boundary layer temporarily, e.g. for feeding or during certain life stages. There is some evidence that the first metres below the ice are strongly stratified, particularly during the melt period in summer. Source: http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Climate/WorkingGroups/ofis/ARK-19-1/sea-ice-biology.htm.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Proposed new unit (Southampton workshop).
broader: Ice-associated marine habitats
narrower: Under-ice habitat in first-year ice
narrower: Under-ice habitat in multi-year ice

Mediterraneo-Atlantic fixed grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.43
definition: Fixed dunes of the western and central Mediterranean and of the thermo-Atlantic coasts of Portugal, southwestern Spain and North Africa, colonised by communities mostly composed of fruticose species, with [Crucianella maritima], [Artemisia crithmifolia], [Armeria pungens], [Armeria welwitschi], [Helichrysum decumbens], [Helichrysum italicum], [Teucrium] spp., [Ephedra distachya], [Pancratium maritimum] and [Ononis natrix ssp. ramosissima]. Communities of [Crucianellion maritimae] and [Ononidion ramosissimae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

East Mediterranean fixed grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.44
definition: Coastal dune communities of the Adriatic, the Ionian, the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean, dominated by dwarf shrubs and subshrubs of genera [Ephedra], [Ononis], [Artemisia], and, very locally, [Crucianella] or others, by tall canes or by succulents; they may be rich in species of genus [Silene], together with [Euphorbia terracina] among others. Vegetation of the alliances [Crucianellion maritimae], [Medicagini marinae-Triplachnion nitensis], [Ammophilion arenariae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Atlantic dune [Mesobromion] grassland
type: Concept
notation: B1.45
definition: Dunal grasslands, in particular of northern Brittany, rich in species characteristic of dry calcareous grasslands (c.f. unit E1.26).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Atlantic dune thermophile fringes
type: Concept
notation: B1.46
definition: [Geranium sanguineum]-rich forb and grass communities, related to hem formations of unit E5.2, developed within grey dune systems of western Ireland, southwestern England, Wales, Brittany and southwestern Norway.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Dune fine-grass annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.47
definition: Sparse pioneer formations of fine grasses rich in spring-blooming therophytes characteristic of oligotrophic, superficial soils in grey dune systems of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. They are closely related to grasslands of units E1.8 and E1.9.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Embryonic shifting dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.31
definition: Formations of the coasts of nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, representing the first stages of dune construction, constituted by ripples or raised sand surfaces of the upper beach or by a seaward fringe at the foot of the tall dunes. Typically [Elymus farctus], [Otanthus maritimus], [Sporobolus pungens], [Pancratium maritimum], [Medicago marina] or [Anthemis tomentosa] may be present. The vegetation may belong to the class [Ammophiletea] with communities of [Otanthus maritimus], [Agropyro juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis], [Cypero mucronati-Agropyretum juncei], [Elymetum sabulosi], [Medicagini marinae-Ammophiletum australis] and species [Elytrigia bessarabica], [Glycyrrhiza glabra], [Limonium graecum], [Limonium sinuatum], [Zygophyllum album], [Inula crithmoides], [Scirpus holoschoenus], [Paronychia argentea] and [Centaurea spinosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shifting coastal dunes
narrower: Atlantic embryonic dunes
narrower: Western Tethyan embryonic dunes
narrower: Pontic embryonic dunes
narrower: Large migrating dunes with no or low vegetation

Tethyan dune deep sand therophyte communities
type: Concept
notation: B1.48
definition: Therophyte communities of the coasts of the Mediterranean basin and the subtropical Atlantic colonizing deep sands in clearings of perennial communities of fixed or semi-fixed dune systems, and sometimes deflation depressions of white dunes with e.g. several [Malcolmia] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Dune Mediterranean xeric grassland
type: Concept
notation: B1.49
definition: Therophyte communities of shallow, calcareous fixed sands of the coastal dune systems of the Mediterranean basin. These are coastal dune representatives of unit E1.3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Thermo-Atlantic succulent and semi-fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4A
definition: Fixed or semi-fixed dunes of the Canary Islands and of the Saharo-mediterranean zone of the Atlantic coasts of North Africa, between Essaouira and Tan-Tan, dominated by the tall shrubby chenopod [Traganum moquinii] or by dwarf shrubs or subshrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B
definition: Fixed dunes of the coasts of the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)
narrower: Western Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Eastern Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Southern Pontic fixed dunes

Western Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B1
definition: Fixed dunes of the western coasts of the Black Sea, north of the Bosphorus and west of the Dniester.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Southwestern Pontic fixed dunes
narrower: Northwestern Pontic fixed dunes

Southwestern Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B11
definition: Fixed dunes of the southwestern coasts of the Black Sea, between the Bosphorus and Cape Caliacra, harbouring the psammophytes [Cionura erecta], [Peucedanum arenarium], [Jurinea albicaulis ssp. kilaea], [Silene thymifolia], [Medicago marina], [Secale sylvestre], [Pancratium maritimum], [Convolvulus persicus], [Scabiosa argentea] ([Scabiosa ucranica]), [Euphorbia seguierana] and the Balkan endemic [Lepidotrichum uechtritzianum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic fixed dunes

Northwestern Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B12
definition: Dunes of the northwestern Black Sea coast, in particular, those associated with the mouth of the Danube.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic fixed dunes

Eastern Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B2
definition: Fixed dunes of the northern and eastern Black Sea coasts, east of the Dniester, southeastwards to the Kuban basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic fixed dunes

Southern Pontic fixed dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4B3
definition: Fixed dunes of the southern and southeastern coasts of the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic fixed dunes

Boreo-arctic grey dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.4C
definition: Communities of fixed dunes of the boreal and arctic coasts of Atlantic Eurasia, characterized by the dominance of species of the [Honkenyo-Elymetea] and the presence of arcto-alpine species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)

Coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.5
definition: Stable dunes with a leached surface and vegetation dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum nigrum] or [Erica] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: [Empetrum] brown dunes
narrower: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

[Empetrum] brown dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.51
definition: [Empetrum nigrum] or [Empetrum hermaphroditum] colonizing dunes of the Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune heaths

[Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes
type: Concept
notation: B1.52
definition: [Erica], [Calluna] and [Ulex] heaths colonizing decalcified dunes of France, Iberia, Britain, the Baltic coast, and Scandinavia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune heaths
narrower: East Anglian ling coastal dune heaths
narrower: French ling coastal dune heaths
narrower: British bell heather coastal dune heaths
narrower: French bell heather coastal dune heaths
narrower: French Dorset heath coastal dune heaths
narrower: Iberian green heather coastal dune heaths
narrower: Iberian Dorset heath coastal dune heaths
narrower: Northern ling coastal dune heaths

East Anglian ling coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.521
definition: [Calluna vulgaris]-[Carex arenaria] heaths of inner coastal dunes of East Anglia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

French ling coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.522
definition: [Calluna vulgaris]-[Carex trinervis] heaths of northern French inner coastal dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

British bell heather coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.523
definition: [Erica cinerea]-[Carex arenaria] heaths of decalcified coastal dunes of the western British Isles, mostly dominated by [Erica cinerea], sometimes by [Calluna vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

French bell heather coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.524
definition: [Erica cinerea]-[Festuca vasconcensis] heaths of dry coastal dunes of southwestern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

French Dorset heath coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.525
definition: [Erica ciliaris]-[Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium] ([Arrhenatherum thorei]) heaths of more humid coastal dunes of southwestern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

Iberian green heather coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.526
definition: [Erica scoparia]-[Ulex parviflorus ssp. eriocladus] ([Ulex australis]) heaths of southwestern Iberian coastal dunes, dunal fraction of the thermo-Mediterranean heaths of unit 32.2C1.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

Iberian Dorset heath coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.527
definition: [Erica ciliaris]-[Ulex parviflorus ssp. eriocladus] heaths of more humid southwestern Iberian coastal dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

Northern ling coastal dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.528
definition: Open heathlands of inner coastal dunes of Denmark, of the southern and southeastern Baltic coast, of southern Scania, the Kattegat coast of Sweden, Åland, Gotland and the Öland-Archipelago Sea dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], with [Empetrum nigrum], [Carex arenaria], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Lotus corniculatus], [Polypodium vulgare], [Salix repens], and a ground layer constituted mostly by [Dicranum scoparium] and [Pleurozium schreberi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] brown dunes

Coastal dune scrub
type: Concept
notation: B1.6
definition: Stable dunes with scrub, e.g. [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Salix repens] in the north, or [Juniperus] spp. or sclerophyllous shrubs in the south.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Coastal dune thickets
narrower: [Salix arenaria] mats
narrower: Dune [Juniperus] thickets
narrower: Dune sclerophyllous scrubs and thickets
narrower: Coastal dune [Rosa] thickets

Coastal dune thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.61
definition: Dense formations of large, mostly deciduous, shrubs of nemoral affinities of the coastal dunes and dune-slacks of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones of the Palaearctic region; they include sea-buckthorn, privet, elder, willow, gorse or broom, often festooned with creepers such as honeysuckle or white bryony ([Bryonia cretica]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub
narrower: [Hippophae rhamnoides] dune thickets
narrower: Western nemoral mixed dune thickets

[Hippophae rhamnoides] dune thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.611
definition: Thickets dominated by [Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. rhamnoides] colonizing dry or humid dune depressions of the coasts of the North Sea, the eastern English Channel and the southern Baltic, mostly in Denmark, Germany, Poland, the Kalinin district, the Netherlands, Belgium, Northern France and southeastern and eastern England and southeastern Scotland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune thickets

Western nemoral mixed dune thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.612
definition: Dunal pre-forest thickets of nemoral affinities of the coastal dunes of the western Palaearctic region formed of species of genera [Ulex], [Sarothamnus], [Rubus], [Ligustrum], [Daphne], [Sambucus]. Codes of subdivisions of unit 31.8 can be used, in addition to unit 16.252, to specify the habitat. Listed elsewhere are dunal formations of heaths (units 16.23, 16.24), sea-buckthorn ([Hippophae rhamnoides], unit 16.251) or creeping willow ([Salix arenaria], unit 16.26).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune thickets

[Salix arenaria] mats
type: Concept
notation: B1.62
definition: Mats of [Salix arenaria] colonizing dry or humid dune depressions of Atlantic, North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea and Baltic coasts of western and northwestern Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub

Dune [Juniperus] thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.63
definition: Juniper heaths and thickets formed by [Juniperus phoenicea], [Juniperus lycia] s.l., [Juniperus macrocarpa], [Juniperus transtagana], [Juniperus communis] in dune slacks and on dune slopes of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, mediterranean or warm-temperate humid zones of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub
narrower: Dune prickly juniper thickets
narrower: Lycian juniper thickets
narrower: Rufescent juniper thickets
narrower: Common juniper dune thickets

Dune prickly juniper thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.631
definition: [Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. macrocarpa] thickets and low woods of the outer belt of the juniper woods of fixed Mediterranean and Mediterraneo-Atlantic dunes. Well-developed woods and forests are placed in unit 16.29, with the habitat specified by unit 42.A92 (16.29 x 42.A92).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dune [Juniperus] thickets

Lycian juniper thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.632
definition: [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia] thickets of the inner belt of the juniper woods of fixed Mediterranean and Mediterraneo-Atlantic dunes. Well-developed woods and forests are placed in unit 16.29, with the habitat specified by unit 42.AA12 (16.29 x 42.AA12).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dune [Juniperus] thickets

Rufescent juniper thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.633
definition: Scrubs of the fastigiate [Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. transtagana] of the dunes of southwestern Portugal.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dune [Juniperus] thickets

Common juniper dune thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.634
definition: [Juniperus communis] scrubs of the calcareous dunes of northwest Jutland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dune [Juniperus] thickets

Dune sclerophyllous scrubs and thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.64
definition: Sclerophyllous, lauriphyllous or drought-deciduous scrubs, thickets and brushes established on dunes of mediterranean or warm-temperate humid regions. They are partially represented by classes of [Ononido-Rosmarinetea], [Quercetea ilicis], [Cisto-Lavanduletea], [Retametea raetami], [Cisto-Micromerietea] and [Ammophiletea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub

Coastal dune [Rosa] thickets
type: Concept
notation: B1.65
definition: Naturalized planted [Rosa rugosa] thickets planted for stabilization of shifting sandy soils. Shrubs low (0.3–0.8 m height) and dense. Sparser thickets include species of the [Ammophiletea] class.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune scrub

Coastal dune woods
type: Concept
notation: B1.7
definition: Coastal dunes colonised by woodland which are directly influenced by proximity to the sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Coastal brown dunes covered with natural or almost natural coniferous forest, e.g. [Pinus silvestris]
narrower: Coastal brown dunes covered with deciduous forest ([Fagus], [Betula], [Quercus])
narrower: Coastal dunes covered with planted [Pinus mugo] woodland
narrower: Coastal brown dunes covered with natural or almost natural thermophilous pines

Coastal brown dunes covered with natural or almost natural coniferous forest, e.g. [Pinus silvestris]
type: Concept
notation: B1.71
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune woods

Coastal brown dunes covered with deciduous forest ([Fagus], [Betula], [Quercus])
type: Concept
notation: B1.72
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune woods

Coastal dunes covered with planted [Pinus mugo] woodland
type: Concept
notation: B1.73
definition: Very dense [Pinus mugo] scrubland planted for stabilization of shifting sand dunes, particularly in the Curonian Spit (SE coast of the Baltic Sea).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune woods

Coastal brown dunes covered with natural or almost natural thermophilous pines
type: Concept
notation: B1.74
definition: Coastal dunes colonised by Mediterranean and Atlantic thermophilous pines, corresponding to substitution facies or in some stations climax formations of evergreen oak of artificial origin ([Quercetalia ilicis] or [Ceratonio-Rhamnetalia]). Typical species are [Pinus pinea], [Pinus pinaster], [Pinus halepensis], [Juniperus macrocarpa], [Juniperus turbinata ssp. turbinata], [Scaligeria napiformis], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Pistacia lentiscus]. This is the coastal equivalent of unit G3.7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dune woods

Moist and wet dune slacks
type: Concept
notation: B1.8
definition: Moist or wet depressions in coastal dune systems, sometimes with permanent water but more often only seasonally moist or flooded by fresh water. Dune-slacks are extremely rich and specialised habitats, very threatened by the lowering of water tables.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores
narrower: Dune-slack pools
narrower: Dune-slack pioneer swards
narrower: Dune-slack fens
narrower: Dune-slack grassland and heaths
narrower: Dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and canebeds
narrower: Coastal dunes: wet dune slacks: dominated by shrubs or trees

Dune-slack pools
type: Concept
notation: B1.81
definition: Freshwater aquatic communities (cf. units C1.22-C1.26, C1.32-C1.34, C1.42-C1.45, C1.69) of permanent dune-slack water bodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Dune-slack pioneer swards
type: Concept
notation: B1.82
definition: Pioneer formations of humid sands and dune pool fringes on soils with low salinity. Component habitats may be found in unit C3, in particular unit C3.4132 and unit C3.512.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Dune-slack fens
type: Concept
notation: B1.83
definition: Calcareous and, occasionally, acidic fen formations of coastal dune-slacks (cf. units D2.2, D4.1, in particular units D2.29, D4.11, D4.1H), often invaded by creeping willow, occupying the wettest parts of dune-slacks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Dune-slack grassland and heaths
type: Concept
notation: B1.84
definition: Humid grasslands and rushbeds (units E3.1, E3.411F, E3.418, E3.51 i.a., wet heaths and swamp-heaths (unit F4.11 i.a.) of dune-slacks, also often with creeping willows ([Salix rosmarinifolia], [Salix arenaria]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and canebeds
type: Concept
notation: B1.85
definition: Reedbeds, tall-sedge communities and canebeds (cf. units C3.2, C3.3, D5.2) of dune-slacks. Communities of [Phragmition], [Magnocaricion], [Potamogetonion], [Juncetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Coastal dunes: wet dune slacks: dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B1.86
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist and wet dune slacks

Coastal shingle
type: Concept
notation: B2
definition: Beaches of the oceans, of their connected seas and of their associated coastal lagoons, covered by pebbles, or sometimes boulders, usually formed by wave action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal habitats
narrower: Shingle beach driftlines
narrower: Unvegetated mobile shingle beaches above the driftline
narrower: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation
narrower: Fixed shingle beaches, with herbaceous vegetation
narrower: Shingle and gravel beaches with scrub
narrower: Shingle and gravel beach woodland

Shingle beach driftlines
type: Concept
notation: B2.1
definition: The lowest level of the supralittoral, just above the normal tide limit, where drift material accumulates and the shingle may be rich in nitrogenous organic matter. Vegetation, if present at all, is very open and composed of annuals or, particularly by the Mediterranean, especially the east Mediterranean, of annuals and perennials, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are [Cakile maritima], [Salsola kali], [Atriplex] spp., [Polygonum] spp., [Euphorbia peplis], [Mertensia maritima], and, particularly in Mediterranean formations, [Glaucium flavum], [Matthiola sinuata], [Matthiola tricuspidata], [Euphorbia paralias], [Eryngium maritimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle
narrower: Boreo-arctic gravel beach annual communities
narrower: Atlantic and Baltic shingle beach drift lines
narrower: Gravel beach communities of the mediterranean region
narrower: Biocenosis of slowly drying wracks

Boreo-arctic gravel beach annual communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.11
definition: Beach and upper beach formations, mostly of annuals of the low Arctic and high Arctic oceanic zones of the Palaearctic Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are [Cakile edentula], [Polygonum norvegicum] ([Polygonum oxyspermum ssp. raii]), [Atriplex longipes] s.l., [Atriplex glabriuscula], [Mertensia maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle beach driftlines

Atlantic and Baltic shingle beach drift lines
type: Concept
notation: B2.12
definition: Formations, predominantly of annuals, occupying accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter on nemoral and boreonemoral beaches of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic; characteristic are [Cakile maritima ssp. maritima], [Cakile maritima ssp. baltica], [Salsola kali], [Atriplex] spp. (particularly [Atriplex glabriuscula]), [Polygonum] spp., [Euphorbia peplis], [Mertensia maritima], [Glaucium flavum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle beach driftlines

Machair
type: Concept
notation: B1.9
definition: Short-turf grasslands formed on dry and seasonally waterlogged, relatively flat and low-lying sand plains, where windblown calcareous sand overlies peat or impermeable bedrock. Machair grasslands are machair in the strict sense, and form part of the machair complex (X27), characteristic of the Outer Hebrides and western Ireland, with dunes (B1.3, B1.4), shallow lochs (C1) and land cultivated on a strip rotation (I1). They support a flower-rich, and correspondingly insect-rich, dune grassland studded with shallow lochs and cultivated on a strip rotation. The grassland is dominated by [Poa pratensis] and [Festuca rubra], accompanied by [Thalictrum minus ssp. arenarium], [Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus] ([Thymus drucei]), [Bellis perennis], [Prunella vulgaris], [Erodium cicutarium], [Trifolium] spp., [Euphrasia] spp. and many orchids, among which [Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. hebridensis], [Dactylorhiza purpurella], [Gymnadenia conopsea], [Coeloglossum viride], [Platanthera chlorantha] and [Orchis mascula] are the most prominent. This grassland harbours a plant community of very restricted distribution comprising vulnerable species; [Cochlearia scotica], [Euphrasia marshallii] and [Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. hebridensis] are endemic. As a whole, machair is an essential habitat for breeding waders such as [Haematopus ostralegus], [Vanellus vanellus], [Charadrius hiaticula], [Calidris alpina], [Tringa totanus] and [Gallinago gallinago]; it supports the healthiest western European population of the threatened corncrake [Crex crex].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal dunes and sandy shores

Gravel beach communities of the mediterranean region
type: Concept
notation: B2.13
definition: Very open, low formations of annuals and perennials of Mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Black Sea gravel and shingle beaches, occupying accumulations of drift material, sandy gravels and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter; characteristic are [Cakile maritima ssp. aegyptiaca], [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Enarthrocarpus arcuatus], [Matthiola sinuata], [Matthiola tricuspidata], [Salsola kali], [Atriplex] spp., [Polygonum] spp., [Euphorbia peplis], [Euphorbia paralias], [Glaucium flavum], [Eryngium maritimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle beach driftlines

Biocenosis of slowly drying wracks
type: Concept
notation: B2.14
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle beach driftlines

Unvegetated mobile shingle beaches above the driftline
type: Concept
notation: B2.2
definition: Shingle beaches lacking vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle

Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B2.3
definition: The upper beach of large shingle bars, with open pioneer communities or perennial vegetation mostly formed by [Crambe maritima], [Honkenya peploides], [Lathyrus japonicus] and a few other specialised species. Mainly in northwest Europe, from the Atlantic to the Baltic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Pioneer communities added by D. Moss in October 2006 to include B2.34
broader: Coastal shingle
narrower: Baltic [Crambe maritima] communities
narrower: Channel [Crambe maritima] communities
narrower: Atlantic [Crambe maritima] communities
narrower: Gravelly beach and shingle pioneer communities

Baltic [Crambe maritima] communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.31
definition: Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of the southern Baltic, east to Mecklenburg, where they are represented by fragmentary, endangered formations, of the Swedish, Finnish and Estonian coasts and islands of the Öland-Gotland basin, of the coasts of the Kattegat, the Oresund and the Baelts, dominated by [Crambe maritima], with [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Euphorbia palustris], [Honkenya peploides], [Angelica archangelica ssp. litoralis], [Atriplex] spp., [Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima], [Elymus repens], [Geranium robertiana ssp. rubricaule], [Glaucium flavum], [Isatis tinctoria], [Ligusticum scoticum], [Mertensia maritima], [Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima] ([Silene uniflora]), [Tripleurospermum maritimum], [Valeriana salina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation

Channel [Crambe maritima] communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.32
definition: Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of the southern North Sea and Channel coasts of southeastern England and, very locally, the Channel coast of France, dominated by [Crambe maritima], with [Lathyrus japonicus] and [Honkenya peploides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation

Atlantic [Crambe maritima] communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.33
definition: Perennial communities of the shingle beaches and bars of Brittany, the Cotentin peninsula and Anglesey, dominated by [Crambe maritima], with [Crithmum maritimum] and a sparse representation of other nitrophiles, in particular, [Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima], [Matricaria maritima], [Rumex crispus], [Glaucium flavum], [Solanum dulcamara var. maritima], [Sonchus oleraceus], [Galium aparine].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation

Gravelly beach and shingle pioneer communities
type: Concept
notation: B2.34
definition: Gravelly beaches can host pioneer communities of the class [Ammophiletea] consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association [Agropyro juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis] and the alliance [Medicagini marinae-Triplachnion nitensis]. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation

Fixed shingle beaches, with herbaceous vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B2.4
definition: Vegetated landward expanses of large coastal shingle banks, dominated by grasses or with other herbaceous vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle
narrower: Euro-Siberian gravel bank grasslands

Euro-Siberian gravel bank grasslands
type: Concept
notation: B2.41
definition: Dense perennial grasslands of boreal and nemoral coastal gravel banks of the Palaearctic region, in particular, swards of [Arrhenatherum elatius] of large Channel gravel banks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fixed shingle beaches, with herbaceous vegetation

Shingle and gravel beaches with scrub
type: Concept
notation: B2.5
definition: Coastal gravel banks with scrub. Included are dense thermo-mediterranean brushes on gravel banks beside the Mediterranean and heaths on shingle in the nemoral zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle
narrower: Euro-Siberian gravel bank heaths

Euro-Siberian gravel bank heaths
type: Concept
notation: B2.51
definition: Low heaths of boreal and nemoral coastal gravel banks of the Palaearctic region, in particular, prostrate [Cytisus scoparius] formations of large Channel gravel banks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shingle and gravel beaches with scrub

Shingle and gravel beach woodland
type: Concept
notation: B2.6
definition: Coastal gravel banks, colonised by woodland or riparian thickets, in particular, Mediterranean gravel banks colonized by [Quercus ilex] low woods, by [Tamarix africana] or [Vitex agnus-castus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal shingle

Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
type: Concept
notation: B3
definition: Rock exposures adjacent to the oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, or separated from them by a narrow shoreline. The faces, ledges and caves of sea-cliffs and the expanses of rocky shore are important as reproduction, resting and feeding sites for seabirds, sea-mammals and a few groups of terrestrial birds. Sea-cliffs may also harbour highly distinctive, specialised salt-tolerant vegetation with associated terrestrial fauna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal habitats
narrower: Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)
narrower: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets
narrower: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
narrower: Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated

Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)
type: Concept
notation: B3.1
definition: Cliffs and rocks of the supralittoral spray zone, mostly occupied by lichens such as [Caloplaca] spp. and [Verrucaria] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
narrower: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock
narrower: Rock stacks and islets above high tide level in splash zone

Association with [Entophysalis deusta] and [Verrucaria amphibia]
type: Concept
notation: B3.116
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

Rock stacks and islets above high tide level in splash zone
type: Concept
notation: B3.12
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)

Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets
type: Concept
notation: B3.2
definition: Hard-rock sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks, their associated seabird, sea mammal, wader and, in a few cases, terrestrial passerine, communities. Vascular plant cover is by definition very low or absent, but lichens are normally present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
narrower: High Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Atlantic low Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Temperate Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs
narrower: Subtropical Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Mediterraneo-Pontic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
narrower: Rock stacks and islets above splash zone

Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.11
definition: Lichen communities typically form a distinct zone or band in a 'splash' zone on most rocky shores. This splash zone occurs above the main intertidal zone (i.e. that subject to regular covering by the tide) and blends into angiosperm-dominated communities of coastal (terrestrial) habitats at its upper limits. The width of the splash zone varies considerably, depending on the degree of exposure of the shore to wave action. On very exposed coasts the zone is very wide, extending 10s of meters up cliffs, whilst in very sheltered sites it may be only a metre or so high. Several biotopes have been identified. Yellow and grey lichens such as [Xanthoria parietina], [Caloplaca marina], [Caloplaca thallincola] or [Ramalina] sp. dominate the supralittoral rock (YG) with the distinctive black band of [Verrucaria maura] occurring below in the littoral fringe (Ver.Ver; Ver.B). Small green seaweeds can sometimes be found in this splash zone, where localised conditions allow growth in what would otherwise be inhospitable conditions for seaweeds. Such an example is the green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] which occurs in areas of nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting seabirds (Pra). The littoral fringe on soft rock can be characterised by the green seaweed [Blidingia minima] (Bli) while steep and vertical rock influenced by freshwater in the littoral fringe can be dominated by the green seaweeds [Ulothrix flacca], [Urospora penicilliformis] and [Urospora wormskioldii] (UloUro). The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is one of the few 'marine' species found in this environment. Note: in EUNIS, this habitat is placed within Coastal habitats section B, as it strictly speaking occurs above the marine environment. In the UK marine surveys have traditionally included the lichen zone within intertidal surveys, so the habitat is retained here for UK purposes]. Situation: This habitat type is found in the littoral fringe and the supralittoral zone on all rocky shores if there is sufficient seawate…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)
narrower: Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock
narrower: [Prasiola stipitata] on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Blidingia] spp. on vertical littoral fringe chalk
narrower: [Ulothrix flacca] and [Urospora] spp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock
narrower: Association with [Entophysalis deusta] and [Verrucaria amphibia]

Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.111
definition: Vertical to gently sloping bedrock and stable boulders in the supralittoral (or splash zone) of the majority of rocky shores are typically characterised by a diverse maritime community of yellow and grey lichens, such as [Xanthoria parietina], [Caloplaca marina], [Lecanora atra] and [Ramalina] spp. The black lichen [Verrucaria maura] is also present, but usually in lower abundance than in the littoral fringe zone. In wave exposed conditions, where the effects of sea-spray extend further up the shore, the lichens generally form a wide and distinct band. This band then becomes less distinct as wave exposure decreases, and in sheltered locations, cobbles and pebbles may also support the biotope. Pools, damp pits and crevices in the rock are occasionally occupied by winkles such as [Littorina saxatilis] and halacarid mites may also be present. Situation: This biotope is usually found at the top of the shore, immediately above a zone of the black lichen [V. maura] (Ver.Ver; Ver.B). Above the band of YG, and occasionally in crevices in the rock alongside the lichens, terrestrial plants such as the thrift [Armeria maritima] and other angiosperms often occur. In sheltered areas the transition from YG to Ver.Ver is often indistinct and a mixed zone of YG and Ver.Ver may occur. In estuaries, this biotope is often restricted to artificial substrata such as sea defences.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

[Prasiola stipitata] on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.112
definition: Exposed to moderately exposed bedrock and large boulders in the supralittoral and littoral fringe that receives nitrate enrichment from nearby roosting sea birds and is characterised by a band or patches of the ephemeral tufty green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] or [Prasiola] spp. This typically grows over the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] in the littoral fringe or yellow and grey lichens in the supralittoral zone. In damp pits and crevices, species such as the winkle [Littorina saxatilis], amphipods and halacarid mites are occasionally found. Pra often covers a smaller area than 5m x 5m and care should be taken to notice/record this biotope. The biotope can be associated with artificial substrata such as septic tanks, and in supralittoral areas influenced by sewage seeps or agricultural run-off. Situation: This biotope is found at the top of rocky shores in the splash zone below colonies of nesting or roosting birds growing. Pra may also be found at the entrances to and on the ceilings of littoral caves or in patches on large boulders, where birds may be roosting. It can be found in the YG or Ver.Ver zones. Temporal variation: [P. stipitata] reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, when the biotope reverts to either YG or Ver.Ver. In the cooler northern areas it may be present all year round.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

High Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.21
definition: Sea-cliffs and their associated features, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the High Arctic seas bordering middle and northern Greenland, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island and the northern Siberian mainland from the north coast of the Yamal peninsula eastwards. Together with floating ice (unit A8.1), they constitute the main hauling-out places for [Odobenus rosmarus]. [Fulmarus glacialis], [Larus glaucoides], [Larus hyperboreus], [Cepphus grylle], [Plautus alle], [Uria lomvia], [Branta bernicla] are among characteristic bird species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Atlantic low Arctic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.22
definition: Sea-cliffs, cliff-faces, ledges and caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the Low Arctic region of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean, in southern Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Bear Island, northern Scandinavia, northwestern mainland Russia, southern and middle Novaya Zemlya. They constitute the principal breeding, resting or feeding areas of multitudes of seabirds and sea-mammals during at least part of the year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Temperate Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.23
definition: Sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the Atlantic temperate region, including the North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Bay of Biscay, along the coasts of Scandinavia south of the Arctic Circle, of the Faeroes, of the British Isles and their outlying archipelagoes, of mainland Europe south to Galicia. They are the breeding, resting or feeding places of great numbers of seabirds and sea-mammals, of which [Halichoerus grypus], [Sula bassana], [Uria aalge], [Alca torda], [Rissa tridactyla], [Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis] are characteristic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs
type: Concept
notation: B3.24
definition: Sea-cliffs, their faces and ledges, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the Baltic Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets
narrower: Baltic boulder beaches
narrower: Baltic unvegetated gently sloping limestone rocky shores
narrower: Baltic unvegetated gently sloping sandstone rocky shores
narrower: Baltic unvegetated gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal limestone cliffs and caves
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal sandstone cliffs and caves
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves

Baltic boulder beaches
type: Concept
notation: B3.241
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

[Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.113
definition: Bedrock or stable boulders and cobbles in the littoral fringe which is covered by the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. This lichen typically covers the entire rock surface giving a distinct black band in the upper littoral fringe. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is usually present. Two variants are defined which both occur in a wide range of wave exposures. On exposed shores [V. maura] may occur with sparse barnacles such as [Chthamalus] spp. or [Semibalanus balanoides] and may be covered by a band of ephemeral seaweeds such as [Porphyra umbilicalis] or [Enteromorpha] spp. (Ver.B). Above Ver.B or on more sheltered shores is a species poor community consisting mainly of [V. maura] and [L. saxatilis] (Ver.Ver). Situation: This biotope occurs below the yellow and grey lichen zone (YG) and above eulittoral communities of barnacles and fuciod algae. Temporal variation: Distinct band of red or green ephemeral algae may obscure the black lichen band at certain times of the year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock
narrower: [Verrucaria maura] on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock

[Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.1131
definition: The littoral fringe of very exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores with a sparse covering of the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and/or [Chthamalus montagui] over the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. Winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Melarhaphe neritoides] are usually present although [M. neritoides] tends to be found on more exposed shores. The limpet [Patella vulgata] is often present though at a low abundance (Occasional). This biotope can be dominated by ephemeral seaweeds including the red seaweed [Porphyra umbilicalis], the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. or, particulary in the north, microscopic blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae), which overgrow [V. maura]. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (Rare) may also be present, becoming increasingly more common with greater shelter (see PelB). Geographical variation: On northern and eastern shores the barnacle is usually [S. balanoides], which is normally restricted to the lower littoral fringe, with a band of [V. maura] only in the upper littoral fringe. On south-west and western shores the barnacle is usually [C. montagui] which may extend over the whole of the littoral fringe zone. Situation: Ver.B is usually found on more exposed coasts below the [V. maura] biotope Ver.Ver. It is found above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (MytB) or above the barnacle and [Patella] spp. zone (Cht.Cht; Sem). Ver.B also occurs on vertical faces of moderately exposed shores where the [P]. [canaliculata] biotope (PelB) usually dominates on non-vertical faces. Temporal variation: The abundance of [P. umbilicalis] shows considerable seasonal and geographical variation. During warm weather [P. umbilicalis] is often bleached light brown and sticks to the rock as it dries out. On southern shores it may be absent during the summer on all but the most exposed shores, as it dies back leaving a barnacle and lichen dominated community. In the cooler north the [P]. [umbilicalis] covering persists throughout the year. [Po…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock

[Verrucaria maura] on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.1132
definition: Upper littoral fringe bedrock, boulders and stable cobbles on very exposed to very sheltered shores which have a blanket covering of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is often present. Due to the nature of this biotope it is species poor, but occasionally a range of species may be present in low abundance. These species include the yellow lichen [Caloplaca marina] and the winkle [Melarhaphe neritoides], the barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Semibalanus balanoides] or the ephemeral seaweeds [Porphyra umbilicalis] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can be present in low abundance (see Ver.B). If one or more of these species is present compare with Ver.B. On northern shores [Littorina saxatilis var. rudis] can dominate along with the occasional presence of the lichens [Verrucaria mucosa] and [Xanthoria parietina]. V. maura can be found overlying stable mud in N. Ireland sea loughs. Situation: The black lichen zone is normally found below the yellow and grey lichen zone (YG). In very sheltered areas there is not always a clear transition from one zone to the next and a mixed zone of YG and Ver.Ver is common. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] can occur on these more sheltered shores. With increasing wave exposure the two lichen zones become wider and more distinct, and the Ver.Ver gives way to a lichen and barnacle dominated community (Ver.B) in the lower littoral fringe. Temporal variation: In areas with nitrate enrichment [V. maura] can be overgrown by the small green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] (Pra) which reaches its maximum abundance during the winter months. It generally dies out during the summer in southern Britain, reverting the biotope to Ver.Ver.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock

Baltic unvegetated gently sloping limestone rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.242
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated gently sloping sandstone rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.243
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.244
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal limestone cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.245
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal sandstone cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.246
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.247
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated Baltic rocky shores and cliffs

Mediterraneo-Pontic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.26
definition: Sea-cliffs, their associated faces, ledges and caves, rocky shores and isolated rocks of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The endangered [Monachus monachus] depends on their caves for reproduction. [Calonectris diomedea diomedea], [Puffinus yelkouan mauretanicus], [Puffinus yelkouan yelkouan], [Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii], [Falco eleonorae], [Larus audouinii] are characteristic breeders. Their vascular aerohaline communities, as well as the rock communities of unit H3 that colonize their less salt-influenced reaches, are particularly diverse and rich in endemics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Rock stacks and islets above splash zone
type: Concept
notation: B3.27
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
type: Concept
notation: B3.3
definition: Sea-cliffs, or parts of sea-cliffs, and rocky shores colonized by disjunct assemblages of salt-tolerant crevice plants (chasmophytes) or by more or less closed salt-tolerant grasslands with associated terrestrial invertebrate and vertebrate faunal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
narrower: Atlantic sea-cliff communities
narrower: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs
narrower: Tethyan sea-cliff communities
narrower: Canary Island and Madeiran sea-cliff communities
narrower: Azorean sea-cliff communities
narrower: Coastal lagoon cliff communities

Atlantic sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.31
definition: Vegetated cliffs of the northern Atlantic, the English Channel, the Irish Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Arctic Ocean and its seas, the northwest Pacific and its seas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms

Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs
type: Concept
notation: B3.32
definition: Vegetated cliffs of the Baltic Sea, with [Silene vulgaris ssp. maritima], [Silene uniflora], [Ligusticum scoticum], [Armeria maritima], [Odontites litoralis ssp. litoralis], [Odontites litoralis ssp. fennica], [Matricaria maritima], [Senecio viscosus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
narrower: Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees

[Blidingia] spp. on vertical littoral fringe chalk
type: Concept
notation: B3.114
definition: Vertical soft rock in the littoral fringe may be characterised by a band of the green seaweeds [Blidingia minima] and [Blidingia marginata]. Unbranched filamentous green seaweeds, including [Ulothrix flacca] and [Urospora wormskioldii], are found amongst the [Blidingia] spp. The siphonous Xanthophyceae [Vaucheria] spp. can also occur in high abundance in this biotope, where they can form dense mats. During low tide terrestrial fauna such as red mites, insects and centipedes migrate into this zone. More information is needed to improve this description. Situation: Bli is found below the [Verrucaria maura] zone (Ver.Ver) and above a band of the similar looking green algae [Enteromorpha] spp. (Ent and EntPor), where these occur in habitats not influenced by freshwater.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

[Ulothrix flacca] and [Urospora] spp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock
type: Concept
notation: B3.115
definition: An assemblage of the small un-branched filamentous green seaweeds [Ulothrix flacca], [Urospora penicilliformis] and [Urospora wormskioldii] at High Water Spring Tide level on steep and vertical rock often influenced by freshwater. The community is also present in areas with freshwater seepage. It is visually recognised as a closely adherent, often shiny, green mat of filamentous growth. Associated species include the green seaweeds [Blidingia minima] and [Enteromorpha prolifera], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata], but these species are not common. Although this biotope does occur on rock other than chalk, this description has been derived from chalk coast sites. More information is needed to improve this description. Situation: On chalk coasts this community can include [Enteromorpha] spp. and the transition from UloUro to Ent is often indistinct and a mixed zone of UloUro and Ent can occur. Temporal variation: This biotope is more easily identifiable from autumn to spring as both [Urospora] spp. and [Bangia atropurpurea] may dry out and disappear during the summer. In late winter the red seaweed [B. atropurpurea] may be predominant and the community then appears as shiny blackish mats of filamentous growth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichens or small green algae on supralittoral and littoral fringe rock

Subtropical Atlantic sea-cliffs and rocky shores
type: Concept
notation: B3.25
definition: Sea-cliffs, their faces, ledges and associated caves, rocky shores and isolated seaside rocks of the subtropical zone of the Atlantic, including the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, the Mediterraneo-Atlantic coasts of Iberia, the Mediterraneo-Atlantic and Saharo-Atlantic coasts of Africa, south to Cap Blanc. A major zone of upwelling developed along the north African coast and the Canary Islands enhances their value as important breeding and resting places for marine birds and mammals. Their caves harbour the two remaining Atlantic subpopulations of the gravely endangered Monk Seal [Monachus monachus], endemic to this region and the next, those of Madeira and of the Cap Blanc coasts. [Calonectris diomedea borealis], [Larus cachinnans atlantis], [Phalacrocorax carbo maroccanus], [Phalacrocorax aristotelis riggenbachi] are seabirds endemic to the region for which cliffs and rocky shores provide an important breeding habitat.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets

Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.321
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping limestone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.322
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.323
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping sandstone rocky shores dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.324
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.325
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.326
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.327
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal limestone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.328
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.329
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal sandstone cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.32A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.32B
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Baltic coastal crystalline bedrock cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.32C
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated Baltic gently sloping rocky shores and cliffs

Tethyan sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.33
definition: Vegetated cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, of the Black Sea and of the subtropical eastern Atlantic with endemic [Limonium] spp. and e.g. [Silene sedoides], [Frankenia hirsuta], [Frankenia pulverulenta], [Crithmum maritimum], [Lotus cytisoides] of the [Crithmo-Staticetea] and the species of the [Saginetea]: [Anthemis rigida], [Bellium minutum], [Catapodium marinum], [Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum], [Parapholis incurva], [Phleum crypsoides], [Phleum exaratum], [Plantago weldenii], [Psilurus incurvus], [Sagina maritima], [Sedum litoreum], [Valantia muralis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
narrower: Western Tethyan sea-cliff communities
narrower: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Western Tethyan sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.331
definition: Aerohaline communities of the cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, as well as of the southwestern Iberian and northwestern African Atlantic, with [Crithmum maritimum], [Plantago subulata], [Silene sedoides], [Sedum litoreum], [Limonium] spp., [Armeria] spp., [Euphorbia] spp., [Daucus] spp., [Asteriscus maritimus]. Mediterranean sea-cliffs harbour numerous endemics of of extremely local occurrence, in particular, of genus [Limonium], which comprises at least 43 and probably closer to 120-150 Mediterranean cliff species species, many of them restricted to a few stations, and several threatened, such as, for instance, [Limonium remotispiculum] of southern Italy and [Limonium strictissimum] of Corsica and Caprera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sea-cliff communities

Pontic sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.332
definition: Communities of the cliffs of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Sea of Marmara.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tethyan sea-cliff communities
narrower: Western Pontic herbaceous sea-cliff communities
narrower: Western Pontic sea-cliff [Ficus] thickets
narrower: Western Pontic low cliff communities
narrower: Eastern Pontic sea-cliff communities
narrower: Southern Pontic sea-cliff communities

Western Pontic herbaceous sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.3321
definition: Herbaceous aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the maritime façade of the Stranja and of the Cape Kaliakra area of Bulgaria, with [Limonium gmelinii], [Goniolimon collinum], [Crithmum maritimum], [Elymus pycnanthus], [Cichorium intybus], [Atriplex hastata], [Kochia prostrata], [Melilotus officinalis], [Convolvulus lineatus] and the local endemic [Silene caliacrae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Western Pontic sea-cliff [Ficus] thickets
type: Concept
notation: B3.3322
definition: Thickets of [Ficus carica] and [Ulmus minor] of the cliffs of the western Black Sea coast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Western Pontic low cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.3323
definition: Low cliffs and neighbouring sands of the southern Romanian Black Sea coast (between Constanta and Vama Veche), harbouring communities dominated by [Scolymus hispanicus] and [Ecbalium elaterium], with [Atriplex tatarica], [Xanthium spinosum], [Lactuca saligna], [Lolium perenne] and [Polygonum aviculare].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Eastern Pontic sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.3324
definition: Aerohaline communities of the cliffs of the northern Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, with [Crithmum maritimum], [Kochia prostrata], [Elymus farctus ssp. bessarabicus], [Holosteum umbellatum], [Puccinellia distans], [Limonium meyeri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Southern Pontic sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.3325
definition: Aerohaline communities of the cliffs of the southern coasts of the Black Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic sea-cliff communities

Canary Island and Madeiran sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.34
definition: Aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the Canaries and Madeira, with [Crithmum maritimum], [Astydamia latifolia], [Schizogyne sericea], [Andryala glutinosa], [Plantago coronopus], [Tolpis fruticosa], [Aizoon canariense], [Campylanthus salsoloides], [Limonium pectinatum], [Frankenia ericifolia], [Reichardia ligulata], [Argyranthemum frutescens], [Lotus] spp., [Asplenium marinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms

Azorean sea-cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.35
definition: Communities of the sea-cliffs of the Azores dominated by the endemic [Festuca petraea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms

Coastal lagoon cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.36
definition: Communities of vascular chasmophytes and animals colonizing the cliffs of coastal saline or hypersaline bodies of water, which differ very significantly from the cliff communities of units B3.31-B3.35.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms
narrower: Pantellerian lagoon cliff communities
narrower: Pontic saline lagoon cliffs

Pantellerian lagoon cliff communities
type: Concept
notation: B3.361
definition: Endemic [Limonium secundirameum]-dominated formations of the cliffs overlooking Bagno dell' Acqua, Pantelleria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal lagoon cliff communities

Pontic saline lagoon cliffs
type: Concept
notation: B3.362
definition: Halocalcareous cliff communities of coastal lagoons of the Black Sea at Cape Dolosman (Romania), dominated by [Artemisia santonicum], [Limonium gmelinii], [Halimione verrucifera] ([Obione verrucifera]) and [Lepidium cartilagineum], with Irano-Turanian species such as [Camphorosma annua], [Halocnemum strobilaceum], [Leuzea salina] and [Taraxacum bessarabicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal lagoon cliff communities

Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated
type: Concept
notation: B3.4
definition: Sea-cliffs composed of relatively soft, unconsolidated or uncompacted mineral particle deposits, carved by wind and wave action. They may support scrub similar to that on dunes (B1.6), with [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Salix repens], [Sorbus aucuparia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral
narrower: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs
type: Concept
notation: B3.41
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal chalk cliffs and caves
narrower: Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves with low vegetation
narrower: Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees

Baltic unvegetated coastal chalk cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.411
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.412
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic coastal chalk cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.413
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves
type: Concept
notation: B3.414
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves with low vegetation
type: Concept
notation: B3.415
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Baltic unvegetated coastal moraine cliffs and caves dominated by shrubs or trees
type: Concept
notation: B3.416
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baltic chalk and moraine cliffs

Inland surface waters
type: Concept
notation: C
definition: Inland surface waters are non-coastal above-ground open fresh or brackish waterbodies (e.g. rivers, streams, lakes and pools, springs), including their littoral zones. Includes constructed inland freshwater, brackish or saline waterbodies (such as canals, ponds, etc) which support a semi-natural community of both plants and animals; seasonal waterbodies which may dry out for part of the year (temporary or intermittent rivers and lakes and their littoral zones). Freshwater littoral zones include those parts of banks or shores that are sufficiently frequently inundated to prevent the formation of closed terrestrial vegetation. Excludes permanent snow and ice. Note that habitats that intimately combine waterlogged mires and vegetation rafts with pools of open water are considered as complexes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Surface standing waters
narrower: Surface running waters
narrower: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies

Surface standing waters
type: Concept
notation: C1
definition: Lakes, ponds and pools of natural origin containing fresh (i.e. nonsaline), brackish or salt water. Manmade freshwater bodies, including artificially created lakes, reservoirs and canals, provided that they contain seminatural aquatic communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland surface waters
narrower: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Permanent lake ice

Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.1
definition: Waterbodies with a low nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content, mostly acid (pH 4-6). Includes oligotrophic waters of medium or high pH, e.g. calcareous and basic unpolluted nutrient-poor lakes and pools, which are rare in much of Europe and noted as a habitat of charophytes (C1.14). Excludes peaty, dystrophic waters (C1.4). Because of the low nutrient status, beds of vascular plants, including [Callitriche] spp., [Potamogeton] spp. and isoetids [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea] are often sparse and open.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Benthic communities of oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted submerged vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Charophyte submerged carpets in oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of oligotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Plankton communities of oligotrophic waters
narrower: Oligotrophic pools in inland sand dunes

Benthic communities of oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.11
definition: Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted submerged vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.12
definition: Formations of Palaearctic water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted floating vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.13
definition: Formations of Palaearctic oligotrophic waters dominated by rooted vascular aquatic plants (macrophytes) with floating leaves. Species of the genus [Potamogeton] and [Sparganium] represent usual dominants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Oligotrophic pondweed communities

Oligotrophic pondweed communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.131
definition: Sparse formations of narrow-leaved floating pondweeds, in particular, [Potamogeton polygonifolius] ([Potamogeton oblongus]), [Potamogeton gramineus], [Potamogeton alpinus], with [Callitriche] spp., [Ranunculus ololeucos], [Ranunculus omiophyllus], [Ranunculus tripartitus], [Luronium natans], [Sparganium minimum], [Apium inundatum] of shallow, oligotrophic, clean, fluctuating, but usually permanent, often small, waterbodies of the Palaearctic region. Communities of this unit often form in close proximity to those of unit C3.413 and evolve into them with regular or prolonged desiccation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted floating vegetation of oligotrophic waterbodies

Charophyte submerged carpets in oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.14
definition: Charophyte (genera [Chara], [Nitella], [Tolypella], [Nitellopsis], [Lamprothamnium], [Lychnothamnus]) algal carpets of the bottom of unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes and pools. Very wide syntaxonomic background: alliances [Nitellion syncarpae-tenuissimae], [Charion fragilis], [Nitellion flexilis] and [Charion canescentis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: [Chara] carpets
narrower: [Nitella] carpets

[Chara] carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.141
definition: Charophyte carpets developed on the bottom of basic, lime-rich, unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic, lakes and pools of the Palaearctic region, formed mostly by species of genus [Chara].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Charophyte submerged carpets in oligotrophic waterbodies

[Nitella] carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.142
definition: Charophyte carpets developed on the bottom of unpolluted acid, neutral or slightly basic, lime-poor, oligotrophic to mesotrophic, lakes of the Palaearctic region, mostly formed by species of genus [Nitella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Charophyte submerged carpets in oligotrophic waterbodies

Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of oligotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.15
definition: Floating, in part infra-aquatic, formations of [Sphagnum] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Utricularia minor], [Utricularia intermedia], [Utricularia ochroleuca], [Utricularia bremii], [Sparganium minimum], of dystrophic, oligotrophic or sometimes mesotrophic, bog pools, fen pools, heath pools, woodland ponds of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Plankton communities of oligotrophic waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.16
definition: Free-floating microscopic plant (phytoplankton) and animal (zooplankton) organisms of standing oligotrophic waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Oligotrophic pools in inland sand dunes
type: Concept
notation: C1.17
definition: Habitats of permanent oligotrophic waters in sand dunes, other than coastal dune-slack pools (B1.81).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.2
definition: Lakes and pools with waters fairly rich in nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and dissolved bases (pH often 6-7). Communities e.g. of [Littorelletea uniflorae] and [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea]. Many unpolluted lowland lakes and ponds are naturally mesotrophic, and support dense beds of macrophytes, which are absent in polluted waters. Beds of charophytes can occur in mesotrophic (C1.25) as well as in oligotrophic (C1.14) waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Benthic communities of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Charophyte submerged carpets in mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Plankton communities of mesotrophic standing waters

Benthic communities of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.21
definition: Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.22
definition: Free-floating surface communities of more or less nutrient-rich waters. The habitat is typically formed by species of duckweed ([Lemna], [Spirodela], [Wolffia]), small ferns ([Azolla]), liverworts ([Riccia], [Ricciocarpus]) or vascular plants, e.g. [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Duckweed covers
narrower: Floating [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae] rafts
narrower: Floating [Stratiotes aloides] rafts
narrower: Floating [Utricularia australis] and [Utricularia vulgaris] colonies
narrower: Floating [Salvinia natans] mats
narrower: Floating [Aldrovanda vesiculosa] communities

Duckweed covers
type: Concept
notation: C1.221
definition: Free-floating surface communities of duckweed ([Lemna], [Spirodela], [Wolffia]), small ferns ([Azolla]) or liverworts ([Riccia], [Ricciocarpus]) of Palaearctic waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae] rafts
type: Concept
notation: C1.222
definition: Free-floating surface communities of Palaearctic waters rich in [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Stratiotes aloides] rafts
type: Concept
notation: C1.223
definition: Free-floating communities of Palaearctic waters dominated by [Stratiotes aloides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Utricularia australis] and [Utricularia vulgaris] colonies
type: Concept
notation: C1.224
definition: Free-floating communities of more or less nutrient-rich Palaearctic waters dominated by bladderworts ([Utricularia australis], [Utricularia vulgaris]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Salvinia natans] mats
type: Concept
notation: C1.225
definition: Free-floating communities of Central and Eastern Europe dominated by the free-floating non-indigenous fern [Salvinia natans], often forming dense and extensive mats.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Floating [Aldrovanda vesiculosa] communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.226
definition: Rare aquatic formations of Central and Eastern Europe, dispersed from southern Brandenburg and Lake Constance east to the Ukraine, with a former outpost in eastern Lithuania, harbouring the carnivorous, free-floating Droseraceae [Aldrovanda vesiculosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.23
definition: 'Formations of water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton]. Some habitats of this unit can be dominated by other species, such as [Zannichellia palustris], [Elodea canadensis], [Elodea nuttallii], [Ceratophyllum submersum], [Myriophyllum spicatum] and [Najas marina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Large pondweed beds
narrower: Small pondweed communities

Large pondweed beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.231
definition: Associations of large pondweeds ([Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton praelongus], [Potamogeton zizii], [Potamogeton perfoliatus]) characteristic of deep, open Palaearctic waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Small pondweed communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.232
definition: Formations of smaller pondweeds, in particular, [Potamogeton crispus], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Potamogeton pusillus], [Potamogeton obtusifolius], [Potamogeton berchtoldii], [Potamogeton trichoides], [Potamogeton acutifolius], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton nitens], [Potamogeton friesii] ([Potamogeton mucronatus]), [Groenlandia densa], waterthymes and waterweeds ([Elodea] spp., [Hydrilla] spp., [Ottelia] spp.), horned pondweeds ([Zannichellia palustris] s.l.), naiads ([Najas] spp.), tapegrass ([Vallisneria spiralis]), water crowfoots ([Ranunculus circinatus]) that colonize shallower, more sheltered Palaearctic waters. Eurasian formations dominated by usually free-floating hornworts of genus [Ceratophyllum], in particular by [Ceratophyllum demersum], are included because of closer ecological and physiognomic similarity with communities of this unit than with those of unit 22.41.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

Rooted floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.24
definition: Formations of waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves. Usually species-poor habitats with dominance of one or several species. Ttypical species are [Nymphaea alba], [Nuphar lutea], [Nymphoides peltata], [Trapa natans], [Potamogeton natans], [Callitriche palustris], [Polygonum amphibium] and [Ranunculus] sp. (=[Batrachium]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Floating broad-leaved carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.241
definition: Formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with large floating leaves, often with a stratum of submerged species ([Ceratophyllum], [Myriophyllum], [Potamogeton]) and occasionally free-floating [Utricularia] spp., characteristic of large, permanent water bodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies
narrower: Waterlily beds
narrower: Water chestnut carpets
narrower: Fringed waterlily carpets
narrower: Broad-leaved pondweed carpets
narrower: Amphibious bistort carpets
narrower: [Nelumbo nucifera] beds

Waterlily beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.2411
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of family Nymphaeaceae, in particular of genera [Nymphaea], [Nuphar], [Euryale].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets
narrower: [Nuphar] beds
narrower: Northern [Nymphaea] beds
narrower: Transylvanian hot-spring lotus beds

[Nuphar] beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.24111
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of genus [Nuphar], in particular [Nuphar pumila] and [Nuphar lutea], characteristic of temperate and cold regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Waterlily beds

Northern [Nymphaea] beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.24112
definition: Floating-leaved formations of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of genus [Nymphaea], in particular [Nymphaea alba], [Nymphaea candida], [Nymphaea tetragona], [Nymphaea pygmaea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Waterlily beds

Transylvanian hot-spring lotus beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.24113
definition: Formations of [Nymphaea lotus] of geothermal waters (unit 66.94) of Petea Lake, western Romania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Waterlily beds

Water chestnut carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.2412
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by the trapid [Trapa natans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Fringed waterlily carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.2413
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by magnonymphaeids of genus [Nymphoides], in particular by [Nymphoides peltata] or [Nymphoides indica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Broad-leaved pondweed carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.2414
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by the parvonymphaeid [Potamogeton natans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Amphibious bistort carpets
type: Concept
notation: C1.2415
definition: Floating-leaved formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by the parvonymphaeid [Polygonum amphibium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

[Nelumbo nucifera] beds
type: Concept
notation: C1.2416
definition: Formations of [Nelumbo nucifera], occurring in the Volga delta and from the south Caspian lowlands to the Far East, with a naturalised population in Romania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Floating broad-leaved carpets

Charophyte submerged carpets in mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.25
definition: Charophyte (genera [Chara], [Nitella], [Tolypella], [Nitellopsis], [Lamprothamnium], [Lychnothamnus]) algal carpets of the bottom of unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes and pools of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of mesotrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.26
definition: Floating, in part infra-aquatic, formations of [Sphagnum] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Utricularia minor], [Utricularia intermedia], [Utricularia ochroleuca], [Utricularia bremii], [Sparganium minimum], of dystrophic, oligotrophic or sometimes mesotrophic, bog pools, fen pools, heath pools, woodland ponds of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Plankton communities of mesotrophic standing waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.27
definition: Free-floating microscopic plant (phytoplankton) and animal (zooplankton) organisms of slightly muddy, poorly pellucid standing mesotrophic waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.3
definition: Lakes and pools with mostly dirty grey to blue-green, more or less turbid, waters, particularly rich in nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and dissolved bases (pH usually > 7). Moderately eutrophic waters can support dense beds of macrophytes, but these disappear when pollution causes nutrient levels to rise further.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Benthic communities of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: Free-floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted submerged vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: Plankton communities of eutrophic standing waters

Benthic communities of eutrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.31
definition: Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities of eutrophic waters. Because of the seasonal dynamics of the ecological factors, siliceous algae [Bacillariophyta] dominate in late autumn and winter and blue-green ([Cyanobacteriophyta]) and green ([Chlorophyta]) algae during summer and autumn.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Free-floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.32
definition: Free-floating surface communities of more or less nutrient-rich waters, with for example [Lemna minor], [Spirodela polyrhiza], [Wolffia arrhiza], [Salvinia natans], [Ceratophyllum submersum], [Stratiotes aloides], and communities of [Hydrocharition], [Utricularion vulgaris], [Lemnion gibbae] and [Lemnion minoris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted submerged vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.33
definition: Formations of water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton]. Alliances [Potamion lucentis] and [Potamion pusilli]. Other frequent species are [Myriophyllum spicatum], [Myriophyllum verticillatum], [Najas marina] and [Najas minor].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.34
definition: Formations of waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves. The most typical species are [Nuphar lutea], [Nymphaea alba], [Nymphoides peltata], [Trapa natans] and [Persicaria amphibia], of the alliance [Nymphaeion albae]. A second layer is often formed by [Ceratophyllum demersum], [Myriophyllum spicatum] and [Lemna trisulca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Shallow-water floating communities

Shallow-water floating communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.341
definition: Communities of Palaearctic waters dominated by water starworts ([Callitriche]), water crowfoots ([Ranunculus] spp., subgenus [Batrachium]) or water violet ([Hottonia palustris]), characteristic mostly of shallow waters with fluctuating water levels, susceptible to occasional drying.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rooted floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies
narrower: [Ranunculus] communities in shallow water
narrower: Water starwort communities
narrower: [Hottonia palustris] beds in shallow water

[Ranunculus] communities in shallow water
type: Concept
notation: C1.3411
definition: Communities dominated by water crowfoots, [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]), [Ranunculus baudotii], [Ranunculus hederaceus], [Ranunculus rionii], [Ranunculus ololeucos], [Ranunculus omiophyllus] ([Ranunculus lenormandi]), [Ranunculus tripartitus], with both submerged and floating leaves, characteristic mostly of shallow Palaearctic waters with fluctuating water levels, susceptible to occasional drying. Crowfoot- dominated communities of unit 22.433 are included.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shallow-water floating communities

Water starwort communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.3412
definition: Communities of shallow stagnant Palaearctic waters with fluctuating water levels, susceptible to drying, dominated by [Callitriche] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shallow-water floating communities

[Hottonia palustris] beds in shallow water
type: Concept
notation: C1.3413
definition: Communities of shallow Palaearctic waters dominated by [Hottonia palustris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shallow-water floating communities

Plankton communities of eutrophic standing waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.35
definition: Free-floating microscopic plant (phytoplankton) and animal (zooplankton) organisms of very muddy, non-pellucid waters of standing eutrophic waters. Phytoplankton is represented mainly by algae of the groups [Bacillariophyta] and [Chlorophyta], rarely also by [Euglenophyta], [Pyrrophyta], zooplankton by [Chrysophyta]; [Cladocera], [Copepoda] and [Rotatoria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.4
definition: Lakes and pools with acidic waters of high humus content and often brown tinted (pH often 3-5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Benthic communities of dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted submerged vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Charophyte submerged carpets in dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of dystrophic waterbodies
narrower: Raised bog pools
narrower: Lagg

Benthic communities of dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.41
definition: Lake-bottom animal, green algal or lower algal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted submerged vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.42
definition: Formations of Palaearctic water bodies constituted by submerged, rooted, perennial phanerogams with often emerging flower spikes, in particular entirely immersed pondweeds of genus [Potamogeton].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted floating vegetation of dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.43
definition: Formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Charophyte submerged carpets in dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.44
definition: Charophyte (genera [Chara], [Nitella], [Tolypella], [Nitellopsis], [Lamprothamnium], [Lychnothamnus]) algal carpets of the bottom of unpolluted, oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes and pools of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Peatmoss and [Utricularia] communities of dystrophic waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.45
definition: Floating, in part infra-aquatic, formations of [Sphagnum] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Utricularia] spp., [Campylium stellatum], [Sparganium minimum] and [Sparganium natans] of dystrophic bog pools, fen pools, heath pools and woodland ponds. Alliances are [Sphagno-Utricularion] and [Scorpidio-Utricularion minoris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Raised bog pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.46
definition: Larger, deep, permanently filled depressions, usually dystrophic, occurring near the centre of raised bogs or along tension lines. Their planctonic communities are original. Floating plant communities may sometimes develop, in particular those comprising [Sparganium minimum] and [Utricularia] spp. (units C1.15, C1.26 and C1.45) and, sometimes, beds of [Nymphaea] spp. (unit C1.2411).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Bog eye (kolk)
narrower: Lesser bog pools

Bog eye (kolk)
type: Concept
notation: C1.461
definition: Large pools or lakes occurring near the centre of central European raised bogs, often with relatively firm, steep banks colonized by trees or scrub forming a ring of woodland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog pools

Lesser bog pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.462
definition: Relatively large, deep, permanently filled depressions occurring along tension lines of raised bogs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog pools

Lagg
type: Concept
notation: C1.47
definition: A ring of water surrounding raised bogs, often colonised by intermediate mire or acid fen communities of units D2.2 or D2.3, sometimes accompanied by more basicline species typical of neighbouring fens: [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Scirpus hudsonianus], [Carex rostrata], [Carex flava] and [Parnassia palustris] are frequent components.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.5
definition: Non-coastal brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools and their pelagic vertebrates and plankton.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Athalassic saline lakes
narrower: Athalassic saline euhydrophyte communities
narrower: Floating vegetation of saline and brackish waters
narrower: Submerged macrophytes of saline and brackish waters

Athalassic saline lakes
type: Concept
notation: C1.51
definition: Athalassic (inland), permanent or temporary, brackish, saline or hypersaline waterbodies and their associated animal, charophyte, green algal or lower algal pelagic and benthic communities. The macrophytic, euhydrophytic based communities that colonize them are separately listed (unit C1.52), the macrophytic amphibious communities and the terrestrial communities that may develop during dry phases or in drying and dried portions as units of D6.1or E6, fringing belts or island rafts of rooted or floating tall emergent vegetation as units C3.2112 or D6.2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities
narrower: Submerged charophyte carpets in inland saline or hypersaline waterbodies
narrower: Salt basin benthic communities

Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.511
definition: Athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools and their pelagic animal, green algal or lower algal communities, including marine mammal, bird and pelagic fish communities of the large inland seas of central Eurasia and of the big brackish lakes of the boreal zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline lakes
narrower: Boreal, nemoral and arctic salt lakes
narrower: Mediterranean salt lakes
narrower: Ponto-Pannonic salt lakes

Boreal, nemoral and arctic salt lakes
type: Concept
notation: C1.5111
definition: Athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools of the boreal, nemoral and arctic zones, including, in particular, the great brackish lakes of northern Europe (Ladoga), the ponds and pools associated with the inland salt communities of unit 15.4 and the waterbodies adjacent to the Yakutian salt steppes of unit 15.A7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities

Mediterranean salt lakes
type: Concept
notation: C1.5112
definition: Athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools of the Mediterranean zone, with major waterbodies limited to northern-central and southern Iberia, Sicily and Mediterranean North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities

Ponto-Pannonic salt lakes
type: Concept
notation: C1.5113
definition: Athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools of the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions, associated with the salt steppes and salt marshes of 15.A1 and 15.A2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Salt basins and salt basin pelagic communities

Submerged charophyte carpets in inland saline or hypersaline waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.512
definition: Charophyte (mostly [Chara] spp.) formations of athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline lakes

Salt basin benthic communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.513
definition: Benthic animal, green algal or lower algal communities of permanent athalassic brackish, saline or hypersaline lakes, ponds or pools; benthic communities developed in the wet phase of the cycle of temporary brackish, saline or hypersaline athalassic waterbodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline lakes

Athalassic saline euhydrophyte communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.52
definition: Communities of athalassic brackish or saline lakes, ponds, pools or basins, formed by submerged, floating-leaved, or slightly emergent macrophytes and their associated zoocoenoses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools
narrower: Submerged macrophyte communities of inland saline and brackish waters
narrower: Brackish water floating vegetation

Submerged macrophyte communities of inland saline and brackish waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.521
definition: Communities of athalassic brackish or saline lakes, ponds, pools or basins, formed by submerged macrophytes and their associated zoocoenoses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline euhydrophyte communities
narrower: Athalassic tasselweed communities
narrower: Athalassic seagrass communities

Athalassic tasselweed communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.5211
definition: [Ruppia maritima], [Zannichellia] spp. and [Najas] spp. beds, with associated [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus] and other submerged macrophytes, of athalassic brackish or saline lakes, ponds, pools or basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged macrophyte communities of inland saline and brackish waters

Athalassic seagrass communities
type: Concept
notation: C1.5212
definition: [Zostera noltii] formations of the Caspian Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submerged macrophyte communities of inland saline and brackish waters

Brackish water floating vegetation
type: Concept
notation: C1.523
definition: Communities of brackish lakes, ponds and pools, formed by free-floating or floating-leaved rooted macrophytes, in particular, brackish [Lemna] and [Wolffia] carpets, brackish [Callitriche] communities and formations of inland lakes and basins of very low salinity dominated by water crowfoots such as [Ranunculus baudotii] or [Ranunculus rionii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Athalassic saline euhydrophyte communities

Floating vegetation of saline and brackish waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.53
definition: Rooted or non-rooted floating vegetation of saline waters dominated by aquatic vascular plants (macrophytes) whose leaves float on the water surface. The most important of these are represented by the species of genus [Lemna], [Wolffia], [Callitriche] and [Ranunculus] sect. [Batrachium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools

Submerged macrophytes of saline and brackish waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.54
definition: Habitats of saline pools and waters where the bottom is densely vegetated. Typical species are [Najas marina], [Najas minor], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Utricularia neglecta], [Zannichellia pedicellata] among others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools

Temporary lakes, ponds and pools
type: Concept
notation: C1.6
definition: Freshwater lakes, ponds, pools, or parts of such freshwater bodies that become periodically dry, with their associated animal and algal pelagic and benthic communities. Habitats of the dry phase are listed under C3.5, C3.6 and 3.7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters
narrower: Lime-deficient oligotrophic temporary waters
narrower: Mesotrophic temporary waters
narrower: Eutrophic temporary waters
narrower: Dystrophic temporary waters
narrower: Lime-rich oligo-mesotrophic temporary waters
narrower: Temporary inland saline and brackish waters
narrower: Turlough and lake-bottom meadows
narrower: Benthic communities of temporary waters
narrower: Rooted floating vegetation of temporary waterbodies

Lime-deficient oligotrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.61
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with greenish to brownish clear waters, poor in dissolved bases (pH often 5-6).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Mesotrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.62
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with waters fairly rich in dissolved bases (pH often 6-7).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Eutrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.63
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with mostly dirty grey to blue-green, more or less turbid, waters, particularly rich in dissolved bases (pH usually > 7).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Dystrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.64
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with acidic waters of high humus content and often brown tinted (pH often 3-5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Lime-rich oligo-mesotrophic temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.65
definition: Temporary lakes and pools with mostly blue to greenish, very clear, waters, poor (to moderate) in nutrients, base-rich (pH often > 7.5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Temporary inland saline and brackish waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.66
definition: Shallow temporary saline and brackish waters, in which communities may develop which often form two layers. The main species are [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Najas minor], [Najas marina] and [Ceratophyllum demersum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Turlough and lake-bottom meadows
type: Concept
notation: C1.67
definition: Terrestrial communities colonizing the bottom of waterbodies that are completely and recurrently emptied of water for part of the time, such as Irish turloughs. Habitats characteristic of each stage of the cycle may be units of C1, C3.41-C3.43, C3.51-C3.52, C3.64-C3.65 and, if appropriate, those of units D2-D5 or E2-E3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Benthic communities of temporary waters
type: Concept
notation: C1.68
definition: Benthic communities developed in the wet phase of the cycle of temporary lakes and pools.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Rooted floating vegetation of temporary waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C1.69
definition: Formations of Palaearctic waters dominated by rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Temporary lakes, ponds and pools

Permanent lake ice
type: Concept
notation: C1.7
definition: Permanent or almost permanent ice formations of lakes, constituting continuous ice sheets that may cover the entire surface for all of the year or recede to part of the lake during summer and be accompanied or replaced by floating ice blocks, rafts and hummocks. They may, locally, seasonally or permanently, extend to the whole depth of the lake. They are characteristic of high latitude and high altitude lakes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface standing waters

Surface running waters
type: Concept
notation: C2
definition: Running waters, including springs, streams and temporary water courses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland surface waters
narrower: Springs, spring brooks and geysers
narrower: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses
narrower: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses
narrower: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary
narrower: Temporary running waters
narrower: Films of water flowing over rocky watercourse margins

Springs, spring brooks and geysers
type: Concept
notation: C2.1
definition: Springs and resurgences, together with animal and plant communities dependent on the peculiar microclimatic and hydrological situation created by them. Excludes vegetated spring mires (D2.2, D4.1), where springs emerge through a (usually small) expanse of vegetation with little or no open water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface running waters
narrower: Soft water springs
narrower: Hard water springs
narrower: Geysers
narrower: Thermal springs
narrower: Saline springs
narrower: Crenal streams (spring brooks)
narrower: Thermal spring brooks
narrower: Acid oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
narrower: Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
narrower: Mesotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
narrower: Eutrophic vegetation of spring brooks

Soft water springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.11
definition: Springs with cold, acid to neutral, oligotrophic waters, dominated either by mosses or vascular plants, depending on light conditions and altitude. Species-poor communities, especially in lower altitudes. Alliance [Caricion remotae] including several associations, with characteristic species [Caltha palustris ssp. laeta], [Cardamine amara ssp. amara], [Carex remota], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Veronica beccabunga], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum] and [Conocephalum conicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers
narrower: Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens

Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens
type: Concept
notation: C2.111
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water springs

Hard water springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.12
definition: Springs rich in calcium, typically due to calcareous tufa formation. Species-rich habitats with high moss cover, high dominance of moss [Cratoneuron commutatum] is typical. The stands belong to alliances [Cratoneurion commutati] and [Lycopodo-Cratoneurion commutati] with typical species [Arabis soyeri], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Viola biflora], [Cochlearia pyrenaica], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum], [Conocephalum conicum], [Eucladium verticillatum] and [Palustriella commutata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers
narrower: Petrifying springs with tufa or travertine formations

Petrifying springs with tufa or travertine formations
type: Concept
notation: C2.121
definition: Communities of calcareous, petrifying springs of the Alps, the pre-Alpine regions and of the middle European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, forming and colonizing large tufa deposits. When active, tufa springs comprise a hydrosere in which the [Cratoneurion] plants, and in particular, [Cratoneuron] spp., are accompanied by fen species such as [Carex lepidocarpa] and [Sesleria caerulea]; the latter may physiognomically dominate both the hydrosere and the adjacent xerosere, developed on fossil tufa deposits, in which it is accompanied by [Brometalia] plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hard water springs

Geysers
type: Concept
notation: C2.13
definition: Springs from which heated water and steam is ejected, sometimes violently, at periodic intervals, in active or recently active volcanic regions. Major geysers are rare, known from only four areas in the world, and within the Palaearctic region, as here defined, only from Iceland and the northwestern Pacific rim. The proximal zone of geysers may host distinctive communities of lower plants and invertebrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.14
definition: Acid or alkaline springs heated by geothermal energy, located in regions of present or past volcanic activity, producing a continuous flow of water at temperatures significantly above the air temperature. Springs and tepid pools at temperatures below 50º C may host a few species of specialised animals, those at temperatures between 50º C and 75º C harbour bluegreen algae that may form conspicuous mats, those at temperatures above 75º C are inhabited only by heterotrophic bacteria; the margins of the springs and the water-saturated substrates may host distinctive biotic communities, including higher plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers
narrower: Mediterranean thermal springs
narrower: Macaronesian thermal springs
narrower: Icelandic thermal springs
narrower: Peri-Alpine thermal springs
narrower: Peri-Caucasian hot springs

Mediterranean thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.141
definition: Hot springs related to active volcanism of the islands, coasts and hinterland of the Mediterranean basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Macaronesian thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.142
definition: Hot springs related to active volcanism of the southern north Atlantic, on the mid-Atlantic ridge islands of the Azores and on the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Icelandic thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.143
definition: Hot springs related to active volcanism of the northern North Atlantic, on the mid-Atlantic ridge islands, Iceland and Jan Mayen.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Peri-Alpine thermal springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.144
definition: Hot springs related to late Tertiary volcanism of the western Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Baetic mountains, the Rif, the Tell, the Atlas, the Pyreneo-Cantabrian range, the Alps, the Carpathians, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges of Iberia, the Central Massif, the northern Hercynian arc. They include, in particular, Romanian geothermal waters harbouring formations of [Nymphaea lotus] (unit 22.43113).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Peri-Caucasian hot springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.145
definition: Hot springs related to late Tertiary volcanism of the central Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Caucasus, the Pontic range, the Anatolian plateau, the Taurus, the Zagros, the Elburz.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermal springs

Saline springs
type: Concept
notation: C2.15
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Crenal streams (spring brooks)
type: Concept
notation: C2.16
definition: Gushing springs (rheocrenes), spring basins (limnocrenes), seepages (helocrenes) and crenal streams, rivulets formed in and near the source area of streams, characterised by high stability of temperature, near the annual average of the ground water, best developed in montane situations. Specialised habitats associated with the spring include those of units D2.2C and D4.1N.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Thermal spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.17
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Acid oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.18
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients and in lime, with, in particular, [Myriophyllum alterniflorum], [Potamogeton polygonifolius], [Callitriche hamulata], [Littorella uniflora], [Juncus bulbosus], [Scirpus fluitans] or acidophilous mosses and algae. In Iceland, [Montia fontana], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]) and [Fontinalis antipyretica] characterize the community in clear, slowly flowing waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.19
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, characterized in particular by [Potamogeton coloratus] and [Chara hispida] or by tufa-forming mosses and algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Mesotrophic vegetation of spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.1A
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Eutrophic vegetation of spring brooks
type: Concept
notation: C2.1B
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Springs, spring brooks and geysers

Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses
type: Concept
notation: C2.2
definition: Permanent water courses with fast-flowing turbulent water and their associated animal and microscopic algal pelagic and benthic communities. Rivers, streams, brooks, rivulets, rills, torrents, waterfalls, cascades and rapids are included. The bed is typically composed of rocks, stones or gravel with only occasional sandy and silty patches. Features of the river bed, uncovered by low water or permanently emerging, such as gravel or rock islands and bars are treated as the littoral zone (C3). Includes high, mid and low-altitude, usually small to medium-sized streams as defined by the Water Framework Directive.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Surface running waters
narrower: Epirhithral and metarhithral streams
narrower: Hyporhithral streams
narrower: Glacial meltwaters
narrower: Waterfalls
narrower: Acid oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
narrower: Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
narrower: Mesotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
narrower: Eutrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams

Epirhithral and metarhithral streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.21
definition: Upper and middle reaches of montane and upland streams, characterised by turbulent, irregular flow, by diurnal and annual temperature variations higher than in the crenon (unit C2.16), and by aquatic biocoenoses largely dominated by [Turbellaria], [Ephemeroptera], [Plecoptera], [Trichoptera], [Diptera], by [Bryophyta] and epilithic [Bacillariophyta], [Cyanophycaea], [Rhodophyta] and [Chlorophyta] algae, with few, specialised, emergent macrophytes (units C2.25-C2.28). The unit corresponds to the "Trout zone" or "Salmonid zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Hyporhithral streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.22
definition: Lower reaches of montane and upland streams, often representing the middle course of rivers. The unit corresponds to the "Grayling zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Glacial meltwaters
type: Concept
notation: C2.23
definition: Streams immediately below glaciers, often creating shallow lakes, dominated by communities of silicaceous and green algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Waterfalls
type: Concept
notation: C2.24
definition: More or less vertical descent of a water course over irregularities of the streambed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Acid oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.25
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients and in lime, with, in particular, [Myriophyllum alterniflorum], [Potamogeton polygonifolius], [Callitriche hamulata], [Littorella uniflora], [Juncus bulbosus], [Scirpus fluitans] or acidophilous mosses and algae. In Iceland, [Montia fontana], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]) and [Fontinalis antipyretica] characterize the community in clear, slowly flowing waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.26
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, characterized in particular by [Potamogeton coloratus] and [Chara hispida] or by tufa-forming mosses and algae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Mesotrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.27
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Eutrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.28
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses
type: Concept
notation: C2.3
definition: Permanent water courses with non-turbulent water and their associated animal and microscopic algal pelagic and benthic communities. Slow-flowing rivers, streams, brooks, rivulets and rills; also fast-flowing rivers with laminar flow. The bed is typically composed of sand or mud. Features of the river bed, uncovered by low water or permanently emerging, such as sand or mud islands and bars are treated as the littoral zone (C3). Includes mid and low-altitude streams as defined by the Water Framework Directive.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Surface running waters
narrower: Epipotamal streams
narrower: Metapotamal and hypopotamal streams
narrower: Mesotrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers
narrower: Eutrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers

Epipotamal streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.31
definition: Upper reaches of lowland streams, characterised by calmer flow, higher annual temperature variation and aquatic biocoenoses comprising more standing water species, among them emergent macrophytes (units C2.33-C2.34). The unit corresponds to the "Barbel zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses

Metapotamal and hypopotamal streams
type: Concept
notation: C2.32
definition: Middle and lower reaches of Palaearctic lowland streams ("Niederungsbach", "lowland" and "plain" streams), with aquatic biocoenoses very similar to those of standing water. The unit corresponds to the "Bream zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses

Mesotrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.33
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses

Eutrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.34
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Permanent non-tidal, smooth-flowing watercourses

Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary
type: Concept
notation: C2.4
definition: Portions of rivers subject to the tide, upstream from the estuary.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface running waters
narrower: Brackish water tidal rivers
narrower: Freshwater tidal rivers
narrower: Mesotrophic vegetation of tidal rivers
narrower: Eutrophic vegetation of tidal rivers

Brackish water tidal rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.41
definition: Brackish portions of rivers subject to the tide, upstream from the estuary.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary

Freshwater tidal rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.42
definition: Freshwater sections of rivers subject to the tide.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary

Mesotrophic vegetation of tidal rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.43
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary

Eutrophic vegetation of tidal rivers
type: Concept
notation: C2.44
definition: Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Tidal rivers, upstream from the estuary

Temporary running waters
type: Concept
notation: C2.5
definition: Watercourses that cease to flow for part of the year, leaving a dry bed or pools. Habitats of the dry phase are treated under C3.5, C3.6 and C3.7. Vegetation communities may be of [Paspalo-Agrostidion], [Parvopotamion] or [Sparganio-Glycerion fluitantis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface running waters

Films of water flowing over rocky watercourse margins
type: Concept
notation: C2.6
definition: Flowing water that is not contained within a channel but oozes over rocks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Surface running waters

Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: C3
definition: Reedbeds and other water-fringing vegetation by lakes, rivers and streams; exposed bottoms of dried up rivers and lakes; rocks, gravel, sand and mud beside or in the bed of rivers and lakes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland surface waters
narrower: Species-rich helophyte beds
narrower: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: Water-fringing beds of tall canes
narrower: Species-poor beds of low-growing water-fringing or amphibious vegetation
narrower: Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation
narrower: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments
narrower: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with non-mobile substrates
narrower: Inland spray- and steam-dependent habitats

Species-rich helophyte beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.1
definition: Water-fringing stands of vegetation by lakes, rivers and streams, with mixed species composition.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
narrower: Beds of small helophytes of fast-flowing waters

Beds of small helophytes of fast-flowing waters
type: Concept
notation: C3.11
definition: Formations of small helophytes, [Glyceria fluitans], [Glyceria plicata], [Glyceria nemoralis], [Glyceria declinata], [Leersia oryzoides], [Catabrosa aquatica], [Sparganium neglectum], [Sparganium microcarpum], [Nasturtium officinale], [Nasturtium microphyllum], [Veronica beccabunga], [Veronica anagallis-aquatica], [Apium nodiflorum], [Sium erectum] and [Apium repens], occupying the banks of small rivers, brooks, brooklets or springs on alluvial or peaty soils from the Euro-Siberian region, through the Mediterranean basin, to desert oases. Vegetation is typically from alliance [Glycerio-Sparganion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-rich helophyte beds

Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
type: Concept
notation: C3.2
definition: Water-fringing stands of tall vegetation by lakes (including brackish lakes), rivers and brooks, usually species-poor and often dominated by one species. Includes stands of [Carex] spp., [Cladium mariscus], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Glyceria maxima], [Hippuris vulgaris], [Phragmites australis], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Schoenoplectus] spp., [Sparganium] spp. and [Typha] spp. Excludes terrestrialized reed and sedge beds which are not at the water's edge (D5.1, D5.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
narrower: [Phragmites australis] beds
narrower: [Scirpus lacustris] beds
narrower: [Typha] beds
narrower: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities
narrower: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds
narrower: [Phalaris arundinacea] beds
narrower: Halophile [Scirpus], [Bolboschoenus] and [Schoenoplectus] beds
narrower: Riparian [Cladium mariscus] beds
narrower: Water-fringing large sedge communities
narrower: Brackish and alkaline [Cirsium brachycephalum] beds

[Phragmites australis] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.21
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks, eutrophic marshes and swamps dominated by [Phragmites australis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: Flooded [Phragmites] beds

Flooded [Phragmites] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.211
definition: [Phragmites australis] beds of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks inundated permanently or for prolonged annual periods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phragmites australis] beds
narrower: Freshwater [Phragmites] beds
narrower: Inland saline water [Phragmites] beds

Freshwater [Phragmites] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.2111
definition: [Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region permanently or usually inundated by fresh water lakes, ponds and watercourses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flooded [Phragmites] beds

Inland saline water [Phragmites] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.2112
definition: [Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region beds permanently, usually or frequently inundated by the sea or by saline coastal lagoons, by athalassal saline lakes, by saline estuaries or saline rivers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flooded [Phragmites] beds

[Scirpus lacustris] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.22
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Scirpus lacustris], intolerant of drying, tolerant of water circulation, and thus forming the outer belts of reedbeds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes

[Typha] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.23
definition: Communities of the margins of lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], [Typha angustifolia], [Typha domingensis], [Typha laxmannii], [Typha elephantina] formations, usually extremely species-poor and sometimes almost pure, tolerant of extended periods of dryness, varying conditions of salinity, and of pollution. Although [Typha] species are dominant, other common species such as [Acorus calamus], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Phragmites australis], [Glyceria maxima] and [Schoenoplectus lacustris] and alliance [Phragmition communis] may also occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: [Typha latifolia] beds
narrower: [Typha angustifolia] beds

[Typha latifolia] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.231
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], of widespread occurrence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Typha] beds

[Typha angustifolia] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.232
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha angustifolia], like unit 53.131, of wide distribution.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Typha] beds

Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.24
definition: Communities of the margins of shallow lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by shorter, mostly non-graminoid helophytes emerging from mesotrophic or eutrophic, stagnant or slow-moving, shallow water, and constituting fringes or patches within or alongside reedbeds. Habitat structure is determined by one or two dominant species, e.g. [Alisma] spp., [Oenanthe aquatica], [Rorippa amphibia], [Sparganium] spp., [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Acorus calamus] and [Hippuris vulgaris] (see subdivisions).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: Arrowhead communities
narrower: Neglected bur-reed communities
narrower: Erect bur-reed communities
narrower: Sweet flag communities
narrower: Flowering rush communities
narrower: Water dropwort-great yellowcress communities
narrower: Water horsetail beds
narrower: Water parsnip communities
narrower: Marestail beds
narrower: Common spikerush beds
narrower: Iris beds

Arrowhead communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.241
definition: Formations of [Sagittaria sagittifolia] and [Sparganium emersum] of slowly flowing, and sometimes standing, meso-eutrophic waters of western Eurasia; formations of [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Sagittaria natans] and [Caltha membranacea] of similar eastern Asian waterbodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Neglected bur-reed communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.242
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Sparganium neglectum], characteristic of standing or slowly flowing waters on mineral-rich, lime-poor muddy substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Erect bur-reed communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.243
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by or rich in [Sparganium erectum], characteristic of riparian reedbeds along standing waters on lime-rich, mineral-rich muddy substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Sweet flag communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.244
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by the long-introduced thermophile [Acorus calamus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Flowering rush communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.245
definition: Usually open communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by, or rich in, [Butomus umbellatus], characteristic of strongly fluctuating still or slow-flowing base- and mineral-rich waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Water dropwort-great yellowcress communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.246
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks, often situated at the edges of reedbeds, rich in [Oenanthe aquatica] or [Rorippa amphibia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Water horsetail beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.247
definition: Low, often extensive, homogeneous, usually inundated communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Equisetum fluviatile].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Water parsnip communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.248
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by or rich in the tall umbellifer [Sium latifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Marestail beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.249
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks, usually of clear, cold to temperate nutrient-rich water, dominated by [Hippuris vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Common spikerush beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.24A
definition: Low, often extensive and very homogeneous formations of Palaearctic lakeshores, pools and ditches with strongly fluctuating water regime, dominated by [Eleocharis palustris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Iris beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.24B
definition: Homogeneous [Iris pseudacorus] formations of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medium-tall non-graminoid waterside communities

Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.25
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, inland seas and sea inlets, rivers and brooks, eutrophic marshes, swamps and ditches dominated by medium or medium-tall helophyte Poaceae of genera [Glyceria], [Leersia], [Socolochloa] or [Calamagrostis]. The further division of this unit is based on dominance by species of these genera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes
narrower: Sweetgrass beds
narrower: Eurasian [Leersia] beds
narrower: Eurasian [Scolochloa] beds
narrower: Water-fringe [Calamagrostis] beds

Sweetgrass beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.251
definition: Communities of eutrophic Palaearctic waters, often with variable level, dominated by fairly tall, robust grasses of genus [Glyceria] (section [Hydropoa]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds

Eurasian [Leersia] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.252
definition: Communities of the terrestrialisation zone of Palaearctic lakes, ponds, rivers, brooks and canals, mostly with turbid water, dominated by [Leersia oryzoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds

Eurasian [Scolochloa] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.253
definition: Communities of the margins of muddy shores of lakes and slow-flowing rivers of the Palaearctic domaine, from eastern Fennoscandia, eastern Germany, Lithuania and the Ukraine eastwards, including central Yakutia, dominated by [Scolochloa festucacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds

Water-fringe [Calamagrostis] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.254
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic mesotrophic acidocline lakes, rivers and swamps dominated by [Calamagrostis canescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringe medium-tall grass beds

[Phalaris arundinacea] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.26
definition: Communities of the margins of lakes, rivers, brooks and swamps dominated by [Phalaris arundinacea], pure or mixed with [Phragmites australis], [Carex acutiformis], [Carex elata], [Carex paniculata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Mentha aquatica], very tolerant of drying, pollution and perturbance, susceptible of forming the landward belt of reedbeds and often characteristic of degraded systems. Vegetation of alliance [Magnocaricion elatae], suballiances [Caricenion rostratae] and [Caricenion gracilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes

Halophile [Scirpus], [Bolboschoenus] and [Schoenoplectus] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.27
definition: Formations of clubrushes ([Scirpus] spp.), often accompanied by rushes ([Juncus] spp.), fringing, to a depth of 1.5 metres, brackish, saline, or sometimes fresh, waters of coastal saltmarshes, coastal lagoons, athalassic saline waterbodies, springs, salt meadows, fens and tidal rivers. [Scirpus tabernaemontani] ([Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani]), [Scirpus maritimus] ([Bolboschoenus maritimus]), [Scirpus triqueter], [Scirpus litoralis], [Scirpus pungens], with, in particular, [Juncus gerardi] and [Juncus maritimus], are typical components.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes

Riparian [Cladium mariscus] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.28
definition: Species-poor [Cladium mariscus] formations of Palaearctic riversides or lakesides, with a [Phragmition] cortège, mostly characteristic of Mediterranean regions, including North Africa, where they are, however, uncommon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes

Water-fringing large sedge communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.29
definition: Beds of large sedges [Carex rostrata], [Carex acuta], [Carex riparia], [Carex elata] in the littoral zone of freshwaters. Note that large sedge formations developed on moist soils, not inundated during most of the year, are included in D5.21.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes

Brackish and alkaline [Cirsium brachycephalum] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.2A
definition: Beds of [Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp. compactus] and [Cirsium brachycephalum] on saline soils which are species-poor and structurally simple. [Puccinellia limosa], [Tripolium pannonicum] and [Potentilla anserina] are also typical.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes

Water-fringing beds of tall canes
type: Concept
notation: C3.3
definition: Mediterranean beds of tall canes lining permanent or temporary water courses and water bodies. Included are beds of [Arundo donax] (C3.32) and [Saccharum ravennae] (C3.31).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
narrower: [Saccharum ravennae] communities
narrower: [Arundo donax] beds

[Saccharum ravennae] communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.31
definition: Mediterranean and, locally, southern and southwestern Pontic, tall cane beds formed by [Imperata cylindrica], [Saccharum ravennae] ([Erianthus ravennae]), [Saccharum strictum], [Saccharum spontaneum] ([Saccharum aegyptiacum]), [Arundo plinii], [Hemarthria altissima], mostly lining temporary water courses, but also developing in damp depressions, in particular dune slacks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing beds of tall canes

[Arundo donax] beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.32
definition: Very tall thickets of [Arundo donax] lining water courses of the Middle East and Central Asia; similar formations of the Mediterranean basin, where the species is an old introduction, are included.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Water-fringing beds of tall canes

Species-poor beds of low-growing water-fringing or amphibious vegetation
type: Concept
notation: C3.4
definition: Includes isoetids of the shores of oligotrophic lakes, [Nasturtium aquaticum] by streams, mediterranean dwarf [Scirpus] swards, and other species-poor but dissimilar types of vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
narrower: Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities
narrower: Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities
narrower: Central Eurasian amphibious communities
narrower: [Eleocharis parvula] and [Eleocharis acicularis] beds of inland saline and brackish waters
narrower: [Nasturtium officinale] ([Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum]) beds

Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.41
definition: Carpets of perennial vegetation submerged for a considerable part of the year in oligotrophic or mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools of the boreal and nemoral zones of the Palaearctic and of mountains of the southern Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-poor beds of low-growing water-fringing or amphibious vegetation
narrower: Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards
narrower: Spike-rush shallow-water swards
narrower: Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards
narrower: [Baldellia] shore swards
narrower: Shore hairgrass swards

Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.411
definition: [Littorella uniflora], [Lobelia dortmanna] and [Isoetes] spp. formations of oligotrophic waters of the boreal and nemoral zones of the Palaearctic and of mountains of the southern Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities
narrower: Shoreweed lawns
narrower: Lobelia ponds
narrower: Euro-Siberian quillwort swards
narrower: Floating bur-reed communities
narrower: Boreo-Arctic lake mud communities
narrower: [Myriophyllum alterniflorum] communities

Shoreweed lawns
type: Concept
notation: C3.4111
definition: Dense, almost monospecific [Littorella uniflora] lawns of lake shores subject to great annual variations of the water level and long emergence, and other [Littorella]-dominated associations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards

Lobelia ponds
type: Concept
notation: C3.4112
definition: [Lobelia dortmanna] colonies of shallow oligotrophic, moderately acid ponds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards

Euro-Siberian quillwort swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.4113
definition: Clear-water quillwort swards formed by the northern European and montane [Isoetes lacustris] and [Isoetes echinospora] or by the very local endemics [Isoetes tenuissima] of central western France and [Isoetes brochonii] of the eastern Pyrenees. Associated species may include [Lobelia dortmanna], [Sparganium angustifolium], [Littorella uniflora], [Hippuris vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards

Floating bur-reed communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4114
definition: [Sparganium angustifolium]-dominated formations of small oligotrophic ponds, characteristic, in particular, of the upper montane and subalpine levels of the Alps and of the greater Hercynian ranges, locally recorded from sub-Atlantic heath regions of the Germano-Baltic plain, also capable of occurring, within the extensive Fennoscandian range of the species, and in coastal areas of Iceland, as a facies of the [Isoetes] communities of unit 22.3119.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards

Boreo-Arctic lake mud communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4115
definition: Amphibious communities dominated by [Ranunculus reptans] and [Subularia aquatica] colonizing, sometimes on large surfaces, the bottom of water bodies of Fennoscandia, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands, mostly in situations characterized by relatively large fluctuations of the water level.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards

[Myriophyllum alterniflorum] communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4116
definition: Oligotrophic pool and pool fringe communities of the northern Palaearctic dominated by [Myriophyllum alterniflorum], characteristic of weakly acid clear waters on limestone-free substrates, sometimes with [Ranunculus reptans], [Littorella uniflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shoreweed lawns, lobelia ponds, quillwort swards

Spike-rush shallow-water swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.412
definition: [Eleocharis acicularis] beds of the Palaearctic, characteristic of more organic soils and mesotrophic waters than the communities of unit 22.311.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities

Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.413
definition: [Eleocharis multicaulis], [Scirpus fluitans], [Juncus bulbosus], [Hypericum elodes], [Pilularia globulifera], [Deschampsia setacea], [Ranunculus flammula], [Littorella uniflora] communities of shallow acid pools of the Palaearctic and their margins susceptible to short periods of emersion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities
narrower: [Eleocharis multicaulis] communities
narrower: Dune slack shoreweed swards
narrower: [Pilularia] swards
narrower: [Juncus bulbosus] communities
narrower: [Scirpus fluitans] communities
narrower: [Apium inundatum] communities

[Eleocharis multicaulis] communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4131
definition: Oligotrophic pool fringe communities of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Eleocharis multicaulis], [Deschampsia setacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards

Dune slack shoreweed swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.4132
definition: Communities of humid sands and pool fringes in oligotrophic dunes of the Atlantic, the North Sea and the southern Baltic, with [Samolus valerandi] and [Littorella uniflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards

[Pilularia] swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.4133
definition: Oligotrophic pool fringe communities of western and central Europe, north to Denmark and southern Fennoscandia, east to Poland, the Czech Republic and the Balkan peninsula, dominated by the fern [Pilularia globulifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards

[Juncus bulbosus] communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4134
definition: Oligotrophic pool fringe communities of sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by [Juncus bulbosus], often accompanied by [Ranunculus flammula], [Agrostis canina], [Glyceria fluitans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards

[Scirpus fluitans] communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4135
definition: Pool fringe communities dominated by [Scirpus fluitans] ([Eleogiton fluitans], [Isolepis fluitans]), characteristic of mesotrophic to dystrophic heath pools on sands or muds, particularly within the [Quercion] domaine, with periods of drying usually short, sometimes permanently inundated.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards

[Apium inundatum] communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4136
definition: Pool fringe communities of western and central Europe dominated by [Apium inundatum], characteristic of oligotrophic to mesotrophic fluctuating pools, in particular, dune slack pools and forest pools.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid pool fringe shallow-water swards

[Baldellia] shore swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.414
definition: Communities of the shores of shallow oligotrophic pools of the Atlantic domaine of Europe susceptible to prolonged summer desiccation, usually developed on peaty or parapeaty soils, dominated by, or rich in [Baldellia ranunculoides], with [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], [Hypericum helodes]. They are recorded, in particular, from the Paris Basin, Normandy, the New Forest, Cornwall, southern Scandinavia, and, on the shores of of limestone pools, in the Burren of western Ireland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities

Shore hairgrass swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.415
definition: [Deschampsia littoralis] agg. formations of peri-Alpine lakes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian perennial amphibious communities

Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.42
definition: Perennial and annual communities of mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Macaronesian temporary ponds, river banks and spring sides. Vegetation mainly from the class [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-poor beds of low-growing water-fringing or amphibious vegetation
narrower: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities
narrower: Tall Mediterranean amphibious communities
narrower: Mediterranean amphibious crypsis swards

Short Mediterranean amphibious communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.421
definition: Formations of Mediterranean, thermo-Atlantic and Macaronesian entirely or partially summer-dry ponds, pools and ditches with [Isoetes] spp., [Marsilea quadrifolia], [Marsilea strigosa], [Pilularia globulifera], [Pilularia minuta], [Mentha pulegium], [Lythrum hyssopifolia] s.l., [Trifolium filiforme], [Peplis erecta], [Teucrium cravense], [Serapias lingua], [Juncus bufonius], [Juncus capitatus], [Juncus pygmaeus], [Juncus fasciculatus], [Scirpus savii], sometimes (rocky edges of fast rivulets), [Spiranthes aestivalis] and [Anagallis tenella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities
narrower: Terrestrial quillwort communities
narrower: Mediterranean aquatic quillwort swards
narrower: Azorean quillwort swards
narrower: Mediterranean small galingale swards
narrower: Mediterranean [Fimbristylis] swards
narrower: Mediterranean [Chaetopogon] swards
narrower: Bog pimpernell-summer lady's tresses communities
narrower: Mediterranean amphibious small herb communities
narrower: Mediterranean dwarf [Scirpus] swards
narrower: Mediterranean [Eleocharis] swards

Terrestrial quillwort communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4211
definition: [Isoetes histrix], [Isoetes durieui] formations of Mediterranean ephemeral waters.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Mediterranean aquatic quillwort swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.4212
definition: Communities formed by [Isoetes boryana], [Isoetes delilei], [Isoetes heldreichii], [Isoetes velata], [Isoetes azorica] or [Isoetes malinverniana] in fluctuating waterbodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Azorean quillwort swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.4213
definition: Endemic [Isoetes azorica] communities of pools and small lakes of the Azores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Mediterranean small galingale swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.4214
definition: Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic formations dominated by [Cyperus fuscus], [Cyperus flavescens] or [Cyperus michelianus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Mediterranean [Fimbristylis] swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.4215
definition: Formations dominated by [Fimbristylis bisumbellata], often with [Cyperus] spp., in particular, [Cyperus flavescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Mediterranean [Chaetopogon] swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.4216
definition: Formations dominated by [Chaetopogon fasciculatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Bog pimpernell-summer lady's tresses communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4217
definition: Formations of the sandy, rocky edges of rivulets of the Mediterranean region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Mediterranean amphibious small herb communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.4218
definition: Formations of Mediterranean temporarily inundated or wet terrain, including karstic pools, often highly ephemeral, dominated by annual small herbs, among which [Elatine] spp. ([Elatine macropoda], [Elatine gussonei], [Elatine pedunculata]), [Damasonium bourgaei], [Nananthea perpusilla], [Morisia monanthos], [Blackstonia perfoliata], [Samolus valerandi], [Radiola linoides], [Myosurus minimus], [Laurentia gasparrinii], [Laurentia tenella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Mediterranean dwarf [Scirpus] swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.4219
definition: Formations of the Mediterranean basin occupying temporarily inundated or wet terrain, dominated by small club-rushes of section [Isolepis] ([Scirpus setaceus], [Scirpus pseudosetaceus], [Scirpus cernuus]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Mediterranean [Eleocharis] swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.421A
definition: Formations of temporarily inundated or wet terrain, dominated by spike-rushes ([Eleocharis palustris]), accompanied by small annual herbs and grasses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Short Mediterranean amphibious communities

Tall Mediterranean amphibious communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.422
definition: Formations of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic entirely or partially summer-dry ponds, pools, ditches and springs, developed on terrain covered by deep waters during long periods, composed of an admixture of small annuals and of tall perennials or annuals, in particular, of genera [Mentha] ([Mentha cervina], [Mentha longifolia]) and [Eryngium] ([Eryngium corniculatum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities

Mediterranean amphibious crypsis swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.423
definition: Slighly halophile and nitrophile post-estival vegetation of temporarily inundated terrains, with [Crypsis schoenoides], [Crypsis aculeata], [Crypsis alopecuroides] and [Centaurium spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-Atlantic amphibious communities

Central Eurasian amphibious communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.43
definition: Annual dwarf sedges, rushes and [Elatine] spp. communities of recently emerged muds and sands, characteristic of the Pannonic plain, the Black Sea lowlands and adjacent areas of the Balkan peninsula, outside of the Mediterranean influence. Communities of units C3.511 and C3.513 occur locally in the same region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-poor beds of low-growing water-fringing or amphibious vegetation
narrower: Ponto-Pannonic riverbank dwarf sedge communities
narrower: Ponto-Pannonic rice-field dwarf sedge communities
narrower: Ponto-Pannonic halo-nitrophile amphibious swards

Ponto-Pannonic riverbank dwarf sedge communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.431
definition: Communities of nitrogen-rich muds and inundation zones of watercourses and lakes of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, in particular of Pannonic and sub-Pannonic plains and hills, with [Cyperus fuscus], [Cyperus flavescens], [Cyperus michelianus] ([Dichostylis michelianus]), [Juncus bufonius], [Echinochloa crus-galli], [Filaginella uliginosa] ([Gnaphalium uliginosum]), [Elatine hungarica], [Ammannia verticillata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Eurasian amphibious communities

Ponto-Pannonic rice-field dwarf sedge communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.432
definition: Communities of rice field muds and of river and lake inundation zones of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, distributed in particular in the Pannonic region, Russia, the Balkans and central Asia, with [Elatine hungarica], [Elatine triandra], [Eleocharis acicularis], [Scirpus supinus], [Lindernia procumbens], [Peplis portula], [Marsilea quadrifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Eurasian amphibious communities

Ponto-Pannonic halo-nitrophile amphibious swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.433
definition: Communities of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, extending from Pannonic and sub-Pannonic plains and hills to the Caucasus, developed on clayey, nitrogen-rich saline or somewhat saline soils. Characteristic species include [Lythrum hyssopifolia], [Lythrum tribracteatum], [Lythrum linifolium], terrestrial forms of [Elatine alsinastrum], [Elatine triandra], [Elatine hydropiper], [Elatine hungarica], [Mentha aquatica], [Hippuris vulgaris] and crowfoots of subgenus [Batrachium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Eurasian amphibious communities

[Eleocharis parvula] and [Eleocharis acicularis] beds of inland saline and brackish waters
type: Concept
notation: C3.44
definition: Emergent [Eleocharis parvula] or [Eleocharis acicularis] formations of brackish lakes and inland seas, their inlets, estuaries, lagoons, mud or sand flats, and other inland brackish waterbodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-poor beds of low-growing water-fringing or amphibious vegetation

[Nasturtium officinale] ([Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum]) beds
type: Concept
notation: C3.45
definition: Inundated or inundatable fields used for the cultivation of forbs, in particular, watercress, [Nasturtium officinale] ([Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum]). Low-growing communities, at maximum 20 cm tall, which may be open or closed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Species-poor beds of low-growing water-fringing or amphibious vegetation

Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation
type: Concept
notation: C3.5
definition: Muddy, sandy and gravelly shores and dried-up bottoms of lakes and rivers, with moderate cover of vascular plants. These include annuals (e.g. [Bidens] spp., [Cyperus] spp., [Persicaria] spp.), developing during the exposure phase as well as perennials tolerant of temporary total immersion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
narrower: Euro-Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards
narrower: [Bidens] communities (of lake and pond shores)
narrower: Euro-Siberian annual river mud communities
narrower: Boreo-arctic river mud communities
narrower: Sparsely vegetated river gravel banks

Euro-Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.51
definition: Dwarf oligo-mesotrophic annual communities of recently emerged muds and sands of the nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal regions. Terrestrial forms of amphibious species and annual species are frequent. A dynamic habitat, and several aspects can occur during the vegetation cycle. If the substrate is sufficiently wet, and also in advanced successional stages, the moss layer is abundant. Typical species are [Juncus bufonius], [Cyperus fuscus], [Cyperus flavescens] and other species from vegetation of class [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation
narrower: Freshwater dwarf [Eleocharis] communities
narrower: Dune-slack [Centaurium] swards
narrower: Dwarf toad-rush communities

Freshwater dwarf [Eleocharis] communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.511
definition: Rare communities colonising the fluid muds of drying ponds of nemoral, boreonemoral, boreal, and, locally, steppic, Palaearctic Eurasia, characterised by [Eleocharis ovata], [Eleocharis carniolica], [Carex bohemica], [Lindernia procumbens], [Scirpus supinus], [Limosella aquatica], [Cyperus fuscus], [Peplis portula], [Juncus tenageia], [Elatine hexandra], [Elatine hydropiper], and [Coleanthus subtilis]; the latter species has a highly disjunct distribution, principally in western France, the Czech Republic and adjacent southeastern Germany and northern Austria, the Lake Ladoga region of Russia and Amurland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards

Dune-slack [Centaurium] swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.512
definition: Pioneer formations of humid calcareous sands of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe, recorded from the North Sea coasts of northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands, England, Germany and Denmark, and from the Baltic coast of Germany, with [Samolus valerandi], [Centaurium littorale], [Centaurium erythraea], [Centaurium pulchellum], [Gentianella amarella], [Blackstonia perfoliata], [Juncus bufonius], characteristic of humid dune slacks and dune pool fringes, on soils with low salinity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards

Dwarf toad-rush communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.513
definition: Associations, often very limited in extent, appearing in the drying phase of temporary pools, flooded ruts of forest paths, wet heath paths, humid forest cuts, seeping mowed lawns and other sufficiently lit temporarily inundated, most often acidic, soils of nemoral, boreonemoral, boreal, and, locally, steppic, Palaearctic Eurasia, characterised by [Juncus bufonius], [Scirpus setaceus], [Cyperus flavescens], [Centunculus minimus], [Spergularia segetalis], [Centaurium pulchellum], [Blackstonia perfoliata], [Samolus valerandi], [Cicendia filiformis], [Radiola linoides] and [Illecebrum verticillatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards
narrower: Toad-rush swards
narrower: Swards of small [Cyperus] species
narrower: Wet ground dwarf herb communities

Toad-rush swards
type: Concept
notation: C3.5131
definition: Communities of temporary pools, flooded ruts of forest paths, and other sufficiently lit temporarily inundated or moist soils of nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal Palaearctic Eurasia dominated by [Juncus bufonius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf toad-rush communities

Swards of small [Cyperus] species
type: Concept
notation: C3.5132
definition: Medio-European communities dominated by the annual galingales [Cyperus flavescens], [Cyperus fuscus] and [Cyperus michelianus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf toad-rush communities

Wet ground dwarf herb communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.5133
definition: Varied communities, some very rare and threatened, of small annuals of wet ground of nemoral and boreonemoral Palaearctic Eurasia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf toad-rush communities

[Bidens] communities (of lake and pond shores)
type: Concept
notation: C3.52
definition: Dense, taller annual communities (usually up to maximum height 100 cm) colonizing nitrogen-rich muds of dry ponds and lakes of the boreal and nemoral zones of the Palaearctic, and locally of the Eurasian steppe zone. Dominants are [Bidens] spp., [Rorippa palustris], [Rorippa islandica], [Chenopodium] spp., [Polygonum] spp., [Rumex maritimus], [Rumex palustris], [Ranunculus sceleratus], [Senecio congestus], [Catabrosa aquatica] and [Leersia oryzoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation

Euro-Siberian annual river mud communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.53
definition: Pioneer formations of tall annuals colonizing nitrogen-rich muds of lowland rivers of boreal and nemoral zones, and locally of the Eurasian steppe zone, occurring also in Mediterranean region, with [Bidens] spp., [Rorippa] spp., [Chenopodium] spp., [Polygonum] spp. and [Xanthium] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation

Boreo-arctic river mud communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.54
definition: Communities colonizing fine material deposits of low arctic and northern boreal rivers and springs of the Palaearctic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation

Sparsely vegetated river gravel banks
type: Concept
notation: C3.55
definition: Vascular plant communities occupying gravel deposits of rivers, including pioneer vegetation and subsequent stages in the colonization sequence. Early-stage communities of Alpide, boreal and Mediterranean watercourses are specialised, those of nemoral lowlands and hills are related to other formations, in particular those of unit E3. Vegetation communites of e.g. [Thlaspietea rotundifolii] – [Glaucion flavi] and [Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis], with the most typical species [Caltha palustris ssp. laeta], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea] and [Poa trivialis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation
narrower: Boreo-alpine stream gravel habitats
narrower: Montane river gravel habitats
narrower: Mediterranean river gravel habitats
narrower: Northern lowland river gravel communities

Boreo-alpine stream gravel habitats
type: Concept
notation: C3.551
definition: Open assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, rich in alpine species, colonizing gravel beds of Palaearctic streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime, formed in northern boreal and lower arctic mountains, hills and sometimes lowlands, as well as in the alpine and subalpine zones of higher, glaciated, mountains of more southern regions, sometimes with abyssal stations at lower altitudes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sparsely vegetated river gravel banks

Montane river gravel habitats
type: Concept
notation: C3.552
definition: Open or closed assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, colonizing, within the montane or submontane levels, gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime, born in high mountains of the Alpine system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sparsely vegetated river gravel banks
narrower: River gravel chondrilla communities
narrower: Small-reed river gravel communities
narrower: Figwort river gravel communities
narrower: Ponto-Caucasian river gravel communities

River gravel chondrilla communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.5521
definition: Open and often unstable assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, rich in casual immigrants from higher altitudes, colonizing gravel beds of the montane reaches of unregulated Alpine streams, with [Chondrilla chondrilloides], often accompanied by [Erucastrum nasturtiifolium], [Gypsophila repens], [Dryas octopetala], [Aethionema saxatile], [Epilobium dodonaei], [Erigeron acer], [Leontodon berinii], [Buphthalmum salicifolium], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Fumana procumbens], [Agrostis gigantea], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris], [Campanula cochlearifolia], [Hieracium piloselloides], [Calamagrostis pseudophragmites], [Conyza canadensis], [Pritzelago alpina], and seedlings of [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea], [Salix daphnoides] and [Myricaria germanica]. Because of widespread interference with natural flow regimes, these formations are gravely endangered.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane river gravel habitats

Small-reed river gravel communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.5522
definition: Closed or lacunar assemblies of often large herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants colonizing montane and submontane gravel beds loaded with finer sands or silts of unregulated streams of the Alpine system and its vicinity. [Calamagrostis pseudophragmites] is usually dominant, seedlings of montane and dealpine willows, characteristic of 24.2221, often absent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane river gravel habitats
narrower: Carpatho-Alpine small-reed river gravel communities
narrower: Pyreneo-Cantabric small-reed river gravel communities

Carpatho-Alpine small-reed river gravel communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.55221
definition: [Calamagrostis pseudophragmites]-dominated communities of rivers originating in the Alpine and Carpathian arcs complex. Characteristic plants include [Epilobium dodonaei], [Agrostis gigantea], [Phalaris arundinacea], [Tussilago farfara]. Like those of unit 24.2221, these communities are gravely threatened by widespread watercourse alterations affecting natural flow regimes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Small-reed river gravel communities

Pyreneo-Cantabric small-reed river gravel communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.55222
definition: Assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants colonizing gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime in the montane zone of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian chain, with [Calamagrostis pseudophragmites] and [Erucastrum nasturtiifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Small-reed river gravel communities

Figwort river gravel communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.5523
definition: Thermophile pioneer communities of river gravels, mostly characteristic of the upper Rhine, with [Scrophularia canina], [Epilobium dodonaei], [Hieracium piloselloides], [Silene prostrata], [Inula conyza], [Centaurea stoebe ssp. stoebe], [Arenaria serpyllifolia], [Echium vulgare], [Salix elaeagnos] seedlings.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane river gravel habitats

Ponto-Caucasian river gravel communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.5524
definition: Open or closed assemblies of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, colonizing, within the montane or submontane levels, gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime, born in the high Ponto-Caucasian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane river gravel habitats

Mediterranean river gravel habitats
type: Concept
notation: C3.553
definition: Communities colonizing gravel deposits of Palaearctic rivers with a Mediterranean, summer-low, flow regime, with, in particular, [Myricaria germanica], [Erucastrum nasturtiifolium], [Glaucium flavum], [Oenothera biennis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sparsely vegetated river gravel banks

Northern lowland river gravel communities
type: Concept
notation: C3.554
definition: Communities, less specialised than those of high mountain, boreo-arctic and Mediterranean watercourses, colonizing river gravels of lowland and hill rivers of the Palaearctic nemoral, boreonemoral and adjacent zones. Precise formations can be indicated by use of codes from unit 3, in particular unit 37.1, and from unit 44.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sparsely vegetated river gravel banks

Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments
type: Concept
notation: C3.6
definition: Banks of sand, gravel and mud in or by rivers. Gravel by mountain streams. Mud bottoms of dried-up rivers and lakes, including saline lakes. Exposed sand, gravel and mud at the edge of lakes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
narrower: Unvegetated river sand banks
narrower: Unvegetated river gravel banks
narrower: Unvegetated river mud banks
narrower: Exposed unvegetated freshwater lake sands and shingles
narrower: Exposed unvegetated freshwater lake muds
narrower: Exposed unvegetated beaches of inland saline and brackish waters with soft sediments

Unvegetated river sand banks
type: Concept
notation: C3.61
definition: Unvegetated sand deposits of streams, occupying the edges of the stream, forming islands in the channel or supporting the arms and rivulets constituting the stream, together with their associated animal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments

Unvegetated river gravel banks
type: Concept
notation: C3.62
definition: Unvegetated deposit beds of streams formed of pebbles, gravels, boulders or a mixture of gravels and finer sediments, occupying the edges of the stream, forming islands in the channel or supporting the arms and rivulets constituting the stream, together with their associated animal communities. Corresponding habitats with pioneer or ephemeral vascular vegetation are included in unit C3.55 and their succession leads to willow woodland (G1.11).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments

Unvegetated river mud banks
type: Concept
notation: C3.63
definition: Unvegetated silt or mud deposits of streams occupying the edges of the stream, forming islands in the channel or supporting the arms and rivulets constituting the stream, together with their associated animal communities. Later in the succession they are vegetated by species of [Bidens] and [Polygonum] (C3.52, C3.53) or wetland vegetation of unit C3.2 may be established.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments

Exposed unvegetated freshwater lake sands and shingles
type: Concept
notation: C3.64
definition: Unvegetated lake-bottoms or lake-shores temporarily exposed by artificial or natural fluctuations of the water level, often important as feeding grounds for migrating waders. Unvegetated lacustrine beaches, formed by wind or wave action. Succession usually leads to habitats of periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation (C3.5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments

Exposed unvegetated freshwater lake muds
type: Concept
notation: C3.65
definition: Unvegetated lake-bottoms or lake-shores temporarily exposed by artificial or natural fluctuations of the water level, often important as feeding grounds for migrating waders. Unvegetated lacustrine beaches, formed by wind or wave action.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments

Exposed unvegetated beaches of inland saline and brackish waters with soft sediments
type: Concept
notation: C3.66
definition: Unvegetated bottoms or shores of athalassic saline water bodies temporarily exposed by artificial or natural fluctuations of the water level, often covered with salt efflorescences.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments

Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with non-mobile substrates
type: Concept
notation: C3.7
definition: Periodically exposed rocks, pavements and blocks beside rivers and lakes, and in the draw-down zone of reservoirs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies
narrower: Periodically exposed river-bed rocks, pavements and blocks
narrower: Periodically exposed lake-bed rocks, pavements and blocks
narrower: Draw-down zones of reservoirs with non-mobile substrates

Periodically exposed river-bed rocks, pavements and blocks
type: Concept
notation: C3.71
definition: Hard rock features permanently emerging from, or temporarily uncovered by, Palaearctic water courses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with non-mobile substrates

Periodically exposed lake-bed rocks, pavements and blocks
type: Concept
notation: C3.72
definition: Hard rock features permanently emerging from, or temporarily uncovered by, Palaearctic lakes. Rocks are either without vegetation or very sparsely vegetated.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with non-mobile substrates

Draw-down zones of reservoirs with non-mobile substrates
type: Concept
notation: C3.73
definition: Temporarily exposed rocky or stony margins of reservoirs. Ephemeral vegetation or temporary animal communities depend on the regime and dynamics of the water level in the reservoir.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with non-mobile substrates

Inland spray- and steam-dependent habitats
type: Concept
notation: C3.8
definition: Spray-washed margins of pools below waterfalls. Steamy margins of geysers and hot springs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies

Mires, bogs and fens
type: Concept
notation: D
definition: Wetlands, with the water table at or above ground level for at least half of the year, dominated by herbaceous or ericoid vegetation. Includes inland saltmarshes and waterlogged habitats where the groundwater is frozen. Excludes the water body and rock structure of springs (C2.1) and waterlogged habitats dominated by trees or large shrubs (F9.2, G1.4, G1.5, G3.D, G3.E). Note that habitats that intimately combine waterlogged mires and vegetation rafts with pools of open water are considered as complexes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Raised and blanket bogs
narrower: Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires
narrower: Aapa, palsa and polygon mires
narrower: Base-rich fens and calcareous spring mires
narrower: Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water
narrower: Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds

Raised and blanket bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1
definition: Peatlands formed by ombrotrophic acid peat, which is (or was while actively growing) capable of growth fed by rainfall rather than by the inflow of water from higher ground in the vicinity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mires, bogs and fens
narrower: Raised bogs
narrower: Blanket bogs

Raised bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.1
definition: The mire surface and underlying peat of highly oligotrophic, strongly acidic peatlands with a raised centre from which water drains towards the edges. The peat is composed mainly of sphagnum remains. Raised bogs form on nearly flat ground and derive moisture and nutrients only from rainfall (ombrotrophic). Raised bog complexes (X04) include larger bog pools (C1.46) and a marginal lagg (C1.47), as well as the main mire surface (D1.1), which in actively-growing raised bogs typically comprises a complex of low hummocks, small pools and their associated vegetation. Raised bogs form only in cool climates with high rainfall. They are most widespread in the boreal zone and in the mountains and hills of the nemoral zone; they occur locally in the lowlands of the nemoral zone. They are characteristic of lowlands and hills of northwestern and northern Europe, the adjacent Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Alps and the Carpathians. Bogs harbour, in addition to sphagna, which are often abundant, a small number of vascular plants such as [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Scirpus cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Carex pauciflora], [Carex paupercula], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia] and [Drosera rotundifolia], and lichens. Animal species are not numerous but those that are adapted to bogs are highly specialised. Among typical invertebrates figure dragonflies ([Leucorrhinia dubia], [Aeshna subarctica], [Aeshna caerulea], [Aeshna juncea], [Somatochlora arctica], [Somatochlora alpestris]), lepidopterans ([Colias palaeno], [Boloria aquilonaris], [Coenonympha tullia], [Vacciniina optilete], [Hypenodes turfosalis], [Eugraphe subrosea]), beetles, ants ([Formica exsecta]), bugs and spiders ([Pardosa sphagnicola], [Glyphesis cottonae]). Most of the species that bogs harbour are rare and their populations fragmented into isolated relictual elements; several are threatened. The remaining intact or nearly intact communities are exceptional.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised and blanket bogs
narrower: Active, relatively undamaged raised bogs
narrower: Damaged, inactive bogs
narrower: Condensation mires
narrower: [Myrica gale] scrub on raised bogs
narrower: Wet bare peat and peat haggs on raised bogs

Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)
type: Concept
notation: D1.1111
definition: Cushiony domes or buttes of Palaearctic bogs, mainly made of red, yellow or brown sphagna, with other mosses, in particular, [Campylopus pyriformis] ([Campylopus fragilis var. pyriformis]), liverworts, including [Odontoschisma sphagni], [Mylia anomala], lichens ([Cladonia] spp., [Cladina] spp.), [Andromeda polifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Drosera rotundifolia], and a small admixture of vascular plants characteristic of the lawn, such as [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Carex pauciflora], [Scirpus cespitosus], or of dwarf shrub hummocks, in particular, [Calluna vulgaris], [Ledum palustre], [Erica tetralix], communities which are, in any case, usually closely associated with these.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns
narrower: [Sphagnum magellanicum] hummocks
narrower: [Sphagnum fuscum] hummocks
narrower: [Sphagnum rubellum] hummock wreaths
narrower: [Sphagnum rubellum] hummocks
narrower: [Sphagnum imbricatum] hummocks
narrower: [Sphagnum papillosum] hummocks
narrower: [Sphagnum capillifolium] hummocks
narrower: [Sphagnum angustifolium] hummocks

[Sphagnum magellanicum] hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11111
definition: Bog hummocks formed by the swollen-leaved, brownish or greenish-red [Sphagnum magellanicum], characteristic of suboceanic bogs, notably of bogs of the Danish archipelago, of sub-Atlantic Scandinavia in southeastern Norway and western Sweden, of northern Central Europe, of the southeastern Baltic lowlands, of the middle European Hercynian ranges, from the Ardennes, the Central Massif, the Vosges, the Black Forest east to the Bohemian Quadrangle, of the northern pre-Alpine plateaux and the Alps south to the southern Alps, of Amurland, also reported from the subalpine level of the Altai.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)

[Sphagnum fuscum] hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11112
definition: Shiny brown [Sphagnum fuscum] hummocks, dense, usually low and wide, characteristic of bogs of subcontinental boreal Europe from southeastern Norway, central and eastern Sweden eastwards, of continental boreal Europe and western Siberia, of Kamchatka, of Sakhalin, of nemoral Central Europe and of boreonemoral Eastern Europe, of the Alps and the Carpathians, occasionally prominent in more western, more Atlantic, bogs, in particular, in the British Isles, also occurring as ombrotrophic bog hummocks within acidic or neutrocline mires of the same regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)

Active, relatively undamaged raised bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.11
definition: Undisturbed, or little disturbed, peat-forming bogs, often taking the shape of a convex lens. Such intact or nearly intact systems have become very rare or even exceptional. They are composed of a number of communities, which form and occupy the topological features of the bog. These communities are interrelated and function as a unit (part of complex X04), so that they cannot be regarded as separate subhabitats; their presence and combination, however, characterizes the various types of bogs. The subunits thus contribute to a description of individual bog systems. Vegetation of alliances [Oxycocco-Empetrion hermaphroditi], [Sphagnion medii] and [Sphagnion cuspidati]. Typical species in the herb layer [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Oxycoccus palustris], [Vaccinium] spp.; in the moss layer dominance of genus [Sphagnum] spp., e.g. [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum fallax], [Sphagnum palustre] and [Sphagnum magellanicum] among others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bogs
narrower: Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns
narrower: Raised bog hollows (schlenken)
narrower: Raised bog seeps and soaks
narrower: Boreoalpine dwarf-shrub hummocks on raised bogs

Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.111
definition: Vegetation of the higher parts of the plateau of Palaearctic bogs and of its drier, marginal slope. Intact, typical, raised bogs of northern, lowland and low montane central and eastern Europe display an alternance of well-marked sphagnum hummocks, colonized or not, especially in their drier upper part, by small shrubs, lower, wetter, flat lawns and wet hollows or schlenken. Sphagnum hummocks with no, or few, shrubs are listed in unit 51.111, sphagnum hummocks, or parts of them, colonized by shrubs in unit 51.113, lawns in unit 51.112. In bogs under strong oceanic influence, in high-altitude bogs, in bogs subjected to minerotrophic influences or anthropogenic degradation, a sparse cover of shrubs or tussock-forming graminoids may become ubiquitous and the distinction between hummock and lawn, or even between hummock, lawn and hollow, blurred, in bogs that are often somewhat intermediate towards blanket bogs. Such communities are listed in units 51.114 to 51.116, as well as in 51.17 and in 51.2; in some of them sphagna may be scarce or replaced by bryopsid mosses. Well-defined sphagnum hummocks of unit 51.111 may nevertheless develop in conjunction with them. The dominance role is played by deergrass, [Scirpus cespitosus], in montane central European bogs, or parts of bogs listed in unit 51.114. In Atlantic bogs listed in unit 51.115 it is played by [Erica tetralix]. Somewhat degraded bogs, in particular, bogs affected by anthropozoogenic influences in Atlantic climates, may be overwhelmingly dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], usually with complete blurring of the structure. They are listed in unit 51.116. More severely degraded bogs, invaded by [Molinia caerulea], are listed in unit 51.2. The highly distinctive shrub and sphagnum or shrub and moss hummocks bog expanses of the montane, rapidly dessicating, bogs of the boreal and subarctic zones are listed in unit 51.17. Sphagnum hummocks forming in acidic fens (unit 54.4), transition mires (unit 54.5) or, sometimes…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Active, relatively undamaged raised bogs
narrower: Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)
narrower: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases
narrower: Dwarf shrub hummocks
narrower: Bog deergrass communities
narrower: Bog [Erica-Sphagnum] communities
narrower: Raised bog species-poor cottonsedge communities

[Sphagnum rubellum] hummock wreaths
type: Concept
notation: D1.11113
definition: Dark red [Sphagnum rubellum] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum]) communities often encircling the bases of [Sphagnum magellanicum] or [Sphagnum fuscum] hummocks of nemoral European bogs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)

[Sphagnum rubellum] hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11114
definition: Hummocks of western Palaearctic bogs, mostly characteristic of Atlantic to sub-Atlantic nemoral bogs, recorded, in particular, from Jutland and southwestern Norway, the British Isles, the eastern Netherlands, eastern and southeastern Belgium, France, Germany and the Alps, dominated by [Sphagnum rubellum] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)

[Sphagnum imbricatum] hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11115
definition: Often tall, large, dense hummocks of European bogs formed by the large, orange-gold [Sphagnum imbricatum], limited to undisturbed bogs in areas of strong maritime influence, in particular, in the British Isles, southwestern Sweden, Hercynian Belgium, northwestern Germany, formerly common, today rare and increasingly so.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)

[Sphagnum papillosum] hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11116
definition: Low hummocks of olive-brown or ocre [Sphagnum papillosum], formed mostly in bogs of western and northern Europe, in particular, of the British Isles, Denmark, northwestern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium. Outside of bogs, [Sphagnum papillosum] hummocks may form in a variety of mires, particularly in Atlantic regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)

[Sphagnum capillifolium] hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11117
definition: Hummocks of Palaearctic bogs formed by the reddish [Sphagnum capillifolium] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. capillifolium]), known, in particular, from the southeastern Baltic coastal regions, from higher levels of the western and central European Hercynian ranges, from the Alps and from the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)

[Sphagnum angustifolium] hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11118
definition: Hummocks of Palaearctic bogs formed by [Sphagnum angustifolium], recorded, in particular, from northeastern Europe and France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Colourful sphagnum hummocks (bulten)

Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases
type: Concept
notation: D1.1112
definition: Communities dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] and sphagna, in particular, green or yellow [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum recurvum] ([Sphagnum apiculatum], [Sphagnum fallax]), [Sphagnum pulchrum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum tenellum], also [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum fuscum] and others, constituting extensive carpets or lawns, or, sometimes with a lesser prominence of [Eriophorum vaginatum], forming in the transition zone between hollows and hummocks of Palaearctic bogs; [Drosera rotundifolia], [Andromeda polifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos] are often common.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum tenellum] lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum pulchrum] lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum papillosum] lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum capillifolium] lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum recurvum] lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum fuscum] lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum rubellum] lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum balticum] lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum angustifolium] lawns
narrower: [Eriophorum-Sphagnum magellanicum] lawns

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum tenellum] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.11121
definition: Communities of bog lawns and of areas intermediate between hollows and hummocks in which often small loose cushions of [Sphagnum tenellum] dominate the ground layer, usually in association with [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum subnitens], and with an emergent layer of [Eriophorum vaginatum], characteristic, in particular, of Finland, the southeastern Baltic coastlands, also recorded from Scandinavia, Britain and Ireland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum pulchrum] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.11122
definition: Hollow-side and lawn communities of Palaearctic bogs dominated by the bright orange [Sphagnum pulchrum] associated with [Eriophorum vaginatum], recorded, in particular, from northwestern Central Europe, Ireland and western Britain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum papillosum] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.11123
definition: Lawns and hummock-to-hollow transition communities of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Sphagnum papillosum] associated with [Eriophorum vaginatum], most characteristic of maritime and submaritime regions of the western and eastern Palaearctic, often constituting the dominant lawn community in Atlantic and sub-Atlantic bogs of nemoral Europe. [Erica tetralix] is a usual member of the community in western regions; when its cover exceeds that of [Eriophorum vaginatum] the stands should be listed under unit 51.115. In boreal Europe [Sphagnum papillosum] carpets are more characteristic of minerotrophic acidic fens than of bogs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum capillifolium] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.11124
definition: Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum capillifolium] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. capillifolium]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum recurvum] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.11125
definition: Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum recurvum], often highly prevalent in moderately wet bogs of nemoral Central Europe and Hercynian Western Europe. In boreal Europe, [Sphagnum recurvum] communities are mostly limited to fens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum fuscum] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.11126
definition: Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum fuscum] characteristic of subcontinental Fennoscandia, from eastern Sweden eastwards, of the eastern Baltic bog province of western Russia, of the Eastern Carpathians, of western Siberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum rubellum] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.11127
definition: Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum rubellum] ([Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum]) characteristic of relatively maritime climates, recorded, in particular, from southeastern Norway, western Sweden and the Danish archipelago, where [Sphagnum balticum] is a frequent accompanier, and from the Central Massif of France, where [Sphagnum magellanicum] is an associate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum balticum] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.11128
definition: Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum balticum] characteristic of bogs of the nemoral region, in particular, of large areas of Sweden, of Finland, the Baltic States, Russia, western Siberia. Accompaniers include [Scirpus cespitosus], [Eriophorum russeolum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum lindbergii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum angustifolium] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.11129
definition: Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum angustifolium] characteristic of northeastern Europe and eastern Fennoscandia, mostly distributed in northern Karelia, the Lake and Bothnian gulf regions of Finland, rare in Sweden.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

[Eriophorum-Sphagnum magellanicum] lawns
type: Concept
notation: D1.1112A
definition: Lawns of Palaearctic bogs dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] associated with [Sphagnum magellanicum] and [Sphagnum rubellum], sometimes accompanied by [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum fuscum] or [Sphagnum warnstorfii], characteristic, in particular, of the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, in Denmark, Norway and southern Sweden, of the northern and southern Alpine piedmont, of the Eastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bog cottonsedge-sphagnum lawns and green hummock bases

Dwarf shrub hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.1113
definition: Dwarf shrub communities, mostly ericaceous, forming on the top of drying hummocks of bogs of the nemoral, boreonemoral, lowland boreal and low montane boreal regions of the Palaearctic, often with the moss [Polytrichum strictum], sometimes colonizing sphagnum hummocks forming in fens of the same regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns
narrower: Ling dwarf shrub hummocks
narrower: Cross-leaved heather shrub hummocks
narrower: Crowberry shrub hummocks
narrower: [Vaccinium] shrub hummocks
narrower: Labrador tea shrub hummocks
narrower: Bog myrtle hummocks
narrower: Dwarf birch hummocks
narrower: Cloudberry hummocks
narrower: Leatherleaf hummocks

Ling dwarf shrub hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11131
definition: [Calluna vulgaris]-dominated shrub hummocks, widespread in the nemoral and boreal zones of the western Palaearctic region, east to the Carpathians and western Siberia, south to the Alpine piedmont and the Pyrenees, most characteristic of Central European and sub-Atlantic Scandinavian bogs, in which [Calluna vulgaris] is often the only dominant hummock shrub.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf shrub hummocks

Cross-leaved heather shrub hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11132
definition: [Erica tetralix]-dominated communities characteristic of the shrub hummocks of Atlantic bogs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf shrub hummocks

Crowberry shrub hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11133
definition: Shrub hummocks of lowland or low montane Northern Europe, of Western Europe, of lowland Central Europe, the Baltic region, the Hercynian ranges, the Alps, the Northern Carpathians dominated by [Empetrum nigrum] or, in boreal regions, in mountains and in eastern Central Europe, [Empetrum hermaphroditum], characteristic of suboceanic climates, of drier, taller hummocks or of slightly more mineral-influenced bogs of Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf shrub hummocks

[Vaccinium] shrub hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11134
definition: Shrub hummocks of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic lowland or low montane boreal Europe, of the European Hercynian ranges, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, and their periphery, dominated by ericoid shrubs of genus [Vaccinium], mostly [Vaccinium uliginosum], also [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] or [Vaccinium myrtillus], locally, in particular, in Scandinavia and the Alps, associated with [Betula nana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf shrub hummocks

Labrador tea shrub hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11135
definition: Shrub hummocks of boreonemoral, sub-boreal, lowland boreal and low montane boreal regions of the Palaearctic dominated by [Ledum palustre], most characteristic of subcontinental regions of the southeastern Baltic hinterland, from eastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States to boreonemoral Russia, and of the southern boreal Far East of Kamchatcka and northern Sakhalin, often marking tall hummocks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf shrub hummocks

Bog myrtle hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11136
definition: Shrub hummocks dominated by [Myrica gale], of local occurrence in nemoral Atlantic bogs, or by [Myrica tomentosa] in the southern boreal Pacific Far East.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf shrub hummocks

Dwarf birch hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11137
definition: Dwarf shrub hummock communities of nemoral Europe and of the lowland and hill bogs of boreal Europe, west to Fennoscandia and the Baltic States, dominated by, or rich in, [Betula nana]. In nemoral Europe they are limited to isolated enclaves on hills of the Germano-Baltic plains and to rare stations within the greater Hercynian ranges and the Alps, where they represent relict outposts of the communities of unit 51.17, with which they share, in particular, besides [Betula nana], [Vaccinium microcarpum], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Chamaedaphne calyculata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf shrub hummocks

Cloudberry hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11138
definition: Dwarf shrub hummock communities of subcontinental and continental, lowland or low montane boreal and boreonemoral Europe dominated by, or rich in, [Rubus chamaemorus], associated with [Calluna vulgaris] or with [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Ledum palustre], [Chamaedaphne calyculata], characteristic, in particular, of eastern Fennoscandia, the southeastern and eastern Baltic regions, Russia, with outposts in the eastern Hercynian ranges, in the Giant Mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf shrub hummocks

Leatherleaf hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.11139
definition: Shrub hummocks dominated by [Chamaedaphne calyculata], main shrub hummock type of the continental parts of the boreal and boreonemoral Palaearctic, in European Russia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, with outposts in Baltic regions and the eastern Hercynian ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dwarf shrub hummocks

Bog deergrass communities
type: Concept
notation: D1.1114
definition: [Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated bogs or parts of bogs, mostly characteristic of the subalpine level of Hercynian, pre-Alpine and Alpine ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns

Bog [Erica-Sphagnum] communities
type: Concept
notation: D1.1115
definition: Bogs or parts of bogs dominated by [Erica tetralix] and [Sphagnum papillosum], characteristic of raised bog systems of Atlantic regions, particularly the British Isles, the low countries, northwestern Germany.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns

Raised bog species-poor cottonsedge communities
type: Concept
notation: D1.1116
definition: Bogs or parts of bogs overwhelmingly dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], with a strongly impoverished species cortège, in particular, with very few sphagna, characteristic of degraded and, in particular, grazed, bog systems of Atlantic regions, notably of the Pennines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog hummocks, ridges and lawns

Raised bog hollows (schlenken)
type: Concept
notation: D1.112
definition: Temporarily or permanently rainwater-filled depressions of bogs, occupied by communities similar to those of larger intermediate mires of units 54.5 or 54.6.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Active, relatively undamaged raised bogs
narrower: Sphagnum schlenken
narrower: Mud-bottom schlenken

Sphagnum schlenken
type: Concept
notation: D1.1121
definition: Constantly submerged hollows carpeted by floating or bottom-hugging mats of often bright green sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum majus] ([Sphagnum dusenii]), [Sphagnum balticum], sometimes accompanied by bryopsid mosses, in particular, [Drepanocladus fluitans], [Lophozia inflata], and with a vascular cortège that may typically be dominated by [Rhynchospora alba], [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Menyanthes trifoliata] or [Carex limosa], and include [Carex paupercula], [Carex pauciflora], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Andromeda polifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog hollows (schlenken)

Mud-bottom schlenken
type: Concept
notation: D1.1122
definition: Temporarily inundated shallow hollows, usually dominated by an often sparse cover of [Rhynchospora alba], with [Rhynchospora fusca], [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Drosera intermedia], [Lycopodiella inundata], sometimes dominated by [Eriophorum angustifolium] or [Eriophorum vaginatum], with a ground cover almost devoid of sphagna and often reduced to algae, in particular, the conjugate [Zygogonium ericetorum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog hollows (schlenken)

Raised bog seeps and soaks
type: Concept
notation: D1.113
definition: Paths of water runoff carving the marginal slope of the bog, carrying water from the centre to the lagg. They are in part colonized by intermediate mire or acid fen vegetation of units 54.5 or 54.4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Active, relatively undamaged raised bogs
narrower: Bog asphodel seeps
narrower: Bog myrtle soaks

Bog asphodel seeps
type: Concept
notation: D1.1131
definition: [Narthecium ossifragum] colonies in seep rivulets, mostly characteristic of western bogs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog seeps and soaks

Bog myrtle soaks
type: Concept
notation: D1.1132
definition: [Myrica gale] thickets of Atlantic raised bog soaks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bog seeps and soaks

Boreoalpine dwarf-shrub hummocks on raised bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.114
definition: Communities of the boreoalpine, subalpine, arctoalpine and northern lowland regions of Iceland, Fennoscandia, the Kola peninsula and the Urals formed by hummocks, banks or plateaux of sphagna or of bryopsid mosses associated with small shrubs, particularly [Betula nana], also [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Rubus chamaemorus], accompanied by [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Carex nigra]. They may associate with depressions occupied by lawn, hollow or mud bottom communities; they are prone to a rapid desiccation. They show affinities with blanket bogs of unit 52, in particular, with upland blanket bogs of unit 52.2 and northern boreal blanket bogs of unit 52.4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Active, relatively undamaged raised bogs

Damaged, inactive bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.12
definition: Raised bogs subject to drying up or affected by mining (peat extraction), locally with very high anthropogenic pressure. Phragments of alliance [Sphagnion], with species composition similar to unit D1.11, but impoverished by lack of many characteristic species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bogs
narrower: Damaged, inactive bogs, dominated by dense [Molinia]
narrower: Drained raised bogs
narrower: Ditched raised bogs

Damaged, inactive bogs, dominated by dense [Molinia]
type: Concept
notation: D1.121
definition: Drying, mowed or burned bogs invaded by [Molinia caerulea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Damaged, inactive bogs

Drained raised bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.122
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Damaged, inactive bogs

Ditched raised bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.123
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Damaged, inactive bogs

Condensation mires
type: Concept
notation: D1.13
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bogs

[Myrica gale] scrub on raised bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.14
definition: [Myrica gale] thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bogs

Wet bare peat and peat haggs on raised bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.15
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised bogs

Blanket bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.2
definition: The mire surface and underlying peat of ombrotrophic peatlands, formed on flat or gently sloping ground with poor surface drainage, in oceanic climates with high rainfall. The mire surface may on flatter ground be very similar to that of a raised bog, with a complex of small pools and terrestrial hummocks. In the strictest sense, blanket bogs are a habitat endemic to northwestern Europe, characteristic of the western and northern British Isles, the Faeroe Islands and the western seaboard of Scandinavia. They often cover extensive areas with local topographic features supporting distinct communities. Sphagna ([Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum fuscum]) play an important role in all of them, accompanied by [Narthecium ossifragum], [Molinia caerulea], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Schoenus nigricans], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Calluna vulgaris]. Blanket bog complexes (X28) include dystrophic pools (C1.4) and acidic flushes (D2.2) as well as the mire surface (D1.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Raised and blanket bogs
narrower: Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant [Trichophorum]
narrower: Montane blanket bogs, [Calluna] and [Eriophorum vaginatum] often dominant
narrower: Boreo-Atlantic blanket bogs
narrower: Wet bare peat and peat haggs on blanket bogs

Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog plateaux
type: Concept
notation: D1.211
definition: Deep-peat lawn and hummock communities of blanket bog expanses of western Ireland, western Scotland and its islands, the Lake District, northern Wales and Devon, composed of graminoids, ericoid shrubs and sphagna, forming extensive, relatively featureless, fairly flat or gently undulating, tracts with a fine-grained alternation of dominance among species or, on bogs with stronger surface undulations, better defined hummocks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant [Trichophorum]

Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog sphagnum carpets
type: Concept
notation: D1.212
definition: Waterlogged pool edges and bog surfaces of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bogs marked by a scarcity of graminoids and shrubs, and a resulting physiognomic prominence of the sphagna, [Sphagnum magellanicum] or [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum palustre], at times, particularly in Ireland, with [Zygogonium] algae deposits, often with [Drosera anglica], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Menyanthes trifoliata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant [Trichophorum]

Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog [Trichophorum cespitosum] heaths
type: Concept
notation: D1.213
definition: [Scirpus cespitosus]-[Erica tetralix] wet heaths of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog slopes or tops of slopes, developed on shallower peats, in better drained situations, in more minerotrophic conditions than the communities of unit 52.11. Sphagna are less prominent in the ground layer with, in particular, a lesser prominence of [Sphagnum papillosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant [Trichophorum]

Western Irish [Drosera intermedia] flush communities
type: Concept
notation: D1.214
definition: Communities of western Irish lowland blanket bogs occupying slope areas submitted to surface water movement and shallow hollows, rich in [Drosera intermedia], with [Riccardia pinguis], [Rhynchospora fusca] or [Carex limosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant [Trichophorum]

Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant [Trichophorum]
type: Concept
notation: D1.21
definition: Hyper-Atlantic blanket bogs of the western coastlands of Ireland, western Scotland and its islands, Cumberland, northern Wales and Devon, developed under very high rainfall climates. The main vascular plants are [Molinia caerulea], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Schoenus nigricans], [Rhynchospora alba], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Carex panicea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica tetralix], [Myrica gale], [Pedicularis sylvatica], [Potentilla erecta], [Polygala serpyllifolia], [Pinguicula lusitanica], [Drosera rotundifolia]. The colourful mucinal layer comprises the black and crimson liverwort [Pleurozia purpurea], the black and gold moss [Campylopus atrovirens], the wooly fringe moss [Racomitrium lanuginosum]; it is often dominated by sphagna ([Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum subnitens]), or, particularly in parts of western Ireland, mucilaginous algal deposits ([Zygogonium]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blanket bogs
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog plateaux
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog sphagnum carpets
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog [Trichophorum cespitosum] heaths
narrower: Western Irish [Drosera intermedia] flush communities
narrower: Western Irish [Juncus bulbosus] flush communities
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog hollows and pools

Western Irish [Juncus bulbosus] flush communities
type: Concept
notation: D1.215
definition: Communities of western Irish lowland blanket bogs occupying shallow drainage channels and shallow pools, rich in [Juncus bulbosus], [Eleocharis multicaulis] and [Carex panicea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant [Trichophorum]

Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog hollows and pools
type: Concept
notation: D1.216
definition: Wet depressions and seeps of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bogs colonized by hollow communities similar to those of raised bog hollows of unit 51.121 or by other communities of the [Scheuchzerietalia palustris] (units 54.5, 54.6), communities of the [Caricetalia fuscae] (unit 54.4), of the [Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris] (unit 22.45), of the [Littorelletalia] (unit 22.31) or of the [Potamogetonetalia] (unit 22.43).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant [Trichophorum]

Montane blanket bogs, [Calluna] and [Eriophorum vaginatum] often dominant
type: Concept
notation: D1.22
definition: Blanket bogs of high ground, hills and mountains in Scotland, Ireland, western England and Wales. Characteristic species are [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica tetralix], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Racomitrium lanuginosum] and abundant sphagnum mosses. Some of their communities show affinities with the boreoalpine hummocks of unit D1.114.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blanket bogs
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic [Eriophorum]-[Calluna] blanket bogs
narrower: Britannic [Eriophorum vaginatum] blanket bogs
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog sphagnum mats
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic dwarf shrub-[Eriophorum] upland bogs
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic [Racomitrium lanuginosum] upland bog hummocks
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog wet heaths
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog hollows and pools

Hiberno-Britannic [Eriophorum]-[Calluna] blanket bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.221
definition: Lawn and hummock communities of upland blanket bog expanses of Britain and Ireland, mostly distributed in the Scottish Highlands, the Southern Uplands, the Pennines, the Lake District, Wales, in Orkney, in northern, western, southwestern and upland eastern Ireland, dominated by an admixture of [Eriophorum vaginatum] and ericoid shrubs, with a varying amount of sphagna and hypnoid mosses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane blanket bogs, [Calluna] and [Eriophorum vaginatum] often dominant

Britannic [Eriophorum vaginatum] blanket bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.222
definition: Species-poor upland blanket bog lawn communities of the Pennines overwhelmingly dominated by an open or closed canopy of low [Eriophorum vaginatum] tussocks, with few ericoid shrubs and a sparse and patchy ground cover in which sphagna are scarce; the most common vascular associates are usually [Eriophorum angustifolium] and [Deschampsia flexuosa]. They are characteristic of heavily grazed and burned expanses of blanket bog.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane blanket bogs, [Calluna] and [Eriophorum vaginatum] often dominant

Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog sphagnum mats
type: Concept
notation: D1.223
definition: [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum imbricatum], [Sphagnum fuscum] carpets and hummocks of the cottonsedge-ling blanket bogs, most characteristic of the moorlands of the Scottish Borders.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane blanket bogs, [Calluna] and [Eriophorum vaginatum] often dominant

Hiberno-Britannic dwarf shrub-[Eriophorum] upland bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.224
definition: Dwarf shrub-rich facies of Hiberno-Britannic upland cottongrass-ling blanket bogs, most characteristic of the eastern Scottish Highlands, with an abundance of [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Betula nana], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus] and [Sphagnum fuscum], with particularly close affinities to the boreoalpine hummocks of unit 51.17.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane blanket bogs, [Calluna] and [Eriophorum vaginatum] often dominant

Hiberno-Britannic [Racomitrium lanuginosum] upland bog hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D1.225
definition: Lawn and hummock communities of Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bogs dominated by [Racomitrium lanuginosum], mostly characteristic of eroded or dried surfaces.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane blanket bogs, [Calluna] and [Eriophorum vaginatum] often dominant

Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog wet heaths
type: Concept
notation: D1.226
definition: [Erica tetralix] or, at lower altitudes, [Scirpus cespitosus]-[Erica tetralix] wet heaths of Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog slopes or tops of slopes, developed on shallower peats, in better drained situations, in more minerotrophic conditions than the communities of unit 52.21. [Eriophorum vaginatum] is less prominent in the sward, and sphagna sparser in the ground cover, while shrubs, [Juncus squarrosus] and [Nardus stricta] are more vigorous or commoner.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane blanket bogs, [Calluna] and [Eriophorum vaginatum] often dominant

Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bog hollows and pools
type: Concept
notation: D1.227
definition: Wet depressions and seeps of Hiberno-Britannic upland blanket bogs colonized by hollow communities similar to those of raised bog hollows of unit 51.121 or by other communities of the [Scheuchzerietalia palustris] (units 54.5, 54.6), communities of the [Caricetalia fuscae] (unit 54.4), of the [Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris] (unit 22.45), of the [Littorelletalia] (unit 22.31) or of the [Potamogetonetalia] (unit 22.43). Pools and hollows are less prominent in these blanket bogs than in the western blanket bogs of unit 52.1.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane blanket bogs, [Calluna] and [Eriophorum vaginatum] often dominant

Boreo-Atlantic blanket bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.23
definition: Blanket bogs of oceanic southern boreal affinities distributed in maritime western Norway from Rogaland, in the south, north to the Arctic Circle, and in the Faeroe Islands, characterised by the dominance of [Calluna]-[Racomitrium] and [Calluna]-[Sphagnum rubellum] communities. Additionally, blanket bogs of oceanic northern boreal affinities distributed in maritime western Norway, from southern Nordland to central Troms, characterised by the dominance of [Calluna]-[Empetrum]-[Sphagnum fuscum] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blanket bogs
narrower: Southern boreo-Atlantic [Eriophorum] - [Calluna] bogs
narrower: Southern boreo-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Racomitrium lanuginosum] moss bogs
narrower: Southern boreo-Atlantic blanket bog hollow communities
narrower: Northern boreo-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Empetrum] - [Sphagnum fuscum] blanket bogs
narrower: Northern boreo-Atlantic blanket bog hollow communities

Southern boreo-Atlantic [Eriophorum] - [Calluna] bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.231
definition: Main bog-surface and hummock communities of southern boreal blanket bogs dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Sphagnum rubellum], with [Erica tetralix], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Andromeda polifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Sphagnum magellanicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Atlantic blanket bogs

Southern boreo-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Racomitrium lanuginosum] moss bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.232
definition: Bog-surface and hummock communities characteristic of the southernmost southern boreal blanket bogs, in nemoral extreme southern Norway, oceanic southern boreal extreme western Norway, north to southern Tr”ndelag, and in the Faeroe Islands, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum nigrum], [Racomitrium lanuginosum], with [Cornus suecica], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Dicranum elongatum], [Grimmia hypnoides], [Cladonia sylvatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Atlantic blanket bogs

Southern boreo-Atlantic blanket bog hollow communities
type: Concept
notation: D1.233
definition: Hollow vegetation of southern boreal blanket bogs formed by [Sphagnum cuspidatum] and [Sphagnum tenellum], with [Rhynchospora alba], [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Drosera anglica], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia], [Carex limosa], [Eriophorum vaginatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Atlantic blanket bogs

Northern boreo-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Empetrum] - [Sphagnum fuscum] blanket bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.234
definition: Bog-surface and hummock communities of the northern boreal blanket bogs dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum] spp., [Vaccinium uliginosum] and [Sphagnum fuscum] with [Andromeda polifolia], [Vaccinium microcarpum], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Betula nana], [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia sylvatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Atlantic blanket bogs

Northern boreo-Atlantic blanket bog hollow communities
type: Concept
notation: D1.235
definition: Hollow vegetation of northern boreal blanket bogs formed by [Sphagnum majus], with [Rhynchospora alba], [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia], [Carex limosa], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Drepanocladus fluitans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Atlantic blanket bogs

Wet bare peat and peat haggs on blanket bogs
type: Concept
notation: D1.24
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blanket bogs

Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires
type: Concept
notation: D2
definition: Weakly to strongly acid peatlands, flushes and vegetated rafts formed in situations where they receive water from the surrounding landscape or are intermediate between land and water. Included are quaking bogs and vegetated non-calcareous springs. Excluded are calcareous fens (D4), and reedbeds (C3, D5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Mires, bogs and fens
narrower: Valley mires
narrower: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires
narrower: Transition mires and quaking bogs

Valley mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.1
definition: Topogenous wetlands in which the peat-forming vegetation depends on water draining from the surrounding landscape. Most valley mires are habitat complexes including poor fens, transition mires and pools. Acid valley mires (D2.11) often have vegetation resembling that of bogs (D1), especially in those parts relatively distant from flowing water. Basic and neutral valley mires (D2.12) support mainly poor-fen vegetation (D2.2), but in large mire systems, this is accompanied by acid wet grassland (E3.5), large sedges (D5.2) and reeds (D5.1). Sphagnum hummocks form locally and transition mires (D2.3) or littoral (C3.2) and spring (D2.2C) communities colonize small depressions. Excluded are rich-fen valley mires (D4.1).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires
narrower: Acid valley mires
narrower: Basic and neutral valley mires

Acid valley mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.11
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Valley mires

Basic and neutral valley mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.12
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Valley mires

Poor fens and soft-water spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.2
definition: Peatlands, flushes and vegetated springs with moderately acid ground water, within valley mires or on hillsides. As in the rich fens, the water level is at or near the surface of the substratum and peat formation depends on a permanently high watertable. Poor-fen vegetation is typically dominated by small sedges ([Carex canescens], [Carex echinata], [Carex nigra], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum scheuchzeri], [Trichophorum cespitosum]), with pleurocarpous mosses ([Calliergonella cuspidata], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Calliergon stramineum], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus fluitans]) or sphagna ([Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum recurvum agg]., [Sphagnum russowii], [Sphagnum subsecundum agg].). Other characteristic vascular plants are [Agrostis canina], [Cardamine pratensis], [Juncus filiformis], [Ranunculus flammula] and [Viola palustris]. Soft-water spring mires (D2.2C) are often dominated by [Montia fontana] or bryophytes ([Bryum] spp., [Philonotis] spp., [Pohlia] spp.). Excluded are the water body of soft-water springs (C2.1), and incompletely terrestrialized fringing vegetation (C3.2) or vegetation rafts (D2.3).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires
narrower: [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] fens
narrower: [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] fens
narrower: Apennine acidic fens
narrower: [Carex intricata] pozzines (wet depressions surrounding glacial lakes)
narrower: [Trichophorum cespitosum] and [Narthecium ossifragum] acidic fens
narrower: [Eriophorum angustifolium] fens
narrower: Dunal sedge acidic fens
narrower: Illyrio-Moesian acidic fens
narrower: Boreal acidic [Sphagnum] fens
narrower: [Myrica gale] scrub on poor fens
narrower: Caucasian acidic fens
narrower: Soft water spring mires

[Eriophorum scheuchzeri] fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.21
definition: Swards of [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] of Palaearctic boreal fens and of acidic lake shores in the Alps and the eastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires
narrower: Alpide cottonsedge lake girdles
narrower: Boreal [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] fens

Alpide cottonsedge lake girdles
type: Concept
notation: D2.211
definition: Almost pure swards of [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] fringing small, cold, acidic lakes above the tree limit in the Alps and the Eastern Carpathians. They are related to both the boreal communities of unit 54.412 and to the arctoboreal marsh-fens of unit 54.71.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] fens

Boreal [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.212
definition: [Eriophorum scheuchzeri]-dominated fen swards of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of subalpine to middle alpine levels of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia, dominated by [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] associated with a continuous brown moss carpet mostly of [Drepanocladus exannulatus], with [Philonotis fontana], occupying often snow-patch covered, waterlogged substrates. [Carex lachenalii] is characteristic in Fennoscandia; the vascular plant cortège may also include [Calamagrostis stricta], [Cardamine pratensis], [Carex bigelowii], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Equisetum arvense], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Juncus biglumis], [Koenigia islandica], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]), [Poa pratensis], [Ranunculus reptans], [Salix herbacea], [Saxifraga stellaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] fens

[Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.22
definition: Acidic fen communities of middle Europe, the Alpine system, the Pyrenees and northern Iberia, rich in [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata], often accompanied by [Eriophorum angustifolium] and [Juncus] spp., with a muscinal layer of brown mosses, sphagna or both.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires
narrower: Peri-Alpine black-white-star and tall bog sedge fens
narrower: Sub-Atlantic black-white-star sedge fens
narrower: British black-white-star sedge acidic fens
narrower: Pyrenean black sedge acidic fens
narrower: Iberian black sedge acidic fens
narrower: Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens

Peri-Alpine black-white-star and tall bog sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.221
definition: Acidophilous small sedge communities of the Alps, the Alpine periphery and the greater Hercynian ranges, including the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Black Forest, the Vosges and the Central Massif.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] fens
narrower: Subalpine black sedge fens
narrower: Central Alpine tall bog sedge fens

Central Alpine tall bog sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2212
definition: Acidophilous small sedge communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the central Alps dominated by [Carex magellanica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Alpine black-white-star and tall bog sedge fens

Sub-Atlantic [Carex] acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2221
definition: Sedge-dominated acidic fen formations in which [Carex canescens], accompanied by [Agrostis canina], is often the most abundant, with a brown moss layer that can sometimes be very partial; [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata] and [Carex magellanica] facies also occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic black-white-star sedge fens

Sub-Atlantic [Carex]-[Juncus] acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2222
definition: Acidic fen formations in which [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] and sometimes [Carex rostrata] are accompanied by, and sometimes dominated by, abundant rushes, in particular [Juncus filiformis] and [Juncus acutiflorus], and with a pleurocarpic moss layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic black-white-star sedge fens

Sub-Atlantic [Carex]-[Sphagnum] fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2223
definition: Sphagnum peatlands in which the herbaceous sward is formed by [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] and [Carex rostrata], generally with [Eriophorum angustifolium] and [Eriophorum vaginatum]. These very wet formations are closely related to transition mires.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic black-white-star sedge fens

Sub-Atlantic [Carex]-[Juncus]-[Sphagnum] fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2224
definition: Sphagnum peatlands in which the herbaceous sward is formed by [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata], [Carex rostrata] and abundant rushes, in particular [Juncus filiformis] and [Juncus acutiflorus], generally with [Eriophorum angustifolium] and [Eriophorum vaginatum]. These formations are often related to wet grasslands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic black-white-star sedge fens

Subalpine black sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2211
definition: Acidophilous small sedge communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Alps and Alpine periphery, including the greater Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Black Forest, the Vosges, the Central Massif, occupying wet gentle slopes and plateaux where melt water lingers or encircling small lakes on the landward, usually emerged, side of the [Eriophorum scheuchzeri] girdle. The sward is formed by [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata], [Juncus filiformis] variously accompanied by [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Carex magellanica], [Carex lachenalii], [Carex norvegica], [Carex panicea], [Carex demissa], [Phleum alpinum], [Agrostis canina], [Viola palustris], [Parnassia palustris], [Pedicularis palustris]; the moss layer is formed by [Scapania paludosa], [Paludella squarrosa], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Calliergon stramineum], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Willemetia stipitata], [Sphagnum recurvum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Alpine black-white-star and tall bog sedge fens

Sub-Atlantic black-white-star sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.222
definition: Acidic fen communities of lowland, collinar and montane areas of western and northern Central Europe, excluding the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula, extending eastward in the Baltic plain to Lithuania. [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens] and [Carex echinata] are always represented, often accompanied by dispersed [Carex rostrata]. Rushes, [Juncus filiformis], [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus acutiflorus], [Juncus effusus], may be numerous, often marking the transition towards humid grasslands of the [Molinietalia], the moss layer is formed by [Sphagnum apiculatum], [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum recurvum] and [Polytrichum commune] in the more oligotrophic, acidic sites, by brown mosses [Drepanocladus fluitans], [Calliergon stramineum], [Calliergon cuspidatum], in more mesotrophic situations. Other characteristic species include [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Agrostis canina], [Molinia caerulea], [Pedicularis palustris], [Viola palustris], [Parnassia palustris], [Comarum palustre], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Ranunculus flammula] and [Willemetia stipitata]. Included in this unit are the extensive peatlands of Hercynian valley fens, often invaded by rushes, and with characters both of the transition mires and of the humid grasslands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] fens
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Carex] acidic fens
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Carex]-[Juncus] acidic fens
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Carex]-[Sphagnum] fens
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Carex]-[Juncus]-[Sphagnum] fens
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Agrostis]-[Sphagnum] fens

Sub-Atlantic [Agrostis]-[Sphagnum] fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2225
definition: Sphagnum peatlands in which the herbaceous sward is formed by [Agrostis canina ssp. stolonifera], often with [Carex rostrata] or [Eriophorum angustifolium]; the muscinal layer being usually formed by [Sphagnum recurvum] with [Polytrichum commune].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic black-white-star sedge fens

British black-white-star sedge acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.223
definition: Acidic sphagnum fens of the British Isles in which the herbaceous sward is formed by [Carex echinata], [Carex canescens], [Carex nigra] or [Carex rostrata] and sometimes [Juncus effusus], [Juncus acutiflorus] or [Nardus stricta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] fens

Pyrenean black sedge acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.224
definition: [Carex] acidic fens of the Pyrenees, mostly dominated by [Carex nigra], with [Carex echinata] or [Carex panicea], very similar to those of the Alps, in particular to the floristically rather impoverished southwestern Alpine communities, sometimes dominated by [Carex rostrata], with [Carex canescens] ([Carex curta]) or [Carex echinata] and [Agrostis canina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] fens

Iberian black sedge acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.225
definition: [Carex nigra ssp. carpetana]-dominated communities of acid infra-aquatic peat mires of the montane and subalpine levels of the Cordillera Cantabrica and of the cryo-Mediterranean level of the Cordillera Central.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] fens

Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.226
definition: Acidic fens of the mountains and hills forming the basin of the middle and lower Danube system, and of adjacent regions, in particular of the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the mountains of the southeastern Balkan peninsula, the Moravian hills, with an herbaceous sward formed by [Carex echinata], [Carex canescens], [Carex dacica] ([Carex nigra ssp. dacica]) or [Carex rostrata] and sometimes [Juncus effusus], [Juncus acutiflorus] or [Nardus stricta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata] fens
narrower: Carpathian black-white-star sedge acidic fens
narrower: Dinaric black-star sedge acidic fens
narrower: Rhodopide black-star sedge acidic fens
narrower: Peri-Pannonic black-white-star sedge fens
narrower: Balkanic black-star sedge fens
narrower: Moeso-Macedonian black-star sedge fens

Carpathian black-white-star sedge acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2261
definition: [Carex dacica] ([Carex nigra ssp. dacica]) formations developed in the eumesotrophic and acidic fens of the subalpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens

Dinaric black-star sedge acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2262
definition: Acidic fen communities of the high mountains of the Dinarides with [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Agrostis canina], [Molinia caerulea], [Nardus stricta], [Drosera rotundifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens

Rhodopide black-star sedge acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2263
definition: Fens of the montane and subalpine levels of the Rhodopide system, including the western Rhodopes and Vitosha.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens

Peri-Pannonic black-white-star sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2264
definition: Acidic fens of Central European affinities of the mountains and hills of the Pannonic basin and its rim.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens

Balkanic black-star sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2265
definition: Fens of the montane and subalpine levels of the western and central Balkan Range, with [Carex nigra], [Carex stellulata], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Soldanella alpina], [Dactylorhiza cordigera], [Leucorchis albida].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens

Moeso-Macedonian black-star sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2266
definition: Fens of the montane and subalpine levels of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, in particular, of the Waldbergen of west Serbia (Tara, Zeljin, Kopaonic) and of the Ostrozum and Vlasina of east Serbia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens

Apennine acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.23
definition: Rare infra-aquatic acidic peat mire communities of the Apennines south to the Sila, with [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata] and [Carex panicea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires

[Carex intricata] pozzines (wet depressions surrounding glacial lakes)
type: Concept
notation: D2.24
definition: Oro-Mediterranean [Carex intricata] ([Carex nigra ssp. intricata])-dominated formations of the Sierra Nevada, Corsica, the Nebrodi and North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires
narrower: Nevadan Borreguile fens
narrower: Corsican intricated sedge pozzines
narrower: Nebrodi pozzines

Nevadan Borreguile fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.241
definition: Formations occupying permanently waterlogged peaty soils of glacial depressions and edges of their small lakes, and also waterholes in [Nardus] grasslands, at the oro-Mediterranean level of the Sierra Nevada, dominated by [Carex intricata], with [Carex echinata], [Eleocharis uniglumis], [Viola palustris], [Cerastium cerastoides], [Veronica repens] and Sierra Nevadan endemics [Ranunculus alismoides], [Festuca frigida], [Pinguicula nevadensis], [Leontodon microcephalus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex intricata] pozzines (wet depressions surrounding glacial lakes)

Corsican intricated sedge pozzines
type: Concept
notation: D2.242
definition: Peaty swards surrounding waterholes, in particular, glacial lakes, in the subalpine level of Corsica, dominated by [Carex intricata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex intricata] pozzines (wet depressions surrounding glacial lakes)

Nebrodi pozzines
type: Concept
notation: D2.243
definition: Isolated [Carex intricata] stations of Mount San Fratello in the Nebrodi mountains of Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex intricata] pozzines (wet depressions surrounding glacial lakes)

[Trichophorum cespitosum] and [Narthecium ossifragum] acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.25
definition: Acidic fen communities dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus] and/or [Narthecium ossifragum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires
narrower: Perialpine deergrass acidic fens
narrower: Pyrenean deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens
narrower: Cantabrian deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens
narrower: Middle European deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens
narrower: Corsican deergrass fens

Perialpine deergrass acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.251
definition: [Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated communities of subalpine and alpine fens of the Alps, the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Bohemian Quadrangle, generally installed on somewhat drier ground than the [Caricetum fuscae] and providing the transition between it and the wetter fringe of the [Nardus] grasslands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Trichophorum cespitosum] and [Narthecium ossifragum] acidic fens

Pyrenean deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.252
definition: [Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated formations of acidic fens of the Pyrenees, often, particularly in the west, rich in [Narthecium ossifragum], and with [Carex frigida].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Trichophorum cespitosum] and [Narthecium ossifragum] acidic fens

Cantabrian deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.253
definition: Subalpine formations of the Cordillera Cantabrica, and, very locally, of the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains and the Cordillera Central, dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus] and [Narthecium ossifragum], usually forming an outer fringe to the [Caricetum carpetani], on somewhat less wet ground. Among companion species are [Carex echinata], [Carex fusca], [Carex binervis], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Erica tetralix].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Trichophorum cespitosum] and [Narthecium ossifragum] acidic fens

Middle European deergrass and bog asphodel acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.254
definition: Communities of lowland and collinar middle European eu-Atlantic or sub-Atlantic acidic fens dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus] or [Narthecium ossifragum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Trichophorum cespitosum] and [Narthecium ossifragum] acidic fens

Corsican deergrass fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.255
definition: [Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated formations of subalpine pozzines of Corsica, mostly confined to the edge of rivulets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Trichophorum cespitosum] and [Narthecium ossifragum] acidic fens

[Eriophorum angustifolium] fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.26
definition: [Eriophorum angustifolium]-dominated swards of usually very wet sites within acidic fens of nemoral Europe, generally with a sphagnum carpet, formed, in particular, by [Sphagnum cuspidatum]; they are closely similar to, and may merge into, [Eriophorum]-[Sphagnum] floating carpets of unit D2.38. Several [Carex] species may be present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires

Dunal sedge acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.27
definition: Formations of [Carex nigra], [Carex trinervis], [Carex x timmiana], [Juncus anceps], [Juncus subnodulosus] and introduced [Vaccinium macrocarpum], restricted to wet, peaty, acidified dune slacks of the North Sea coast of France and the Netherlands and of the Dutch and German North Sea islands. This unit is related to B1.83.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires

Illyrio-Moesian acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.28
definition: Acidic fen communities of the Illyrian region, the Dinarides, the Pelagonides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains. Floristically relatively rich communities dominated by sedge [Carex nigra var. macedonica] (= [C. macedonica]). The Balkan tertiary-relict endemic species [Narthecium scardicum], [Calicocorsus stipitatus] (= [Willemetia stipitata]), [Pinguicula balcanica] and [Pseudorchis frivaldii] may also be present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires
narrower: Pelagonide fens
narrower: Montenegrine willemetia fens
narrower: Illyrian sedge-beak-sedge fens

Pelagonide fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.281
definition: Acidic fen communities of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece dominated by sedges or bog asphodels ([Narthecium]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrio-Moesian acidic fens
narrower: Pelagonide bog-asphodel fens
narrower: Pelagonide Macedonian sedge fens

Pelagonide bog-asphodel fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2811
definition: Acidic fen communities of the Sar-Planina and the Korab in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia with [Carex serotina], [Carex sempervirens], [Nardus stricta], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula leptoceras].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pelagonide fens

Pelagonide Macedonian sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2812
definition: Acidic fen communities of the Jakupica and Bistra ranges of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, and of the Varnous and Voras ranges of northern Greece, dominated by [Carex macedonica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pelagonide fens

Montenegrine willemetia fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.282
definition: Acidic fen communities of the Bjelasica in Montenegro with [Carex nigra], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Willemetia stipitata f. balcanica], [Barbarea balcana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrio-Moesian acidic fens

Illyrian sedge-beak-sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.283
definition: Acidic fen communities of the Illyrian region with [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata], [Carex flava], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Agrostis canina], [Rhynchospora alba], similar to Central European black-white-star sedge fen communities with an enrichment in [Rhynchospora alba].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrio-Moesian acidic fens

Boreal acidic [Sphagnum] fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.29
definition: Oligotrophic or oligo-mesotrophic acidic and acidocline fen communities of the boreal, boreonemoral and boreoalpine regions of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Molinia caerulea], or various sedges, in particular, [Carex bigelowii] ([Carex rigida]), [Carex rotundata], [Carex magellanica], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rostrata], [Carex limosa], [Carex pauciflora], [Carex lasiocarpa], associated with sphagnum carpets formed by, in particular, [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum lindbergii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires
narrower: Boreal [Eriophorum vaginatum] sphagnum fens
narrower: Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass fens
narrower: Boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires

Boreal [Eriophorum vaginatum] sphagnum fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.291
definition: Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of northern and western Fennoscandia, dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], with a ground layer formed by sphagna, notably [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum papillosum]. The very reduced species cortège may include [Andromeda polifolia], [Carex pauciflora], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal acidic [Sphagnum] fens
narrower: [Eriophorum vaginatum-Carex pauciflora] sphagnum fens
narrower: [Eriophorum vaginatum]-deergrass-sphagnum fens
narrower: Boreal stiff sedge-sphagnum fens

[Eriophorum vaginatum-Carex pauciflora] sphagnum fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2911
definition: Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of most of Fennoscandia, dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Carex pauciflora], with a ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], accompanied by [Sphagnum papillosum], and sometimes hummocks of [Sphagnum fuscum]; [Andromeda polifolia], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos] or [Carex pauciflora] may be present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Eriophorum vaginatum] sphagnum fens

[Eriophorum vaginatum]-deergrass-sphagnum fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2912
definition: Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of northern and western Fennoscandia, dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]) and [Eriophorum vaginatum], with a ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum compactum] or [Sphagnum balticum], with [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum tenellum]; the species cortège includes [Andromeda polifolia], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Myrica gale], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Carex pauciflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Eriophorum vaginatum] sphagnum fens

Boreal stiff sedge-sphagnum fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2913
definition: Species-poor poor fen lawn communities of boreal mountains of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of the lower alpine zone of western and northern boreal Fennoscandia, dominated by [Carex bigelowii], with a lawn formed of an often continuous sphagnum-dominated carpet of [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum balticum] and [Calliergon sarmentosum]; the scanty species cortège includes [Salix herbacea], sometimes also [Betula nana], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Eriophorum angustifolium]. These communities usually cover small surfaces, notably of hollows, of nutrient deficient substrates, often encroaching on snow-patch communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Eriophorum vaginatum] sphagnum fens

Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.292
definition: Fen lawn communities of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Molinia caerulea], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), with a continuous sphagnum-dominated ground layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal acidic [Sphagnum] fens
narrower: Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass-sphagnum fens
narrower: Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass-brown moss-sphagnum fens

Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass-sphagnum fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2921
definition: Fen lawn communities of the western Palaearctic, in particular, of the mountains of Fennoscandia, of central Finland, southern Sweden and Denmark, and of the Faeroe Islands, dominated by [Molinia caerulea], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Narthecium ossifragum] with [Myrica gale], with a sphagnum carpet mainly of [Sphagnum papillosum] and [Sphagnum compactum]; These communities occur on strings and, in mountainous areas, in mire margins and along soaks. The species cortège includes, among others, [Carex dioica], [Carex echinata], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Selaginella selaginoides], [Viola palustris], [Calliergon stramineum], [Drepanocladus badius]. Communities of the Faeroe Islands lack [Sphagnum compactum] and [Myrica gale]; they may be dominated by [Eriophorum angustifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass fens

Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass-brown moss-sphagnum fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2922
definition: Fen lawn communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of boreal Fennoscandia, dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Molinia caerulea], with [Myrica gale] and [Carex lasiocarpa], and a sphagnum and brown moss carpet mainly of [Sphagnum papillosum], accompanied by [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum imbricatum], [Sphagnum plumulosum], [Sphagnum subfulvum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus badius]. The species cortège, which typically comprises some rich fen species, may include [Andromeda polifolia], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex dioica], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Selaginella selaginoides], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Phragmites australis], [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal purple moorgrass-deergrass fens

Boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.293
definition: Mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine with a sphagnum ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum lindbergii] and a field layer dominated by sedges of [Carex] spp., [Scirpus cespitosus] or [Eriophorum] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal acidic [Sphagnum] fens
narrower: Sedge and cottongrass boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires
narrower: Deergrass boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires

Sedge and cottongrass boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.2931
definition: Mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of Fennoscandian mountains, with a sphagnum ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum lindbergii] and/or [Sphagnum majus] with a field layer dominated by any of several Cyperaceae, [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex limosa], [Carex pauciflora], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rostrata], [Carex rotundata], [Carex magellanica] or [Eriophorum angustifolium], occupying sites in slightly inclined or flat fens with nutrient deficient, low pH stagnant waters. Vascular accompanying species may include [Andromeda polifolia], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Carex aquatilis]; the bryophyte cortège includes [Caliergon stramineum], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Gymnocolea inflata], [Sphagnum annulatum], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum tenellum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires

Deergrass boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.2932
definition: Mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of Fennoscandian mountains, with a sphagnum ground layer dominated by [Sphagnum lindbergii] and a field layer dominated by [Scirpus cespitosus], occupying sites within a wide nutrient range, the deergrass being especially abundant in rich fen situations. Accompanying species that may occur with varying frequency include sedges, [Carex limosa], [Carex pauciflora], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rotundata], [Eriophorum vaginatum], which may dominate or codominate, and dicots, [Andromeda polifolia], [Betula nana], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Vaccinium microcarpum]; the bryophyte cortège includes [Caliergon stramineum], [Drepanocladus badius], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum tenellum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreoalpine [Sphagnum lindbergii] mires

[Myrica gale] scrub on poor fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2A
definition: [Myrica gale] thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires

Caucasian acidic fens
type: Concept
notation: D2.2B
definition: [Carex dacica] ([Carex nigra ssp. dacica]) acidic fens of the northwestern Caucasus, with [Primula auriculata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires

Soft water spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C
definition: Spring mires of acid or neutral, oligotrophic to eutrophic non-calcareous springs. The specialised spring communities belong to the various associations of the [Montio-Cardaminetea]. The associated swamp communities belong to the [Caricetalia fuscae] and may be found in unit D2.22. The hydrophilous mosses [Bryum schleicheri], [Philonotis fontana], [Pellia epiphylla], [Brachythecium rivulare] and vascular plants [Cardamine amara], [Cardamine acris], [Rumex balcanicus], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Montia rivularis] among others are the dominant species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Poor fens and soft-water spring mires
narrower: Soft water bryophyte springs
narrower: Bittercress springs
narrower: Oro-Mediterranean soft water spring mires

Soft water bryophyte springs
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C1
definition: Spring communities of lime-poor waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by bryophytes, mostly characteristic of northern upland and high montane, alpine or subalpine levels, also locally of well-lit lowland sites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water spring mires
narrower: Montane soft water moss springs
narrower: [Philonotis]-[Saxifraga stellaris] springs
narrower: [Pohlia] springs
narrower: Boreoalpine soft water hepatic springs
narrower: Britannic [Anthelia] springs
narrower: Boreal meadow springs
narrower: Soft water lichen springs
narrower: Permafrost seeps

Montane soft water moss springs
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C11
definition: Spring communities of montane, sometimes collinar, lowland or subalpine, well-lit, lime-poor waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by mosses, in particular, [Philonotis fontana], with [Epilobium nutans], [Epilobium obscurum], [Epilobium palustre], [Epilobium parviflorum], [Montia fontana], [Stellaria alsine], [Galium uliginosum], [Ranunculus repens], [Veronica beccabunga], [Equisetum fluviatile].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water bryophyte springs

[Pohlia] springs
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C13
definition: Bryophyte dominated spring communities of alpine, subalpine, boreoalpine or arctoalpine, well-lit, lime-poor cold waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by light green mosses of genus [Pohlia], in particular, [Pohlia wahlenbergii] ([Mniobryum albicans]), [Pohlia ludwigii], with a sparse, arctoalpine vascular species cortège.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water bryophyte springs

Boreoalpine soft water hepatic springs
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C14
definition: Bryophyte dominated spring communities of alpine, subalpine, boreoalpine or arctoalpine, sometimes montane, well-lit, lime-poor cold waters of the Palaearctic domaine, dominated by leafy hepatics of genera [Scapania], [Marsupella], [Jungermannia], [Nardia], with a vascular species cortège rich in arctoalpine species, characteristic of the higher altitudes of the Alpine system, of neighbouring high ranges and of northern mountains, descending locally to lower altitudes, in particular, in Hercynian regions and in northern Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water bryophyte springs

[Philonotis]-[Saxifraga stellaris] springs
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C12
definition: Bryophyte dominated spring communities of alpine, subalpine, boreoalpine, arctoalpine, and sometimes upland, well-lit, lime-poor cold waters of the northern Palaearctic mountains and hills, of the Alpine system and of the great Hercynian ranges, mostly dominated by [Philonotis seriata], [Bryum schleicheri] or, in the north and west, [Philonotis fontana], with a vascular species cortège marked by arcto-alpine species, among which [Saxifraga stellaris] is usually prominent. Somewhat intermediate between the communities of unit 54.1111 and those of units 54.1113 and 54.1114, they extend to relatively low upland regions in northern Europe, in the British isles, and, as glacial relicts, in the Hercynian ranges and their periphery.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water bryophyte springs

Britannic [Anthelia] springs
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C15
definition: Spring communities of Atlantic montane or collinar well-lit, lime-poor, cold waters of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Anthelia julacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water bryophyte springs

Boreal meadow springs
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C16
definition: Bryophyte-rich communities of lime-poor cold springs of the subalpine and alpine zones of boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia and of Iceland, characterized by a greater abundance of tall herbs than in the communities of units 54.1112 to 54.1115, in particular, of units 54.1112 and 54.1113, to which they are closely related, with a resulting lesser prominence of the moss carpet, dominated by [Pohlia wahlenbergii ssp. glacialis] ([Pohlia albicans f. glacialis]) or [Philonotis fontana]. The communities of this unit may grade into [Potentilla crantzii]-[Bistorta vivipara] communities of unit 36.12361 and moist [Dryas] heaths of unit 31.49323.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water bryophyte springs

Soft water lichen springs
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C17
definition: Bryophyte and encrusting lichen communities of lime-poor, often intermittent, springs of the high-alpine level of Palaearctic mountains of the Alpine system, formed by the lichen [Dermatocarpon rivulorum] and the mosses [Brachythecium glaciale], [Schistidium rivulare].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water bryophyte springs

Permafrost seeps
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C18
definition: Bryophyte and small herb communities of shallow depressions filled by thaw water in permafrost areas, in particular, of Spitzbergen, constituted by the mosses [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus uncinatus], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Philonotis tomentella], [Bryum pallens], [Oncophorus wahlenbergii], and by [Ranunculus hyperboreus], [Ranunculus sulphureus], [Saxifraga foliolosa], [Saxifraga rivularis], [Saxifraga cernua], [Cardamine nymanii], [Phippsia algida], [Alopecurus alpinus], [Luzula confusa], [Equisetum boreale].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water bryophyte springs

Bittercress springs
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C2
definition: Spring communities of mostly collinar and montane, shaded waters poor in lime of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Ranunculus hederaceus], [Cardamine amara], [Cardamine flexuosa], [Cardamine raphanifolia], [Chrysosplenium oppositifolium], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Saxifraga clusii ssp. lepismigena], ranging southwest to the Cordillera Cantabrica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water spring mires

Oro-Mediterranean soft water spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.2C3
definition: Soft water spring and rivulet communities of the high altitudes of the mountains of the southern Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Soft water spring mires

Transition mires and quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.3
definition: Incompletely terrestrialized wetlands occupied by peat-forming vegetation with acid groundwater or (for vegetation rafts) acid underlying pool or lake water. Characteristic species are [Calla palustris], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex diandra], [Carex heleonastes], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Potentilla palustris], [Rhynchospora alba], [Scheuchzeria palustris]. Included are rafts of [Sphagnum] and [Eriophorum] (D2.38) and quaking rafts of [Molinia caerulea] (D2.3D). Excluded are stands of vegetation fringing water bodies (C3.2) unless the vegetation raft is sufficiently extensive to count as a habitat in its own right.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires
narrower: [Carex lasiocarpa] swards
narrower: [Carex diandra] quaking mires
narrower: [Carex rostrata] quaking mires
narrower: [Carex limosa] swards
narrower: [Carex chordorrhiza] swards
narrower: [Carex heleonastes] swards
narrower: [Rhynchospora alba] quaking bogs
narrower: [Sphagnum] and [Eriophorum] rafts
narrower: [Menyanthes trifoliata] and [Potentilla palustris] rafts
narrower: [Calla palustris] mires
narrower: Brown moss carpets
narrower: [Eriophorum vaginatum] quaking bogs
narrower: [Molinia caerulea] quaking bogs
narrower: [Calamagrostis stricta] quaking bogs
narrower: [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]) quaking bogs
narrower: Iberian quaking bogs
narrower: Wet, open, acid peat and sand, with [Rhynchospora alba] and [Drosera]
narrower: Balkanic quaking bogs

[Carex lasiocarpa] swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.31
definition: Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions dominated by the medium sized [Carex lasiocarpa], associated with either sphagna or pleurocarps and often accompanied by [Eriophorum gracile], [Menyanthes trifoliata], usually forming floating meadows. Vegetation of alliance [Caricetum lasiocarpae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs
narrower: Brown moss slender-sedge swards
narrower: Sphagnum slender-sedge swards
narrower: Brown moss-sphagnum slender-sedge swards

Brown moss slender-sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.311
definition: Basicline quaking mires and floating mats of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex lasiocarpa] associated with [Scorpidium scorpioides] and other pleurocarps, and with charophytes. Among characteristic accompanying species are [Pedicularis palustris] and [Liparis loeselii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex lasiocarpa] swards

Sphagnum slender-sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.312
definition: Acidocline quaking mires and floating mats of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex lasiocarpa] associated with sphagna ([Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum lindbergii], [Sphagnum pulchrum], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum dusenii], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum subnitens], [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum flexuosum], [Sphagnum fimbriatum], [Sphagnum palustre], [Sphagnum auriculatum]) and [Polytrichum commune]. Characteristic accompanying species include [Carex rostrata], [Carex nigra], [Carex panicea], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Dactylorhiza sphagnicola], [Comarum palustre], [Vaccinium oxycoccos].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex lasiocarpa] swards

Brown moss-sphagnum slender-sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.313
definition: Mesotrophic quaking mires and floating mats of the Palaearctic domaine, mostly characteristic of the boreal region, dominated by [Carex lasiocarpa] associated with sphagna and brown mosses, in particular with the mesotrophic species [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum contortum], [Drepanocladus revolvens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex lasiocarpa] swards

[Carex diandra] quaking mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.32
definition: Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex diandra] in association with [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex appropinquata], [Carex limosa], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Eriophorum gracile], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Comarum palustre], [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], [Pedicularis palustris] and an abundance of bryophytes, including the pleurocarps [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus intermedius] and the liverwort [Riccardia pinguis], usually forming open swards. These mires are an important habitat for the threatened [Liparis loeselii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

[Carex rostrata] quaking mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.33
definition: Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions dominated by [Carex rostrata] or, in western Siberia, [Carex rotundata], on sphagnum or, sometimes, pleurocarp carpets, usually constituting sparse low formations. They extend south to the mountains of the Caucasus. Vegetation of alliance [Caricetum rostratae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs
narrower: Acidocline bottle sedge quaking mires
narrower: Basicline bottle sedge quaking mires

Acidocline bottle sedge quaking mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.331
definition: Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine constituted by mats of acidophilous sphagna with a usually low, open growth of [Carex rostrata], accompanied by [Carex nigra], [Carex canescens], [Carex limosa], [Vaccinium oxycoccos]; the main sphagna are [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum flexuosum], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum obtusum], [Sphagnum dusenii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex rostrata] quaking mires

Basicline bottle sedge quaking mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.332
definition: Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine formed by [Carex rostrata] with basiphilous sphagna or pleurocarps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex rostrata] quaking mires
narrower: Basicline sphagnum-bottle sedge quaking mires
narrower: Brown moss-bottle sedge quaking mires

Basicline sphagnum-bottle sedge quaking mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.3321
definition: Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex rostrata] accompanied by basiphilous sphagna, [Sphagnum contortum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Sphagnum squarrosum]. They are most characteristic of boreal regions, restricted at lower latitudes to the montane to subalpine belts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Basicline bottle sedge quaking mires

Brown moss-bottle sedge quaking mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.3322
definition: Transition mire communities of boreal and western nemoral regions of the Palaearctic domaine formed by [Carex rostrata] with brown mosses, in particular, [Calliergon cuspidatum], [Calliergon giganteum], [Campylium stellatum], [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Drepanocladus revolvens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Basicline bottle sedge quaking mires

[Carex limosa] swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.34
definition: Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex limosa], with brown mosses and sphagna, forming low floating or quaking swards.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs
narrower: Brown moss-mud sedge swards
narrower: Sphagnum-mud sedge swards
narrower: Boreal mud sedge swards

Brown moss-mud sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.341
definition: Basicline [Carex limosa] swards and floating rafts of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Eriophorum gracile] and a rich bryophyte cortège formed by the mosses [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Calliergon giganteum], [Calliergon trifarium], [Calliergon stramineum], [Campylium stellatum], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum], the liverwort [Riccardia pinguis], and occasionally sphagna. [Scheuchzeria palustris] or [Liparis loeselii] may be present. Outside of transition mires, elements of these communities occur in the depressions of rich fens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex limosa] swards

Sphagnum-mud sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.342
definition: Acidocline [Carex limosa] swards and floating rafts of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Drosera anglica], [Menyanthes trifoliata] and the sphagna [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum imbricatum], [Sphagnum papillosum] and [Menyanthes trifoliata]. Outside of transition mires, elements of these communities, and notably [Scheuchzeria palustris], occur in deep hollows of bogs (unit 51.121), with [Rhynchospora alba] and [Carex pauciflora] and often without [Carex limosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex limosa] swards

Boreal mud sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.343
definition: Transition mire communities of the northern boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic, in particular, of northern Finland, forming in flarks and rimpis of aapa mires, composed of a sparse field layer dominated by [Carex limosa] and [Scheuchzeria palustris] and a continuous ground layer of [Sphagnum annulatum], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum lindbergii], [Sphagnum majus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex limosa] swards

[Carex chordorrhiza] swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.35
definition: Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex chordorrhiza], forming short to medium-tall, usually inundated, swards, predominantly boreal, distributed in Fennoscandia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Siberia and, very locally, in Scotland, with a disjunct area of occurrence in Central Europe, in pre-Alpine, eastern Hercynian and eastern Carpathian regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

[Carex heleonastes] swards
type: Concept
notation: D2.36
definition: Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex heleonastes], often associated with [Meesia triquetra], forming short to medium-tall swards, of local distribution in transition mires and in bog hollows of peri-Alpine and northern European areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

[Rhynchospora alba] quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.37
definition: [Rhynchospora alba]-rich formations of transition mires of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Drosera anglica], [Drosera intermedia], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Sphagnum recurvum] and sometimes with [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Andromeda polifolia] or [Scheuchzeria palustris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

[Sphagnum] and [Eriophorum] rafts
type: Concept
notation: D2.38
definition: Transition mire communities formed by floating, sometimes drifting, carpets of sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum auriculatum] ([Sphagnum obesum]) or of sphagna and [Eriophorum angustifolium]. They may constitute fairly large transition mire communities in permanent heath pools, periglacial palsas, large raised bog and blanket bog pools and in former peat extraction holes. They often succeed the communities of unit D2.39 in the colonization process. They have an appearance that ranges from low, barely emerging sphagnum mats to fairly dense cottonsedge beds. [Drosera rotundifolia] is often abundant. The sphagnum and common cottongrass communities are an important habitat for the threatened bog orchid [Hammarbya paludosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

[Menyanthes trifoliata] and [Potentilla palustris] rafts
type: Concept
notation: D2.39
definition: Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine constituted by the association of forbs, in particular [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Potentilla palustris] ([Comarum palustre]), [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], [Cicuta virosa], and sphagna or brown mosses, often in floating carpets, occupying wet areas in mire systems or the terrestrialisation zone at the edge of watercourses and waterbodies. The community is clearly structured into three layers. [Potentilla palustris] ([Comarum palustre]) dominates in the highest one, the second layer is dominated by [Carex rostrata] and [Menyanthes trifoliata], and the third layer is composed of [Sphagnum] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs
narrower: Boreo-nemoral bog bean and marsh cinquefoil rafts
narrower: Oroboreal bog bean-sphagnum rafts
narrower: Boreoalpine dwarf willow quaking bogs
narrower: Boreal bogbean-brown moss carpets
narrower: Boreal cowbane-willowherb-[Calliergon] quaking bogs
narrower: Fennoscandian [Paludella] spring bogs

Oroboreal bog bean-sphagnum rafts
type: Concept
notation: D2.392
definition: Oligotrophic transition mire communities of the subalpine level of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia formed by [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Sphagnum lindbergii], [Sphagnum majus], with [Carex] spp., [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum russeolum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Menyanthes trifoliata] and [Potentilla palustris] rafts

Boreal bogbean-brown moss carpets
type: Concept
notation: D2.394
definition: Transition mire communities of northern boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of northern Finland, dominated by [Menyanthes trifoliata] or sedges, with a brown moss ground layer dominated by [Drepanocladus fluitans], [Drepanocladus exannulatus] or [Drepanocladus procerus]. [Sphagnum riparium] may be abundant and [Calliergon sarmentosum] present. The vascular species cortège includes [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Carex rotundata], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum gracile], [Eriophorum russeolum], [Andromeda polifolia], [Potentilla palustris], [Vaccinium oxycoccos].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Menyanthes trifoliata] and [Potentilla palustris] rafts

Boreal cowbane-willowherb-[Calliergon] quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.395
definition: Transition mire communities of northern boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by grasses and forbs, in particular [Cicuta virosa], [Epilobium palustre], [Pedicularis palustris], with brown mosses, primarily [Calliergon richardsonii] and an absence of [Scorpidium scorpioides] and [Drepanocladus revolvens], in conditions of flowing surface water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Menyanthes trifoliata] and [Potentilla palustris] rafts

Boreo-nemoral bog bean and marsh cinquefoil rafts
type: Concept
notation: D2.391
definition: Pioneering floating carpets of the boreal Palaearctic and of the nemoral Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and sub-Continental Palaearctic, constituted by [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Potentilla palustris] ([Comarum palustre]), [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], often with [Equisetum fluviatile], [Carex rostrata], [Cicuta virosa], sphagna such as [Sphagnum fallax], [Sphagnum majus], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum squarrosum], or brown mosses, in particular, [Drepanocladus exannulatus], forming, in mire systems and the terrestrialisation zone at the edge of watercourses and waterbodies, a transition between aquatic or amphibious communities and mire communites. Initial stages have [Potamogeton polygonifolius] or [Potamogeton coloratus], late stages, [Carex nigra], [Juncus acutiflorus], [Molinia caerulea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Menyanthes trifoliata] and [Potentilla palustris] rafts

Boreoalpine dwarf willow quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.393
definition: Transition mire communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular of the lower alpine levels of Fennoscandian mountains, characterized by a 0.5-1.5 m high shrub layer, a ground layer dominated by [Paludella squarrosa] and the presence of several snow patch species, occupying medium rich fens influenced by mineral waters. The species cortège includes [Carex aquatilis], [Carex bigelowii], [Carex lachenalii], [Carex rariflora], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Salix herbacea], [Salix polaris], [Saxifraga foliolosa], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Solidago virgaurea], and the bryophytes [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Calliergon stramineum], [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus badius], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Drepanocladus uncinatus], [Sphagnumteres].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Menyanthes trifoliata] and [Potentilla palustris] rafts

Fennoscandian [Paludella] spring bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.396
definition: Transition mire brown moss-forb-sedge communities of boreal regions of the Palaearctic domaine, in particular, of Fennoscandia, characteric of rich fens with moving surface water resulting from flooding or the proximity of springs. [Filipendula ulmaria] and [Paludella squarrosa] are typical of these communities. The highly variable vascular species cortège may include [Cirsium helenioides], [Crepis paludosa], [Epilobium] spp., [Geum rivale], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla palustris], [Salix] spp., [Saussurea alpina], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Carex] spp., [Eriophorum latifolium]; the moss layer may include [Bryum] spp., [Calliergon] spp., [Cinclidium stygium], [Cratoneuron] spp., [Drepanocladus] spp., [Helodium blandowii], [Mnium] spp., [Philonotis] spp., [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Tomentypnum nitens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Menyanthes trifoliata] and [Potentilla palustris] rafts

[Calla palustris] mires
type: Concept
notation: D2.3A
definition: Floating meadows, quaking bogs or sphagnum mats dominated by or rich in [Calla palustris], often with [Potentilla palustris] and [Menyanthes trifoliata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

Brown moss carpets
type: Concept
notation: D2.3B
definition: Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Scorpidium scorpioides], [Calliergon giganteum], [Calliergon cuspidatum], [Calliergon richardsonii], [Campylium stellatum], [Paludella squarrosa], associated with sparse [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex aquatilis], sometimes with [Potentilla palustris], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Sphagnum recurvum], [Sphagnum dusenii], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum squarrosum], [Sphagnum subsecundum] or [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Sphagnum contortum], [Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum platyphyllum], characteristic of mesocline or basicline quaking bogs, often occurring in mosaic with [Carex lasiocarpa] or [Carex diandra] formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

[Eriophorum vaginatum] quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.3C
definition: Transition mire communities in which the grass layer is dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum] on a thick mat of [Sphagnum recurvum], with [Polytrichum commune] often forming a second moss layer. Associated plants include [Carex nigra] and [Agrostis canina]. Typical raised bog plants are few, often limited to [Carex pauciflora] and [Vaccinium oxycoccos].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

[Molinia caerulea] quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.3D
definition: Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Molinia caerulea] with [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Eleocharis palustris], [Rhynchospora alba], characteristic of low-lying areas in wet heaths and the periphery of fluctuating oligotrophic moor and heath pools.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

[Calamagrostis stricta] quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.3E
definition: Basicline transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine, dominated by, or rich in, [Calamagrostis stricta] ([Calamagrostis neglecta]), often associated with [Carex diandra], recorded, in particular, from northern Fennoscandia, northern, eastern and pre-Alpine Germany, Poland, Hungary. In middle Europe, [Calamagrostis stricta] is a very rare, decreasing, threatened glacial relict.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

[Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]) quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.3F
definition: Transition mire communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Scirpus hudsonianus]. It is in these that the species finds its principal habitat.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

Iberian quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.3G
definition: Sphagnum communities of the collinar, and locally, montane, areas of northwestern Iberia, intermediate between transition mire and bog, with [Drosera rotundifolia], [Carex durieui], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum subnitens], [Odontoschisma sphagni], [Aulacomnium palustre].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

Nemoral bare peat communities
type: Concept
notation: D2.3H1
definition: Highly constant pioneer communities of humid exposed peat or, sometimes, sand, of nemoral Atlantic and sub-Atlantic regions of the Palaearctic domaine, with [Rhynchospora alba], [Rhynchospora fusca], [Drosera intermedia], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Lycopodiella inundata], forming on stripped areas of blanket bogs or raised bogs, but also on naturally seep- or frost-eroded areas of wet heaths and bogs, in flushes and in the fluctuation zone of oligotrophic pools with sandy, slightly peaty substratum. These communities are similar, and closely related, to those of shallow bog hollows (unit 51.122) and of transition mires (unit 54.57). They are often associated with wet heaths of unit 31.1 or [Myrica gale] scrubs of unit 44.93.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wet, open, acid peat and sand, with [Rhynchospora alba] and [Drosera]

Balkanic quaking bogs
type: Concept
notation: D2.3I
definition: Dense, low formations, typified by an abundant turf layer of [Sphagnum contortum], [Sphagnum flexuosum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum acutifolium], [Sphagnum squarrosum] and the presence of [Drosera rotundifolia], [Pinguicula balcanica] or [Equisetum fluviatile]. Other important elements of this habitat are mosses [Aulacomnium palustre], [Scorpidium vernicosum], [Philonotis fontana] and vascular plants [Carex echinata], [Carex curta], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla erecta], [Eriophorum angustifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs

Aapa, palsa and polygon mires
type: Concept
notation: D3
definition: Patterned mire complexes of the arctic, subarctic and northern boreal zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mires, bogs and fens
narrower: Palsa mires
narrower: Aapa mires
narrower: Polygon mires

Palsa mires
type: Concept
notation: D3.1
definition: Mires of the subarctic and northern boreal regions formed by elevated frozen mounds or ridges (palsas), 0.5 to 8 m high and up to 50 m in diameter, interspersed wet hollows of similar area. Palsa mires are distributed in the discontinuous permafrost zone of Iceland, northern Fennoscandia and arctic Russia, in areas experiencing subzero temperatures for at least 200 days per year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa, palsa and polygon mires
narrower: Palsa mounds
narrower: [Sphagnum fuscum] pounikko hummocks
narrower: Palsa mire flarks

Wet, open, acid peat and sand, with [Rhynchospora alba] and [Drosera]
type: Concept
notation: D2.3H
definition: Sparse, bryophyte-poor, sedge and rush communities of bare, extremely wet peat muds of boreal mires, frequently inundated, remaining wet for a prolonged part of dry periods, together with pioneer communities of humid exposed peat or, sometimes, sand, forming on stripped areas of blanket bogs or raised bogs, as well as on naturally seep- or frost-eroded areas of wet heaths and bogs, in flushes and in the fluctuation zone of oligotrophic pools with sandy, slightly peaty substratum. Vegetation of alliance [Rhynchosporion albae], the most typical species are [Rhynchospora alba], [Hydrocotyle vulgaris], [Juncus bulbosus], [Lycopodiella inundata], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum denticulatum] and [Sphagnum inundatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Transition mires and quaking bogs
narrower: Nemoral bare peat communities
narrower: Boreal mud-bottom communities

Boreal mud-bottom communities
type: Concept
notation: D2.3H2
definition: Sparse, bryophyte-poor, sedge and rush communities of bare, extremely wet peat muds of boreal Palaearctic mires, frequently inundated, remaining wet for a prolonged part of dry periods. The elastic substrate expands and raises when saturated, shrinks in dry periods, forming polygonal networks of surface cracks; there is no peat formation. Mud-bottom communities comprise the same vascular plants as transition mires of unit 54.5, such as [Carex limosa], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rostrata], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum gracile], [Eriophorum russeolum], but they are more dispersed. [Juncus stygius] and [Utricularia intermedia] are, however, characteristic. Bryophytes are absent or scattered, although the small hepatics [Cladopodiella fluitans] and [Gymnocolea inflata] are sometimes abundant; a well-developed surface film is formed by microalgae, including filamentous algae such as [Zygogonium erieetorum], and numerous desmids and diatoms in fen mud-bottoms. In situations of ochre formation, iron bacteria are abundant. Mud-bottom communities occur in acidic fens of unit 54.4, in rich fens of unit 54.2, in bog hollows of unit 51, and, mostly, in flarks or rimpis of aapa mires of unit 54.8 and palsa mires of unit 54.9.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wet, open, acid peat and sand, with [Rhynchospora alba] and [Drosera]

Palsa mounds
type: Concept
notation: D3.11
definition: Raised features of the palsa mires of the Palaearctic domaine constructed of peat around a permafrost core of ice and peat, colonized by ombrotrophic communities of dwarf shrubs, mosses, sphagna and lichens. They may take the shape of relatively low and flat ridges, 0.50 to 1.5 or 2.0 metres high, or higher domes, up to 8 metres in height. The first may be more characteristic of the continuous permafrost zone, the second of discontinuous permafrost zone where permafrost disappears under the mostly minerotrophic intervening hollows.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Palsa mires
narrower: Northern Fennoscandian palsa mounds
narrower: Icelandic palsa mounds

Northern Fennoscandian palsa mounds
type: Concept
notation: D3.111
definition: Palsa domes, ridges and plateaux of Fennoscandia, restricted to the low alpine, subalpine and sometimes upper conifer forest levels of the northern, arctoalpine, Fennoscandian mountains of Troms, Finnmark, Swedish and Finnish Lapland, with outposts on the Dovre plateau in the boreoalpine mountains of Norway, occupied by dwarf shrub communities composed mainly of [Betula nana], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Ledum palustre], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], with [Vaccinium microcarpum], the mosses [Dicranum elongatum], [Polytrichum alpestre], [Pleurozium schreberi] and lichens, in particular of genus [Cladonia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Palsa mounds

Icelandic palsa mounds
type: Concept
notation: D3.112
definition: Palsa mounds of the periglacial arctoalpine highlands of central Iceland, 0.5-2.5 metres high, 2-10 metres long, 1-7 metres broad, surrounded by a narrow lake-like lagg or a minerotrophic mud-bottom mire, generally of the Icelandic [Carex rostrata]-[Carex rariflora] type (unit 54.6242), occupied, on the tops, by shrub communities dominated by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], with [Dryas octopetala], [Salix herbacea], [Armeria maritima], [Silene acaulis], [Kobresia myosuroides], the mosses [Drepanocladus uncinatus], [Racomitrium canescens], the sphagnum [Sphagnum teres] and the lichen [Cetraria islandica], and on the lower slopes by communities dominated by [Salix glauca ssp. callicarpaea] ([Salix arctica]), [Salix herbacea] and [Calamagrostis neglecta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Palsa mounds

[Sphagnum fuscum] pounikko hummocks
type: Concept
notation: D3.12
definition: High hummocks of [Sphagnum fuscum] of palsa mires of the western palsa mire region of the Palaearctic domaine, often congregating in broad fields, resulting, like the palsa mounds, from frost action, but with a core in which the frost is only seasonal though long-lasting.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Palsa mires

Palsa mire flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.13
definition: Pools, hollows and laggs of palsa mires of the subarctic and northern boreal zone, mostly inundated, minerotrophic or partly minerotrophic, acidocline to basicline. They are predominantly colonised by transition mire communities or mud-bottom communities of unit D2.3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Palsa mires

Aapa mires
type: Concept
notation: D3.2
definition: Mire complexes of the central and northern boreal zones, often extensive, with a concave or flat, gently to very slightly sloping surface patterned by an alternation of slightly to substantially raised ridges and hummocks (strings), with minerotrophic or ombrotrophic characteristics, and of minerotrophic pools and hollows (flarks), arranged perpendicularly to the slope direction. In Europe, the main area of distribution is subatlantic and subcontinental Fennoscandia and subarctic and arctic Russia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa, palsa and polygon mires
narrower: Aapa strings
narrower: Aapa flarks

Aapa strings
type: Concept
notation: D3.21
definition: Ridges and hummocks of aapa mires of the western boreal zone of the Palaearctic domaine, minerotrophic or partly ombrotrophic, generally long and narrow, lying perpendicular to the slope direction, alternating with elongated water-filled depressions. Low strings carry [Molinia]- or sedge-dominated communities, higher strings communities very similar to those of bog hummocks, unsually with small shrubs or pines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa mires
narrower: [Sphagnum fuscum] aapa strings
narrower: Sedge-[Sphagnum papillosum] aapa strings
narrower: Cottonsedge aapa strings
narrower: Purple moorgrass aapa strings
narrower: Dwarf shrub aapa strings

[Sphagnum fuscum] aapa strings
type: Concept
notation: D3.211
definition: Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic of the northern and central aapa mire regions, often tall or very tall, dominated by [Sphagnum fuscum], usually in conjunction with shrubs of unit 54.815.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa strings

Sedge-[Sphagnum papillosum] aapa strings
type: Concept
notation: D3.212
definition: Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic of the southern aapa mire regions, often relatively low, dominated by sedges of genus [Carex], in particular, [Carex lasiocarpa], associated with sphagna, often [Sphagnum papillosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa strings

Cottonsedge aapa strings
type: Concept
notation: D3.213
definition: Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine, mostly of the southern aapa mire regions, dominated by cottonsedges of genus [Eriophorum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa strings

Purple moorgrass aapa strings
type: Concept
notation: D3.214
definition: Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine, mostly of the southern aapa mire regions, usually low or very low, dominated by [Molinia caerulea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa strings

Dwarf shrub aapa strings
type: Concept
notation: D3.215
definition: Strings of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by dwarf shrubs, similar to those that occupy raised bog hummocks, in particular [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum] spp., [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Betula nana], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Ledum palustre], [Chamaedaphne calyculata], and in the Usa River basin of northeastern Europe, [Alnus fruticosa], associated mostly with [Sphagnum fuscum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa strings

Aapa flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.22
definition: Pools and hollows of aapa mires of the western boreal zone, mostly inundated, minerotrophic, most often mesotrophic or eutrophic, mostly shallow, sometimes deep, usually elongated, arranged perpendicularly to the slope direction, alternating with damming ridges, but sometimes more extensive, covering large ridge-free surfaces. They are predominantly colonised by small sedge fen communities, most often mud-bottom communities of unit D2.3H2, sometimes transition mire communities of unit D2.3, rich fen communities of unit D4.1 or acidic fen communities of unit D2.2; they may also harbour tall sedge communities of unit D5.2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa mires
narrower: Algae and hepatic flarks
narrower: Sphagnum flarks
narrower: Brown moss flarks
narrower: Small sedge mud-bottom flarks
narrower: Small-sedge rich fen flarks
narrower: Small-sedge acidic fen flarks
narrower: Small-sedge transition mire flarks
narrower: Tall sedge flarks

Algae and hepatic flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.221
definition: Flarks or rimpis of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine with very reduced mud-bottom communities of unit 54.62, almost devoid of sedges and sphagna or mosses, limited to small hepatics, in particular, [Gymnocolea inflata], [Cephalosia] spp., [Cladopodiella fluitans] and algae, in particular, [Zygogonium ericetorum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa flarks

Sphagnum flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.222
definition: Flarks of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine with bottom communities limited to carpets of acidocline or basicline sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum lindbergii], [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum majus], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum jensenii], [Sphagnum riparium], [Sphagnum dusenii], [Sphagnum tenellum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa flarks

Brown moss flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.223
definition: Flarks of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine with bottom communities limited to carpets of brown mosses, in particular, [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Scorpidium scorpioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa flarks

Small sedge mud-bottom flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.224
definition: Flarks of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by mud-bottom sedge or rush communities of unit 54.62, mostly dominated by [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex livida], [Carex rotundata], [Carex aquatilis], [Eriophorum angustifolium] or [Juncus stygius], most frequent of the vascular flark communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa flarks

Small-sedge rich fen flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.225
definition: Flarks of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by rich fen communities of unit 54.2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa flarks

Small-sedge acidic fen flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.226
definition: Flarks of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by acidic fen communities of unit 54.4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa flarks

Small-sedge transition mire flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.227
definition: Flarks of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by transition fen communities of unit 54.5.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa flarks

Tall sedge flarks
type: Concept
notation: D3.228
definition: Flarks of aapa mires of the Palaearctic domaine colonized by tall sedge beds of unit 53.2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa flarks

Polygon mires
type: Concept
notation: D3.3
definition: Complex mires of the arctic and subarctic patterned by surface microrelief of large, 10 to 30 m in diameter, low-centre or high-centre polygons formed by the juxtaposition of dry, 0.3 to 0.5 m high, ridges covered by shrubs, hypnoid mosses and sphagna, and of wet hollows occupied by grasses, sedges, mosses and sphagna. Polygon mires occur mainly outside Europe, in tundra where the mean annual temperature is below -1°C.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aapa, palsa and polygon mires
narrower: Polygon mire ridges
narrower: Polygon mire hollows

Polygon mire ridges
type: Concept
notation: D3.31
definition: Ridges and flat tops of polygons of polygon mires of the Arctic and subarctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine, covered by shrubs, hypnoid mosses and sphagna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polygon mires

Polygon mire hollows
type: Concept
notation: D3.32
definition: Hollows and cracks of polygon mires of the Arctic and subarctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine, occupied by the grasses [Arctophila fulva], [Dupontia fischeri], the sedges [Carex stans], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex rariflora], [Carex rotundata], the hypnoid mosses [Drepanocladus] spp., [Mnium] spp. and the sphagna [Sphagnum balticum], [Sphagnum majus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polygon mires

Base-rich fens and calcareous spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D4
definition: Peatlands, flushes and vegetated springs with calcareous or eutrophic ground water, within river valleys, alluvial plains, or on hillsides. As in poor fens, the water level is at or near the surface of the substratum and peat formation depends on a permanently high watertable. Excluded are reedbeds (C3, D5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mires, bogs and fens
narrower: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks
narrower: Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora

Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks
type: Concept
notation: D4.1
definition: Wetlands and spring-mires, seasonally or permanently waterlogged, with a soligenous or topogenous base-rich, often calcareous water supply. Peat formation, when it occurs, depends on a permanently high watertable. Rich fens may be dominated by small or larger graminoids ([Carex] spp., [Eleocharis] spp., [Juncus] spp., [Molinia caerulea], [Phragmites australis], [Schoenus] spp., [Sesleria] spp.) or tall herbs (e.g. [Eupatorium cannabinum]). Where the water is base-rich but nutrient-poor, small sedges usually dominate the mire vegetation, together with a "brown moss" carpet. Hard-water spring mires (D4.1N) often contain tufa cones and other tufa deposits. Excluded is the water body of hard-water springs (C2.1); calcareous flushes of the alpine zone are a separate category (D4.2). Rich fens are exceptionally endowed with spectacular, specialised, strictly restricted species. They are among the habitats that have undergone the most serious decline. They are essentially extinct in several regions and gravely endangered in much of central and western Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Base-rich fens and calcareous spring mires
narrower: [Schoenus nigricans] fens
narrower: [Schoenus ferrugineus] fens
narrower: Subcontinental [Carex davalliana] fens
narrower: Pyrenean [Carex davalliana] fens
narrower: [Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex flava] fens
narrower: [Carex nigra] alkaline fens
narrower: [Carex saxatilis] fens
narrower: [Carex frigida] fens
narrower: British [Carex demissa] - [Saxifraga aizoides] flushes
narrower: [Eleocharis quinqueflora] fens
narrower: Mediterranean and Central Eurasian small sedge fens
narrower: [Carex rostrata] alkaline fens
narrower: [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]) alkaline fens
narrower: [Trichophorum cespitosum] alkaline fens
narrower: Middle European [Blysmus compressus] fens
narrower: Small herb alkaline fens
narrower: Calcareous dunal [Juncus] - sedge fens
narrower: Tall herb fens
narrower: Icelandic [Carex bigelowii] fens
narrower: [Sesleria caerulea] fens
narrower: Icelandic [Equisetum palustre] fens
narrower: [Myrica gale] scrub on rich fens
narrower: Hard water spring mires

Hiberno-Britannic black bogrush fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.111
definition: [Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of the British Isles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Schoenus nigricans] fens

Germano-Gallic black bogrush fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.112
definition: [Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of Atlantic continental Europe, from western France to Schleswig-Holstein.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Schoenus nigricans] fens

Central European black bogrush fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.113
definition: [Schoenus nigricans]-dominated communities of calcareous fens with strong water-level fluctuations of summer-warm Alpine and peri-Alpine regions of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, France, of the Bohemian Quadrangle, and of subcontinental Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Poland and Lithuania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Schoenus nigricans] fens

Illyrian black bogrush fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.114
definition: [Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of the Illyrian region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Schoenus nigricans] fens

Pannonic black bogrush fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.115
definition: [Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of the Pannonic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Schoenus nigricans] fens

Intra-Carpathian black bogrush fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.116
definition: [Schoenus nigricans] fens of the southeastern Carpathian system, in the periphery of the Gilau Mountains, with [Peucedanum palustre] and [Lysimachia thyrsiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Schoenus nigricans] fens

[Schoenus ferrugineus] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.12
definition: [Schoenus ferrugineus]-dominated communities of rich fens of nemoral and boreonemoral Europe, mostly restricted to Alpine and peri-Alpine regions and to the Baltic periphery, with isolated outposts, in particular in eastern Scotland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks
narrower: Peri-Alpine brown bogrush fens
narrower: Scottish brown bogrush fens
narrower: Northern brown bogrush fens

Scottish brown bogrush fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.122
definition: [Schoenus ferrugineus] stands of base-rich Perthshire flushes, with [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Carex hostiana], [Carex panicea], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Scorpidium scorpioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Schoenus ferrugineus] fens

[Schoenus nigricans] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.11
definition: [Schoenus nigricans]-dominated or -rich communities of rich fens of nemoral, Pannonic and Pontic Europe, of wide distribution, though less common in Alpine and peri-Alpine regions than the next unit, and confined to lower altitudes. Rushes, [Juncus subnodulosus] in British and western continental inland fens, [Juncus balticus] in dune-slack fens, are often abundant. Other accompanying species include [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex hostiana], [Carex panicea], [Carex pulicaris], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Molinia caerulea], [Dactylorhiza incarnata], [Dactylorhiza praetermissa], [Dactylorhiza purpurella], [Dactylorhiza traunsteineri], [Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides], [Epipactis palustris], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris], brown mosses and, locally, [Pinguicula lusitanica] and [Drosera anglica]. These communities have enormously regressed, particularly in northern and northwestern continental Europe, and are extinct in many regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic black bogrush fens
narrower: Germano-Gallic black bogrush fens
narrower: Central European black bogrush fens
narrower: Illyrian black bogrush fens
narrower: Pannonic black bogrush fens
narrower: Intra-Carpathian black bogrush fens

Peri-Alpine brown bogrush fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.121
definition: [Schoenus ferrugineus]-dominated formations of Alpine and peri-Alpine regions, with a predominance of [Schoenus ferrugineus] among the gramineous growth which is often overwhelming, imparting to the fens a distinctive brown tone in summer. [Schoenus ferrugineus] may be accompanied by [Schoenus nigricans], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Carex hostiana], [Carex davalliana], [Carex panicea], [Carex flacca], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex demissa], [Carex dioica], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Molinia caerulea]; non-gramineous herbs include [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Gentiana utriculosa], [Drosera anglica], [Primula farinosa], [Parnassia palustris], [Dactylorhiza traunsteineri], [Dactylorhiza lapponica], [Tofieldia calyculata]; the rich moss layer is formed by [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Campylium stellatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Schoenus ferrugineus] fens

Northern brown bogrush fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.123
definition: [Schoenus ferrugineus]-dominated fens of northeastern Jutland, the Danish archipelago, southern and central Fennoscandia, northeastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States and northwestern Russia, with [Carex panicea], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Andromeda polifolia] and brown mosses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Schoenus ferrugineus] fens

Subcontinental [Carex davalliana] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.13
definition: Diverse, often extensive, calcareous fen communities of Central Europe, with [Carex davalliana], [Carex hostiana], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex capillaris], [Carex panicea], [Carex nigra], [Carex demissa], [Carex flava], [Carex pulicaris], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Blysmus compressus], [Schoenus ferrugineus], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus subnodulosus], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Molinia caerulea], [Tofieldia calyculata], [Allium schoenoprasum], [Potentilla erecta], [Swertia perennis], [Primula farinosa], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris] and a moss layer often dominated by brown mosses. They have their greatest species diversity in Alpine and peri-Alpine regions, and are represented by impoverished outlyers north to the middle European Hercynian system. Small sedges are usually abundant and dominance may be mixed or achieved by species of genus [Carex], in particular, [Carex davalliana], by [Eriophorum latifolium] or by [Scirpus cespitosus]. Vegetation of alliances [Caricion davallianae] and [Sphagno warnstorfiani-Tomenthypnion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks
narrower: Peri-Alpine Davall sedge fens
narrower: Deergrass Davall sedge fens
narrower: Bohemio-Pannonic Davall sedge fens
narrower: Carpathian Davall sedge fens
narrower: Northern Davall sedge fens
narrower: Dinaric carnation-tawny sedge fens

Peri-Alpine Davall sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.131
definition: Species-rich calcareous fens of the Alps, the Alpine piedmonts and peripheral plateaux, the Swiss plateau, the French, Swiss, Swabian, Franconian Jura and their periphery, often with a mixed dominance, usually with a particular prominence of [Carex davalliana], [Carex panicea], [Carex hostiana], [Carex nigra], [Carex flacca] or [Eriophorum latifolium], sometimes of [Carex microglochin], and with [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex capillaris], [Carex nigra], [Carex demissa], [Carex flava], [Carex pulicaris], [Blysmus compressus], [Schoenus ferrugineus], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Juncus articulatus], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Molinia caerulea], [Tofieldia calyculata], [Allium schoenoprasum], [Potentilla erecta], [Swertia perennis], [Primula farinosa], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris] and a moss layer formed by [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Cratoneuron glaucum], [Campylium stellatum]. These extremely species-rich communities are still represented by a few large, very well preserved examples on the Bavarian plateau. These are a refuge for many rare species, including the relict, threatened [Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum] and the orchids [Dactylorhiza traunsteineri], [Dactylorhiza ochroleuca], [Dactylorhiza incarnata], [Herminium monorchis], [Epipactis palustris]. Elsewhere in their range, the Davall sedge fens have undergone a drastic reduction, leading to extinction in many areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental [Carex davalliana] fens

Deergrass Davall sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.132
definition: Generally impoverished [Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated facies of Davall sedge fens. Common companions are [Carex davalliana], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla erecta] and the mosses [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus intermedius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental [Carex davalliana] fens

Bohemio-Pannonic Davall sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.133
definition: [Carex davalliana] calcareous fens of the northern Bohemian basin, the southeastern Sudeten, the inner piedmont of the western and southwestern Bohemian quadrangle, the Morava basin and the Pannonic basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental [Carex davalliana] fens

Carpathian Davall sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.134
definition: Basiphilous fen communities of the Western Carpathians, in particular, of the Pieniny and the Tatras, and of intramountain depressions at the 400-500 m level of the Eastern Carpathians, dominated by the small sedges [Carex davalliana], [Carex flava], [Carex distans], [Carex hostiana], [Carex panicea] and other fen species such as [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Primula farinosa], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Pedicularis palustris], [Valeriana simplicifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental [Carex davalliana] fens

Northern Davall sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.135
definition: [Carex davalliana] calcareous fens of northern Central Europe, north of the Jura, the Bohemian Quadrangle and the Carpathians, recorded, in particular, from the central German Hercynian ranges and hills, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental [Carex davalliana] fens

Dinaric carnation-tawny sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.136
definition: Calcareous fens of the Dinarides, with [Carex panicea], [Carex hostiana], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Molinia caerulea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental [Carex davalliana] fens

Pyrenean [Carex davalliana] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.14
definition: Uncommon calcareous fens of the Pyrenees, with [Eriophorum latifolium], [Carex davalliana], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex echinata], [Carex rostrata], [Carex flacca], [Carex panicea], [Carex paniculata], [Carex ovalis], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus inflexus], [Tofieldia calyculata], [Epipactis palustris], [Crepis paludosa], [Parnassia palustris], [Succisa pratensis], [Pinguicula grandiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

[Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex flava] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.15
definition: Diverse rich fen communities dominated by small sedges, among which [Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] or species of the [Carex flava] group, are usually prominent, but with little or no [Carex davalliana]. They have a distinctly western and northern distribution, occurring, in particular, in Fennoscandia, Baltic, the British Isles, the Causses, Iberia, with a disjunct area of prominence in the middle European Hercynian ranges and the Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks
narrower: British dioecious-yellow sedge fens
narrower: Northern dioecious-yellow-tawny sedge fens
narrower: Middle European yellow sedge fens
narrower: Cantabrian yellow sedge fens
narrower: Eastern Iberian rich fens
narrower: Flea sedge fens

British dioecious-yellow sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.151
definition: Small [Carex] swards of calcareous, soligenous mires on peat or mineral gleys, with [Carex dioica], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex demissa], [Carex nigra], [Carex hostiana], [Carex flacca], [Carex panicea], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Blysmus compressus], [Scirpus setaceus], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Primula farinosa], [Bartsia alpina], [Tofieldia pusilla] and sometimes, [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus alpinoarticulatus], [Molinia caerulea], [Equisetum variegatum], [Anagallis tenella], [Epipactis palustris] and the bryophytes [Campylium stellatum], [Bryum pseudotriquetrum], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Riccardia pinguis], [Cratoneuron commutatum], [Fissidens adianthoides], characteristic mostly of northern England and Scotland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex flava] fens

Northern dioecious-yellow-tawny sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.152
definition: Short [Carex]-dominated fen communities of Fennoscandia and northeastern Europe, with [Carex flava] s.l., [Carex panicea], [Carex dioica], [Carex hostiana] ([Carex hornchuchiana]), [Eriophorum latifolium], [Tofieldia pusilla] and brown mosses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex flava] fens
narrower: Fennoscandian brown moss yellow sedge fens
narrower: Fennoscandian [Sphagnum warnstorfii] yellow sedge fens
narrower: Eastern Baltic tawny sedge fens

Fennoscandian brown moss yellow sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1521
definition: Fen communities of Fennoscandia, concentrated in eutrophic districts, with a field layer of sedges, herbs and grasses that may include [Carex dioica], [Carex flava], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex panicea], [Carex rostrata], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Schoenus ferrugineus], [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]), [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Molinia caerulea], [Equisetum palustre], [Selaginella selaginoides], [Bartsia alpina], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla erecta], [Primula farinosa], [Saussurea alpina], [Tofieldia pusilla], sometimes with [Erica tetralix], [Andromeda polifolia], [Betula nana], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], and a brown-moss carpet dominated by [Campylium stellatum], [Paludella squarrosa], [Tomentypnum nitens], with [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Fissidens adianthoides], sometimes dominated by [Sphagnum warnstorfii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern dioecious-yellow-tawny sedge fens

Fennoscandian [Sphagnum warnstorfii] yellow sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1522
definition: Fen communities of subalpine and lower alpine zones of Fennoscandia, concentrated in eutrophic areas, with a field layer of sedges, herbs and grasses and sparse willows, notably [Salix glauca], [Salix lapponum]; [Anthriscus sylvestris], [Carex juncella], [Potentilla palustris] are characteristic as are the dominating bryophytes, [Tomentypnum nitens] and [Sphagnum warnstorfii]; the species cortège may include [Carex dioica], [Carex flava], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]), [Molinia caerulea], [Equisetum palustre], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Bartsia alpina], [Crepis paludosa], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Parnassia palustris], [Saussurea alpina], [Andromeda polifolia], [Betula nana], [Salix myrsinites], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Paludella squarrosa], [Alacomnium palustre], [Sphagnum angustifolium]. [Sphagnum warnstorfii] sedge communities are drier than the brown moss fen communities of unit 54.2521 and often occupy fen hummocks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern dioecious-yellow-tawny sedge fens

Eastern Baltic tawny sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1523
definition: Calcareous lake fens of Lithuania and northwestern Russia dominated by [Carex hostiana], with [Primula farinosa], [Peucedanum palustre].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern dioecious-yellow-tawny sedge fens

Middle European yellow sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.153
definition: Fen communities of middle latitudes of continental Western Europe and of Central Europe, recorded from the Netherlands, Belgium, western Germany, France, northern Italy including the Apuan Alps, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, with [Carex dioica], [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex flava], [Carex demissa], [Carex serotina], [Carex panicea], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Juncus articulatus] and [Campylium stellatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex flava] fens

Cantabrian yellow sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.154
definition: Rare exiguous alkaline spring and gully communities of the montane level of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with [Carex lepidocarpa], [Carex demissa], [Carex davalliana], [Carex echinata], [Carex nigra], [Carex panicea], [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Juncus articulatus], [Juncus alpestris], [Equisetum variegatum], [Pinguicula grandiflora], [Parnassia palustris] and, in more eastern communities, [Tofieldia calyculata], [Primula farinosa], [Bartsia alpina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex flava] fens

Eastern Iberian rich fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.155
definition: Calcareous fens of the southern Iberian Range (Sierra de Gudar, Sierra de Javalambre).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex flava] fens

Flea sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.156
definition: Fen formations of nemoral Europe intermediate between the [Caricion davallianae] and the [Caricion fuscae], often developed in ecotonal situations, with [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex dioica], dispersed over a fairly wide range in continental middle Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex dioica], [Carex pulicaris] and [Carex flava] fens

[Carex nigra] alkaline fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.16
definition: Rich fen communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Carex nigra], accompanied by basiphile species and brown mosses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks
narrower: Middle European black sedge rich fens
narrower: Boreal black sedge-brown moss fens
narrower: Icelandic black sedge-brown moss fens

[Carex saxatilis] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.17
definition: [Carex saxatilis]-dominated communities of calcareous mires of mountains of the northern regions. They are intermediate between other rich fen communities of unit D4.1 and arctoalpine communities of unit D4.2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

[Carex frigida] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.18
definition: Mostly subalpine formations dominated by [Carex frigida], colonizing seepages and flushes on stony slopes of the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Black Forest, with [Carex davalliana], [Carex demissa], [Carex panicea], [Carex nigra], [Juncus triglumis], [Juncus castaneus], [Blysmus compressus], [Tofieldia calyculata], [Parnassia palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Pinguicula grandiflora], [Primula farinosa], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Campylium stellatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

British [Carex demissa] - [Saxifraga aizoides] flushes
type: Concept
notation: D4.19
definition: [Carex demissa]-[Saxifraga aizoides] communities of submontane base-rich seeps in northern Wales, northern England, southern Scotland and, mostly, the Scottish Highlands, with [Juncus articulatus], [Carex panicea], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Selaginella selaginoides] and brown mosses. Montane saxifrage-sedge flushes with glacial relicts have been listed under unit D4.24.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

[Eleocharis quinqueflora] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1A
definition: Rich fen communities of the Palaearctic domaine dominated by [Eleocharis quinqueflora] ([Eleocharis pauciflora]), for the most part species-poor pioneering formations, relatively widespread, though decreasing and threatened, in the boreal region, in the Baltic plain, in western Hercynian hills and in Alpine and peri-Alpine regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

Mediterranean and Central Eurasian small sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1B
definition: Usually rare and isolated small sedge (e.g. [Carex flava], [Carex echinata]) rich fens of the high mountains of the eastern Mediterranean, the Euxinian periphery, Anatolia, central Eurasia, developed around springs, rivulets and seeps on limestones and ultra-basic rocks, in particular, ophiolites. Characteristic plants often include butterworts, sometimes of very restricted distribution, in particular, [Pinguicula hirtiflora], [Pinguicula balcanica], [Pinguicula crystallina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

Middle European black sedge rich fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.161
definition: Weakly alkaline, neutral or slightly acid fen communities of the montane to subalpine belt of the Alps and the greater Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Black Forest, the Vosges and the Bohemian Quadrangle, and of neighbouring hills, dominated by [Carex nigra], accompanied by calciphile species, brown mosses and basiphile sphagna. They are transitional between the rich fen communities of unit 54.2 and the acidic fen communities of unit 54.4, in particular, of unit 54.421, closely related to the dioecious-yellow-flea sedge communities of units 54.253 and 54.256, of which some of them constitute facies. Similar [Carex nigra]-dominated or -rich stands occur in more Atlantic regions, in particular, of the British Isles; they are probably best treated as part of the regionally more prevalent unit 54.25.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex nigra] alkaline fens

Boreal black sedge-brown moss fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.162
definition: [Carex nigra]-dominated fen communities of the subalpine to lower alpine zones of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia occupying low-lying areas affected by running water (pH 5.5-6.0), among low (0.20 m) willow brush of, notably, [Salix hastata], [Salix lanata], [Salix lapponum], [Salix phylicifolia], comprising poor fen margin vegetation with, in some parts, an admixture of medium rich fen elements, and with a ground layer mainly of brown mosses. The sedge-rich species cortège includes [Carex bigelowii], [Carex canescens], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex dioica], [Carex flava], [Carex limosa], [Carex magellanica], [Carex panicea], [Carex rostrata], [Carex rotundata], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Phleum alpinum], [Poa pratensis] s.l., [Caltha palustris], [Cardamine pratensis], [Pedicularis palustris], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Polygonum viviparum], [Potentilla erecta], [Potentilla palustris], [Viola palustris], [Salaginella salaginoides], [Thalictrum alpinum], and bryophytes [Aulacomnium palustre], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Calliergon stramineum], [Cinclidium stygium], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Paludella squarrosa], [Philonotis fontana], [Sphagnum warnstorfii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex nigra] alkaline fens

Icelandic black sedge-brown moss fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.163
definition: [Carex nigra]-dominated fen communities of the lowlands of Iceland with a variable species cortège that may include [Carex rariflora], [Carex lyngbyei], [Carex canescens], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Juncus filiformis], [Calamagrostis stricta], [Potentilla palustris], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Polygonum viviparum], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Salix callicarpaea] ([Salix arctica]), [Equisetum palustre], [Selaginella selaginoides] and bryophytes [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Calliergonella cuspidata], [Polytrichum commune], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Calliergon sarmentosum], [Calliergon stramineum], [Calliergon giganteum], [Cinclidium stygium], [Cinclidium subrotundum], [Climacium dendroides], [Hypnum] spp., [Oncophorus wahlenbergii], [Sphagnum girgensohnii]. Hummocks with heath mosses and sphagna are common; these communities are modified by grazing, resulting, notably, in a reduced willow component.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carex nigra] alkaline fens

[Carex rostrata] alkaline fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1C
definition: Alkaline fen communities dominated by [Carex rostrata], accompanied by a carpet of brown mosses, sometimes with basicline sphagna, and few vascular plants other than sedges, occupying very wet sites in rich fen complexes; these communities, which grade into transition mire communities of unit D2.3, or into tall sedge communities of units D5.2141 or D5.2125, are best characterised in the Fennoscandian mountains, although they can be individualised in other fen systems, in particular, in upland Britain. Accompanying species include [Carex aquatilis], [Carex juncella], [Carex rotundata], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Viola epipsila], and small willows, notably [Salix lapponum], [Salix glauca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

[Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]) alkaline fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1D
definition: Meso-eutrophic fen communities dominated by [Scirpus hudsonianus] ([Trichophorum alpinum]), with [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Scorpidium] spp., [Chrysohypnum stellatum], recorded from Scandinavia, from Germano-Baltic moraine land, from the subalpine and alpine levels of the Alps and the greater Hercynian ranges. They may constitute a [Scirpus hudsonianus] facies of the yellow-dioecious sedge fens of unit D4.153.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

[Trichophorum cespitosum] alkaline fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1E
definition: [Scirpus cespitosus]-dominated communities of alkaline fens, mainly characteristic of oceanic to subcontinental parts of the boreal region and of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Alps and the Pyrenees, at altitudes superior to those of the [Caricetum davallianae] communities of unit D4.13, including their deergrass-rich facies (unit D4.132).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

Middle European [Blysmus compressus] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1F
definition: [Blysmus compressus]-dominated stands of rich fens of northern and central Europe, south, in the Alpine system, to the montane Illyrian beech level of the central Dinarides, to the subalpine level of the Paeonian mountains, and to the montane and subalpine levels of the Apuseni Mountains and of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

Small herb alkaline fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1G
definition: Simplified and pioneer fen communities of the western Palaearctic formed mostly by a few non-gramineous species, in particular, [Anagallis tenella]-[Parnassia palustris] communities and [Saxifraga mutata] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

Calcareous dunal [Juncus] - sedge fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1H
definition: Fen communities of calcareous wet dune slacks of northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands and the North Sea coast of Germany dominated by sedges, in particular, [Carex trinervis], [Carex scandinavica], or by [Juncus anceps], with no or little [Schoenus nigricans] and with, among a number of characteristic accompaniers, [Juncus subnodulosus], [Parnassia palustris], [Gentianella amarella], [Herminium monorchis], [Epipactis palustris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

Tall herb fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1I
definition: Fens invaded by [Peucedanum palustre], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Cicuta virosa], [Symphytum officinale], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Cladium mariscus], [Phragmites australis], [Glyceria maxima], [Calamagrostis canescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

Icelandic [Carex bigelowii] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1J
definition: Rich fen [Carex bigelowii]-dominated communities of the lower alpine level of Iceland, descending, in the north, into the lowlands, occupying level substrates subjected to water movement and fluctuating moisture, with a consequently variable vegetation; mosses play a major role. The species cortège may include [Carex capillaris], [Carex dioica], [Carex nigra], [Carex rariflora], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Calamagrostis stricta], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Phleum alpinum], [Polygonum vivipara], [Saxifraga hirculus], [Salix callicarpaea] ([Salix arctica]), [Salix herbacea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Equisetum palustre], [Equisetum arvense], [Equisetum variegatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

[Sesleria caerulea] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1K
definition: Western fen communities dominated by [Sesleria caerulea], recorded, in particular, from peri-Pannonic regions, from the Bohemian Quadrangle, from the eastern Germano-Baltic plain and from the Eastern Carpathians with an abundance of [Carex hostiana], [Carex panicea], [Phragmites australis], [Cirsium rivulare], [Equisetum palustre], [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Galium boreale], [Campylium stellatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

Icelandic [Equisetum palustre] fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1L
definition: Rich fen communities of Iceland dominated by [Equisetum palustre], accompanied by a variety of grasses, sedges, in particular [Carex rariflora], and mosses, characteristic notably of badly drained solifluxion ledges on slopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

[Myrica gale] scrub on rich fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.1M
definition: [Myrica gale] thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks

Hard water spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N
definition: Spring mires of calcareous, often petrifying, springs. Their specialised communities, usually dominated by bryophytes, belong to the [Cratoneurion commutati]. Characteristic species are the mosses [Cratoneuron filicinum], [Cratoneuron commutatum], [Cratoneuron commutatum var. falcatum], [Catoscopium nigritum], [Eucladium verticillatum], [Gymnostomum recurvirostrae], with [Equisetum telmateia], [Equisetum variegatum] and flowering plants including [Cochlearia pyrenaica], [Arabis soyeri], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Saxifraga aizoides]. The associated swamp communities belong to the [Caricetalia davallianae], see units D4.13-D4.15. Large petrifying springs form tufa cones that constitute singular habitats with several interacting plant and animal communities, which are described as subunits.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks
narrower: Middle European calcareous spring mires
narrower: Boreo-alpine calcareous spring mires
narrower: Illyro-Balkanic calcareous spring mires
narrower: Caucasian calcareous spring mires
narrower: Anatolian calcareous spring mires

Middle European calcareous spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N1
definition: Communities of calcareous springs, seeps and flushes of the nemoral and lowland boreal western Palaearctic domaine in which tufa formation is absent or limited to encrustation of the constituting mosses without building of large deposits. They are characteristic of high altitudes, maritime climates and semishaded stations, all situations unfavourable to tufa formation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hard water spring mires
narrower: Hard water bryophyte springs
narrower: Great horsetail springs
narrower: Variegated horsetail springs
narrower: Small herb calcareous springs
narrower: Polish scurvy-grass springs
narrower: Carpathian oriental leopardsbane communities

Hard water bryophyte springs
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N11
definition: Communities of calcareous springs, flushes, seeps or parts of spring systems of nemoral and boreal Europe overwhelmingly dominated by bryophytes forming carpets, curtains or mounds with no or a modest amount of tufa deposition. Typical dominants are the mosses [Cratoneuron filicinum], [Cratoneuron commutatum], [Cratoneuron commutatum var. falcatum], [Cratoneuron decipiens], also the mosses [Philonotis calcarea], [Paludella squarrosa], [Hygrohypnum luridum], or the hepatic [Leiocolea bantriensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European calcareous spring mires

Great horsetail springs
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N12
definition: Mires of spring or seep systems of nemoral Europe fed by lime-rich waters over clay soils physiognomically dominated by the presence, alongside [Cratoneurion commutati] communities, of colonies of the large horsetail [Equisetum telmateia], pure or accompanied by other species characteristic of lowland tall herb communities (unit 37.1); these colonies may be dense, extensive and up to three metres tall.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European calcareous spring mires

Variegated horsetail springs
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N13
definition: Mires of spring or seep systems of boreal and nemoral Europe fed by lime-rich waters over sand or gravel soils physiognomically dominated by the presence, alongside [Cratoneurion commutati] formations, of communities belonging to or related to arcto-alpine riverine swards (unit 54.3) or subalpine willowherb stream communities (unit 24.22) comprising in particular stands of the perennial horsetail [Equisetum variegatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European calcareous spring mires

Small herb calcareous springs
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N14
definition: Communities of calcareous springs, flushes, seeps or parts of spring systems of nemoral and boreal Europe in which, alongside an abundant representation of bryophytes, assemblages of small dicots or sedges contribute significantly to the formation's appearance. Mosses of genus [Cratoneuron] usually remain the main bryophyte component, and there may be a modest amount of tufa encrustation and deposition. Characteristic vascular species include, in particular, [Cochlearia pyrenaica], [Arabis soyeri], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Saxifraga aizoides], and fen species belonging to the cortège of the [Caricetalia davallianae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European calcareous spring mires

Polish scurvy-grass springs
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N15
definition: Endemic [Cochlearia polonica] formations of cold springs and very clear fast-running brooks of fluvioglacial sand deposits over limestones of the Polish Jurassic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European calcareous spring mires

Carpathian oriental leopardsbane communities
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N16
definition: Calcareous spring communities, usually dominated by [Saxifraga aizoides], [Silene pusilla], [Caltha laeta], [Cratoneuron commutatum], with regional species, such as [Doronicum carpaticum], [Chrysosplenium alpinum], [Achillea schurii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European calcareous spring mires

Boreo-alpine calcareous spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N2
definition: Calcareous tufa-forming spring communities of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the boreonemoral and boreoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia, dominated by brown mosses, in particular by [Cratoneuron] species, with a relatively thin assembly of vascular species formed by elements of both fens and wet meadows, usually with a prominence of [Cystopteris montana] or [Saxifraga aizoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hard water spring mires

Illyro-Balkanic calcareous spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N3
definition: Calcareous spring and seep communities, often strongly tufa forming, of southeastern Europe, in particular of the Illyrian karst region, of the Devetashko Plateau in northern Bulgaria, with [Phyllitis scolopendrium], of the Hellenides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hard water spring mires

Caucasian calcareous spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N4
definition: Communities of alpine and subalpine calcareous springs of the Caucasus, with [Cardamine uliginosa], [Cardamine raphanifolia], [Primula auriculata], [Epilobium algidum], [Veronica beccabunga], [Carex orbicularis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hard water spring mires

Anatolian calcareous spring mires
type: Concept
notation: D4.1N5
definition: Calcareous spring and seep communities, often strongly tufa forming, of the Anatolian plateau.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hard water spring mires

Arctoalpine [Kobresia simpliciuscula] and [Carex microglochin] swards
type: Concept
notation: D4.21
definition: Arctoalpine seep and wet gravel communities of the Alpine system and the Fennoscandian mountains dominated by [Kobresia simpliciuscula] or [Carex microglochin].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora

Alpine riverine [Carex maritima] ([Carex incurva]) swards
type: Concept
notation: D4.22
definition: Rare pioneer communities of the edges of glacier-fed streams and moraines of the subalpine and alpine levels of the central Alps, dominated by [Carex maritima] ([Carex juncifolia], [Carex incurva]), with [Carex bicolor], [Carex atrofusca], [Juncus arcticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora

Arctoalpine riverine [Equisetum], [Typha] and [Juncus] swards
type: Concept
notation: D4.23
definition: Communities of cold slow-flowing waters of the Alps and pre-Alpine regions, and of the mountains of Fennoscandia formed by [Typha minima], [Typha shuttleworthii], [Juncus alpinus] ([Juncus alpinoarticulatus]), [Juncus arcticus], [Juncus castaneus], [Equisetum variegatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora

British mica flushes
type: Concept
notation: D4.24
definition: Rare communities of micaceous stony flushes of the Highlands of Scotland and of upper Teesdale, with [Carex atrofusca], [Carex microglochin], [Carex demissa], [Carex dioica], [Carex panicea], [Juncus triglumis], [Juncus biglumis], [Juncus castaneus], [Kobresia simpliciuscula], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Equisetum variegatum], [Equisetum hyemale] and the moss [Blindia acuta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora

Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora
type: Concept
notation: D4.2
definition: Rare Alpine, peri-Alpine, northern British and periarctic pioneer communities colonizing gravelly, sandy, stony, sometimes somewhat argilous or peaty, calcareous sedimentary substrates soaked by cold water, in moraines and on the edge of springs, rivulets, glacial torrents of the alpine or subalpine levels, or on alluvial sands of pure, cold, slow-flowing rivers and calm backwaters. The highly characteristic constituents, with a boreoarctic or glacial relict distribution, are [Carex bicolor], [Carex microglochin], [Carex maritima], [Carex atrofusca], [Carex vaginata], [Kobresia simpliciuscula], [Scirpus pumilus], [Juncus arcticus], [Juncus alpinoarticulatus], [Juncus castaneus], [Juncus triglumis], [Typha minima], [Typha lugdunensis], [Typha shuttleworthii], [Tofieldia pusilla]; they are often accompanied by [Carex davalliana], [Carex dioica], [Carex capillaris], [Carex panicea], [Carex nigra], [Blysmus compressus], [Eleocharis quinqueflora], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Primula farinosa], [Equisetum variegatum], [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Campylium stellatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Base-rich fens and calcareous spring mires
narrower: Arctoalpine [Kobresia simpliciuscula] and [Carex microglochin] swards
narrower: Alpine riverine [Carex maritima] ([Carex incurva]) swards
narrower: Arctoalpine riverine [Equisetum], [Typha] and [Juncus] swards
narrower: British mica flushes
narrower: Boreal [Carex atrofusca] swards
narrower: Boreal marsh-fens

Boreal [Carex atrofusca] swards
type: Concept
notation: D4.25
definition: Rich [Carex atrofusca]-dominated fen communities of the lower alpine level of boreoalpine and arctoalpine mountains of Fennoscandia, on calcareous substrates with near-surface ground water and relatively high pH; peat production is usually low and mineral earth can be bare. The species cortège typically includes [Carex vaginata], [Carex capillaris], [Carex parallela], [Carex dioica], [Carex bigelowii], [Juncus triglumis], [Juncus biglumis], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Saxifraga aizoides], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Salix reticulata], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Campylium stellatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora

Boreal marsh-fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.26
definition: Sedge or grass formations of arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic, often almost monospecific, often with an insignificant bryophyte component, sometimes with substantial [Calliergon], [Bryum] or [Philonotis] moss cover, occupying fine-grained, often sandy, long-submerged but well aerated, alluvial deposits in the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas, relatively nutrient-rich, in part through the contribution of regular flooding, and with a variable lime content.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora
narrower: [Eriophorum] marsh-fens
narrower: Grass and forb marsh-fens
narrower: [Carex] marsh-fens

[Eriophorum] marsh-fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.261
definition: [Eriophorum scheuchzeri]- or [Eriophorum angustifolium]-dominated marsh-fen communities of fine-grained long-submerged alluvial deposits of the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas of the arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal marsh-fens

Grass and forb marsh-fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.262
definition: Grass- or forb-dominated marsh-fen communities of fine-grained long-submerged alluvial deposits of the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas of the arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal marsh-fens

[Carex] marsh-fens
type: Concept
notation: D4.263
definition: [Carex] spp.-dominated marsh-fen communities of fine-grained long-submerged alluvial deposits of the inundation zone of rivers, brooks, lakes or deltas of the arctic, subarctic, arctoalpine and boreoalpine regions of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal marsh-fens

Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water
type: Concept
notation: D5
definition: Sedge and reedbeds forming terrestrial mire habitats, not closely associated with open water. Excluded are reedbeds and sedges where they form emergent or fringing vegetation beside water bodies (C3.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mires, bogs and fens
narrower: Reedbeds normally without free-standing water
narrower: Beds of large sedges normally without free-standing water
narrower: Swamps and marshes dominated by [Juncus effusus] or other large [Juncus] spp.

Reedbeds normally without free-standing water
type: Concept
notation: D5.1
definition: Terrestrialized stands of tall helophyte [Poaceae], [Schoenoplectus] spp., [Typha] spp., horsetails or forbs, usually species-poor and often dominated by one species, growing on waterlogged ground. They are classified according to dominant species which give them a distinctive appearance. These species also grow as emergents and fringing vegetation beside water bodies (C3.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water
narrower: [Phragmites australis] beds normally without free-standing water
narrower: [Scirpus lacustris] beds normally without free-standing water
narrower: [Typha] beds normally without free-standing water

[Phragmites australis] beds normally without free-standing water
type: Concept
notation: D5.11
definition: [Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region dry for at least a large part of the year, often invaded by other species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Reedbeds normally without free-standing water
narrower: Dry freshwater [Phragmites] beds

Dry freshwater [Phragmites] beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.111
definition: Non-inundated [Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region occupying mires, the landfilling zone of waterbodies, the edges of watercourses and other soils permeated by fresh water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phragmites australis] beds normally without free-standing water

[Scirpus lacustris] beds normally without free-standing water
type: Concept
notation: D5.12
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Scirpus lacustris], intolerant of drying, tolerant of water circulation, and thus forming the outer belts of reedbeds.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Reedbeds normally without free-standing water

[Typha] beds normally without free-standing water
type: Concept
notation: D5.13
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], [Typha angustifolia], [Typha domingensis], [Typha laxmannii], [Typha elephantina] formations, usually extremely species-poor and sometimes almost pure, tolerant of extended periods of dryness, varying conditions of salinity, and of pollution.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Reedbeds normally without free-standing water
narrower: [Typha latifolia] beds normally without free-standing water
narrower: [Typha angustifolia] beds normally without free-standing water

[Typha latifolia] beds normally without free-standing water
type: Concept
notation: D5.131
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha latifolia], of widespread occurrence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Typha] beds normally without free-standing water

[Typha angustifolia] beds normally without free-standing water
type: Concept
notation: D5.132
definition: Communities of the margins of Palaearctic lakes, rivers and brooks dominated by [Typha angustifolia], like unit 53.131, of wide distribution.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Typha] beds normally without free-standing water

Beds of large sedges normally without free-standing water
type: Concept
notation: D5.2
definition: Terrestrialized stands of tall [Carex], [Cladium] and [Cyperus], usually species-poor and often dominated by one species, growing on waterlogged ground. These species also grow as emergents and fringing vegetation beside water bodies (C3.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water
narrower: Beds of large [Carex] spp.
narrower: Tall [Cyperus] beds, other than [Cyperus papyrus]
narrower: [Cyperus papyrus] swamps
narrower: Fen [Cladium mariscus] beds
narrower: Valencia [Cladium] islands

Beds of large [Carex] spp.
type: Concept
notation: D5.21
definition: Communities of social sedges of genus [Carex], usually dominated by one species that can be either tussock-forming or bed-forming. They are arranged according to dominant species. Species [Carex acutiformis], [Carex appropinquata], [Carex elata], [Carex paniculata], [Carex lasiocarpa] are present. Vegetation of alliance [Magnocaricion elatae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large sedges normally without free-standing water
narrower: Brown sedge beds
narrower: Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities
narrower: Greater pond sedge beds
narrower: Bottle, bladder and slender sedge beds
narrower: Tufted sedge and sward sedge tussocks
narrower: Greater tussock sedge tussocks
narrower: Smaller tussock sedge tussocks
narrower: Cyperus sedge tussocks
narrower: Fox sedge tussocks
narrower: Club sedge beds
narrower: Icelandic sedge beds

Brown sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.211
definition: Formations of [Carex disticha] of Palaearctic humid alluvial meadows on clay and of temporarily drying peatbogs; often in contact with grasslands of the [Calthion] and sometimes placed in that alliance; they tolerate fairly long desiccation and have a relatively rich accompanying flora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.

Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities
type: Concept
notation: D5.212
definition: Palaearctic formations of the terrestrialisation zone of marshes, ponds and lakes on mostly mineral, neutral, basic or weakly acid substrates, dominated by large bed-forming, rhizomatous, sedges, in particular, [Carex acuta], [Carex acutiformis] or their relatives.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.
narrower: Slender tufted sedge beds
narrower: Lesser pond sedge beds
narrower: Inn sedge beds
narrower: Banat sedge beds
narrower: Water sedge beds
narrower: Brotero sedge beds
narrower: [Carex melanostachya] beds
narrower: [Carex hispida] beds

Slender tufted sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2121
definition: Palaearctic formations of [Carex acuta] of wet, alkaline or slightly acid depressions with mineral soil; [Carex acuta] does not tolerate prolonged desiccation. The community is distributed, in particular, in northern France, the Low Countries, Central Europe south to the Sava and Drava valleys of Croatia, the northern Morava valley of Serbia and Romania, north to Poland, the Kaliningrad District, Lithuania and Latvia, in southern Scandinavia, in the Dnieper basin of northern Ukraine and southern Belarus, in the lower Volga Valley.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities

Lesser pond sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2122
definition: Palaearctic communities dominated by [Carex acutiformis], more tolerant of desiccation than [Carex acuta], forming beds on mesotrophic, base-rich, neutral to slightly acid, peaty or mineral soils. Large beds may form in fens, often with [Carex paniculata]; otherwise, they are widespread along watercourses on the landward side of [Carex acuta] or [Carex vesicaria] beds, in alluvial plains, ditches and depressions of humid meadow systems; they may occupy stations that almost totally escape periodical inundation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities

Inn sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2123
definition: Formations of [Carex oenensis], restricted to oligotrophic, base-rich streamsides of the pre-Alpine Bavarian plateau.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities

Banat sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2124
definition: [Carex buekii] formations of mesotrophic sandy or clayey soils in Franconia, eastern Bavaria, Saxony, northern Italy, eastern central Europe, eastern Europe and western Asia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities

Water sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2125
definition: Mesotrophic [Carex aquatilis] formations of northern Siberia and northern Europe, south to Lower Saxony, Friesland, Wales, Lakeland, Scotland, Ireland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities

Brotero sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2126
definition: [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana] formations of Iberia, lining river courses on the inner side of alder galleries, or replacing them.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities

[Carex melanostachya] beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2127
definition: Palaearctic swamp communities dominated by [Carex melanostachya] ([Carex nutans]), characteristic of slightly saline soils of the Pannonic region, habitat of the uncommon [Carex curvata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities

[Carex hispida] beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2128
definition: Formations of the terrestrialisation zone of Mediterranean marshes, ponds, lakes, ditches dominated by [Carex hispida].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Slender tufted sedge beds and related communities

Greater pond sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.213
definition: Formations of [Carex riparia], mostly characteristic of larger valleys and southern regions of the Palaearctic domaine, intolerant of desiccation. They form on mineral or thinly peaty substrates, often in areas almost permanently inundated by somewhat lime-rich water.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.

Bottle, bladder and slender sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.214
definition: Palaearctic terrestrialisation communities dominated by [Carex vesicaria], [Carex rostrata] or [Carex lasiocarpa], characteristic of moderately to strongly acid, fairly constantly inundated soils and poor fens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.
narrower: Bottle sedge beds
narrower: Bladder sedge beds
narrower: Slender sedge beds

Bottle sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2141
definition: Terrestrialisation sedge beds of the Palaearctic domaine, characteristic, in particular, of continental regions, dominated by [Carex rostrata], forming dense, vigorous, fertile beds on usually very wet, meso-oligotrophic substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bottle, bladder and slender sedge beds

Bladder sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2142
definition: Palaearctic formations of [Carex vesicaria], usually characteristic of less oligotrophic situations than the previous ones. [Carex vesicaria], however, often accompanies [Carex rostrata], forming then the outer, drier edge of the sedge bed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bottle, bladder and slender sedge beds

Slender sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.2143
definition: Palaearctic terrestrialisation communities dominated by [Carex lasiocarpa], characteristic of dystrophic to mesotrophic waters with low to moderate level fluctuations, on weakly to moderately acid peaty substrates or gyttyas, most widespread in northern and continental Eurasia, with representatives in Atlantic Europe, in particular in Ireland, and, as rare glacial relicts, in Alpine lands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Bottle, bladder and slender sedge beds

Tufted sedge and sward sedge tussocks
type: Concept
notation: D5.215
definition: Palaearctic formations dominated by the large, tussock-forming [Carex elata] or its relatives.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.
narrower: Tufted sedge tussocks
narrower: Sward sedge tussocks

Tufted sedge tussocks
type: Concept
notation: D5.2151
definition: Formations of large, often crowded tussocks of [Carex elata], of alkaline or eutrophic, peaty or organic soils of the Palaearctic domaine. [Carex elata] is, in particular, one of the constituents of species-rich sedge communities in alkaline fens. It is also typical of the flood plain of large, slow-flowing rivers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tufted sedge and sward sedge tussocks

Sward sedge tussocks
type: Concept
notation: D5.2152
definition: Formations of [Carex cespitosa], characteristic of nutrient- and base-rich, neutral to acid peaty soils of Siberia, Central Asia, northern and central Europe, west to the Netherlands, Bohemia, Württemberg and northern Italy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tufted sedge and sward sedge tussocks

Greater tussock sedge tussocks
type: Concept
notation: D5.216
definition: Formations of large, usually well-spaced tussocks of [Carex paniculata], of alkaline to acid, usually mesotrophic, often somewhat shady, habitually peaty stations of the Palaearctic domaine, including marshy woods. [Carex paniculata] is also a constituent of species-rich alkaline fen sedge communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.

Smaller tussock sedge tussocks
type: Concept
notation: D5.217
definition: Terrestrialisation formations of Palaearctic lakes, ponds and swamps dominated by [Carex appropinquata] ([Carex paradoxa]) or [Carex diandra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.

Cyperus sedge tussocks
type: Concept
notation: D5.218
definition: Palaearctic sedge beds dominated by [Carex pseudocyperus], mostly characteristic of slightly acid peaty soils, in very wet situations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.

Fox sedge tussocks
type: Concept
notation: D5.219
definition: Palaearctic formations dominated by [Carex vulpina] or [Carex otrubae], of eutrophic humus-poor clay soils, inundated for part of the year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.
narrower: True fox sedge tussocks
narrower: False fox sedge tussocks

True fox sedge tussocks
type: Concept
notation: D5.2191
definition: Palaearctic formations of the very large [Carex vulpina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fox sedge tussocks

False fox sedge tussocks
type: Concept
notation: D5.2192
definition: Palaearctic formations of the often less robust [Carex otrubae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fox sedge tussocks

Club sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.21A
definition: Beds of [Carex buxbaumii] of wet grasslands, lake shore swamps and fens, on temporarily inundated relatively nutrient-rich, somewhat acid peaty sandy or clayey soils of eastern France, southern and eastern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, the southern Alps and the central Apennines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.

Icelandic sedge beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.21B
definition: Sedge beds of Iceland dominated by [Carex lyngbyei], forming, thanks to strong runners, large stands on lakesides, poolsides, open mires and in ditches.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large [Carex] spp.

Tall [Cyperus] beds, other than [Cyperus papyrus]
type: Concept
notation: D5.22
definition: Palaearctic formations dominated by large perennial Cyperaceae of genus [Cyperus], other than [Cyperus papyrus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Beds of large sedges normally without free-standing water
narrower: Common galingale beds

Common galingale beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.221
definition: [Cyperus longus] formations of Italy, southeastern Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall [Cyperus] beds, other than [Cyperus papyrus]

[Cyperus papyrus] swamps
type: Concept
notation: D5.23
definition: Formations of [Cyperus papyrus] of the Near East, Egypt and Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large sedges normally without free-standing water
narrower: Cyane papyrus swamp

Cyane papyrus swamp
type: Concept
notation: D5.231
definition: [Cyperus papyrus ssp. siculus] gallery of the Cyane river in southeastern Sicily. Taxonomic and historical evidence strongly suggest that this unique station is of natural origin, an extraordinary relict of an extensive Tertiary distribution.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cyperus papyrus] swamps

Fen [Cladium mariscus] beds
type: Concept
notation: D5.24
definition: Species-rich, fairly open [Cladium mariscus] beds of alkaline and sometimes acid fens, accompanied by cortèges of the [Caricion davallianae] or of the [Caricion lasiocarpae]. These formations are in grave decline throughout their range. Typical species: [Molinia caerulea], [Schoenus nigricans], [Schoenus ferrugineus], [Eriophorum latifolium] etc. Closed stands are species-poor.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large sedges normally without free-standing water

Valencia [Cladium] islands
type: Concept
notation: D5.25
definition: Endangered endemic association of peaty islets of the Albufera de Valencia, with [Kosteletzkya pentacarpos].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Beds of large sedges normally without free-standing water

Swamps and marshes dominated by [Juncus effusus] or other large [Juncus] spp.
type: Concept
notation: D5.3
definition: Stands of large [Juncus] spp. invading heavily grazed and trampled marshes or fens or (with [Juncus effusus]) eutrophicated poor fens and bogs, e.g. in the vicinity of bird colonies. Excludes stands of rushes in wet grassland (E3.4), where the ground is waterlogged for less than half the year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water

Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds
type: Concept
notation: D6
definition: Saline wetlands, with closed or open vegetation, which are the non-coastal analogue of coastal saltmarshes and saline reedbeds (A2.5). Drier saline habitats are classified as inland salt steppe (E6) or saline scrubland (F6.8).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mires, bogs and fens
narrower: Inland saltmarshes
narrower: Inland saline or brackish species-poor helophyte beds normally without free-standing water

Inland saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: D6.1
definition: Salt meadows and swards of [Salicornia] and other [Chenopodiaceae] of inland salt basins of the nemoral zone. Inland saltmarshes of middle Europe are remarkable, extremely threatened communities occurring in a few isolated stations of Saxony and Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia, Hesse, Lorraine, Auvergne, the Midlands and southeastern Poland (lower Nida valley).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds
narrower: Interior European [Puccinellia distans] meadows
narrower: Interior European saltmarsh [Juncus gerardi] and [Elymus repens] beds
narrower: Interior European [Halimione pedunculata] beds
narrower: Swards of Carpathian travertine concretions
narrower: Interior Iberian [Microcnemum] and [Salicornia] swards
narrower: Interior central European and Anatolian [Salicornia], [Microcnemum], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] swards
narrower: Western European continental glasswort beds
narrower: Interior European saltmarsh [Carex divisa] and [Carex distans] beds

Interior European [Puccinellia distans] meadows
type: Concept
notation: D6.11
definition: Meadows of [Puccinellia distans] and [Puccinellia limosa] occupying the lower levels of inland salt basins of the nemoral zone of western and central Europe, with fairly extended periods of inundation. As typical species we can consider here [Hordeum geniculatum], [Plantago tenuiflora], [Camphorosma annua] and [Juncus gerardi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saltmarshes

Interior European saltmarsh [Juncus gerardi] and [Elymus repens] beds
type: Concept
notation: D6.12
definition: Formations dominated by [Juncus gerardi] or [Elymus repens], with [Triglochin maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Melilotus dentata], of the upper levels of inland salt basins of the nemoral zone of western and central Europe, on damp, less saline soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saltmarshes

Interior European [Halimione pedunculata] beds
type: Concept
notation: D6.13
definition: Formations dominated by the threatened [Halimione pedunculata] restricted to saltmarshes east and south of the Harz.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saltmarshes

Swards of Carpathian travertine concretions
type: Concept
notation: D6.14
definition: Closed halo-hygrophile swards of [Scirpus pumilus], [Triglochin maritima], [Glaux maritima], [Centaurium littorale ssp. uliginosum], [Plantago maritima ssp. salsa] with [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Parnassia palustris], [Primula farinosa], endemic to the inner Carpathian Zipser valley of Slovakia, where they colonize travertine concretions permanently washed by mineralized spring waters. Most of localities were destroyed in the past.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saltmarshes

Interior Iberian [Microcnemum] and [Salicornia] swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.15
definition: Annual [Salicornia] spp. and [Microcnemum coralloides] formations of interior Iberian salt basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saltmarshes
narrower: Iberian [Microcnemum] swards
narrower: Iberian interior [Salicornia] swards

Iberian [Microcnemum] swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.151
definition: Formations of the endemic [Microcnemum coralloides ssp. coralloides], associated or not with [Salicornia europaea] s.l., of interior salt basins of central and east-central Spain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Interior Iberian [Microcnemum] and [Salicornia] swards

Iberian interior [Salicornia] swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.152
definition: Formations of [Salicornia europaea] s.l. of interior salt basins of Iberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Interior Iberian [Microcnemum] and [Salicornia] swards

Interior central European and Anatolian [Salicornia], [Microcnemum], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.16
definition: Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp., [Microcnemum coralloides]), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola] spp.) solonchak formations, colonizing periodically inundated muds of Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of inland salt-basins of central Eurasian and Irano-Anatolian steppe and cold desert zones. Annual glasswort communities of salt steppes and saltmarshes of areas of extreme continentality within the boreal zone of Siberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Inland saltmarshes
narrower: Pannonic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards
narrower: Western Pontic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards
narrower: Central Eurasian glasswort swards

Pannonic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.161
definition: Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp.), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola soda]) formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of inland salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Pannonic Plain (unit 15.A1) and its satellite basins. Similar communities restricted to isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, related to both the Pannonic and western Pontic formations, are included in this unit, to parallel the treatment of the steppes and saltmarshes of unit 15.A1.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Interior central European and Anatolian [Salicornia], [Microcnemum], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] swards
narrower: Pannonic glasswort swards
narrower: Pannonic seablite swards
narrower: Pannonic saltwort communities
narrower: Pelagonian seablite swards

Pannonic glasswort swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.1611
definition: Formations dominated by the reddening [Salicornia prostrata] or [Salicornia simonkaiana] colonizing periodically inundated muds of salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Pannonic Plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards

Pannonic seablite swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.1612
definition: Formations dominated by [Suaeda pannonica], [Suaeda maritima ssp. prostrata] or [Suaeda maritima ssp. salsa] colonizing periodically inundated muds of salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Pannonic Plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards

Pannonic saltwort communities
type: Concept
notation: D6.1613
definition: Formations of [Salsola soda] colonizing periodically inundated silty, nitrogen-rich muds of the lower levels of salt-basins of the Pannonic Plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards

Pelagonian seablite swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.1614
definition: Annual formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of inland saltmarshes of isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of the middle Vardar trough, northwest of the Pelagonian mountains, with [Suaeda maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards

Western Pontic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.162
definition: Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp.), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola soda]) formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of the saltmarshes of the western Black Sea coast and adjacent inland waterbodies and of the inland salt-basins associated with the salt steppes and saltmarshes of the western Black Sea plain, west of the Dniestr, of the basin of the lower Danube, and, in very fragmentary form, of the northern Thracian basin of the middle Maritsa and the Tundzha. Typical species include [Salicornia prostrata], [Suaeda maritima], [Bassia hirsuta], [Limonium gmelinii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Interior central European and Anatolian [Salicornia], [Microcnemum], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] swards

Central Eurasian glasswort swards
type: Concept
notation: D6.163
definition: Annual glasswort ([Salicornia] spp.), seablite ([Suaeda] spp.) and saltwort ([Salsola] spp.) formations colonizing periodically inundated muds of salt steppes and saltmarshes of the Transvolgan, Kazakh, Kourgan, Ichim, Koulounda, Baraba, Barnaul steppe regions and of saltmarshes of the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea and other inland waterbodies of the northern Aralo-Caspian, Kura basin, western Kazakh, Dzungarian, Oust-ourt, Kyzyl Koum and Kara Koum middle Asiatic deserts and semideserts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Interior central European and Anatolian [Salicornia], [Microcnemum], [Suaeda] and [Salsola] swards

Western European continental glasswort beds
type: Concept
notation: D6.17
definition: Glasswort formations of inland saltmarshes of nemoral middle Europe, in particular of Germany, Poland, France and England (unit D6.1).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saltmarshes

Interior European saltmarsh [Carex divisa] and [Carex distans] beds
type: Concept
notation: D6.18
definition: Inland saltmarsh formations of central Europe, dominated by [Carex divisa] or [Carex distans], typically c. 40-60 cm high, occurring particularly in the Pannonian lowlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saltmarshes

Inland saline or brackish species-poor helophyte beds normally without free-standing water
type: Concept
notation: D6.2
definition: Terrestrialized stands of tall salt-tolerant helophytes, notably [Phragmites australis] and [Cyperus laevigatus]. These species also grow as emergents and fringing vegetation beside saline water bodies (C3.27).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds
narrower: Dry halophile [Phragmites] beds
narrower: [Cyperus laevigatus] beds
narrower: Interior Iberian salt pan meadows

Dry halophile [Phragmites] beds
type: Concept
notation: D6.21
definition: Non-inundated [Phragmites australis] beds of the Palaearctic region forming on the shores of saltwater bodies or on other saline soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saline or brackish species-poor helophyte beds normally without free-standing water

[Cyperus laevigatus] beds
type: Concept
notation: D6.22
definition: Formations dominated by, or rich in, [Cyperus laevigatus], characteristic, in particular, of saline depressions in the Canary Islands, of thermal waterbodies on Pantelleria, and of damp, often saline, sites, such as lake, marsh and swamp margins, of North Africa. These formations are apparently extinct in the Maltese Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saline or brackish species-poor helophyte beds normally without free-standing water

Interior Iberian salt pan meadows
type: Concept
notation: D6.23
definition: Salt meadows peculiar to the lowest, wettest parts of interior Iberian depressions, dominated by [Puccinellia fasciculata] or [Aeluropus littoralis] in the very lowest areas, or, slightly higher, by [Juncus gerardi]. The higher, drier ground that surrounds them is occupied either by other salt meadow communities that are less differentiated from the coastal communities (units A2.522 and A2.532) or by salt scrubs (unit F6.83).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland saline or brackish species-poor helophyte beds normally without free-standing water

Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens
type: Concept
notation: E
definition: Non-coastal land which is dry or only seasonally wet (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year) with greater than 30% vegetation cover. The vegetation is dominated by grasses and other non-woody plants, including mosses, macrolichens, ferns, sedges and herbs. Includes semiarid steppes with scattered [Artemisia] scrub. Includes successional weedy vegetation and managed grasslands such as recreation fields and lawns. Excludes regularly tilled habitats (I1) dominated by cultivated herbaceous vegetation such as arable fields.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Dry grasslands
narrower: Mesic grasslands
narrower: Seasonally wet and wet grasslands
narrower: Alpine and subalpine grasslands
narrower: Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands
narrower: Inland salt steppes
narrower: Sparsely wooded grasslands

Dry grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1
definition: Well-drained or dry lands dominated by grass or herbs, mostly not fertilized and with low productivity. Included are [Artemisia] steppes. Excluded are dry mediterranean lands with shrubs of other genera where the shrub cover exceeds 10%; these are listed as garrigue (F6).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens
narrower: Inland sand and rock with open vegetation
narrower: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Mediterranean xeric grassland
narrower: Mediterranean tall-grass and [Artemisia] steppes
narrower: Mediterranean-montane grassland
narrower: Subnitrophilous annual grassland
narrower: Closed non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
narrower: Closed Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
narrower: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland
narrower: Open Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
narrower: Heavy-metal grassland
narrower: Dry mediterranean lands with unpalatable non-vernal herbaceous vegetation
narrower: Unmanaged xeric grassland
narrower: Trampled xeric grasslands with annuals

Inland sand and rock with open vegetation
type: Concept
notation: E1.1
definition: Open, thermophile vegetation of sands or rock debris in the nemoral zone and locally, in boreal or submediterranean lowland to montane areas of Europe. Included are open grasslands on strongly to slightly calcareous inland sands, and vegetation formed mostly by annuals and succulents or semisucculents on decomposed rock surfaces of edges, ledges or knolls, with calcareous or siliceous soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: Euro-Siberian rock debris swards
narrower: Euro-Siberian pioneer calcareous sand swards

Euro-Siberian rock debris swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.11
definition: Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic, temperate, boreal or sub-Mediterranean, climates of Western Europe and of Central Europe, east, sporadically, to the Baltic countries and the Black Sea, formed mostly by annuals and succulents or semisucculents on decomposed rock surfaces of edges, ledges or knolls, with calcareous or siliceous soils frequently disturbed by erosion or rabbits. Vegetation communities are of [Alysso-Sedion albi] and [Seslerio-Festucion pallentis]. These swards comprise a great variety of distinct and often very local, isolated communities harbouring many characteristic species like [Erophila verna], [Jovibarba globifera ssp. glabrescens], [Poa bulbosa], [Sedum acre], [Sedum album], [Sedum sexangulare], among which are numerous rare forms including both relict and evolutionarily recent taxa. Together with more evolved grassland communities of unit E1.29, sometimes E1.21-E1.25, E1.27, or E1.281, very paucispecific communities of units H3.19 or H3.2B, and lacunar shrub formations of unit F3.1, they constitute the vascular vegetation of middle European inland cliffs and rock outcroppings of unit H3 (namely H3.1B, H3.1C and H3.2E).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland sand and rock with open vegetation
narrower: Middle European stonecrop swards
narrower: [Sempervivum] or [Jovibarba] communities on rock debris
narrower: Middle European grassy rock debris communities
narrower: Middle European rock debris small forb communities
narrower: Fenno-Scandian pioneer rock swards

Middle European stonecrop swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.111
definition: Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic, temperate or sub-Mediterranean, climates of Western Europe and Central Europe, dominated by, or rich in, succulent species of genus [Sedum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian rock debris swards

[Sempervivum] or [Jovibarba] communities on rock debris
type: Concept
notation: E1.112
definition: Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic climates of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe harbouring often rare and local lowland forms of [Sempervivum] spp. or [Jovibarba] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian rock debris swards

Middle European grassy rock debris communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.113
definition: Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic climates of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe, eastwards sporadically to the hills of the Pannonic plain, in which perennial grasses such as [Poa badensis], [Melica ciliata] and [Festuca] spp. play an important physiognomic role.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian rock debris swards
narrower: [Poa badensis] and garlic rock debris swards
narrower: [Poa compressa] rock debris swards
narrower: [Melica ciliata] rock debris swards

[Poa badensis] and garlic rock debris swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.1131
definition: Lowland and hill rock debris swards of northern Bavaria, Bohemia and Thuringe, dominated by [Poa badensis], by [Allium montanum] or by both species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European grassy rock debris communities

[Poa compressa] rock debris swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.1132
definition: Lowland and hill rock debris swards of the Rhenish Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Bohemian Quadrangle and the eastern Alpine periphery, dominated by [Poa compressa] or [Poa angustifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European grassy rock debris communities

[Melica ciliata] rock debris swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.1133
definition: Open, sub-Mediterranean type, limestone rock grassland of the western part of the Hungarian Central Range, with [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Melica ciliata] and harbouring the rare and protected [Ceterach javorkaenum], [Colchicum hungaricum], [Sedum neglectum ssp. sopianae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European grassy rock debris communities

Middle European rock debris small forb communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.114
definition: Open lowland and hill rock debris swards of suboceanic, temperate or sub-Mediterranean, climates of Western Europe and Central Europe in which small annual or perennial forbs predominate over sparser crassulids or perennial grasses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian rock debris swards

Fenno-Scandian pioneer rock swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.115
definition: Pioneer communities colonizing thin debris soils and cracks of rocks, cliffs and rock pavements of xerothermic enclaves of the boreonemoral and southern boreal zones of Norway, Sweden and Finland, mostly limited to coastal regions, southern slopes and alvars. Some of the communities share physiognomic and ecological characteristics with the Central European communities of unit 34.35.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian rock debris swards

Euro-Siberian pioneer calcareous sand swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.12
definition: Open grasslands of strongly to slightly calcareous inland sands of Western Europe and of middle, western and northern Central Europe, locally to Slovakia, the Baltic States and Belarus, with [Helichrysum arenarium], [Silene otites], [Silene chlorantha], [Dianthus deltoides], [Dianthus arenarius], [Bromus tectorum], [Cynodon dactylon], [Gypsophila fastigiata ssp. arenaria], [Astragalus arenarius], [Androsace septentrionalis], [Onosma arenaria], [Jurinea cyanoides], [Koeleria glauca], [Koeleria macrantha], [Festuca psammophila], [Festuca polesica], [Festuca duvalii], [Poa bulbosa], Pannonic endemic [Colchicum arenarium] and the Brandenburg endemic [Stipa borysthenica ssp. germanica], sometimes interspersed with annual formations with [Cerastium semidecandrum], [Vicia lathyroides], [Silene conica], [Phleum arenarium], [Petrorhagia prolifera], [Arenaria serpyllifolia], [Sedum acre]. Dunal equivalent formations are found in unit H5.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland sand and rock with open vegetation

Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2
definition: Perennial grasslands, often nutrient-poor and species-rich, on calcareous and other basic soils of the nemoral and steppe zones and of adjacent parts of the subboreal and submediterranean zones. Includes the calcareous grasslands of central and western Europe, alvar grasslands of the Baltic region, and basic grasslands of the steppe zone. Vegetation communities of [Festuco-Brometea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic [Satureja montana] steppes
narrower: Arid subcontinental steppic grassland ([Festucion valesiacae])
narrower: Meso-xerophile subcontinental meadow-steppes ([Cirsio-Brachypodion])
narrower: Central alpine arid grassland ([Stipo-Poion])
narrower: Alvar steppes
narrower: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland
narrower: Sub-Atlantic very dry calcareous grassland
narrower: Central European calcaro-siliceous grassland
narrower: [Festuca pallens] grassland
narrower: [Brachypodium phoenicoides] swards
narrower: Serpentine steppes
narrower: Pannonic loess steppic grassland
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic steppes
narrower: Irano-Anatolian steppes
narrower: Pannonic sand steppes
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic sand steppes
narrower: Irano-Anatolian sand steppes

Helleno-Balkanic [Satureja montana] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.21
definition: Perennial, steppe-like low open grasslands on shallow stony soils of the sub-Mediterranean and sub-Pannonic [Quercion frainetto] and [Fagion moesiacum] zones of the Balkan peninsula, from Greece to Serbia and western Bulgaria. Typical species (among others): [Festuca valesiaca], [Festuca rupicola], [Koeleria gracilis], [Stipa] spp., [Bromus erectus], [Poa bulbosa], [Melica ciliata], [Carex humilis], [Carex caryophyllea], [Satureja montana], [Galium purpureum], [Teucrium montanum], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Artemisia alba], [Galium album], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Teucrium chamaedrys].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes

Arid subcontinental steppic grassland ([Festucion valesiacae])
type: Concept
notation: E1.22
definition: Open or closed arid, floristically rich steppe-like grasslands of sub-continental areas of Central Europe, typically with [Stipa] spp., [Festuca valesiaca], [Festuca rupicola] and [Festuca trachyphylla]. Vegetation of alliances such as [Festucion valesiacae] and [Seslerio-Festucion glaucae] with other species like [Festuca pallens], [Poa badensis], [Carex humilis], [Sesleria varia], [Teucrium montanum], [Ononis pusilla], [Helianthemum canum], [Iris aphylla], [Onosma tornensis], [Draba lasiocarpa], [Scorzonera austriaca] and [Fumana procumbens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Sub-Pannonic steppes
narrower: Moesio-Carpathian steppes

Sub-Pannonic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.221
definition: Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western, northern and southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin and of the Hungarian Central Range, with irradiations into the Bohemian basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arid subcontinental steppic grassland ([Festucion valesiacae])
narrower: Pre-Noric sub-Pannonic steppes
narrower: Pre-Bohemian sub-Pannonic steppes
narrower: Central Hungarian sub-Pannonic steppes
narrower: Pre-Illyrian sub-Pannonic steppes
narrower: Andropogonid sub-Pannonic steppes
narrower: Sub-Pannonic rock steppes

Pre-Noric sub-Pannonic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2211
definition: Relatively wide-ranging xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western and northern, predominantly pre-Alpine or pre-Carpathian, periphery of the Pannonic basin in Austria, Moravia and Slovakia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Pannonic steppes

Pre-Bohemian sub-Pannonic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2212
definition: Localized xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the northwestern, pre-Bohemian, periphery of the Pannonic basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Pannonic steppes

Central Hungarian sub-Pannonic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2213
definition: Grasslands of dry slopes of the Hungarian Central Range and the Mecsek hills, harbouring many continental and regionally important species including the very rare [Ferula sadlerana], with [Festuca rupicola], [Stipa capillata], [Stipa crassiculmis ssp. euroanatolica], [Stipa dasyphylla], [Cleistogenes serotina] ([Diplachne serotina]), [Dracocephalum austriacum], [Lotus borbasii], [Adonis vernalis], [Iris pumila], [Pulsatilla nigricans], [Ranunculus illyricus], [Veronica austriaca], [Linum austriacum], [Convolvulus cantabrica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Pannonic steppes

Pre-Illyrian sub-Pannonic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2214
definition: Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Pannonic steppes

Andropogonid sub-Pannonic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2215
definition: Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western and southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin, dominated by [Dichanthium ischaemum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Pannonic steppes

Sub-Pannonic rock steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2216
definition: Xerophile grasslands of the Hungarian Central Range, intermediate between the rock swards of the [Festucetalia pallentis] and the steppes of the [Festucetalia valesiacae], and often in contact with both, developed on shallow rendzina soils over dolomites, rich in species of sub-Mediterranean and Illyrian affinities, in addition to a continental, in part Pontic, cortège, including in particular [Festuca pallens], [Carex humilis], [Helianthemum canum], [Jurinea mollis], [Scorzonera austriaca], [Teucrium montanum], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Erysimum diffusum], [Fumana vulgaris], [Minuartia setacea], [Onosma visianii], [Paronychia cephalotes], [Allium moschatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Pannonic steppes

Moesio-Carpathian steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.222
definition: Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arid subcontinental steppic grassland ([Festucion valesiacae])
narrower: Moesio-Carpathian feathergrass-fescue steppes
narrower: Moesio-Carpathian andropogonid steppes

Moesio-Carpathian feathergrass-fescue steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2221
definition: Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the inner Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence, dominated by [Festuca] spp., in particular [Festuca valesiaca], [Festuca rupicola] or [Stipa] spp., in particular [Stipa capillata], [Stipa pulcherrima], and with [Achillea nobilis], [Achillea setacea], [Astragalus exscapus], [Euphrasia tatarica], [Carex supina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Carpathian steppes

Moesio-Carpathian andropogonid steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2222
definition: Xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the inner Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence, dominated by [Dichanthium ischaemum] ([Bothriochloa ischaemum], [Andropogon ischaemum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Carpathian steppes

Meso-xerophile subcontinental meadow-steppes ([Cirsio-Brachypodion])
type: Concept
notation: E1.23
definition: Meso-xerophile grasslands of Central Europe with [Astragalus danicus], [Inula spiraeifolia], [Seseli annuum], [Linum] spp., [Carex michelii], [Carex praecox], [Carex flacca]. Varied plant communities of grasses and herbs mostly in basins and uplands. As a consequence of pasture, a mesophilous tendency often includes widespread [Juniperus communis]. Vegetation of alliance [Carduo-Brachypodion pinnati], common species are [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Festuca rupicola], [Cirsium pannonicum], [Linum flavum], [Potentilla alba], [Bromus erectus], [Coronilla varia], [Buphthalmum salicifolium] and [Campanula glomerata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Sub-Pannonic meadow-steppes
narrower: Sub-Pannonic wooded steppe meadows
narrower: Dacio-Pannonic meadow-steppes
narrower: Moesio-Carpathian meadow-steppes

Sub-Pannonic meadow-steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.231
definition: Meso-xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic affinities of the hills of the western, northern and southwestern periphery of the Pannonic basin and of the Hungarian Central Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-xerophile subcontinental meadow-steppes ([Cirsio-Brachypodion])

Sub-Pannonic wooded steppe meadows
type: Concept
notation: E1.232
definition: Secondary xero-mesophile grasslands colonizing abandoned vineyards in the Hungarian Central Range rich in rare and fragile species, harbouring, in particular, [Stipa stenophylla] ([Stipa tirsa]), [Campanula macrostachya], [Helictotrichon compressum], [Danthonia alpina], [Stipa dasyphylla], [Seseli osseum], [Centaurea triumfett ssp. axillaris], [Iris pumila], [Peucedanum cervaria], [Carex humilis], [Inula hirta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-xerophile subcontinental meadow-steppes ([Cirsio-Brachypodion])

Dacio-Pannonic meadow-steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.233
definition: Meso-xerophile grasslands of the Transylvanian basin and the foothills of the Apuseni mountains, rich in species of Mediterranean or Mediterraneo-Atlantic affinities, with [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Dorycnium herbaceum], [Trifolium montanum], [Polygala major], [Fragaria viridis], [Plantago media], [Onobrychis viciifolia], [Filipendula vulgaris], [Ranunculus polyanthemos], [Melampyrum arvense], [Hieracium bauhinii], [Thesium linophyllon], [Hypochoeris maculata], [Drunella grandiflora], [Seseli annuum], [Anthericum ramosum], [Bupleurum falcatum], [Peucedanum cervaria], [Trifolium alpestre], [Gentiana cruciata], [Cirsium pannonicum], [Origanum vulgare], [Carex montana], [Bromus erectus], [Orchis militaris], [Orchis ustulata], [Himantoglossum caprinum], [Anacamptis pyramidalis], [Herminium monorchis], [Ophrys apifera], [Ophrys sphegodes], [Ophrys fuciflora], and the xerothermic steppe species [Salvia nutans], [Adonis vernalis], [Crambe tataria], [Seseli varium], [Salvia austriaca], [Hypericum elegans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-xerophile subcontinental meadow-steppes ([Cirsio-Brachypodion])

Moesio-Carpathian meadow-steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.234
definition: Meso-xerophile grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic or Illyrio-Pontic affinities of the foothills, lower slopes and associated plateaux of the eastern Carpathian system, of the Balkan Range and of the eastern Dinarides, in areas enclaved between the Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic regions or within their influence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-xerophile subcontinental meadow-steppes ([Cirsio-Brachypodion])

Central alpine arid grassland ([Stipo-Poion])
type: Concept
notation: E1.24
definition: Dry grasslands of the isolated, low-precipitation, high insolation, high summer temperature, inner Alpine valleys of the central, eastern and southwestern Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes

Alvar steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.25
definition: Steppic grasslands of palaeozoic limestones of the Baltic islands of Åland and Gotland and of calcareous enclaves of southern Sweden, in Vestgotland, dominated by fescues with numerous species of continental affinities, many at the northern limit of their range, in particular, [Artemisia oelandica], [Artemisia saxicola], [Ranunculus illyricus], [Globularia vulgaris]. They are rich in endemic species and in orchids. Besides the steppe communities included in this unit, their environment includes pioneer rock swards included in unit E1.1 and lowland rock crack communities included in unit H3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes

Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.26
definition: More or less mesophile, closed formations dominated by perennial, tuft-forming grasses, colonizing relatively deep, mostly calcareous soils. Generally species-rich, these communities may be overwhelmed by the highly social [Brachypodium pinnatum].Their range extends from the British Isles, Denmark, the Low Countries and northern Germany to the Cantabric range, the Pyrenees, Catalonia, the southern Alps and the Central Apennines, extending east to the Bohemian Quadrangle, beyond which they are replaced by the vicariant formations of the [Cirsio-Brachypodion], to the Wienerwald, Styria and Illyria. [Bromus erectus] and [Brachypodium pinnatum] often dominate, other grasses include [Koeleria pyramidata], [Festuca guestfalica], [Festuca rupicola], [Festuca lemanii], [Avenula pubescens], [Sesleria albicans], [Briza media], [Carex caryophyllea] and [Carex flacca]. Herbs: [Gentianella germanica], [Trifolium montanum], [Ononis repens], [Medicago lupulina], [Ranunculus bulbosus], [Cirsium acaule], [Euphrasia stricta], [Dianthus deltoides], [Potentilla neumanniana] ([Potentilla tabernaemontani], [Potentilla verna]), [Anthyllis vulneraria], [Galium verum], [Euphorbia brittingeri] ([Euphorbia verrucosa]), [Hippocrepis comosa], [Scabiosa columbaria], [Centaurea scabiosa], [Carlina vulgaris], [Viola hirta], and numerous orchid species. Forming a bridge between the Mediterranean region and thermophile sites to the north, they can be identified by their high representation of Mediterranean species in the north and of Euro-Siberian ones in the south.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands
narrower: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands
narrower: Middle European [Brachypodium] semidry grasslands
narrower: Alluvial and humid [Mesobromion] grasslands
narrower: Middle European [Sesleria] semidry grasslands
narrower: Sub-Mediterranean [Mesobromion]
narrower: Insubrian [Mesobromion] grasslands
narrower: Central Apennine [Mesobromion] grasslands
narrower: Illyrian [Mesobromion] grasslands

Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.261
definition: Sub-Atlantic dry calcareous grasslands of Denmark, southern Scandinavia and the British Isles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland
narrower: Fenno-Scandian sub-Atlantic calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Hibernian dry calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Scotian dry calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Britannic [Sesleria] dry calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Vecto-Cambrian [Festuca]-[Carlina] grasslands
narrower: Southern Britannic dry calcicolous grasslands

Fenno-Scandian sub-Atlantic calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2611
definition: Dry or mesophile calcareous grasslands of sub-Mediterranean or sub-boreal affinities of Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland dominated by species of genus [Festuca] or [Avenula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands

Hibernian dry calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2612
definition: Calcareous grasslands of central and central-western Ireland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands

Scotian dry calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2613
definition: Very local, dry or mesophile grasslands occupying isolated limestone outcrops or deposits of Scotland, in particular on the Durness limestone of the northwest, the Dalradian limestones of Perthshire and basalt hills of the east, with [Koeleria macrantha], [Festuca ovina], [Festuca rubra], [Briza media], [Avenula pratensis], [Carex flacca], [Carex caryophyllea], [Carex capillaris], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Astragalus danicus], [Thymus drucei].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands

Britannic [Sesleria] dry calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2614
definition: Dry calcicolous grasslands of northern England, characteristic mostly of Carboniferous or Magnesian limestone substrates in the Pennines of Derbyshire, Yorkshire and Lancashire, the Lake District and Durham, including Teesdale, rich in [Sesleria albicans] and with many isolated populations of restricted or rare plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands

Vecto-Cambrian [Festuca]-[Carlina] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2615
definition: Dry calcicolous grasslands of Carboniferous Limestone outcrops of Wales and the Mendips, extending locally to hard Chalk formations of the Isle of Wight and of the neighbouring southern English mainland, with [Festuca ovina], [Koeleria macrantha], [Carex flacca], [Briza media], [Avenula pubescens], [Avenula pratensis], [Festuca rubra], [Carlina vulgaris], [Sanguisorba minor], [Thymus praecox], [Hieracium pilosella], [Lotus corniculatus], [Plantago lanceolata], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Helianthemum canum], [Scilla verna].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands

Southern Britannic dry calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2616
definition: Grasslands of the chalk downs and mainly Jurassic calcareous hills of southern Britain, mostly of southern and eastern England, with [Bromus erectus] and [Brachypodium pinnatum], or [Festuca] spp. and [Avenula] spp., often very rich in orchids.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northwestern semidry calcareous grasslands

Mosan [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2621
definition: Mesophile grasslands of the northwestern Hercynian periphery, on mostly Devonian or Carboniferous limestones or dolomitic limestones, occasionally on calcschists, in the Mosan district of Belgium and the French Meuse, with isolated stations in the Ardenne-Eifel of Luxembourg and Rhineland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.262
definition: Mesophile and meso-xerophile calcareous grasslands of the sub-Atlantic domaine in the Low Countries, Germany, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, northern, central and western France and northwestern Spain. They are faunistically and floristically rich and the highly discontinuous nature of their distribution gives rise to a considerable geographical variation in the composition of plant and animal communities, marked by the occurrence of numerous species of local or disjunct occurrence in addition to the basic cortège common to most of them. Besides this geographical variation, the nature of these grasslands also depends, to a great extent, on hydric regime, substrate characteristics and agropastoral treatment, notably on whether they are mowed or grazed and how intensively. In particular, the relative abundance of the main constituent grass species, [Bromus erectus], [Brachypodium pinnatum] [s. l]., [Sesleria albicans] and [Koeleria pyramidata], varies both geographically with climatic conditions and locally with topography and agropastoral regime. Thus, although separate geographical entities may differ in that relative abundance, similarly differing facies may also coexist locally, producing sharply distinct habitats. To accomodate for these concurrent axes of variation, formations dominated by [Brachypodium] or by [Sesleria], as well as all semidamp formations, are removed from this division and placed in units 34.323, 34.324 and 34.325. Geographical subdivisions, most apt at identifying distinctive plant and animal communities, may be used in the four sections by addition of a fourth decimal digit common to all of them. The regions encompassed by the geographical subdivisions corresponding to each value of this fourth digit are in all cases described under this section although in some of them, or in parts of some of them, there may be no grasslands belonging to unit 34.322, but only grasslands belonging to units 34.323, 34.324 or 34.325; these cases have, as muc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland
narrower: Mosan [Mesobromion]
narrower: Low Meuse [Mesobromion]
narrower: Harz [Mesobromion]
narrower: Oder [Mesobromion]
narrower: Paris basin Cretaceous [Mesobromion]
narrower: Parisian Tertiary [Mesobromion]
narrower: Paris basin Jurassic [Mesobromion]
narrower: Middle Rhine [Mesobromion]
narrower: Upper Rhine [Mesobromion]
narrower: Black Forest [Mesobromion]
narrower: Western Jura [Mesobromion]
narrower: Swabian [Mesobromion]
narrower: Franconian [Mesobromion]
narrower: Northwestern pre-Alpine [Mesobromion]
narrower: Eastern peri-Alpine [Mesobromion]
narrower: Ligerian [Mesobromion]
narrower: Aquitanian [Mesobromion]
narrower: Quercy [Mesobromion]
narrower: Western Pyrenean [Mesobromion]
narrower: Western Iberian [Mesobromion]
narrower: Eastern Hercynian [Mesobromion]

Low Meuse [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2622
definition: Chalk grasslands of the Belgian low Meuse, extreme southeastern Netherlands and Westphalia, generally without [Bromus erectus], and alluvial [Mesobromion] grasslands of adjacent regions (these to be listed under unit 34.324).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Harz [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2623
definition: Closed mesophile grasslands, on substrates derived from Mesozoic limestones, of the periphery of the Harz in Saxony, Thuringe, Hesse and the hills of Lower Saxony.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Oder [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2624
definition: Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Oder basin in Brandenbourg and Mecklenburg.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Paris basin Cretaceous [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2625
definition: Mesophile grasslands of the Cretaceous northwestern and western periphery of the Paris basin, the valleys of the Seine, Bray and Somme and adjacent Jurassic areas of Basse Normandie and the Boulonnais.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Parisian Tertiary [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2626
definition: Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Parisian Tertiary in the central Paris basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Paris basin Jurassic [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2627
definition: Mesophile grasslands of the northeastern, eastern and southeastern Jurassic belt of the Paris basin and adjacent Cretaceous areas in Lorraine, Champagne, Haute-Marne, Burgundy, Haute-Saone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Middle Rhine [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2628
definition: Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Rhine, Mainz, Moselle, Neckar, Nahe and Lahn valleys in their crossing of the northern Hercynian ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Upper Rhine [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2629
definition: Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the upper Rhine rift and adjacent hills, in Alsace, Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Black Forest [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262A
definition: Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the southern Black Forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Western Jura [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262B
definition: Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the French and Swiss Jura and adjacent areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Swabian [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262C
definition: Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Swabian Alb and adjacent areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Franconian [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262D
definition: Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Franconian Alb, Franconian plateaux and adjacent areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Northwestern pre-Alpine [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262E
definition: Hill and montane mesophile grasslands of the northwestern calcareous pre-Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Eastern peri-Alpine [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262F
definition: Hill and montane mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Isar valley, the Bavarian plateau, the Bavarian pre-Alps, the Austrian northern, eastern and southeastern pre-Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Ligerian [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262G
definition: Mesophile calcareous grasslands of the Ligerian basin in the southern Paris basin, Berry, Limagne d'Auvergne and Forez.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Aquitanian [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262H
definition: Mesophile calcareous grasslands of southwestern France in Charentes, Perigord and Aquitaine.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Quercy [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262I
definition: Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of Quercy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Western Pyrenean [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262J
definition: Hill and montane mesophile calcareous grasslands of the western Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Western Iberian [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262K
definition: Hill, montane and sometimes lower subalpine calcareous grasslands of the Picos de Europa, Cantabria, Asturias, Alava, Navarra dominated by [Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre] (to be listed as 34.323K) or by [Bromus erectus], [Carex brevicollis], [Sesleria argentea], [Helictotrichon cantabricum], [Avenula vasconica], [Avenula marginata], and often with [Seseli montanum], [Seseli cantabricum], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Pulsatilla rubra ssp. hispanica], [Phyteuma orbiculare ssp. hispanicum], [Carduus argemone].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Eastern Hercynian [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.262L
definition: Sub-Atlantic mesophile and meso-xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Bohemian basin, its surrounding hills, Moravia and the Moravian pre-Carpathians, the Weinviertel of Austria, with local occurrences on the northern flank of the Sudeten in Poland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Bromus erectus] semidry grasslands

Middle European [Brachypodium] semidry grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.263
definition: [Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. pinnatum] or [Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre] facies of unit 34.322. Geographical subdivisions can be introduced by use of the fourth decimal digit of 34.322 in the fourth place of 34.323. [Brachypodium]-dominated facies may form in all the regional types of grasslands inventoried in unit 34.322 as a result of nitrification or of dominance of grazing over mowing. Such processes are accompanied by a drastic reduction in species diversity. South western grasslands of units H to K of 34.322 and 34.323 are, however, generally rich in [Brachypodium] even in the apparent absence of degradation processes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland

Middle European [Sesleria] semidry grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.265
definition: [Sesleria albicans]-dominated facies of communities of unit 34.322 or 34.326, often rich in dealpine species, occurring in particular in the Alpine and Pyrenean periphery, but also occurring locally, farther from the immediate Alpine influence, in anomalous stations such as steep, more or less shaded slopes or cliffs; [Sesleria argentea]-dominated grasslands of Alava and Navarra. Geographical subdivisions can be introduced by use of the fourth decimal digit of unit 34.322 in the fourth place of unit 34.325.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland

Alluvial and humid [Mesobromion] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.264
definition: Closed grasslands rich in species of the [Mesobromion] and in particular [Bromus erectus], developed on calcareous marls, on somewhat elevated expanses of alluvial plains and on other water retentive soils within the range of the grasslands listed under 34.322. They are transitional to humid grasslands (37) and are often marked by the abundance of [Carex flacca]. Among characteristic elements are also [Thalictrum majus], [Peucedanum carvifolia], [Silaum silaus], [Festuca hirundinacea]. Geographical subdivisions can be introduced by use of the fourth decimal digit of 34.322 in the fourth place of 34.324. Extensive examples are known in particular from the marls of Lorraine, the Belgian low Meuse and the great rivers of the Netherlands, Westphalia, the alluvial plains of the French Moselle and Meuse, the Rhine valley in Germany and Alsace, various valleys in south Germany and the valley of the Sarthe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland

Sub-Mediterranean [Mesobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.266
definition: Closed mesophile grasslands, usually rich in [Bromus erectus] and orchids, of the periphery of the Mediterranean basin in Catalonia, the eastern Pyrenees, the Corbières, the Causses, Provence, the southwestern Alps and the northern Apennines. Many are comparatively dry and have sometimes been included in the [Xerobromion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland

Insubrian [Mesobromion] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.267
definition: Species-rich hill and montane grasslands of Lago di Garda, Lago di Como and neighbouring areas with [Chrysopogon gryllus], [Bromus erectus], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Agrostis capillaris], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Carex humilis] and many orchids including the endemic [Ophrys benacensis] and [Serapias vomeracea ssp. vomeracea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland

Central Apennine [Mesobromion] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.268
definition: Closed mesophile grasslands of the piani of the beech level of the Monti Sibillini and adjacent regions of the central Apennines, with a rich floristic cortège including many higher altitude species and Apennine endemics, dominated by the grasses [Bromus erectus], [Festuca circummediterranea], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Poa pratensis], [Briza media], [Festuca pratensis], with [Filipendula vulgaris], [Alchemilla glaucescens], [Scabiosa columbaria], [Trifolium montanum], [Lotus corniculatus], [Thymus longicaulis], [Rhinanthus personatus], [Cerastium fontanum], [Galium anisophyllon], and with the central Italian endemic[Gentiana columnae] on summits and slopes, [Asphodelus albus] and [Fritillaria tenella] in plains and gullies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland

Illyrian [Mesobromion] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.269
definition: Closed mesophile grasslands of medio-European affinities developed on relatively deep, mostly calcareous soils of the Slovenian Alps, Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia, within the Illyrian beech forest level, extending south to Albania along the maritime façade of the western Balkan peninsula, dominated by perennial, tuft-forming grasses, in particular, [Bromus erectus], [Sesleria juncifolia] or [Molinia arundinacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic semi-dry calcareous grassland
narrower: Illyrian brome-plantain grasslands
narrower: Illyrian [Sesleria] grasslands
narrower: Illyrian [Molinia-Gladiolus] grasslands

Illyrian brome-plantain grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2691
definition: Closed mesophile calcicolous grasslands of the Illyrian beech forest level of the Dinarides dominated by [Bromus erectus], with [Plantago media], [Ranunculus bulbosus], [Globularia elongata], [Scabiosa agrestis], [Knautia arvensis], [Viola alba ssp. scotophylla], [Dianthus giganteus ssp. croaticus], [Koeleria pyramidata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Mesobromion] grasslands

Illyrian [Sesleria] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2692
definition: Closed mesophile calcicolous grasslands of the Illyrian beech forest level of the Dinarides dominated by [Sesleria juncifolia], with [Centaurea triumfetti], [Daphne cneorum], [Genista januensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Mesobromion] grasslands

Illyrian [Molinia-Gladiolus] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2693
definition: Closed mesophile calcicolous grasslands of the Illyrian beech forest level of the Dinarides dominated by [Molinia arundinacea], with [Succisa pratensis], [Serratula tinctoria], [Gladiolus illyricus], [Euphorbia brittingeri], [Anthericum ramosum], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Leucanthemum vulgare], [Carex humilis], [Agrostis tenuis], [Danthonia provincialis], [Bromus erectus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Mesobromion] grasslands

Sub-Atlantic very dry calcareous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.27
definition: Xerophile, open formations dominated by perennial, tuft-forming grasses, often rich in chamaephytes, colonizing superficial calcareous soils, often on steep slopes, clifftops or hilltops, in the sub-Atlantic domain of the [Quercion pubescentii-petraeae] and its northern irradiations and in the sub-Mediterranean mountains of the northern Italian peninsula, with [Bromus erectus], [Sesleria albicans], [Koeleria vallesiana], [Melica ciliata], [Stipa pennata], [Stipa bavarica], [Stipa capillata], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Phleum phleoides], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Carex humilis], [Fumana procumbens], [Globularia punctata], [Ononis pusilla], [Helianthemum apenninum], [Helianthemum canum], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Linum tenuifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Allium sphaerocephalon], [Arabis hirsuta], [Anthericum liliago], [Aster linosyris], [Pulsatilla vulgaris], [Biscutella laevigata], [Orobanche teucrii], [Artemisia alba], [Sedum album], [Sedum acre], [Acinos arvensis], [Hippocrepis comosa], [Sanguisorba minor], [Potentilla neumanniana], [Scabiosa columbaria], [Astragalus monspessulanus], [Teucrium pyrenaicum], [Ononis spinosa], [Ononis natrix].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Southern Britannic [Xerobromion] grasslands
narrower: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands
narrower: Hercynio-Jurassic blue moorgrass [Xerobromion]

Southern Britannic [Xerobromion] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.271
definition: Very dry calcicolous grasslands of southwestern England, restricted to very limited stations on the Carboniferous Limestones of the southern Mendips and on the Devonian Limestones of Tor Bay, with [Festuca ovina], [Koeleria vallesiana], [Carex humilis], [Helianthemum apenninum], [Sanguisorba minor], [Thymus praecox], [Hieracium pilosella], [Plantago lanceolata], [Scilla autumnalis], [Euphorbia portlandica], [Inula conyza], [Sedum forsteranum], [Trinia glauca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic very dry calcareous grassland

Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.272
definition: Formations of southern Belgium, Germany, France, Switzerland, northern Spain and the northern Apennines. Where they occur in the vicinity of communities of the [Festucetalia valesiacae], the latter occupy sites with more continental microclimates than those inhabited by the formations of this group.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic very dry calcareous grassland
narrower: Mosan [Xerobromion]
narrower: Harz [Xerobromion]
narrower: Paris basin Cretaceous [Xerobromion]
narrower: Parisian Tertiary [Xerobromion]
narrower: Paris basin Jurassic [Xerobromion]
narrower: Middle Rhine [Xerobromion]
narrower: Upper Rhine [Xerobromion]
narrower: Western Jura [Xerobromion]
narrower: Swabian [Xerobromion]
narrower: Franconian [Xerobromion]
narrower: Northwestern pre-Alpine [Xerobromion]
narrower: Bavarian [Xerobromion]
narrower: Ligerian [Xerobromion]
narrower: Aquitanian [Xerobromion]
narrower: Quercy [Xerobromion]
narrower: Pyrenean [Xerobromion]
narrower: Southwestern Alpine [Xerobromion]
narrower: Northern Apennine [Xerobromion]

Mosan [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2721
definition: Xerophile grasslands of the northwestern Hercynian periphery, on mostly Devonian or Carboniferous limestones, in the Mosan district of Belgium and the French Meuse, with outposts in the Ardenne-Eifel of Luxembourg and Rhineland; the stations are for the most part very limited in extent and widely isolated.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Harz [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2722
definition: Xerophile grasslands, on substrates derived from Mesozoic limestones of the periphery of the Harz, notably in Thuringe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Paris basin Cretaceous [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2723
definition: Xerophile grasslands of rare localities of the Cretaceous northwestern and western periphery of the Paris basin, in particular in the valleys of the Seine and Somme.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Parisian Tertiary [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2724
definition: Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Parisian Tertiary in the central Paris basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Paris basin Jurassic [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2725
definition: Xerophile grasslands of the northeastern, eastern and southeastern Jurassic belt of the Paris basin and adjacent Cretaceous areas in Lorraine, Champagne, Haute Marne, Burgundy, Haute Saone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Middle Rhine [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2726
definition: Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Rhine, Mainz, Moselle, Neckar, Nahe and Lahn valleys in their crossing of the northern Hercynian ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Upper Rhine [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2727
definition: Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the upper Rhine rift and adjacent hills, in Alsace, Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Western Jura [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2728
definition: Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the French and Swiss Jura and adjacent areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Swabian [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.2729
definition: Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Swabian Alb, Lake Constance region and adjacent areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Franconian [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.272A
definition: Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Franconian Alb, Franconian plateaux and adjacent areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Northwestern pre-Alpine [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.272B
definition: Hill and montane xerophile grasslands of the northwestern calcareous pre-Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Bavarian [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.272C
definition: Hill and montane xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Bavarian plateau.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Ligerian [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.272D
definition: Xerophile calcareous grasslands of the southern Paris basin, Berry and Auvergne.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Aquitanian [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.272E
definition: Xerophile calcareous grasslands of southwestern France in Charentes, Perigord and Aquitaine.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Quercy [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.272F
definition: Xerophile calcareous grasslands of Quercy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Pyrenean [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.272G
definition: Hill and montane xerophile calcareous grasslands of the Pyrenees and adjacent areas; in the pubescent oak level of the eastern part of the range [Xerobromion] grasslands with [Koeleria vallesiana], [Festuca ovina] s.l. and Bromus erectus come in contact with [Aphyllanthion] formations occupying more humid soils and closed postcultural [Brachypodium] grasslands of the [Brachypodion phoenicoides]. On the south side of the range, xerophile pastures are represented in lower zones and on the protected adrets by communities of the [Aphyllanthion], of decidedly Mediterranean hue, while the formations of the [Xerobromion], of more Euro-Siberian character, occupy the other situations. Chamaephytes such as [Helianthemum nummularium], [Artemisia alba], [Teucrium pyrenaicum], [Ononis spinosa], [Ononis natrix] are abundant alongside the gramineous [Phleum phleoides], [Festuca ovina] s.l., and [Carex humilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Southwestern Alpine [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.272H
definition: [Xerobromion] grasslands of the southwestern Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Northern Apennine [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.272I
definition: Open, arid pastures developed in the thermophilous deciduous [Quercus cerris-Quercus pubescens-Ostrya carpinifolia] belt of the northern Apennines, south approximately to the area of the Monte della Luna, southeastern Tuscany, where they occupy arenaceous-marly substrates and come in contact with the grasslands of unit 34.74, located on limestones and much richer in Apennine endemics. At their southern limit, the northern formations are rich in chamaephytes, notably [Coronilla minima], [Asperula purpurea], [Fumana procumbens], alongside [Astragalus monspessulanus], [Bromus erectus], [Brachypodium pinnatum] and [Festuca inops].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Xerobromion] grasslands

Hercynio-Jurassic blue moorgrass [Xerobromion]
type: Concept
notation: E1.273
definition: Dry calciphile grasslands of sunny stony slopes and cliff ledges of the Swabian and Franconian Jura and of the Franconian Main region, dominated by [Sesleria albicans], usually accompanied by [Bromus erectus] and often, particularly in the Jura, by [Festuca pallens] and dealpine species; they are somewhat intermediate between the sub-Atlantic very dry grasslands and the pale fescue grasslands of unit 34.35, particularly of unit 34.3511, and are sometimes included among the latter.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic very dry calcareous grassland

Central European calcaro-siliceous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.28
definition: Low-altitude middle European xerophile, rupicolous or psammophilous, grasslands of slightly calcareous substrates, with [Festuca heteropachys], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Koeleria macrantha] ([Koeleria gracilis]), [Phleum phleoides], [Luzula campestris], [Dianthus deltoides], [Jasione montana], [Agrostis tenuis], [Potentilla erecta], [Armeria elongata], [Artemisia campestris], [Aster linosyris], [Lychnis viscaria], [Silene otites], [Silene nutans], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Campanula patula], [Potentilla rupestris], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. obscurum], [Helianthemum apenninum], [Scleranthus perennis], [Allium senescens ssp. montanum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Hercynian calcaro-siliceous stony grasslands
narrower: Central European calcaro-siliceous sand grasslands

Hercynian calcaro-siliceous stony grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.281
definition: Rupicolous communities, colonizing, in particular, deep cracks and ledges of calcaro-siliceous rocky slopes or cliffs, with, notably, [Festuca heteropachys], [Artemisia campestris], [Aster linosyris], [Lychnis viscaria], [Potentilla rupestris]. The range of these formations is centreed on the Hercynian ranges of middle Germany (notably Rhine, Nahe, Moselle, Mainz valleys and Hartz periphery), extending east to the Bohemian basin, west to Alsace and to extremely rare and isolated outposts in Ardenne valleys of Luxembourg, Belgium and France, where they are represented by [Festuca heteropachys] or [Potentilla rupestris] grasslands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European calcaro-siliceous grassland

Calcicline Central European sand grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2821
definition: Closed, perennial communities of moderately calcareous stabilised sands of northern and western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, with [Armeria elongata], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Dianthus carthusianorum], [Silene otites], [Phleum boehmeri], [Koeleria gracilis], [Centaurea rhenana], [Chondrilla juncea], [Asperula cynanchica], [Eryngium campestre], [Sedum sexangulare], [Helichrysum arenarium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European calcaro-siliceous sand grasslands

Acidocline Central European sand grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2822
definition: Closed, perennial communities of acidocline stabilised sands of northern and western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, with [Armeria elongata], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Dianthus deltoides], [Helichrysum arenarium], [Vicia lathyroides], [Chondrilla juncea], [Hieracium pilosella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European calcaro-siliceous sand grasslands

Substabilised Central European sand grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2823
definition: Moderately closed, perennial communities of loose slightly calcareous sands of northern and western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, with [Corynephorus canescens], [Silene tatarica], [Petasites spurius], [Plantago indica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European calcaro-siliceous sand grasslands

Calci-orophile pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.291
definition: Central European calcicolous subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of orogenous affinities, montane or submontane with a strong representation of species characteristic of higher-altitude communities, often occupying stations of comparatively cool microclimate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Festuca pallens] grassland
narrower: Dealpine calciphile pale fescue grasslands
narrower: East Carpathian [Sesleria rigida] grasslands

Central European calcaro-siliceous sand grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.282
definition: Closed, perennial communities of slightly calcareous sands of northern and western Central Europe, and of northern Eastern Europe, characteristic, in particular, of old riverine dunes and morainal hills, with [Armeria elongata], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Sedum sexangulare], [Carex ligerica], [Helichrysum arenarium]. Best represented in the dunal system of the large rivers of Central Europe, in particular the Weser, the Aller, the Elbe, the Oder, the Vistula, the Bugu, the Narwi, of the morainal hills of the Baltic plain of Mecklenburg-Pomerania, of Brandenburg and of Poland and Lithuania, of the Main sands of Franconia and of the Bohemian basin, these formations extend west to the fluviatile district of the Netherlands, and east to Polesia, Lithuania and northwestern Russia, south to the upper Rhine sand flats and the Bavarian Plateau.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European calcaro-siliceous grassland
narrower: Calcicline Central European sand grasslands
narrower: Acidocline Central European sand grasslands
narrower: Substabilised Central European sand grasslands

[Festuca pallens] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.29
definition: Subcontinental xeric, thermophile grasslands of middle European collinar rock ledges, mostly dominated by the strong tufts of the glaucous [Festuca pallens], [Festuca sadlerana] and [Festuca pannonica] and of the green [Sesleria albicans], and with [Dianthus gratianopolitanus], [Carex humilis], [Melica ciliata], [Aster alpinus], [Artemisia campestris ssp. lednicensis], [Hieracium] spp., [Biscutella laevigata ssp. varia], [Teucrium botrys], [Teucrium montanum], [Helianthemum canum], [Iris aphylla], [Allium strictum], [Allium senescens ssp. montanum], locally distributed from French Jura and Rhine valley to sub-Pannonic foothils and Carpathians in Romania. The communities of the [Festucion pallescentis] often occupy isolated stations and include rare or relictual species which impart to many of them a distinctive biogeographical and physiognomic individuality. In particular, rare and highly disjunct western outposts occur in the Meuse basin of the Belgian and French Ardennes, harbouring, among others, very isolated populations of [Draba aizoides var. montana], [Artemisia alba ssp. saxatilis] and [Hieracium vogesiacum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Calci-orophile pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Calcicline pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Acidocline pale fescue grasslands

Dealpine calciphile pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2911
definition: Calciphile rock ledge grasslands rich in dealpine species of northern exposures in the collinar and submontane levels of the eastern and southern periphery of the Alps and the Carpathians, with relict occurrences in the Bohemian basin, southern Moravia and the Central Hungarian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calci-orophile pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Peri-Alpine feathergrass rock grasslands
narrower: Peri-Alpine blue moorgrass rock grasslands
narrower: Peri-Carpathian dealpine rock grasslands
narrower: Pannonic [Sesleria sadleriana] rock grasslands
narrower: Bohemian dealpine rock grasslands

Peri-Alpine feathergrass rock grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29111
definition: Calciphile rock ledge grasslands of the eastern Alpine periphery dominated by [Stipa eriocaulis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dealpine calciphile pale fescue grasslands

Peri-Alpine blue moorgrass rock grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29112
definition: Calciphile rock ledge grasslands of the eastern Alpine periphery and inner valleys, dominated by [Sesleria albicans] ([Sesleria calcarea]), [Festuca pallens], [Festuca rupicola], [Koeleria pyramidata], [Brachypodium rupestre], [Carex humilis], [Seseli austriacum], [Teucrium montanum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dealpine calciphile pale fescue grasslands

Peri-Carpathian dealpine rock grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29113
definition: Calciphile rock ledge grasslands rich in dealpine species of northern exposures in the collinar and submontane levels of the southern spurs of the Northwestern Carpathians of Moravia and southern Slovakia, of the Pavlov Hills of southern Moravia and the northern Weinviertel of Austria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dealpine calciphile pale fescue grasslands

Pannonic [Sesleria sadleriana] rock grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29114
definition: Relict primary calciphile closed rock grasslands of northern exposures of dolomite hills of the central part of the Hungarian Central Range and of the Austrian Hainburger Bergen, developed on shallow rendzinas, dominated by [Sesleria sadleriana ssp. sadleriana], endemic to the region, with [Carex humilis], [Genista pilosa], [Hieracium danubiale], [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Draba lasiocarpa], [Poa badensis], [Alyssum saxatile], [Dianthus lumnitzeri], [Thalictrum foetidum], [Sempervivum schlehanii], [Saxifraga aizoon], [Ceterach officinarum], [Homalothecium lutescens], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dealpine calciphile pale fescue grasslands

Bohemian dealpine rock grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29115
definition: North-facing slope rock-ledge grasslands of the Bohemian basin, in particular, of the Bohemian Karst and the Bohemian Central Range, with [Sesleria albicans], [Anthyllis vulneraria], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Primula veris], [Scabiosa columbaria], [Carex digitata], [Lembotropis nigricans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dealpine calciphile pale fescue grasslands

East Carpathian [Sesleria rigida] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2912
definition: Calciphile rock-ledge grasslands of the montane level of the eastern Carpathian system, locally extending to the collinar and subalpine levels, dominated by [Sesleria rigida], [Festuca xanthina] or [Helictotrichon decorum], with [Asperula capitata], [Dianthus spiculifolius], [Dianthus kitaibelii], [Carduus candicans], [Iris reichenbachii], [Jovibarba heuffelii], [Sempervivum zeleborii], [Seseli gracile], [Seseli rigidum], [Thalictrum uncinatum], [Viola jooi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calci-orophile pale fescue grasslands

Calcicline pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.292
definition: Central European subcontinental xero-thermophile grasslands of calcareous or weakly calcareous sunny collinar rock ledges. In the peri-Pannonic and peri-Alpine region, where they are in contact with communities of unit 34.351, they occupy stations with a warmer, drier microclimate, in particular south-facing slopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Festuca pallens] grassland
narrower: Peri-Hercynian calcicline pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Circum-Pannonic calcicline pale fescue grasslands

Circum-Pannonic calcicline pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2922
definition: Species-rich xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the western and southern periphery of the Carpathian arc in northeastern Austria, southern Moravia, Slovakia, northern Hungary and western Romania, developed on rendzinas over limestones or dolomite on south-facing steep slopes with extreme conditions of insolation, temperature variation and evaporation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcicline pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Pre-Carpathian pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Central Pannonic pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Pre-Dacic pale fescue grasslands

Pre-Carpathian pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29221
definition: Xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of Carpathian affinities, distributed in the hills of the western and southern periphery of the Carpathian arc and in the Central Hungarian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circum-Pannonic calcicline pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Pre-Carpathian Baden meadowgrass pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Pre-Carpathian [Sesleria hungarica] grasslands

Pre-Carpathian Baden meadowgrass pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.292211
definition: Open xero-thermophile subcontinental primary rock-ledge grasslands of limestones and dolomites of the Hainburger Bergen, the Weinviertel, the Pavlov Hills and southern Slovakia, dominated by large, distant tufts of [Festuca pallens] alternating with small, prostrate espalier subshrubs, [Fumana procumbens], [Thymus praecox], [Helianthemum canum], succulents, [Sedum album], [Sedum sexangulare], [Jovibarba hirta], mosses and lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pre-Carpathian pale fescue grasslands

Pre-Carpathian [Sesleria hungarica] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.292212
definition: Open rock-ledge grasslands installed on limestone rocks of higher elevations of the Hungarian Central Range, with numerous species of Carpathian affinities, dominated by [Sesleria heuflerana ssp. hungarica], [Festuca pallens], with [Campanula divergentiformis], [Hieracium bupleuroides], [Saxifraga paniculata], [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Dianthus lumnitzeri], [Cytisus ciliatus], [Viola tricolor], [Allium montanum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pre-Carpathian pale fescue grasslands

Peri-Hercynian calcicline pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2921
definition: Rock-ledge grasslands of the French, Swiss, Swabian, Franconian and Little Polish Jura, of the central Hercynian ranges, of the middle German Saale-Mulde basin, of the Bohemian basin, of the Pieniny, of the Bavarian Plateau, developed on mussel limestones, dolomites, porphyrios, basalts, schists and sometimes serpentines, with [Dianthus gratianopolitanus], [Festuca pallens], [Stipa bavarica], [Stipa eriocaulis], [Stipa joannis], [Poa badensis], [Melica ciliata], [Carex humilis], [Dracocephalum austriacum], [Campanula sibirica], [Minuartia setacea], [Fumana procumbens], [Helianthemum canum], [Pulsatilla grandis], [Scorzonera austriaca], [Teucrium montanum], [Seseli hippomarathrum] and local [Hieracium] species, including [Hieracium bifidum], [Hieracium schmidtii], [Hieracium wiesbaurianum], [Hieracium onosmoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcicline pale fescue grasslands

Central Pannonic pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29222
definition: Xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the Central Hungarian Range, with irradiations in neighbouring ranges, in particular, in the southern Moravian and eastern Austrian hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circum-Pannonic calcicline pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Pannonic dwarf sedge pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Pannonic seseli pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Pannonic brome pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Pannonic cinquefoil pale fescue grasslands

Pannonic dwarf sedge pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.292221
definition: Open, xero-thermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the Hainburger Bergen, the Weinviertel, the southern Moravian hills and southern Slovakia, dominated by fairy-ring or half-moon shaped colonies of [Carex humilis], accompanied by [Festuca carnuntina], [Festuca pallens], [Stipa eriocaulis], [Stipa capillata], the subshrubs [Thymus praecox], [Helianthemum canum], [Teucrium montanum], [Fumana procumbens], the herbs [Seseli hippomarathrum], [Seseli osseum], [Echinops ritro], [Jurinea mollis], [Scabiosa canescens], many spring annuals of sub-Mediterranean affinities and drought-resistant mosses and lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Pannonic pale fescue grasslands

Pannonic seseli pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.292222
definition: Xerothermic grasslands of the Transdanubian part of the Hungarian Central Range, developed on skeletal soils and dolomite debris of warm, dry, steep slopes with a south and southwest exposure, rich in [Festuca pallens], abundant in species of sub-Mediterranean or Eurasian affinities, such as [Stipa eriocaulis], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Fumana procumbens], [Paronychia cephalotes], [Allium moschatum], [Dorycnium germanicum], [Gypsophila arenaria], [Carex humilis], [Pulsatilla grandis], [Globularia aphyllanthes], [Asperula cynanchica], with [Thalictrum pseudominus], [Astragalus vesicarius ssp. albidus], with Pannonic endemics [Seseli leucospermum], [Linum dolomiticum], and a significant representation of some typically high mountain species including [Poa badensis] and [Draba lasiocarpa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Pannonic pale fescue grasslands

Pannonic brome pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.292223
definition: Grasslands, almost completely closed, on shallow rendzines of north-facing dolomite hills of the western Hungarian Central Range, often in contact with the [Seseleo-Festucetum pallentis] communities of southern exposures, with abundant [Festuca pallens] and [Bromus erectus ssp. pannonicus], a well-developed moss layer and characteristic accompanying species, including [Daphne cneorum], [Thalictrum pseudominus], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris], [Polygala amara], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Coronilla vaginalis], [Galium pumilum var. austriacum], [Carduus glaucus] and the extremely rare endemic [Linum dolomiticum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Pannonic pale fescue grasslands

Pannonic cinquefoil pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.292224
definition: Open rock grasslands developed on slightly calcareous soft, crumbling oligocene sandstones of the northern Hungarian Central Range, dominated by [Festuca pallens], with [Potentilla arenaria], and other perennial species, including [Carex humilis], [Minuartia setacea], [Alyssum montanum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Pannonic pale fescue grasslands

Pre-Dacic pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29223
definition: Subcontinental xero-thermophile rock-ledge grasslands of strongly insolated calcareous rocks of the lower and median montane level of the eastern Carpathian system, in particular, of the inner valleys of the Apuseni mountains and the Southern Carpathians, with [Festuca pallens], [Melica ciliata], [Sedum hispanicum], [Thalictrum foetidum], [Helianthemum canum], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Jovibarba heuffelii], [Thymus comosus], [Dianthus henteri], [Taraxacum hoppeanum], [Carduus candicans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circum-Pannonic calcicline pale fescue grasslands

Acidocline pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.293
definition: Central European subcontinental xero-thermophile grasslands of siliceous collinar and montane rock ledges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Festuca pallens] grassland
narrower: Hercynian siliceous pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Circum-Pannonic siliceous pale fescue grasslands

Hercynian siliceous pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2931
definition: Species-rich subcontinental open rock-ledge grasslands of siliceous substrates of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring regions, developed on shallow acid, weakly or sometimes neutral soils in stations, particularly south-facing slopes, submitted to extreme temperaturature variations, drought and wind action, with [Festuca pallens], [Galium valdepilosum], [Seseli osseum], [Hieracium schmidtii], [Hieracium mougeotii], [Onosma helvetica ssp. austriacum], [Aurinia saxatilis], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Sedum rupestre], [Jovibarba sobolifera], [Dianthus gratianopolitanus], [Dianthus moravicus], [Allium senescens ssp. montanum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidocline pale fescue grasslands

Circum-Pannonic siliceous pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.2932
definition: Subcontinental open or semi-open rock-ledge grasslands of siliceous substrates of the Hungarian Central Range, of southern Slovakia, the Carpathic Ukraine and Transylvania, with [Festuca pseudodalmatica], [Stipa crassiculmis ssp. euroanatolica], [Poa pannonica], [Hierochloe australis], [Hierochloe hirta], [Asplenium adiantum-nigrum], [Cheilanthes marantae] ([Notholaena marantae]), [Centaurea coziensis], [Crupina vulgaris], [Genista januensis], [Hieracium pavichii], [Lathyrus nissolia], [Medicago rigidula], [Minuartia hirsuta ssp. frutescens], [Orlaya grandiflora], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Sedum hispanicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidocline pale fescue grasslands
narrower: Pannonic siliceous spleenwort-melick rock grasslands
narrower: Pannonic [Festuca pseudodalmatica] rock grasslands
narrower: Transylvanian [Festuca pseudodalmatica] rock grasslands
narrower: Pannonic meadowgrass pale fescue grasslands

Pannonic siliceous spleenwort-melick rock grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29321
definition: Loosely-organized rock-ledge grassland communities of andesite and granite outcrops of the northern Hungarian Central Range, of southern Slovakia, of the Apuseni mountains and of the Southern Carpathians, comprising [Melica ciliata], [Polypodium vulgare], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Sedum acre], [Asplenium septentrionale], [Asplenium brevnii] and [Woodsia ilvensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circum-Pannonic siliceous pale fescue grasslands

Pannonic [Festuca pseudodalmatica] rock grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29322
definition: Open xero-thermophile grasslands of the northern Hungarian Central Range, the Slovakian Metallic Mountains and Kovacover Hills, installed on shallow soils of silicate rocks and sharing features of both rock swards and steppe grasslands, dominated by [Festuca pseudodalmatica], [Potentilla arenaria], [Seseli osseum], [Thymus glabrescens], [Koeleria cristata], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Achillea nobilis ssp. neilreichii], [Dianthus carthusianorum] and harbouring many species of high conservation value, including [Minuartia frutescens], [Saxifraga paniculata], [Alyssum saxatile].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circum-Pannonic siliceous pale fescue grasslands

Transylvanian [Festuca pseudodalmatica] rock grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29323
definition: Open xero-thermophile grasslands of moderately sloping extremely insolated rocks, mostly breccias, of the Southern Carpathians, dominated by [Festuca pseudodalmatica] and [Minuartia frutescens], with the locally characteristic species [Genista januensis], [Alyssum murale], [Veronica bachofenii] and [Hieracium pavichii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circum-Pannonic siliceous pale fescue grasslands

Pannonic meadowgrass pale fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.29324
definition: Xeric, thermophile grasslands of the northern Hungarian Central Range and of Slovakia, installed on rocks of eruptive origin, notably diabase, gabbro, with Pannonic species [Poa pannonica], [Festuca pallens], [Melica ciliata], [Allium montanum], [Allium flavum], [Sempervivum hirtum], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Potentilla arenaria], [Thymus praecox], [Veronica spicata], [Asplenium trichomanes], and characterized by a well developed moss and lichen layer including [Rhizocarpon geographicum], [Parmelia conspersa], [Parmelia pulvinaris], [Grimmia leucophaea], [Grimmia fragrans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Circum-Pannonic siliceous pale fescue grasslands

[Brachypodium phoenicoides] swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.2A
definition: Closed, dry perennial grasslands of eutrophic soils within the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the western Mediterranean basin, often on post-cultural land, formed by relatively tall grasses and usually dominated by [Brachypodium phoenicoides], with, among many others, [Phleum bertolonii] ([Phleum nodosum], [Phleum pratense]), [Elymus repens], [Carex divisa], [Carthamus lanatus], [Diplotaxis viminea], [Echinops ritro], [Euphorbia serrata], [Echium vulgare], [Echium pustulatum], [Erodium acaule], [Galactites tomentosa], [Lepidium graminifolium], [Medicago orbicularis], [Salvia verbenaca], [Foeniculum vulgare], [Pallenis spinosa], [Psoralea bituminosa], [Seseli tortuosum], [Tragopogon australis], [Scabiosa atropurpurea], [Verbascum sinuatum], [Picris hieracioides], [Calamintha nepeta], [Centaurea aspera], [Vicia hybrida], [Phlomis herba-venti] and many orchids.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes

Serpentine steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2B
definition: Steppic grasslands of serpentine outcrops, dispersed over a wide range in Central Europe and the Balkan peninsula. Open communities in shallow stony soils or eroded sites. Serpentine outcrops also exist in northwestern Europe, in Tuscany and in mediterranean Greece (Euboa); steppic grasslands have not formed on them or are less strongly individualised than those described here.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes

Pannonic loess steppic grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.2C
definition: Grassland communities from the alliance [Festucion valesiacae] of the Pannonic region, rich on [Stipa] species ([Stipa capillata], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Stipa joannis]) and herbaceous dicotyledonous species including, among others, [Salvia nemorosa], [Salvia austriaca], [Filipendula vulgaris], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus exscapus], [Phlomis tuberosa], [Crambe tatarica], [Galium verum], [Ajuga genevensis], [Dianthus pontederae], [Thymus glabrescens], and grasses, [Festuca rupicola], [Koeleria macrantha], established on, notably, loess ridges formed by fluviatile erosion and accumulation. These rare communities are sensitive to grazing and trampling and have been extensively transformed into other grassland types.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Pannonic loess steppes
narrower: Pannonic tall forb meadow-steppes
narrower: Pannonic semidesert steppes
narrower: Pannonic loess pastures

Pannonic loess steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2C1
definition: Primary species-rich, relatively closed, multi-strata steppic grasslands, on deep chernozems, the main Pannonic representative of the steppes of Central Eurasia, composed mainly of [Festuca rupicola], [Stipa capillata], [Koeleria cristata], [Poa angustifolia], [Bromus inermis], [Elymus hispidus], [Achillea pannonica], [Taraxacum serotinum], [Viola ambigua], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Chamaecytisus austriacus], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Adonis vernalis], [Veronica austriaca], [Veronica prostrata], [Vinca herbacea], [Asperula glauca], [Allium paniculatum], with [Nepeta parviflora], [Silene longiflora], [Ajuga laxmannii], [Astragalus dasyanthus], [Astragalus vesicarius], [Astragalus exscapus], [Astragalus austriacus], [Salvia nemorosa], [Salvia nutans], [Echium maculatum]. Originally widely distributed throughout the loess plateau of the Pannonic basin and at the foot of the Hungarian Central Range, but now reduced only to small fragments because of intensive agricultural activity. This habitat is of major conservation importance and harbours numerous rare and threatened taxa, including, among flowering plants, [Crambe tataria], [Adonis transsylvanica], [Thlaspi jankae], [Brassica elongata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic loess steppic grassland

Pannonic tall forb meadow-steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2C2
definition: Species-rich, relatively closed, multi-strata steppic grasslands of the periphery of the Hungarian Central Range, developed on deep chernozems at the 200-300 metre level, formed by a species cortège shared in large part with the steppes of 31.911 but including numerous tall forbs that confer to it an even greater meadow-like appearance, dominated by or rich in [Festuca rupicola], [Poa angustifolia], [Pulsatilla zimmermannii], [Phlomis tuberosa], [Trifolium montanum], [Trifolium alpestre], [Stachys officinalis] ([Betonica officinalis]), [Cytisus albus], [Arenaria micradenia], [Dianthus glabriusculus], [Salvia pratensis], and with the rare and threatened [Onosma tornensis], [Thlaspi jankae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic loess steppic grassland

Pannonic semidesert steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2C3
definition: Open, semidesert-like pioneering community of loess walls of the Pannonic basin, comprising regional species [Agropyron pectinatum], [Brassica elongata], [Adonis flammea] with [Kochia prostrata], [Artemisia pontica], [Stipa capillata], [Centaurea micranthos], [Iris pumila], [Xeranthemum annuum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic loess steppic grassland

Pannonic loess pastures
type: Concept
notation: E1.2C4
definition: Secondary grasslands of wide present distribution in the Pannonic basin, developed mainly on sites previously occupied by primary steppes and forests of wooded steppe zone, with a grazing-induced simplified stratification and resulting predominance of low grasses and forbs, in particular, [Cynodon dactylon], [Carex supina], [Achillea collina], [Bromus mollis], [Falcaria vulgaris], [Bothriochloa ischaemum], [Pimpinella saxifraga], [Agrimonia eupatoria], and presence of weeds such as [Echium vulgare], [Convolvulus arvensis], [Plantago lanceolata], [Veronica arvensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic loess steppic grassland

Ponto-Sarmatic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2D
definition: Steppes of the plain of the western Black Sea, west of the Dniester, of its associated basins, including those of the lower Danube, of Transylvania and of northern Thrace, of the southern edge and valleys of the Podolian, Central Russian and Volga plateaux, with [Stipa capillata], [Kochia prostrata], [Koeleria lobata] ([Koeleria degenii]), [Stipa lessingiana], [Festuca valesiaca], [Dichanthium ischaemum] ([Bothriochloa ischaemum]), [Medicago minima], [Brachypodium pinnatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Western Pontic steppes
narrower: Sarmatic steppes
narrower: Eastern Pontic steppes

Western Pontic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2D1
definition: Steppes of the plain of the western Black Sea, west of the Dniester, of the basin of the lower Danube and of the northern Thracian basin of the middle Maritsa and the Tundzha, with [Pimpinella tragium], [Thymus zygioides], [Stipa lessingiana], [Stipa capillata], [Agropyron pectiniforme].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppes

Sarmatic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2D2
definition: Steppes of the southern edge and valleys of the Podolian, Central Russian and Volga plateaux, forming a wooded steppe belt north of the Pontic plains, extending west to the upper Prut basin of Romanian Moldavia and east to the Volga-Kama trough, composed of [Stipa lessingiana], [Stipa joannis], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Stipa ucrainica], [Koeleria macrantha], [Agropyron cristatum], [Festuca valesiaca], [Astragalus onobrychis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppes

Eastern Pontic steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2D3
definition: Steppes of the northern Black Sea-Sea of Azov plain, of the basins of the Dnieper and the Don, extending west to the Dniestr, northeast to the Volga, east to the Caspian deserts and semideserts, southeast to the pre-Caucasian hills in the basins of the Kouban, the Manytch, the upper Kuma and upper Terek.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppes

Irano-Anatolian steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2E
definition: Steppes of the Anatolian Plateau, of Transcaucasia, of the eastern cis-Caucasian hills of Daghestan and the Terek basin, of the Iranian Plateau, the Kopet Dagh, the Pamir-Alai, the extreme western Tien-Shan, around the rim of the Ferghana basin and along the spur of the Karatau, and of northern Mesopotamia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes

Pannonic sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F
definition: Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on moving or fixed sands within the range of the Pannonic steppes (unit E1.2C), thus in the Pannonic basin and the areas of preponderant influence of its communities. Most of these formations are associated with inland dune systems and relate to unit E1.99 and its subdivisions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes
narrower: Pannonic sand pioneer swards
narrower: Pannonic open sand steppes
narrower: [Festuca wagneri] sand steppes
narrower: Pannonic closed sand steppes
narrower: Pannonic sand puszta

Pannonic sand pioneer swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F1
definition: Therophyte-dominated stages of the first succession phase in the colonisation of Pannonic sands, and in particular of Pannonic dunes (64.71), characterized by a very thin, low cover of mostly ephemeral, early-blooming annuals of small stature, among which [Bromus mollis], [Bromus tectorum], [Bromus squarrosus], [Medicago minima], [Cerastium brachypetalum], [Erophila verna], [Plantago indica], [Saxifraga tridactylites], [Poa annua], [Poa bulbosa], [Viola kitaibeliana], [Lithospermum arvense], [Corispermum nitidum], [Polygonum arenarium], with a few species of longer seasonal visibility, such as [Equisetum ramosissimum var. altissimum], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Sedum acre], [Cynodon dactylon].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic sand steppes
narrower: Drooping brome pioneer swards
narrower: Corispermum pioneer swards
narrower: Pannonic horsetail pioneer swards

Drooping brome pioneer swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F11
definition: Pioneer sand-swards of the northern Pannonic basin, dominated by [Bromus tectorum], with [Koeleria glauca], [Secale sylvestre], [Cynodon dactylon], [Polygonum arenarium], [Sedum urvillei], [Kochia laniflora], [Plantago arenaria], [Helichrysum arenarium], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Alyssum alyssoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic sand pioneer swards

Corispermum pioneer swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F12
definition: Pioneer sand-swards of the southern Pannonic basin, in particular of the Deliblat sand-steppe, dominated by [Corispermum nitidum] and [Polygonum arenarium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic sand pioneer swards

Pannonic horsetail pioneer swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F13
definition: Pioneer sand-swards of the Pannonic basin, well characterized in the Seewinkel, dominated by [Equisetum ramosissimum], with [Scirpus holoschoenus] and small herbs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic sand pioneer swards

Pannonic open sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F2
definition: More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of Pannonic sands, in particular of Pannonic dunes (unit 64.71), best characterized in Hungary and the Vojvodina, with representatives in southern Slovakia, northeastern Austria and western Romania, dominated by the perennial grasses [Festuca vaginata], [Stipa capillata], [Stipa borysthenica], [Cleistogenes serotina], [Koeleria glauca], [Koeleria cristata], [Carex liparocarpos], accompanied by [Euphorbia seguierana], [Alkanna tinctoria], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Dianthus serotinus], [Dianthus diutinus], [Gypsophila paniculata], [Scabiosa ochroleuca], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Erysimum diffusum], [Fumana procumbens], [Minuartia glomerata], [Minuartia verna].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic sand steppes
narrower: Pannonic calciphile sand steppes
narrower: Pannonic acidophile sand fescue steppes

Pannonic calciphile sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F21
definition: More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of calcareous Pannonic sands, in particular of Pannonic dunes (64.71), dominated by [Festuca vaginata] or feathergrasses ([Stipa capillata], [Stipa borysthenica]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic open sand steppes
narrower: Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes
narrower: Pannonic feathergrass sand steppes

Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F211
definition: More or less open grasslands of calcareous Pannonic sands dominated by [Festuca vaginata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic calciphile sand steppes
narrower: Central Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes
narrower: Eastern Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes
narrower: Southern Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes

Central Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F2111
definition: Extremely dry, open, semidesertic grasslands of the Hungarian Little Alf”ld and the Slovakian Marchfeld, of the Mezõföld and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, on calcareous sands, with a 50-60% cover at most, constituted by [Festuca vaginata], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Fumana procumbens], [Viola rupestris], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Minuartia fastigiata], and harbouring numerous rare or endemic taxa, including [Achillea ochroleuca], [Corispermum canescens], [Dianthus serotinus], [Colchicum arenarium], [Astragalus exscapus], [Astragalus varius], [Iris arenaria], [Sedum hillebrandtii], [Linum hirsutum ssp. glabrescens], [Onosma arenaria], [Centaurea arenaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes

Eastern Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F2112
definition: Open sand steppes of the Carei area of northwestern Romania, in the Nyirseg system of the northeastern Pannonic basin, characteristic of semi-fixed continental sand, dominated by [Festuca vaginata], with [Poa bulbosa], [Poa angustifolia], [Linaria genistifolia], [Draba verna], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Carex stenophylla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes

Southern Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F2113
definition: Open sand steppes of the Deliblat plateau of the Vojvodina, developed on extremely calcareous sands on which the moss [Barbula ruralis] contributes to the formation of carbonate crusts, dominated by [Festuca vaginata] with [Koeleria glauca], [Poa bulbosa], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Polygonum arenarium], [Centaurea arenaria], [Artemisia campestris]. Representatives of the community irradiate in eastern Serbia to the confines of the Oltenian plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic calciphile sand fescue steppes

Pannonic feathergrass sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F212
definition: Pioneer perennial grasslands of Pannonic sands, slightly less open than the fescue sand steppes, of which they often constitute a development stage towards closed grasslands, dominated by the tall feathergrasses [Stipa capillata], [Stipa borysthenica] that confer to them a multistrata structure.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic calciphile sand steppes

[Festuca wagneri] sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F3
definition: Pannonic semiclosed sand steppes dominated by fescues of the [Festuca wagneri] group, and, in the more evolved stages, by [Stipa] spp., intermediate between the [Festuca vaginata] formations of 34.A12 and the closed [Festuca rupicola] grasslands of 34.A14, with a species cortège drawn from both the [Festucion vaginatae] and the [Festucion valesiacae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic sand steppes
narrower: Central Pannonic [Festuca wagneri] sand steppes
narrower: Deliblat [Festuca wagneri] sand steppes

Central Pannonic [Festuca wagneri] sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F31
definition: Semiclosed sand steppes of the Hungarian Plains, developed on calcareous sands with a degree of cover reaching 70-80%, usually in contact with the more open swards of the [Festucetum vaginatae], dominated by the endemic [Festuca javorkae] ([Festuca wagneri] p.), accompanied by a species assemblage constituted partly of elements of the open perennial grasslands, but mainly of the steppic grasslands, with [Poa pratensis ssp. angustifolia], [Centaurea arenaria], [Eryngium campestre], [Galium verum], [Potentilla arenaria], [Verbascum lychnitis], [Silene otites var. pseudotites], [Carex liparocarpos], [Scabiosa ochroleuca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Festuca wagneri] sand steppes

Pannonic acidophile sand fescue steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F22
definition: Open grasslands of acidic sands of the Hungarian Little Alf”ld and the Slovakian Marchfeld, of the Mezõföld periphery, of the northern Danube-Tisza interfluve, of the Drava basin of Croatia and of the Nyirseg complex of northeastern Hungary and the Carei area of northwestern Romania, formed by an admixture of elements of sub-Atlantic [Corynephorus] swards and of continental, Pannonic, [Festuca vaginata] grasslands, dominated by [Corynephorus canescens], [Festuca vaginata], and with [Minuartia viscosa], [Anchusa officinalis ssp. pustulata], [Filago germanica], [Filago minima], [Cynoglossum hungaricum], [Thymus serpyllum], [Veronica verna], [Jasione montana], [Helichrysum arenarium], [Crepis capillaris], [Equisetum ramosissimum], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Onosma arenaria], [Gypsophila paniculata], [Silene conica], [Koeleria glauca], [Scabiosa argentea] ([Scabiosa ucranica]). They constitute a preferential habitat for the rare and threatened [Pulsatilla hungarica], [Pulsatilla patens] and [Herniaria hirsuta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic open sand steppes

Deliblat [Festuca wagneri] sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F32
definition: Semiclosed sand steppes of the Deliblat steppe of the Vojvodina, developed on highly calcareous sands as a transition stage between the [Alysso-Festucetum vaginataea] and the [Chrysopogonetum pannonicum], dominated by the endemic [Festuca wagneri s.s]., with [Festuca rupicola], [Stipa capillata], [Poa bulbosa], [Peucedanum arenarium], [Potentilla cinerea], [Verbascum lychnitis], [Silene otites], [Scabiosa ochroleuca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Festuca wagneri] sand steppes

Pannonic closed sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F4
definition: Relatively closed, primary or secondary, fescue or feathergrass swards of basophilous, humus- and nutrient-rich, sandy or mixed sand-loessy soils of the Pannonic basin of Hungary, eastern Austria, southern Slovakia and Transylvania, of relatively rare and sporadic occurrence, dominated by [Festuca rupicola], [Stipa joannis], [Stipa pulcherrima], [Carex humilis], [Stipa capillata], [Koeleria macrantha], [Dichanthium ischaemum], or, in some facies, [Chrysopogon gryllus], with [Carex liparocarpos], [Festuca vaginata], [Festuca wagneri] s.l., [Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum], [Achillea ochroleuca], [Astragalus aster], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Astragalus exscapus], [Astragalus austriacus], [Oxytropis pilosa], [Potentilla cinerea], [Potentilla arenaria], [Linum austriacum], [Salvia nemorosa], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Silene parviflora], [Silene viscosa], [Dianthus giganteiformis ssp. pontederae], [Asperula cynanchica], [Galium glaucum], [Galium verum], [Pulsatilla grandis], [Pulsatilla nigricans], [Lotus corniculatus], [Onosma arenaria ssp. pseudoarenaria], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Euphorbia nicaeensis ssp. glareosa] ([Euphorbia glareosa], [Euphorbia pannonica]), [Artemisia alba], [Artemisia campestris], [Artemisia laciniata], [Artemisia pancicii], [Thymus glabrescens], [Daphne cneorum], [Cytisus ratisbonensis], [Muscari botryoides], [Muscari comosum], [Iris variegata], [Iris humilis ssp. arenaria], [Colchicum arenarium], [Ophrys sphegodes], [Anacamptis pyramidalis], [Botrychium lunaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic sand steppes

Pannonic sand puszta
type: Concept
notation: E1.2F5
definition: Fescue pastures of sandy alluvial soils of the Pannonic basin, distributed in the Austrian Seewinkel, the Hungarian plains, the Banat, the Crisana and Transylvania, forming a mosaic with saline pusztas (unit 15.A11) and water-edge vegetation to constitute the puszta landscape, formed by [Festuca pseudovina], [Potentilla arenaria], [Cynodon dactylon], [Carex stenophylla] and, in some stands, [Festuca valesiaca], with [Fragaria viridis], [Cerastium semidecandrum], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Eryngium campestre], [Thymus glabrescens], [Poa bulbosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic sand steppes

Ponto-Sarmatic sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2G
definition: Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on moving or fixed sands within the range of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppes (unit E1.2D) and the regions of influence of their communities. Most of these formations are associated with inland dune systems and and relate to unit E1.9A and its subdivisions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes

Irano-Anatolian sand steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.2H
definition: Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on moving or fixed sands of the Anatolian Plateau, of Transcaucasia, of the Iranian Plateau and of northern Mesopotamia, in the Irano-Anatolian zone of transition between the continental Eurasian steppes and the Mediterranean and southern Palaearctic desert zones. These formations are associated with inland dune systems, see also unit E1.A5.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes

Mediterranean xeric grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.3
definition: Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, mostly open, short-grass perennial grasslands rich in therophytes; therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich, often calcareous substrates e.g. vegetation of the class [Thero-Brachypodietea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: West Mediterranean xeric grassland
narrower: Southwestern Mediterranean perennial pastures
narrower: East Mediterranean xeric grassland

West Mediterranean xeric grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.31
definition: Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, short-grass perennial grasslands and therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich substrates of Spain, southern France, the large west Mediterranean islands, Italy and Mediterranean North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean xeric grassland
narrower: Retuse torgrass swards
narrower: Crau steppe
narrower: Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils
narrower: Causse dolomitic arenas

Retuse torgrass swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.311
definition: Grasslands dominated by [Brachypodium retusum] and with many therophytes and geophytes, often alternating in mosaic fashion with garrigues or occupying their clearings.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean xeric grassland

Crau steppe
type: Concept
notation: E1.312
definition: Open grasslands of the coussous still covering vast but dwindling expanses of the Crau, fossil delta of the Durance, with [Brachypodium retusum], [Stipa capillata], [Dichanthium ischaemum], [Elymus caput-medusae], [Thymus vulgaris], [Bellis sylvestris], [Asphodelus fistulosus], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Linum gallicum], [Salvia multifida], [Bufonia macrosperma]; they support a fauna of exceptional originality.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean xeric grassland

Western Mediterranean calciphile annual communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.3131
definition: Thermo- meso- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean calciphile formations of spring-blooming, summer-desiccated annual grasses and flowering plants of Mediterranean France, Iberia and Italy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils

Southeastern Iberian pre-desert annual communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.3132
definition: Ephemeral annual grasses and flowering plants formations of the arid Iberian southeast, appearing among the pre-desert scrub communities of unit 32.25.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils

Iberian gypsum annual communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.3133
definition: Formations of small annuals developing on gypsum soils of interior Iberia, among the gypsum-scrub communities of unit 15.91.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils

Andalusian magnesium annual communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.3134
definition: Formations of annual grasses and flowering plants colonizing dolomites, ophiolites, peridotites and serpentines of Andalusia, developing among garrigue communities of 32.28.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils

Sicilian saxicolous annual communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.3135
definition: Formations of annual grasses and flowering plants of Sicily, the Maltese Islands, Linosa, Lampedusa and Pantelleria, sometimes subhalophile, developed on steep slopes, exposed crests, coastal rocks and volcanic material, often among the rocky shore communities of 18.22 or the pre-desert scrub of 32.255.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils

Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils
type: Concept
notation: E1.313
definition: Spring-blooming, summer-desiccated formations of therophytes developed on base-rich, often calcareous, superficial soils of mesomediterranean and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the Mediterranean basin, with annual grasses such as [Bromus fasciculatus], [Brachypodium distachyon], [Lagurus ovatus], [Stipa capensis], [Parapholis incurva], [Hainardia cylindrica], [Echinaria todaroana], [Desmazeria marina], [Desmazeria sicula], [Desmazeria zwierleinii], [Lamarckia aurea], [Narduroides salzmannii], [Vulpia unilateralis], [Ctenopsis gypsophila], a few perennial grasses (e.g. [Koeleria splendens], [Dactylis hispanica]) and numerous flowering plants, many of them annuals, and a very significant number restricted endemics; among the characteristic species are [Silene tridentata], [Silene neglecta], [Silene sedoides], [Paronychia argentea], [Arenaria capillipes], [Ionopsidium prolongoi], [Erophila verna], [Astragalus sesameus], [Ononis ornithopodioides], [Ononis oligophylla], [Ononis sieberi], [Onobrychis aequidentata], [Trigonella monspeliaca], [Trigonella polyceratia], [Plantago albicans], [Plantago coronopus], [Plantago afra], [Plantago amplexicaulis], [Plantago notata], [Plantago ovata], [Polygala monspeliaca], [Convolvulus lineatus], [Eryngium dichotomum], [Eryngium triquetrum], [Eryngium ilicifolium], [Hedysarum spinosissimum], [Callipeltis cucullaris], [Catananche lutea], [Daucus aureus], [Daucus lopadusanus], [Daucus bocconei], [Nigella arvensis], [Scorzonera laciniata], [Lavatera agrigentina], [Scabiosa parviflora], [Anthemis muricata], [Senecio leucanthemifolius], [Limonium calcarae], [Limonium echioides], [Limonium thouinii], [Campanula fastigiata], [Campanula erinus], [Erodium pulverulentum], [Iberis fontqueri], [Viola demetria], [Arabis verna], [Brassica souliei], [Aster sorrentinii], [Asteriscus aquaticus], [Echium parviflorum], [Bellis annua], [Matricaria aurea], [Linaria reflexa], [Linaria pseudolaxiflora], [Linaria amethystea], [Linaria huteri], [Linaria platyc…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean xeric grassland
narrower: Western Mediterranean calciphile annual communities
narrower: Southeastern Iberian pre-desert annual communities
narrower: Iberian gypsum annual communities
narrower: Andalusian magnesium annual communities
narrower: Sicilian saxicolous annual communities
narrower: Northern Sicilian aster annual communities
narrower: Calabro-Sicilian esparto annual communities

Northern Sicilian aster annual communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.3136
definition: [Aster sorrentinii] formations of steep clay and marl slopes of northern Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils

Calabro-Sicilian esparto annual communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.3137
definition: Annual grasses and flowering plants formations accompanying the [Lygeum spartum] steppes of southern Calabria and Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean annual communities of shallow soils

Causse dolomitic arenas
type: Concept
notation: E1.314
definition: Very open formations colonizing, within the supra-Mediterranean steppe zone of the Causses (unit 34.71), local deposits of dolomitic sands, characterized by [Armeria girardii] ([Armeria juncea]), [Arenaria aggregata], [Helianthemum pilosum], [Sedum ochroleucum], [Alkanna tinctoria], [Alyssum serpyllifolium], [Helichrysum stoechas], [Silene otites], [Aster alpinus], [Festuca christianii-bernardii], [Corynephorus canescens], [Phleum arenarium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean xeric grassland

Southwestern Mediterranean perennial pastures
type: Concept
notation: E1.32
definition: Iberian xerophile, intensively grazed pastures of both siliceous and calcareous substrates, dominated by short, perennial grasses, rich in specialised annuals, in particular peas and composites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean xeric grassland

East Mediterranean xeric grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.33
definition: Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, short-grass perennial grasslands and therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich substrates of continental, peninsular and insular Greece, of the Balkan peninsula, of western Asia and of Crimea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean xeric grassland
narrower: Eastern retuse torgrass swards
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic short grass and therophyte communities
narrower: Asio-Mediterranean short grass and therophyte communities

Eastern retuse torgrass swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.331
definition: Grasslands of the Balkan peninsula, Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean region dominated by [Brachypodium retusum] and with many therophytes and geophytes, often alternating in mosaic fashion with garrigues and phryganas or occupying their clearings.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean xeric grassland

Helleno-Balkanic short grass and therophyte communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.332
definition: Open, short, grasslands of thermo- and meso-mediterranean areas of Greece and its islands and of the Balkan peninsula, with numerous annual grasses such as [Bromus fasciculatus], [Bromus madritensis], [Bromus intermedius], [Bromus alopecuros], [Bromus rubens], [Brachypodium distachyon], [Aegilops neglecta], [Aegilops geniculata], [Aegilops triuncialis], [Avena sterilis], [Avena barbata], [Lagurus ovatus], [Cynosurus echinatus], [Stipa capensis], but sometimes with a strong representation of short or medium-sized perennial grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Cynodon dactylon], [Dactylis hispanica]. They are very rich in annual flowering plants, among which of genera [Euphorbia], [Silene], [Nigella], [Adonis], [Papaver], [Fumaria], [Biscutella], [Rapistrum], [Althaea], [Malva], [Linum], [Geranium], [Astragalus], [Ononis], [Trigonella], [Medicago], [Melilotus], [Trifolium], [Lotus], [Coronilla], [Scorpiurus], [Hedysarum], [Onobrychis], [Bupleurum], [Daucus], [Anagallis], [Orobanche], [Plantago], [Centaurium], [Galium], [Evax], [Filago], [Pallenis], [Anthemis], [Chrysanthemum], [Tragopogon], suffrutescent labiates of genera [Teucrium], [Thymus], [Ballota], [Phlomis], [Micromeria], [Salvia] and others, and geophytes such as [Urginea maritima], [Asphodelus microcarpus], [Lloydia graeca], [Allium] spp., [Ornithogalum] spp., [Muscari] spp., [Romulea] spp., [Orchis] spp., [Ophrys] spp., [Anacamptis pyramidalis]. They constitute a wide array of distinctive communities, many of them very local and restricted to small surfaces. Many of the more extensive pastures, in particular those dominated by annual grasses, are subnitrophilous or nitrophilous and may be better classified under unit 34.8.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean xeric grassland

Asio-Mediterranean short grass and therophyte communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.333
definition: Open, short, grasslands of thermo- and meso-Mediterranean areas of Cyprus, Anatolia and the Levant, with annual grasses, in particular, [Stipa capensis] ([Stipa tortilis]) and [Brachypodium distachyon] and often a representation of short or medium-sized perennial grasses, rich in annual flowering plants and geophytes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean xeric grassland

Mediterranean tall-grass and [Artemisia] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.4
definition: Meso-, thermo- and sometimes supra-Mediterranean formations of the Mediterranean basin, physiognomically dominated by tall grasses, between which may grow communities of annuals or sometimes chamaephytes. They include silicicolous as well as basiphile formations. In the Mediterranean region proper, they are most characteristic of the Iberian peninsula and of the Mediterranean rim of Anatolia, with local representations in southern Provence, Sardinia, southern peninsular Italy, Sicily and Greece. In the semiarid regions between the Mediterranean and the deserts of western Asia, they dominate the landscape, forming a major steppe belt in which low scrub of [Artemisia] may be prominent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: [Stipa tenacissima] steppes
narrower: [Lygeum spartum] steppes
narrower: Mediterranean steppes dominated by tall grasses other than [Stipa tenacissima] or [Lygeum spartum]
narrower: Cane steppes
narrower: Sub-Mediterranean [Artemisia] steppes

[Stipa tenacissima] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.41
definition: [Stipa tenacissima]-dominated formations of the Mediterranean basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall-grass and [Artemisia] steppes

[Lygeum spartum] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.42
definition: [Lygeum spartum]-dominated formations of North Africa, the Ebro basin, the arid Iberian Southeast, the Guadalquivir basin, Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands, southern Italy and Crete.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall-grass and [Artemisia] steppes
narrower: Iberian esparto steppes
narrower: Central Mediterranean esparto steppes
narrower: Cretan esparto steppes

Iberian esparto steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.421
definition: Sometimes extensive [Lygeum spartum]-dominated formations of the Ebro basin, the arid Iberian Southeast and the Guadalquivir basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Lygeum spartum] steppes

Central Mediterranean esparto steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.422
definition: More restricted [Lygeum spartum]-dominated formations of Sardinia, southern Italy, Sicily and the Maltese Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Lygeum spartum] steppes

Cretan esparto steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.423
definition: Rare and isolated [Lygeum spartum]-dominated formations of the south coast of Crete.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Lygeum spartum] steppes

Mediterranean steppes dominated by tall grasses other than [Stipa tenacissima] or [Lygeum spartum]
type: Concept
notation: E1.43
definition: Mediterranean tall-grass steppes dominated by tall grasses other than [Stipa tenacissima] or [Lygeum spartum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall-grass and [Artemisia] steppes
narrower: Berceales
narrower: Mediterranean feathergrass steppes
narrower: Diss steppes
narrower: Andropogonid grass steppes
narrower: Andalusian fescue and oat grasslands

Berceales
type: Concept
notation: E1.431
definition: [Stipa gigantea]-dominated formations of central and southern Spain and of northwestern North Africa, mostly on siliceous soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean steppes dominated by tall grasses other than [Stipa tenacissima] or [Lygeum spartum]

Mediterranean feathergrass steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.432
definition: Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean formations of North Africa, Spain, Italy, southern France, Greece, the southern Balkans and western Asia, dominated by tall perennial grasses of genera [Stipa] ([Stipa lagascae], [Stipa offneri i.a].) or [Piptatherum] ([Oryzopsis]), other than the very tall [Stipa tenacissima] or [Stipa gigantea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean steppes dominated by tall grasses other than [Stipa tenacissima] or [Lygeum spartum]

Diss steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.433
definition: Formations of North Africa, Italy, Spain and Greece, dominated by [Ampelodesmos mauritanica]; many chamaephyte and diss formations have the physiognomy of a garrigue or a brush and have been listed under 32.23.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean steppes dominated by tall grasses other than [Stipa tenacissima] or [Lygeum spartum]

Andropogonid grass steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.434
definition: Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of North Africa, Spain, southern France, Italy and the central Mediterranean islands, Greece, the Balkans and western Asia, constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] ([Andropogon ischaemum], [Bothriochloa ischaemum]) or [Chrysopogon gryllus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean steppes dominated by tall grasses other than [Stipa tenacissima] or [Lygeum spartum]
narrower: Iberian andropogonid grass steppes
narrower: Provençal andropogonid grass steppes
narrower: Central Mediterranean andropogonid grass steppes
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic andropogonid grass steppes
narrower: Mediterraneo-Anatolian andropogonid grass steppes

Iberian andropogonid grass steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.4341
definition: Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of Spain constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] or [Chrysopogon gryllus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andropogonid grass steppes

Provençal andropogonid grass steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.4342
definition: Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of southern France constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] or [Chrysopogon gryllus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andropogonid grass steppes

Central Mediterranean andropogonid grass steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.4343
definition: Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean steppes of Italy and the central Mediterranean islands constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] or [Chrysopogon gryllus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andropogonid grass steppes

Helleno-Balkanic andropogonid grass steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.4344
definition: Meso-, thermo- and sub-Mediterranean steppes of Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula, north to Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Dichanthium ischaemum], [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], or [Chrysopogon gryllus]. They are continued in Bulgaria by the steppic grasslands of unit 34.31632, and in the western Balkan peninsula by tall-grass steppic grasslands of units 34.751, 34.752 and 34.753, in particular, of unit 34.7524. They are represented farther north in the southern Alpine region by grasslands of unit 34.327.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andropogonid grass steppes

Mediterraneo-Anatolian andropogonid grass steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.4345
definition: Meso- and thermo-mediterranean steppes of the Anatolian plateau, of the adjacent western Asian mediterranean lowlands and of Cyprus, constituted by cespitose andropogonid grasses such as [Hyparrhenia hirta], [Andropogon distachyos], [Heteropogon contortus], [Dichanthium insculptum], [Dichanthium ischaemum] or [Chrysopogon gryllus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andropogonid grass steppes

Andalusian fescue and oat grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.435
definition: Meso- and supra-Mediterranean grasslands of the Baetic region dominated by the tall, cespitose [Festuca scariosa], [Festuca capillifolia], [Arrhenatherum album], [Helictotrichon filifolium] and [Helictotrichon sarracenorum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean steppes dominated by tall grasses other than [Stipa tenacissima] or [Lygeum spartum]
narrower: Calcicolous fescue and oat grasslands
narrower: Silicicolous fescue and oat grasslands
narrower: Carrascoy fescue and oat grasslands

Calcicolous fescue and oat grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.4351
definition: Formations of calcareous and dolomitic soils of the Serrania de Ronda mountain system, the peripheral ranges of the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra de Alhamilla.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andalusian fescue and oat grasslands

Silicicolous fescue and oat grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.4352
definition: Formations of siliceous soils of the Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Cabrera and the Sierra de Alhamilla.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andalusian fescue and oat grasslands

Carrascoy fescue and oat grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.4353
definition: Formations of siliceous soils of the Sierra de Carrascoy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andalusian fescue and oat grasslands

Cane steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.44
definition: Meso-, thermo- and sometimes supra-Mediterranean formations of the Mediterranean basin, physiognomically dominated by very tall, robust, canelike grasses of genera [Imperata], [Saccharum], [Arundo], [Hemarthria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall-grass and [Artemisia] steppes

Sub-Mediterranean [Artemisia] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.45
definition: [Artemisia]-dominated formations of the steppic regions of the North African and West Asian transition zones between the Mediterranean region and the Saharo-Arabian deserts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall-grass and [Artemisia] steppes

Mediterranean-montane grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.5
definition: Open perennial grasslands, often rich in chamaephytes, most characteristic of the thermophilous oak level of Iberia, southern France, southern Italy, Greece and the Balkans. Some of the largest remaining expanses of unbroken grasslands in Europe, of evident importance as faunal habitats, belong to this division. Maintained by extensive grazing and mowing.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: Mediterraneo-montane steppes
narrower: [Aphyllanthes] grassland and supra-Mediterranean steppes
narrower: Iberian [Festuca] frost-influenced grassland
narrower: Central and southern Apennine dry grassland
narrower: Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grassland

Mediterraneo-montane steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.51
definition: Sparse or discontinuous xerophile grasslands of [Stipa pennata], [Festuca auquieri] ([Festuca duriuscula]), [Festuca hervieri], [Koeleria vallesiana] or [Sesleria albicans var. elegantissima] with [Helianthemum apenninum], [Helianthemum canum], [Genista] spp., [Globularia] spp., [Ononis striata], [Euphorbia seguierana], [Potentilla crantzii], [Thymus dolomiticus], [Plantago argentea], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Dianthus sylvestris], [Lavandula angustifolia], [Aster alpinus], [Anthyllis] spp., [Carex humilis], best developed in the Causses, but also present locally in Provence and Languedoc, from the Alps to Catalonia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean-montane grassland
narrower: Mediterraneo-montane [Stipa] steppes
narrower: Mediterraneo-montane [Sesleria] steppes
narrower: Mediterraneo-montane [Festuca-Koeleria] steppes
narrower: Mediterraneo-montane [Artemisia] steppes

Mediterraneo-montane [Stipa] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.511
definition: Steppes dominated by [Stipa pennata], with [Festuca auquieri], [Koeleria vallesiana], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Ononis striata], occupying vast expanses of the Causses, and locally represented on crests and plateaux of Haute Provence, the southwestern Alps and the Corbières.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-montane steppes

Mediterraneo-montane [Sesleria] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.512
definition: More closed [Sesleria albicans var. elegantissima]-dominated grasslands occupying usually exiguous surfaces of somewhat shaded slopes, ledges, rocky corridors and snow-retaining cliff-bases in the Causses and other low mountains of the Mediterranean periphery of southern France and Catalonia, in particular Montserrat, the Corbières, the montagne d'Alaric and western Provence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-montane steppes

Mediterraneo-montane [Festuca-Koeleria] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.513
definition: Mediterraneo-montane steppe-grasslands poor in [Stipa pennata], for the most part [Festuca auquieri]-, [Koeleria vallesiana]- or [Carex humilis]-dominated facies of 34.711.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-montane steppes

Mediterraneo-montane [Artemisia] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.514
definition: Open formations with [Artemisia alba] and [Hyssopus officinalis], rich in chamaephytes, of eroded steep slopes of the Causses, harbouring, in particular, [Convolvulus cantabrica] and [Allium flavum]; similar formations of the southwestern Alps appear best included in the subcontinental steppe-grasslands (unit 34.314).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-montane steppes

[Aphyllanthes] grassland and supra-Mediterranean steppes
type: Concept
notation: E1.52
definition: Coarse or steppe-like grasslands rich in chamaephytes of pronounced Mediterranean affinities formed as a degradation stage of thermophile deciduous oak forests, or of [Quercus rotundifolia] forests, in the supra-Mediterranean belt of Iberia, southern France and Liguria; grassland facies of the supra-Mediterranean garrigues (F6.6) and hedgehog heaths (F7.4).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean-montane grassland

Iberian [Festuca] frost-influenced grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.53
definition: Supra-Mediterranean and montane psychroxerophile, open perennial grasslands of the Cantabrian and Iberian ranges particularly characteristic of frost-fashioned, snow-free, superficial soils of the [Juniperus thurifera] and [Juniperus sabina] environments, rich in [Festuca hystrix], [Festuca burnatii], [Poa ligulata] and with, among others, [Armeria bigerrensis ssp. legionensis], [Arenaria aggregata ssp. cantabrica], [Centaurea janeri ssp. babiana], [Draba cantabrica], [Saxifraga conifera], [Ononis striata], [Ononis cristata], [Ononis pusilla], [Coronilla minima], [Paronychia kapela ssp. serpyllifolia], [Helianthemum canum], [Carex humilis]. They ascend to the oro-mediterranean level and extend southeast to the eastern Baetic chains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean-montane grassland

Central and southern Apennine dry grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.54
definition: Open grasslands of calcareous substrates of the middle and southern Apennines, southern vicariant of the [Xerobromion], with [Bromus erectus], [Sideritis syriaca] and many Apennine endemics or subendemics such as [Crepis lacera], [Centaurea rupestris ssp. ceratophylla], [Phleum ambiguum], [Carex macrolepis]. Many distinctive communities exist in this unit, some still covering vast expanses of land of exceptional biological significance such as Campo Imperatore in the Gran Sasso range; a few examples are cited below, others may be added.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean-montane grassland

Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.55
definition: Open, xeric grasslands on carbonate rocks or flysh of the sub-Mediterranean zones of Trieste, Istria, the Balkan peninsula and of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of Greece, where they coexist with steppic grasslands of the [Festucetalia valesiacae] (unit E1.21), developing in areas of lesser continentality than the latter, and incorporating a greater Mediterranean element than they do; like the steppic grasslands, however, they are often dominated by [Carex humilis] or [Festuca rupicola]. Maintained by extensive mowing or grazing, they are invaded by tall herbs after abandonment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean-montane grassland
narrower: Lowland savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
narrower: Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
narrower: Viper's grass dry grasslands
narrower: Bosnian dolomite grasslands

Lowland savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.551
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the warmer lowlands and hills of the Balkan and northern Hellenic peninsulas, within the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] and [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grassland
narrower: Helleno-Paeonian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
narrower: Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Helleno-Paeonian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5511
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] zone of northern Greece, the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia and southwestern Albania, on the northwestern spurs of the Pindus system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5512
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of Adriatic Croatia, in Istria and Dalmatia, western Bosnia-Herzegovina, western Montenegro, northwestern and western Albania south to the Vjosa lowlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
narrower: Dalmatian savory-fescue-hairgrass grasslands
narrower: Dalmatian sage-feathergrass grasslands
narrower: Dalmatian asphodel-chrysopogon grasslands
narrower: Dalmatian thrift grasslands
narrower: Dalmatian [Aethionema] grasslands
narrower: Dalmatian fescue grasslands

Dalmatian savory-fescue-hairgrass grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.55121
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of the western Balkan peninsula, with [Plantago holosteum ssp. depauperata], [Centaurea tommasinii], [Carlina lanata], [Koeleria splendens], [Festuca trachyphylla], [Festuca valesiaca], [Chrysopogon gryllus], [Stipa bromoides], [Bromus erectus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Dalmatian sage-feathergrass grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.55122
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of strongly eroded slopes of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of Istria and Dalmatia, with [Salvia officinalis], [Campanula sibirica], [Stipa bromoides], [Bromus erectus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Dalmatian asphodel-chrysopogon grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.55123
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the northern part of the transition zone between the mesomediterranean and [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] regions of Dalmatia, particularly well developed on the karst of the island of Pag, with [Asphodelus microcarpus], [Chamaecytisus spinescens], [Scutellaria orientalis var. pinnatifida], [Inula candida], [Cirsum acarna], [Chrysopogon gryllus], [Bromus erectus], [Melica ciliata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Dalmatian thrift grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.55124
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of the Dalmatian archipelago, noted in particular from Pag, with [Armeria dalmatica], [Artemisia alba], [Alyssum montanum], [Helichrysum italicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Dalmatian [Aethionema] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.55125
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the upper [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of Dalmatia, with [Satureja montana], [Galium corrudifolium], [Aethionema saxatile], [Artemisia alba], [Melica ciliata], [Bothriochloa ischaemum], [Bromus erectus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Dalmatian fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.55126
definition: Fairly dense, closed sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of the western Balkan peninsula, developed on relatively fine-textured soils, with [Achillea nobilis], [Medicago prostrata], [Festuca valesiaca], [Koeleria splendens], [Bromus erectus], [Cladonia endiviaefolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dalmatian savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.552
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the submontane and montane levels of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, within the upper levels of the [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] zone, reaching locally to the beech level, of more medio-European physiognomy than the formations of unit 34.751, and somewhat reminiscent of [Bromion erecti] grasslands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grassland
narrower: Rock knapweed-dwarf sedge grasslands
narrower: Savory-edraianthus grasslands
narrower: Mucronated sedge grasslands
narrower: Triestine knapweed-chrysopogon grasslands
narrower: Silky greenwood-[Sesleria] grasslands

Rock knapweed-dwarf sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5521
definition: Submontane and montane sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula with [Carex humilis], [Bromus erectus], [Centaurea rupestris], [Leucanthemum liburnicum], [Plantago argentea], [Jurinea mollis], [Iris cengialti], [Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. grandis] and, in warmer stations, [Filipendula vulgaris], [Lotus corniculatus], [Leontodon hispidus], [Briza media], on exposed slopes, [Sesleria juncifolia], [Gentiana lutea], [Gentiana clusii], [Trinia glauca], in the most montane situations [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]. They occur from Trieste to Montenegro, and in the Velebit, Dinara, Kamesnika, Prenj und Biokovo ranges, and are used as pastures or sometimes hay meadows.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Savory-edraianthus grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5522
definition: Low, mat-forming submontane and montane sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, occupying windswept hilltops, with [Satureja subspicata] with [Edraianthus tenuifolius], [Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. italicum], [Genista holopetala], [Crepis chondrilloides], distributed from the Orjen to the Obruc range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Mucronated sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5523
definition: Submontane and montane sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, replacing the grasslands of unit 34.7522 in the Obruc range and Gorsky Kotar on extremely wind-exposed domes with shallow dolomitic rendzinas, at an altitude of 800-1100 m, with [Carex mucronata], [Genista holopetala], [Euphorbia saxatilis], [Gentiana clusii], [Minuartia laricifolia], [Sesleria juncifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Triestine knapweed-chrysopogon grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5524
definition: Lacunar, cespitose steppic grasslands of the northeastern Adriatic dominated by the tall andropogonid grasses [Chrysopogon gryllus] and [Dichanthium ischaemum], associated with [Cleistogenes serotina], and with [Carex humilis], [Anthyllis adriadica], [Asperula purpurea], the endemic [Centaurea cristata], [Artemisia alba], [Bupleurum veronense], [Petrorhagia saxifraga], [Argyrolobium zanonii], [Onosma javorkae], [Carlina corymbosa], [Gentiana tergestina]. They are characteristic of the Triestine karst, with uncommon occurrence in karstic Slovenia. These tall-grass steppic grasslands are intermediate between the more mediterranean andropogonid grass steppes of unit 34.6344 and the peri-Alpine [Chrysopogon] grasslands of unit 34.327. Related [Chrysopogon] grasslands also exist in units 34.751 and 34.753.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Silky greenwood-[Sesleria] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5525
definition: Rock grasslands of steep slopes of the Triestine and Slovenian karst dominated by [Sesleria juncifolia], with [Carex humilis], [Allium ochroleucum], [Sempervivum tectorum], [Scorzonera austriaca var. platyphylla], [Athamanta turbith] and species of the [Sedo-Scleranthetea] and [Potentilletalia caulescentis] rock-debris and cliff cortèges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain savory-chrysopogon dry grasslands

Viper's grass dry grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.553
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, within the [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] zone, developed on deeper more acidified soils than the formations of units 34.751 and 34.752, over flysch or schists, or over loam or clay covered limestones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grassland
narrower: Viper's grass-lime sieglinglia grasslands
narrower: Spurge-chrysopogon grasslands
narrower: Restharrow-brome grasslands
narrower: Viper's grass-catsear grasslands
narrower: Lousewort-dwarf sedge grasslands
narrower: Croatian fescue-meadowgrass grasslands
narrower: Cleistogenes grasslands

Viper's grass-lime sieglinglia grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5531
definition: Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, distributed in Istria, northern coastal Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with [Danthonia provincialis], [Chrysopogon gryllus], [Bromus erectus], [Schoenus nigricans], [Dianthus ferrugineus ssp. liburnicus], [Ferulago campestris], [Scorzonera villosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Viper's grass dry grasslands

Spurge-chrysopogon grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5532
definition: Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, characteristic of the northern Quarnero-Istrian coastal area, with [Euphorbia nicaeensis], [Potentilla pedata], [Potentilla cinerea], [Dianthus carthusianorum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Viper's grass dry grasslands

Restharrow-brome grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5533
definition: Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, distributed the Quarnero Islands, in particular Rab, Pag and Muc, and in central and northern Dalmatia, with [Ononis spinosa ssp. antiquorum], [Astragalus monspessulanus ssp. illyricus], [Inula oculus-christi], [Onobrychis arenaria], [Scorpiurus subvillosus], [Leucanthemum croaticum], [Inula ensifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Viper's grass dry grasslands

Viper's grass-catsear grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5534
definition: Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, limited to moutain slopes of Istria, up to the beech level, transitional to medio-European [Bromion erecti] grasslands, with [Bromus erectus], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Festuca valesiaca], [Thalictrum aquilegifolium], [Lilium bulbiferum], [Gentianella germanica], [Primula veris], [Scorzonera villosa], [Hypochoeris maculata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Viper's grass dry grasslands

Lousewort-dwarf sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5535
definition: Deep soil, acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, characteristic of clearings of the submontane hop-hornbeam beech woods with [Hypochoeris maculata], [Pedicularis acaulis], [Linum narbonense], [Carex montana], and a number of acidophilous species, such as [Calluna vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Viper's grass dry grasslands

Croatian fescue-meadowgrass grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5536
definition: Open acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula, characteristic of fallow, superficially eroded fields of the Croatian coastal region, with [Poa bulbosa], [Seseli montanum ssp. tommasinii], [Trifolium incarnatum ssp. molinerii], [Ophrys bertolonii], [Salvia bertolonii], [Thymus longicaulis], [Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata], [Silene vulgaris], [Festuca pseudovina], [Bromus erectus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Viper's grass dry grasslands

Cleistogenes grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.5537
definition: Postcultural acidocline sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of the Adriatic façade of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cleistogenes serotina] ([Diplachne serotina], [Leptochloa serotina]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Viper's grass dry grasslands

Bosnian dolomite grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.554
definition: Sub-Mediterranean xeric grasslands of dolomitic rendzinas of Bosnia-Herzegovina, with [Peucedanum arenarium ssp. neumayerii], [Euphorbia barrelieri], [Reichardia macrophylla], [Silene reichenbachii], [Saponaria bellidifolia], [Haplophyllum patavium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grassland

Subnitrophilous annual grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.6
definition: Land dominated by annual grasses and herbs, on soils slightly enriched in nitrates, in the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones. Characteristic are [Bromus], [Aegilops], [Avena], [Vulpia], crucifers and leguminous plants. These annuals occur as pioneers of bare soils slightly nitrified by aeration or organic addition, along roads, on land-fills and in interstitial spaces of cultivation. They also replace the oligotrophic annual vegetation of Mediterranean xeric grasslands (E1.3) under the influence of pastoral activities. Subnitrophilous annual grassland is widespread as a successional stage after cultivation. Woody recolonisation may lead to maquis (F5) or garrigues (F6).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: Mediterranean subnitrophilous grass communities
narrower: Meseta subnitrophilous crucifer communities
narrower: Iberian southeastern subnitrophilous herb communities
narrower: Eastern Mediterranean subnitrophilous herb communities

Mediterranean subnitrophilous grass communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.61
definition: Graminoid formations with [Bromus fasciculatus], [Bromus madritensis], [Bromus intermedius], [Bromus alopecuros], [Bromus rubens], [Bromus hordeaceus], [Bromus tectorum], [Aegilops neglecta], [Aegilops geniculata], [Aegilops triuncialis], [Aegilops ventricosa], [Taeniatherum caput-medusae], [Avena sterilis], [Avena barbata], [Lagurus ovatus], [Lolium rigidum], [Vulpia ciliata], [Vulpia bromoides], [Vulpia geniculata], [Lamarckia aurea], [Trisetum paniceum], [Cynosurus echinatus], [Stipa capensis], and with [Scandix australis], [Astragalus scorpioides], [Trifolium cherleri], [Trifolium hirtum], [Trifolium striatum], [Trifolium campestre], [Trifolium arvense], [Trifolium glomeratum], [Vicia lutea], [Medicago rigidula], [Medicago sativa], [Medicago littoralis], [Melilotus sulcata], [Coronilla scorpioides], [Filago minima], [Paronychia argentea], particularly widespread in Iberia, southern Italy, the mediterranean Balkans and Greece where they may cover vast expanses of post-cultural or extensive pasture lands, also locally represented in southern France and coastal northern Italy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subnitrophilous annual grassland

Meseta subnitrophilous crucifer communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.62
definition: Brassicoid formations of the Spanish Meseta with [Brassica barrelieri], [Andryala arenaria], [Alyssum granatense], [Rhynchosinapis hispida], [Euphorbia matritensis], [Sisymbrium contortum], [Papaver argemone], [Hirschfeldia incana], [Capsella rubella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subnitrophilous annual grassland

Iberian southeastern subnitrophilous herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.63
definition: Formations of the arid Iberian Southeast with [Astragalus longidentatus], [Brassica cossoniana], [Carrichtera annua], [Euphorbia dracunculoides], [Lasiopogon muscoides], [Leontodon salzmannii], [Lotus edulis], [Lycocarpus fugax], [Matthiola lunata], [Matthiola parviflora], [Notoceras bicorne], [Volutaria lippii] ([Amberboa lippii]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subnitrophilous annual grassland

Eastern Mediterranean subnitrophilous herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.64
definition: Annual herb formations of arid areas of the Aegean (e.g. eastern Crete) and western Asia, developed in particular as ultimate degradation of overgrazed phryganas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subnitrophilous annual grassland

Closed non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.7
definition: Closed, dry or mesophile, perennial grasslands occupying acid soils in Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland to montane regions of northern Europe, middle Europe and western Iberia, with [Nardus stricta], [Festuca filiformis] ([Festuca tenuifolia]), [Festuca ovina], [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis capillaris], [Danthonia decumbens], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Poa angustifolia], [Galium saxatile], [Polygala vulgaris], [Viola canina], [Meum athamanticum], [Arnica montana], [Centaurea nigra], [Dianthus deltoides], [Gentianella campestris], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Jasione laevis], [Potentilla erecta], [Carex pilulifera]. Any of the grasses listed can dominate or codominate distinctive facies; [Calamagrostis epigejos] or [Carex arenaria] also can invade and dominate some formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: [Nardus stricta] swards
narrower: [Agrostis] - [Festuca] grassland
narrower: [Deschampsia flexuosa] grassland
narrower: [Calamagrostis epigejos] stands
narrower: [Carex arenaria] grassland
narrower: Dry sub-continental acid steppic grasslands

[Nardus stricta] swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.71
definition: Mesophile and xerophile [Nardus stricta]-dominated or -rich grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of northern Europe, middle Europe and western Iberia. Other important species: [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis capillaris], [Agrostis pyrenaica], [Avenula versicolor], [Campanula alpina] and [Avenella flexuosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
narrower: Insular [Nardus]-[Galium] grasslands
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Nardus]-[Galium] grasslands
narrower: Beskid [Calluna]-[Nardus] grassland
narrower: Bohemian orchid-matgrass swards
narrower: Illyrian mat-grass swards

Insular [Nardus]-[Galium] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.711
definition: Mesophile and xerophile [Nardus stricta]-dominated or -rich grasslands of the British Isles and the Faeroe Islands, with [Agrostis capillaris], [Galium saxatile], [Potentilla erecta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Nardus stricta] swards

Sub-Atlantic [Nardus]-[Galium] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.712
definition: Mesophile and xerophile [Nardus stricta]-dominated or -rich grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of the mainland of Europe, extending north to western Jutland, northern Jutland, nemoral and boreonemoral southern Sweden, nemoral southern Norway and oceanic southern boreal Norway, east to Poland, Lithuania, the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Carpathians and the Austrian pre-Alps, southwest to Asturias and Cantabria; the species cortège includes [Polygala vulgaris], [Hypericum maculatum f. glabrum], [Galium saxatile], [Carex panicea], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Hypochoeris maculata], [Genista tinctoria], [Arnica montana], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Plantago lanceolata], [Potentilla erecta], [Thymus pulegioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Nardus stricta] swards

Beskid [Calluna]-[Nardus] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.713
definition: Endemic grassland community of the Beskid vicinity of Poland, dominated by [Nardus stricta], accompanied by [Danthonia decumbens] ([Sieglingia decumbens]), [Viola canina var. ericetorum], [Polygala vulgaris] and invaded to a varying degree by [Calluna vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Nardus stricta] swards

Bohemian orchid-matgrass swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.714
definition: Rare grassland community of the Czech and Austrian Bohemian Forest (Sumava) and of the Austrian southeastern pre-Alps, dominated by [Nardus stricta] with [Carex pallescens], [Gymnadenia conopsea], [Orchis mascula], [Dactylorhiza majalis], [Platanthera bifolia], [Phyteuma nigrum], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Anemone nemorosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Nardus stricta] swards

Illyrian mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.715
definition: Mesophile and xerophile [Nardus stricta]-dominated or -rich grasslands of relatively high-rainfall lowland, collinar and montane regions of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, northwestern Albania, mostly characteristic of the [Fagion illyricum] beech level and of the heaths of the [Carpinion illyricum] environment, extending into the Adriatic-influenced western forests of the [Fagion moesiacum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Nardus stricta] swards

[Agrostis] - [Festuca] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.72
definition: Closed mesophile or dry grasslands of the nemoral and boreal zones of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of Europe formed by [Agrostis] spp. and [Festuca] spp., in association with other grasses such as [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Hierochloe odorata], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Danthonia decumbens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
narrower: Nemoral [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands
narrower: Boreo-arctic [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands

Nemoral [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.721
definition: Closed mesophile grasslands of Atlantic and, locally, of sub-Atlantic, middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the nemoral zone, extending north to the boreonemoral zone and, locally, to the boreal zone, formed by [Agrostis] spp. and [Festuca] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Agrostis] - [Festuca] grassland

Boreo-arctic [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.722
definition: Grasslands of subarctic affinities of the northern boreal and middle boreal zones of northern Scandinavia and northwestern Russia, of the alpine and arcto-alpine zones of the Caledonian chains of Scandinavia and of lowlands and hills of Iceland, composed of [Festuca] spp., [Agrostis capillaris], with [Anthoxanthum odoratum], other grass species, often with [Polygonum viviparum] and other herbs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Agrostis] - [Festuca] grassland
narrower: Boreo-subalpine [Agrostis] grasslands
narrower: Icelandic [Anthoxanthum]-[Hierochloe] grasslands
narrower: Northern boreal [Festuca] grasslands
narrower: Icelandic [Festuca] grasslands
narrower: Fenno-Scandian [Avenula pratensis]-[Festuca rubra] grasslands

Boreo-subalpine [Agrostis] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.7221
definition: Relatively short grasslands of lower mountain slopes of northern Scandinavia and of lowlands and hills of Iceland dominated by [Agrostis capillaris] or [Anthoxanthum odoratum], with [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]) and [Carex bigelowii]. These grasslands are strongly influenced by, and perhaps entirely dependent on, grazing or mowing.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands

Icelandic [Anthoxanthum]-[Hierochloe] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.7222
definition: Grasslands of Iceland dominated by [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Hierochlo‰ odorata], with a species cortège similar to that of unit 35.1221, occurring under similar conditions but with a somewhat longer-lasting snow cover. Some stands are dominated by [Deschampsia flexuosa] and are included in unit 35.132.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands

Northern boreal [Festuca] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.7223
definition: Herb-rich grasslands, 20-40 cm tall, developed on sandy soils, often on inundatable terrain, under cold-temperate climates, characteristic of the northern boreal zone of Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia, extending locally in the middle boreal zone of eastern Sweden and Finland and in the alpine and arcto-alpine zones of the Caledonian chains of Scandinavia, dominated by [Festuca ovina] with a cortège, rich in northern species, that includes [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Carex vaginata], [Achillea millefolium], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Galium boreale], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Rubus arcticus], [Solidago virgaurea], [Thalictrum simplex], [Trollius europaeus], [Veronica longifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands

Icelandic [Festuca] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.7224
definition: Grasslands of lowlands and lower mountains of Iceland and of the Faeroe Islands dominated by fescues of the [Festuca rubra] group, in particular, [Festuca vivipara], with a species cortège otherwise similar to that of unit 35.12212, including, in particular, [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Kobresia myosuroides], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Carex bigelowii], developed on somewhat drier and sandier substrates than the grasslands of unit 35.12212.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands

Fenno-Scandian [Avenula pratensis]-[Festuca rubra] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.7225
definition: Dry or mesophile calcareous grasslands of subarctic affinities, limited to the continental middle boreal zone of lowland Sweden and northern Finland and to the middle boreal and arcto-alpine zones of the Scandinavian mountains; they constitute a northern, less species-rich, variant of the communities of unit 32.111, dominated by [Festuca rubra], with [Botrychium boreale], [Botrychium lanceolatum], [Botrychium lunaria], [Carex brunnescens], [Carex ericetorum], [Cerastium alpinum], [Erigeron borealis], [Galium boreale], [Gentiana nivalis], [Gentianella amarella], [Gentianella campestris], [Gentianella tenella], [Poa glauca], [Primula scandinavica], [Primula striata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-arctic [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands

[Deschampsia flexuosa] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.73
definition: Closed, dry or mesophile, perennial grasslands occupying acid soils in Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of northern Europe, north to Iceland and southern Scandinavia, middle Europe and western Iberia dominated by [Deschampsia flexuosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland

[Calamagrostis epigejos] stands
type: Concept
notation: E1.74
definition: Tall [Calamagrostis epigejos]-dominated facies of siliceous grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic northern and middle Europe, otherwise described by units E1.71 or E1.72.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland

[Carex arenaria] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.75
definition: Closed acidophilous grasslands of Atlantic or sub-Atlantic lowland, collinar and montane regions of northern Europe, middle Europe and western Iberia dominated by [Carex arenaria], formed as invasion facies of grasslands of units E1.71 and E1.72.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland

Dry sub-continental acid steppic grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.76
definition: Closed, floristically quite rich steppe-like perennial grasslands occupying acid soils of Central, East and Southeast Europe, dominated by grasses [Agrostis capillaris], [Festuca valesiaca], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Danthonia calycina] and [Chrysopogon gryllus] or species of clover ([Trifolium alpestre.], [T. montanum], [T. pannonicum], [T. pratense], [T. repens], [T. velenovskyi], [T. campestre]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland

Closed Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.8
definition: Perennial grasslands on acid soils of the supra-Mediterranean zone, dominated by e.g. [Festuca elegans] or [Nardus stricta]. Mediterranean annual-rich siliceous grassland of siliceous gravelly, sandy or silty, usually shallow, soils that remain cohesive during the dry season.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: Mediterranean therophytic siliceous grassland
narrower: Iberian [Festuca elegans] grassland
narrower: Mediterraneo-montane [Nardus stricta] swards

Mediterranean therophytic siliceous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.81
definition: West Mediterranean and Dalmatian annual-rich grasslands of siliceous gravelly, sandy or silty, usually shallow, soils that remain cohesive during the dry season; they are rich in small Fabaceae, in particular of genera, [Trifolium], [Lathyrus], [Ornithopus], [Lupinus], [Anthyllis], [Coronilla] and grasses of genera [Corynephorus], [Aira], [Airopsis], [Molineria], [Vulpia], [Briza], [Anthoxanthum], [Micropyrum]; among characteristic species, shared by eastern and western formations, are [Tuberaria guttata], [Silene gallica], [Linaria pelisseriana], [Plantago bellardii], [Galium divaricatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
narrower: West Mediterranean siliceous grassland
narrower: Dalmatian siliceous grassland

Iberian [Festuca elegans] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.82
definition: Perennial grasslands dominated by the tall cespitose [Festuca elegans] of the supra-Mediterranean [Quercus pyrenaica] level of the Cordillera Central and Sierra Nevada with, among others, [Geum heterocarpum], [Trifolium ochroleucon] and [Paeonia coriacea] of deep, siliceous soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland

Mediterraneo-montane [Nardus stricta] swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.83
definition: [Nardus stricta]-dominated grasslands and related communities of the supra-mediterranean level of the mountains of the Mediterranean peninsulas, either developed on siliceous soils, or, rarely, on calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
narrower: Iberian montane [Nardus stricta] swards
narrower: Southern Italian [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities
narrower: Balkanic montane [Nardus stricta] swards

Iberian montane [Nardus stricta] swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.831
definition: Supra-mediterranean acidophilous communities rich in [Nardus stricta] with an accompanying cortège similar to that of the Iberian subalpine [Campanulo-Nardion] (unit 36.36), rather than to that of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic [Violion caninae] (unit 35.1), occurring in particular in the [Quercus pyrenaica] level of the Cordillera Central.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-montane [Nardus stricta] swards

Balkanic montane [Nardus stricta] swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.833
definition: Closed [Nardus stricta]-dominated grasslands of the [Fagion moesiacum] zone of the Balkan peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-montane [Nardus stricta] swards

Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.9
definition: Open grassland, often with therophytes, of the nemoral, boreonemoral and submediterranean zones, developed on raw non-calcareous soils, especially on inland dunes and fixed sands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: Dwarf annual siliceous grassland
narrower: Perennial open siliceous grassland
narrower: [Corynephorus] grassland
narrower: Inland dune pioneer grassland
narrower: Inland dune siliceous grassland
narrower: Northern fluviatile dunes
narrower: Southern fluviatile dunes
narrower: Breckland inland dunes
narrower: Pannonic inland dunes
narrower: Pontic inland dunes
narrower: Standing stone inland dunes

Perennial open siliceous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.92
definition: Open or semi-open grasslands of fixed sands and dry ground of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by perennial grasses such as [Agrostis capillaris], [Agrostis vinealis], [Agrostis delicatula], [Agrostis durieui], [Agrostis castellana], [Poa angustifolia], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Festuca filiformis], [Corynephorus canescens], [Calamagrostis epigejos] or [Carex arenaria], usually succeeding to formations of unit E1.91 or E1.93 and constituting a transition towards closed grasslands of unit E1.7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland

[Corynephorus] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.93
definition: Very open grasslands of mobile or poorly fixed sands of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe, dominated by [Corynephorus canescens], sometimes by [Leymus arenarius] or [Carex arenaria]; most are dunal and relate to other subunits of unit E1.9 (E1.94-E1.9E).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland

West Mediterranean siliceous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.811
definition: West Mediterranean annual-rich grasslands of siliceous gravelly, sandy or silty, usually shallow, soils that remain cohesive during the dry season; characteristic are [Tuberaria guttata], [Helianthemum sanguineum], [Jasione montana], [Paronychia cymosa], [Paronychia echinulata], [Pterocephalus diandrus], [Prolongoa pectinata], [Senecio minutus], [Tolpis barbata], [Filago gallica], [Filago minima], [Teesdalia coronopifolia], [Sedum caespitosum], [Sedum arenarium], [Sedum andegavense], [Crassula tillaea], [Saxifraga carpetana], [Radiola linoides], [Silene gallica], [Silene psammitis], [Silene portensis], [Linum gallicum], [Linaria pelisseriana], [Linaria arvensis], [Plantago bellardii], [Galium divaricatum], [Trifolium cherleri], [Trifolium strictum], [Trifolium suffocatum], [Trifolium arvense], [Trifolium bocconei], [Trifolium purpureum], [Lathyrus angulatus], [Ornithopus pinnatus], [Ornithopus sativus], [Lupinus hispanicus], [Lupinus angustifolius], [Anthyllis cornicina], [Coronilla dura] and the grasses [Corynephorus divaricatus], [Aira cupaniana], [Aira tenorii], [Aira caryophyllea], [Airopsis tenella], [Molineria minuta], [Molineria laevis], [Vulpia geniculata], [Vulpia membranacea], [Vulpia bromoides], [Vulpia myuros], [Briza maxima], [Anthoxanthum aristatum], [Micropyrum tenellum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean therophytic siliceous grassland

Dalmatian siliceous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.812
definition: Uncommon acidophile annual-rich grasslands of Dalmatia occupying small, insularised surfaces on colluvions and red earths of the Dalmatian karst and on southern Dalmatian sands; characteristic are [Tuberaria guttata], [Filago vulgaris], [Silene gallica], [Linaria pelisseriana], [Plantago bellardii], [Galium parisiense], [Hypochoeris radicata], [Cynanchum contiguum], [Crepis sancta], [Trifolium cherleri], [Trifolium lappaceum], [Trifolium subterraneum], [Trifolium stellatum], [Trifolium glomeratum], [Trifolium nigrescens], [Trifolium angustifolium], [Lathyrus sphaericus], [Ornithopus compressus], [Lupinus micranthus], [Lupinus lacromensis], [Luzula campestris] and the grasses [Aira elegans], [Vulpia ligustica], [Vulpia bromoides], [Vulpia myuros], [Briza maxima], [Anthoxanthum ovatum], [Gastridium ventricosum], [Gaudinia fragilis], [Phleum echinatum], [Psilurus aristatus]; the orchids [Ophrys apifera], [Ophrys oestrifera], [Spiranthes spiralis] are recorded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean therophytic siliceous grassland

Southern Italian [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.832
definition: Closed, mesophile grasslands of depressions, flats and snow patches of the beech level of the southern Apennines, with [Luzula multiflora], [Luzula pindica], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Festuca rubra], [Festuca varia] s.l., [Festuca violacea], [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea]), [Alopecurus gerardii], [Danthonia decumbens], [Phleum alpinum], [Carex leporina], [Hypochoeris laevigata], [Dianthus deltoides], [Nardus stricta], [Crocus vernus], [Sedum atratum], [Euphrasia minima], [Ajuga tenorii] ([Ajuga acaulis]), [Potentilla neumanniana var. rigoana], [Potentilla argentea var. calabra], [Ranunculus sartorianus], [Ranunculus polyanthemos ssp. thomasii], [Meum athamanticum], [Asphodelus albus var. pollinensis], [Plantago brutia], [Pedicularis petiolaris], [Omalotheca sylvatica] ([Gnaphalium sylvaticum]), [Cirsium vallis-demoni], [Viola calcarata], [Armeria majellensis]; they are widespread in the siliceous Sila range and also occur on deep decalcified soils of the piani of the calcareous Pollino range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-montane [Nardus stricta] swards

Dwarf annual siliceous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.91
definition: Pioneer formations of typically dwarf annuals, often ephemeral and of very limited extent, characteristic in particular of fixed sands, of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and supra-Mediterranean Europe, with [Aira caryophyllea], [Aira praecox], [Micropyrum tenellum] ([Nardurus lachenalii]), [Vulpia bromoides], [Vulpia myuros], [Trisetum ovatum], [Filago arvensis], [Filago gallica], [Filago lutescens], [Filago minima], [Filago pyramidata], [Filago vulgaris], [Spergula morisonii], [Hypochoeris glabra], [Evax carpetana], [Moenchia erecta], [Scleranthus polycarpos], [Teesdalia nudicaulis], [Myosotis discolor], [Myosotis stricta], [Linaria elegans], [Linaria amethystea], [Sedum lagascae], [Sedum pedicellatum], [Ornithopus perpusillus], [Trifolium striatum], [Trifolium arvense], [Trifolium dubium], [Trifolium campestre], [Trifolium micranthum], [Tuberaria guttata]; typical former crop-following species also find a refuge in these communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland

Inland dune pioneer grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.94
definition: Formations of unstable Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland sands with [Corynephorus canescens], [Carex arenaria], [Spergula morisonii], [Teesdalia nudicaulis] and carpets of fruticose lichens ([Cladonia], [Cetraria]) (cf. unit E1.93). Communities of Jutland are rich in [Ammophila arenaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland

Inland dune siliceous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.95
definition: Grasslands of more stabilised Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems with [Agrostis] spp. and [Corynephorus canescens] or other acidophilous grasses. Related units are found in E1.7, E1.91 and E1.92.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland

Northern fluviatile dunes
type: Concept
notation: E1.96
definition: Formations of the immediate vicinity of great rivers within the North Sea-Baltic plain, comprising, besides the communities of E1.94 and E1.95, slightly calcareous grasslands of E1.12 and E1.28.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland

Southern fluviatile dunes
type: Concept
notation: E1.97
definition: Dunes of the great rivers of middle Europe (Seine, Loire, Saone, upper Rhine, upper Elbe). A small remnant exists in the Po plain of northern Italy. Like the fluvioglacial dunes of northern Europe, they carry specialised and rare ecosystems and are highly vulnerable. They are much more calcareous than the northern inland dunes and their grasslands (units E1.12, E1.28 i.a.) have a substeppic character contrasting with that of neighbouring regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland

Breckland inland dunes
type: Concept
notation: E1.98
definition: Remnants of the once vast Breckland inland dune system, of similar glacial origin to that of the continental fluvioglacial dunes under units E1.94-E1.96, and like them, colonised by acidophilous grasslands and heaths.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland

Pannonic inland dunes
type: Concept
notation: E1.99
definition: Inland dunes of the Pannonic plain and of neighbouring basins, northwest to the Marchfeld and fragmentary on blown sands of Borska nizina lowland. During the spring ephemeral therophytes prevail, while grasses and lichens dominate during autumn. Xerophilous siliceous grasslands are characterised by the communities of alliances [Corynephorion canescentis] and [Festucion vaginatae] and species [Corynephorus canescens], [Festuca vaginata], [Koeleria glauca], [Thymus serpyllum] and [Ceratodon purpureus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland
narrower: Pannonic bare sands
narrower: Pannonic dune lichen communities
narrower: Pannonic dune pioneer grasslands
narrower: Pannonic dune open grasslands
narrower: Pannonic dune closed grasslands
narrower: Pannonic dune thickets and scrubs
narrower: Pannonic dune woods

Pannonic bare sands
type: Concept
notation: E1.991
definition: Initial stage of renewal of the surface of wandering dunes, devoid or almost devoid of phanerogamic vegetation, in which the bare sand surface is usually covered by a thin film of soil algae and supports the fungus [Psatirella ammophyla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic inland dunes

Pannonic dune lichen communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.992
definition: Lichen-dominated earliest stage of the first succession phase of colonisation of Pannonic dunes, with [Cladonia convoluta], [Cladonia furcata], [Cladonia magyarica] and the bryophytes [Syntrichia ruralis], [Tortula spp].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic inland dunes

Pannonic dune pioneer grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.993
definition: Therophyte-dominated later stages of the first succession phase in the colonisation of the Pannonic dunes, characterized by a very thin, low cover of mostly ephemeral, early-blooming annuals of small stature, among which [Bromus mollis], [Bromus tectorum], [Bromus squarrosus], [Medicago minima], [Cerastium brachypetalum], [Erophila verna], [Plantago indica], [Saxifraga tridactylites], [Poa annua], [Poa bulbosa], [Viola kitaibeliana], [Lithospermum arvense], [Corispermum nitidum], [Polygonum arenarium], with a few more perennials such as [Equisetum ramosissimum var. altissimum], [Alyssum tortuosum], [Sedum acre], [Cynodon dactylon].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic inland dunes

Pannonic dune open grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.994
definition: More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of Pannonic dunes, dominated by the perennial grasses [Festuca vaginata], [Stipa capillata], [Stipa borysthenica], [Cleistogenes serotina], [Koeleria glauca], [Koeleria cristata], [Carex liparocarpos], accompanied by [Euphorbia seguierana], [Alkanna tinctoria], [Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii], [Dianthus serotinus], [Dianthus diutinus], [Gypsophila paniculata], [Scabiosa ochroleuca], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Erysimum diffusum], [Fumana procumbens], [Minuartia glomerata], [Minuartia verna]; arid sites on flattened plains are characterized by the abundance of lichens and have [Helechrysum arenarium] and [Kochia laniflora]; thermic slopes and tops of dunes support an open community with the shrub [Fumana procumbens], [Astragalus varius], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Scabiosa ochroleuca]; somewhat water-retentive depressions are characterized by [Scirpus holoschoenus] and [Linum hirsutum ssp. glabrescens]; shrub colonisation includes [Juniperus communis], [Berberis vulgaris] and [Salix rosmarinifolia]. Decalcified dune tops and slopes may support more acidophilous formations dominated by [Corynephorus canescens], with [Jasione montana] and [Rumex acetosella ssp. tenuifolia], but also with many species of the calcareous sandy grasslands, including [Festuca vaginata] and [Koeleria glauca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic inland dunes

Pannonic dune closed grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.995
definition: Closed swards of basophilous, humus- and nutrient-rich, sandy or mixed sand-loessy soils of Pannonic fixed dunes, dominated by [Festuca rupicola], [Festuca wagneri], [Festuca pseudovina] or, in some facies, [Chrysopogon gryllus], with [Carex liparocarpos], [Festuca vaginata], [Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum], [Achillea ochroleuca], [Astragalus asper], [Astragalus onobrychis], [Astragalus exscapus], [Potentilla cinerea], [Muscari botryoides], [Muscari comosum], [Linum austriacum], [Thymus glabrescens], [Iris variegata], [Iris humilis ssp. arenaria], [Colchicum arenarium], [Ophrys sphegodes], [Anacamptis pyramidalis], [Salvia nemorosa], [Alyssum] spp., [Silene parviflora], [Dianthus giganteiformis ssp. pontederae], [Lotus] spp., [Onosma arenaria ssp. pseudoarenaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic inland dunes

Pannonic dune thickets and scrubs
type: Concept
notation: E1.996
definition: Formations of large shrubs colonizing Pannonic dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic inland dunes

Pannonic dune woods
type: Concept
notation: E1.997
definition: Natural woods installed within Pannonic dune systems. Their composition can be specified by use of codes of 41.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic inland dunes

Pontic inland dunes
type: Concept
notation: E1.9A
definition: Inland dunes of the Pontic plain and of neighbouring basins, including the lower Danube basin of Oltenia and Muntenia and the northern Thracian plain, the northern Black Sea-Sea of Azov plain with the basins of the Dnieper and the Don, northeast to the Volga, east to the Caspian deserts and semideserts, southeast to the pre-Caucasian hills in the basins of the Kouban, the Manytch, the upper Kuma and upper Terek (units E1.2D1 and E1.2D3).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland
narrower: Pontic bare sands
narrower: Pontic dune lichen communities
narrower: Pontic dune pioneer grasslands
narrower: Pontic dune open grasslands
narrower: Pontic dune closed grasslands

Pontic bare sands
type: Concept
notation: E1.9A1
definition: Initial stage of renewal of the surface of wandering Pontic dunes, devoid or almost devoid of phanerogamic vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic inland dunes

Pontic dune lichen communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.9A2
definition: Lichen-dominated earliest stage of the first succession phase of colonisation of Pontic dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic inland dunes

Pontic dune pioneer grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.9A3
definition: Therophyte-dominated later stages of the first succession phase in the colonisation of Pontic dunes, characterized by a very thin, low cover of mostly ephemeral, early-blooming annuals of small stature. Detailed communities can be indicated by addition of codes identifying subunits of 34.A211.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic inland dunes

Pontic dune open grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.9A4
definition: More or less open grasslands constituting the second stage of succession in the colonisation of Pontic dunes. Detailed communities can be indicated by addition of codes identifying subunits of 34.A212.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic inland dunes

Pontic dune closed grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.9A5
definition: Closed swards of basophilous, humus- and nutrient-rich, sandy or mixed sand-loessy soils of Pontic fixed dunes. Detailed communities can be indicated by addition of codes identifying units 34.A213 or 34.A214.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic inland dunes

Standing stone inland dunes
type: Concept
notation: E1.9B
definition: Tertiary sands with upright stones and open psammophytic vegetation of the Varna district of Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland, including inland dune grassland

Open Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.A
definition: Sandy open ground with vernal therophytes, not necessarily grasses, in the Mediterranean region. Open perennial grasslands and pastures on siliceous, usually skeletal, soils of the supra-Mediterranean zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: Mediterranean annual deep-sand communities
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean perennial siliceous grasslands
narrower: Rhône riverine dunes
narrower: Southern Iberian inland dunes
narrower: Irano-Anatolian inland dunes

Supra-Mediterranean perennial siliceous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.A2
definition: Open perennial grasslands and pastures colonizing siliceous, usually poorly developed soils of the supra-Mediterranean levels of Iberian mountains and the southern Balkan and northern Hellenic peninsulas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland
narrower: Iberian [Festuca] - [Plantain] swards
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic supra-Mediterranean siliceous grasslands

Helleno-Balkanic supra-Mediterranean siliceous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.A22
definition: Open perennial grasslands and pastures colonizing siliceous, usually poorly developed soils of the supra-Mediterranean levels of the southern Balkan peninsula and northern Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean perennial siliceous grasslands

Rhône riverine dunes
type: Concept
notation: E1.A3
definition: Fossil dunes of the Camargue, built up by silty alluvial sands of the Rhone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland

Southern Iberian inland dunes
type: Concept
notation: E1.A4
definition: Fossil dunes of the Coto Doñana and other areas of southwestern Iberia. They support very specialised brushes (F5.5A) and open grasslands belonging to the [Malcomietalia] (unit E1.A1, see also unit B1.48).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland

Irano-Anatolian inland dunes
type: Concept
notation: E1.A5
definition: Inland dunes of the Anatolian Plateau, of Transcaucasia, of the Iranian Plateau and of northern Mesopotamia, in the Irano-Anatolian zone of transition between the continental Eurasian steppes and the Mediterranean and southern Palaearctic desert zones, of the eastern cis-Caucasian hills of Daghestan and the Terek basin, the Kopet Dagh, the Pamir-Alai, the extreme western Tien-Shan.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland

Heavy-metal grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.B
definition: Dry, short grasslands, often rich in lichens and mosses, colonizing western and central European soils with a high content in heavy metals such as zinc and lead, and comprising uniquely adapted species, ecotypes or populations mostly related to, or derived from, otherwise montane, boreomontane or steppic species; heavy metal grasslands of distinctly alpine affinities, though spanning an altitudinal range that extends from the montane level and lowland dealpine stations to the subalpine and alpine levels, are included. Vegetation of alliance [Violetalia calaminariae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: Atlantic heavy-metal grassland
narrower: Calaminarian grassland
narrower: Central European heavy-metal grassland
narrower: Calaminarian [Silene vulgaris] grassland
narrower: Alpine heavy-metal grassland

Mediterranean annual deep-sand communities
type: Concept
notation: E1.A1
definition: Open, spring-blooming communities of annuals developed on deep sands of Iberia, of Mediterranean North Africa and, very locally, of southern France and Italy, with [Malcolmia lacera], [Malcolmia ramosissima], [Anthyllis hamosa], [Maresia nana], [Erodium laciniatum], [Erodium cicutarium ssp. bipinnatum], [Arenaria emarginata], [Hymenostemma pseudanthemis], [Loeflingia baetica], [Loeflingia spartea], [Loeflingia tavaresiana], [Loeflingia hispanica], [Linaria donyana], [Linaria pedunculata], [Vulpia membranacea], [Ononis variegata], [Ononis baetica], [Ononis cossoniana], [Ononis subspicata], [Coronilla repanda], [Evax asterisciflora], [Evax lusitanica], [Leucojum trichophyllum]. Coastal dune equivalents are classified as unit B1.48; while others occur on coastal gravel banks, see units B2.4 and B2.5.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Open Mediterranean dry acid and neutral grassland

Iberian [Festuca] - [Plantain] swards
type: Concept
notation: E1.A21
definition: Open perennial formations colonizing arenaceous or skeletal, often unstable, siliceous soils of the supra-Mediterranean levels of Iberian mountains, rich in cushion-forming, rosette-leaved chamaephytes ([Jasione crispa ssp. sessiliflora], [Plantago radicata], [Scleranthus perennis]) and cespitose, rough perennial grasses ([Festuca costei], [Festuca indigesta], [Festuca summilusitana], [Corynephorus canescens], [Koeleria caudata ssp. crassipes]). Various formations, characterized by, among others, [Hieracium castellanum], [Leucanthemopsis pulverulenta], [Dianthus merinoi], [Dianthus laricifolius], [Armeria caballeroi], [Armeria alliacea], [Thymus serpylloides ssp. gadorensis], [Teucrium aureum] are distributed in the Cantabrian range, the southern Galician and Leonese mountains, the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central, the Montes de Toledo, the Sierra Nevada.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean perennial siliceous grasslands

Atlantic heavy-metal grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.B1
definition: Heavy metal grasslands of the British Isles, with [Armeria maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heavy-metal grassland
narrower: British heavy metal grasslands
narrower: Irish heavy metal grasslands

British heavy metal grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.B11
definition: Formations, in particular of Wales and the Pennines, developed in the vicinity of former mining operations or on river gravels, with [Minuartia verna], [Thlaspi caerulescens], [Armeria maritima], [Viola lutea], [Festuca ovina] s.l., [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Agrostis capillaris] ([Agrostis tenuis]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic heavy-metal grassland

Irish heavy metal grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.B12
definition: Grasslands on copper-rich soils of Kilarney, with [Armeria maritima] and [Silene maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic heavy-metal grassland

Calaminarian grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.B2
definition: Open formations colonizing heavy metal soils, either natural or resulting from past mining operations, in rapid regression and limited to a few stations in eastern Belgium, western Rhineland, Westphalia and Lower Saxony, and to one station in the southern Netherlands, with outposts in northern France, comprised of a highly specialised flora with the endemics [Viola calaminaria], [Viola guestphalica], [Thlaspi caerulescens] ([Thlaspi alpestre ssp. calaminare]) and [Festuca aquisgranensis] ([Festuca ophioliticola ssp. calaminaria]), with [Minuartia verna var. hercynica], [Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis] and [Armeria halleri], limited to this formation and the next, and with the steppic, central European [Festuca valesiaca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heavy-metal grassland
narrower: [Viola calaminaria] grasslands
narrower: [Viola guestphalica] grasslands
narrower: Western calaminarian thrift grasslands
narrower: Calaminarian pennycress grasslands

[Viola calaminaria] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.B21
definition: Formations of eastern Belgium, the extreme southern Netherlands and the Aachen area, with the yellow-flowered [Viola calaminaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calaminarian grassland

[Viola guestphalica] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.B22
definition: Formations of northern Westfalia and of southern Lower Saxony, with the purple-flowered [Viola guestphalica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calaminarian grassland

Western calaminarian thrift grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.B23
definition: Western European calaminarian communities comprising [Armeria halleri] s.l. in the absence of [Viola lutea] or [Viola guestphalica], known from very isolated stations, in particular, in the Eifel, southwestern Belgium and northern France. [Cardaminopsis halleri] is characteristic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calaminarian grassland

Calaminarian pennycress grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E1.B24
definition: Fragmentary heavy metal grasslands of the Osnabrück region of Lower Saxony and of Sauerland, with [Thlaspi caerulescens] ([Thlaspi alpestre ssp. calaminare]), but without violets or thrift.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calaminarian grassland

Central European heavy-metal grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.B3
definition: Heavy metal grasslands of Saxony, of the Harz and of Upper Silesia, with the endemic or near endemic [Armeria halleri], [Armeria bottendorfensis], [Armeria hornburgensis] and with [Minuartia verna var. hercynica], [Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heavy-metal grassland

Calaminarian [Silene vulgaris] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.B4
definition: Fragmentary heavy metal grasslands of which the distinctive cortège is essentially reduced to [Silene vulgaris ssp. humilis], characteristic, in particular, of cupreous shists of the Niedersmarsberg of Westfalia, of outlying heavy metal stations of southern Germany in the Wiesloch-Baiertal of northern Baden-Württemberg and the southern Black Forest, as well as of peripheral sites within the range of other heavy metal lowland and hill communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heavy-metal grassland

Alpine heavy-metal grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.B5
definition: Formations of heavy metal soils of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Alps and the Pyrenees, with, among others, [Dianthus sylvestris], [Galium anisophyllon], [Poa alpina], [Armeria arenaria], [Thlaspi caerulescens], and the very restricted southern Alpine endemic [Viola dubyana]; they descend to the montane level and occur in some dealpine stations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heavy-metal grassland

Dry mediterranean lands with unpalatable non-vernal herbaceous vegetation
type: Concept
notation: E1.C
definition: Dry lands with shrub cover < 10%, and with a large component of non-vernal unpalatable plants, including geophytes ([Asphodelus], [Urginea]), thistles ([Carthamus], [Carlina], [Centaurea], [Onopordum]), [Ferula] and [Phlomis], especially characteristic of the drier parts of the Mediterranean basin. These habitats usually result from over-grazing of garrigue, which eliminates the shrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands
narrower: [Asphodelus] fields
narrower: Thistle fields
narrower: [Phlomis] brushes
narrower: [Ferula] stands

[Asphodelus] fields
type: Concept
notation: E1.C1
definition: Communities of degraded terrains of the Mediterranean basin overwhelmingly dominated by facies-forming Liliaceae of genus [Asphodelus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry mediterranean lands with unpalatable non-vernal herbaceous vegetation

Thistle fields
type: Concept
notation: E1.C2
definition: Communities of degraded terrains of the Mediterranean basin overwhelmingly dominated by facies-forming thistles, notably of genera [Carthamus], [Carlina], [Centaurea], [Onopordum], [Notobasis], [Galactites].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry mediterranean lands with unpalatable non-vernal herbaceous vegetation

[Phlomis] brushes
type: Concept
notation: E1.C3
definition: Communities of degraded terrains of the Mediterranean basin overwhelmingly dominated by facies-forming tall labiates of genus [Phlomis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry mediterranean lands with unpalatable non-vernal herbaceous vegetation

[Ferula] stands
type: Concept
notation: E1.C4
definition: Communities of degraded terrains of the Mediterranean basin dominated by facies-forming tall, robust umbellifers of genus [Ferula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry mediterranean lands with unpalatable non-vernal herbaceous vegetation

Unmanaged xeric grassland
type: Concept
notation: E1.D
definition: Xeric grassland that is not currently mown or used for pasture.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands

Trampled xeric grasslands with annuals
type: Concept
notation: E1.E
definition: Low annuals on dry and warm trampled localities, for example the community of [Matricario matricarioidis-Polygonion arenastri] recorded in Hungary and Serbia with [Coronopus squamatus], [Cynodon dactylon], [Eragrostis minor], [Herniaria glabra], [Herniaria hirsuta], [Juncus tenuis], [Lepidium ruderale], [Lolium perenne], [Matricaria discoidea], [Plantago lanceolata], [Plantago major], [Poa annua] agg. and [Polygonum arenastrum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry grasslands

Mesic grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E2
definition: Lowland and montane mesotrophic and eutrophic pastures and hay meadows of the boreal, nemoral, warm-temperate humid and mediterranean zones. They are generally more fertile than dry grasslands (E1), and include sports fields and agriculturally improved and reseeded pastures.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens
narrower: Permanent mesotrophic pastures and aftermath-grazed meadows
narrower: Low and medium altitude hay meadows
narrower: Mountain hay meadows
narrower: Iberian summer pastures (vallicares)
narrower: Meadows of the steppe zone
narrower: Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns
narrower: Unmanaged mesic grassland
narrower: Trampled mesophilous grasslands with annuals

Permanent mesotrophic pastures and aftermath-grazed meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.1
definition: Regularly grazed mesotrophic pastures of Europe, fertilised and on well-drained soils, with [Lolium perenne], [Cynosurus cristatus], [Poa] spp., [Festuca] spp., [Trifolium repens], [Leontodon autumnalis], [Bellis perennis], [Ranunculus repens], [Ranunculus acris], [Cardamine pratensis], [Deschampsia cespitosa]; they are most characteristic of the nemoral and boreonemoral zones Europe, but extend to the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesic grasslands
narrower: Unbroken pastures
narrower: Ditch-broken pastures
narrower: Abandoned pastures
narrower: Species-rich lowland flood meadows
narrower: Macaronesian mesic grassland

Unbroken pastures
type: Concept
notation: E2.11
definition: Continuous pastureland of Euro-Siberian Europe, Atlantic Iberia and the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece, unrelieved by networks of ditches. [Cynosurus cristatus] is usually present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent mesotrophic pastures and aftermath-grazed meadows
narrower: Ryegrass pastures
narrower: Atlantic [Cynosurus]-[Centaurea] pastures
narrower: Sub-Atlantic hill pastures
narrower: Continental pastures

Ryegrass pastures
type: Concept
notation: E2.111
definition: Relatively species-poor grasslands of Euro-Siberian Western and Central Europe, Atlantic Iberia and the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece dominated by [Lolium perenne], often with [Cynosurus cristatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unbroken pastures

Atlantic [Cynosurus]-[Centaurea] pastures
type: Concept
notation: E2.112
definition: More species-rich grasslands of the British Isles dominated by [Cynosurus cristatus] and with many flowering herbs, notably [Centaurea nigra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unbroken pastures

Sub-Atlantic hill pastures
type: Concept
notation: E2.113
definition: Pastures mostly of uplands of Western Europe, Central Europe and Eastern Europe, less treated, rougher and more species-rich than those of unit 38.111, often with the cespitose [Festuca nigrescens] and a significant representation of nitrofuge species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unbroken pastures

Continental pastures
type: Concept
notation: E2.114
definition: Pastures of Eastern Europe, in the southern part of the Russian forest zone, Bashkiria and the southern Urals.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Unbroken pastures

Ditch-broken pastures
type: Concept
notation: E2.12
definition: Grasslands drained by a network of ditches, fleets, streams or pools.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent mesotrophic pastures and aftermath-grazed meadows

Abandoned pastures
type: Concept
notation: E2.13
definition: Abandoned grasslands in which either weedy and ruderal species or species of the next successional stages occur beside the dominant grassland species after cessation of anthropogenic management . The richest stands are on carbonate and eruptive rock soils. [Geranium sylvaticum], [Trifolium medium], [Astrantia major], [Coronilla varia], [Listera ovata], [Gentiana cruciata], [Platanthera bifolia] are typical species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent mesotrophic pastures and aftermath-grazed meadows

Species-rich lowland flood meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.14
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent mesotrophic pastures and aftermath-grazed meadows

Macaronesian mesic grassland
type: Concept
notation: E2.15
definition: Secondary grasslands of the highest levels of the Atlantic islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Permanent mesotrophic pastures and aftermath-grazed meadows

Low and medium altitude hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.2
definition: Mesotrophic hay meadows of low altitudes of Europe, fertilised and well-drained, with [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Trisetum flavescens], [Anthriscus sylvestris], [Heracleum sphondylium], [Daucus carota], [Crepis biennis], [Knautia arvensis], [Leucanthemum vulgare], [Pimpinella major], [Trifolium dubium], [Geranium pratense]; they are most characteristic of the nemoral and boreonemoral zones of Europe, but extend to the Cordillera Central, the Apennines and the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Balkan peninsula and Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesic grasslands
narrower: Atlantic hay meadows
narrower: Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows
narrower: Medio-European submontane hay meadows
narrower: Boreal and sub-boreal meadows
narrower: Continental meadows

Atlantic hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.21
definition: Lowland mesophile hay meadows of the Atlantic domaine of Europe, characteristic of the British Isles and western France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low and medium altitude hay meadows
narrower: Atlantic [Arrhenatherum] grasslands
narrower: Atlantic [Alopecurus]-[Sanguisorba] grasslands

Atlantic [Arrhenatherum] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E2.211
definition: Lowland mesophile hay meadows of the British Isles and western France rich in, or dominated by [Arrhenatherum elatius] accompanied by [Dactylis glomerata] and [Holcus lanatus] with [Centaurea debeauxii ssp. nemoralis] ([Centaurea nigra], [Centaurea nemoralis]), [Rhinanthus lanceolatus], [Oenanthe pimpinelloides], [Gaudinia fragilis], [Linum bienne], [Brachypodium pinnatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic hay meadows

Atlantic [Alopecurus]-[Sanguisorba] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E2.212
definition: Lowland mesophile hay meadows of England, characteristic of areas where traditional hay meadow treatment has been applied to seasonally flooded alluvial soils, formed by [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca rubra], [Cynosurus cristatus], [Lolium perenne], with less abundant or less constant [Holcus lanatus], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Dactylis glomerata], [Trisetum flavescens], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Bromus hordeaceus], [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Festuca arundinacea], with many dicots, among which [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Leontodon] spp., [Taraxacum] spp. are often abundant and [Fritillaria meleagris] particularly noteworthy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic hay meadows

Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.22
definition: Mesophile meso-to eutrophic lowland hay meadows of sub-Atlantic Western Europe, Central Europe, the humid Illyrian region and the Carpathian system, with [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Bromus erectus], [Dactylis glomerata], [Festuca rubra], [Daucus carota], [Crepis biennis], [Knautia arvensis], [Leucanthemum vulgare], [Pimpinella major], [Trifolium dubium], [Geranium pratense], [Alchemilla xanthochlora], [Campanula patula], [Pastinaca sativa], [Galium album], [Equisetum arvense], [Medicago sativa], [Picris hieracioides], [Sanguisorba officinalis]. Vegetation of alliance [Arrhenatherion elatioris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low and medium altitude hay meadows
narrower: Xero-mesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows
narrower: Hygromesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows

Xero-mesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.221
definition: Drier, more thermophile, swards of the lowland sub-Atlantic mesophile hay meadows of Western Europe and Central Europe, dominated by [Arrhenatherum elatius], and with a species composition that includes [Festuco-Brometea] dry grassland species, in particular, [Salvia pratensis], [Bromus erectus], [Ranunculus bulbosus], [Dianthus carthusianorum], [Pimpinella saxifraga], [Plantago media], [Galium verum], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Linum catharticum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows

Medio-European submontane hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.23
definition: Mesophile grasslands of middle European Hercynian hills, of the middle elevations of the greater Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the pre-Alps, the Dinarides, the Pelagonides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the northwestern Iberian peninsula, intermediate between the lowland meadows of unit E2.22 and the montane meadows of unit E2.3. Vegetation of alliance [Arrhenatherion elatioris], and association [Arrhenatheretum elatioris]. [Arrhenatherum elatius] is the dominant species, while [Pastinaca sativa], [Trifolium dubium], [Knautia arvensis] and [Crepis biennis] often occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low and medium altitude hay meadows
narrower: Western Hercynian submontane hay meadows
narrower: Eastern Hercynio-Baltic submontane hay meadows
narrower: Carpathian submontane hay meadows
narrower: Northern Iberian submontane hay meadows
narrower: Alpic submontane hay meadows
narrower: Jurassian submontane hay meadows
narrower: Illyrian submontane hay meadows
narrower: Southwestern Moesian submontane hay meadows

Western Hercynian submontane hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.231
definition: Hay meadows of higher elevations of the lesser Hercynian ranges, with [Meum athamanticum], [Festuca nigrescens], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Lathyrus montanus], [Phyteuma spicatum], [Potentilla erecta], [Galium saxatile], [Ranunculus bulbosus], [Pimpinella saxifraga], [Lotus uliginosus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European submontane hay meadows

Hygromesophile medio-European lowland hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.222
definition: More humid, or temporarily more humid, swards of the lowland sub-Atlantic mesophile hay meadows of Western Europe and Central Europe, dominated by [Arrhenatherum elatius] and [Alopecurus pratensis], or by the latter alone, and with a species composition intermediate between that of mesophile and humid meadows (37) with [Cirsium oleraceum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Ranunculus repens], [Myosotis palustris], [Glechoma hederacea], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Ajuga reptans], [Cardamine pratensis], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Geranium pratense], [Campanula patula], [Pastinaca sativa], [Heracleum sphondylium], [Anthriscus sylvestris]. Towards the east, in more continental climates, the [Alopecurus] meadows communities increasingly take the character of humid riverine meadows; they have been included in 37 from the Pannonic region eastwards, in the range of the mesophile meadows of 38.5.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic lowland hay meadows

Eastern Hercynio-Baltic submontane hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.232
definition: Hay meadows of mid-elevations of the great Hercynian ranges of Central Europe and of the hills of the eastern Germano-Baltic Plain, in particular, of the Baltic States.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European submontane hay meadows

Carpathian submontane hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.233
definition: Hay meadows of the submontane level of the Carpathians, at about 600-700 m.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European submontane hay meadows
narrower: Western Carpathian gladiolus meadows
narrower: Western Carpathian vetch-clover meadows
narrower: Eastern Carpathian yellow oatgrass meadows

Western Carpathian gladiolus meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.2331
definition: Endemic community of the western Carpathians, with [Alchemilla walasii], [Alchemilla micans], [Alchemilla pastoralis], [Centaurea oxylepis], [Gladiolus imbricatus], [Viola saxatilis var. decorata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian submontane hay meadows

Western Carpathian vetch-clover meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.2332
definition: Species-rich hay meadows of the Pienini and the Beskides, limited to thermophilous stations on deep calcareous soils, with [Medicago falcata], [Polygala comosa], [Thymus pulegioides], [Salvia verticillata], [Ranunculus polyanthemos].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian submontane hay meadows

Eastern Carpathian yellow oatgrass meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.2333
definition: Submontane mesophile meadows of the Romanian Carpathians, developed on nutrient-rich acid brown soils, dominated by [Trisetum flavescens], accompanied by [Arrhenatherum elatius] and a species cortège characteristic of the [Arrhenatherion], including [Campanula patula], [Trifolium repens], [Leucanthemum vulgare], [Lotus corniculatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian submontane hay meadows

Northern Iberian submontane hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.234
definition: Mesophile hay meadows of sub-Atlantic northern Spain, in particular, of the beech level of the oro-Cantabrian region, with [Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. bulbosum], [Trisetum flavescens], [Sanguisorba minor], [Malva moschata], [Knautia arvensis], [Pimpinella major], [Trifolium repens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European submontane hay meadows

Alpic submontane hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.235
definition: Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the pre-Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European submontane hay meadows

Jurassian submontane hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.236
definition: Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the Jura.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European submontane hay meadows

Illyrian submontane hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.237
definition: Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the beech level of the Dinarides, within the range of the [Fagion illyricum], dominated by [Trisetum flavescens], with [Poa pratensis], [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Festuca pratensis], [Alchemilla xanthochlora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European submontane hay meadows

Southwestern Moesian submontane hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.238
definition: Submontane mesophile hay meadows of the beech level of the Pelagonides, within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum], dominated by [Trisetum flavescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European submontane hay meadows

Boreal and sub-boreal meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.24
definition: Herb-rich meadows of boreal affinities of the boreal and boreonemoral regions of the Palaearctic, with outposts in cool humid uplands of the northern nemoral zone, in particular, in the British Isles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low and medium altitude hay meadows
narrower: Fenno-Scandian boreal and sub-boreal meadows
narrower: Britannic submontane meadows

Fenno-Scandian boreal and sub-boreal meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.241
definition: Herb-rich meadows of boreal affinities of Fennoscandia, distributed in the boreonemoral, southern boreal, middle boreal, northern boreal, boreoalpine and oceanic southern boreal zones of Finland, Sweden and Norway, formed by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Festuca ovina], [Briza media], with, as dominant dicots, [Geranium sylvaticum], [Alchemilla] spp., [Rhinanthus minor], [Anemone nemorosa] and a cortège that includes boreal elements such as [Polygonum viviparum], [Rubus arcticus], boreonemoral species, in particular, [Hypochoeris maculata], [Veronica chamaedrys], as well as [Cirsium helenioides], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Potentilla erecta], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Trollius europaeus], [Hepatica nobilis], [Dactylorhiza maculata], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii], [Listera ovata], [Platanthera chlorantha].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal and sub-boreal meadows

Britannic submontane meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.242
definition: Mesophile hay meadows of submontane areas of northern England, with affinities to both the Fennoscandian boreal meadows of unit 38.241 and to the submontane continental Western European meadows of unit 38.23.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal and sub-boreal meadows

Continental meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.25
definition: Lowland and collinar mesophile grasslands of the Pannonic basin, the Transylvanian basin, the lower Danubian plain, the Thracian plain and their fringing foothills, of Eastern Europe and of southern Siberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low and medium altitude hay meadows
narrower: Ponto-Pannonic mesophile hay meadows
narrower: Moeso-Thracian mesophile hay meadows

Ponto-Pannonic mesophile hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.251
definition: Lowland and collinar mesophile grasslands of the Pannonic basin, the Transylvanian basin, the lower Danubian plain, the Black Sea-Sea of Azov plain and their fringing foothills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental meadows

Moeso-Thracian mesophile hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.252
definition: Lowland, collinar and, locally, montane, mesophile grasslands of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing foothills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental meadows
narrower: Moeso-Thracian mesophile floodplain meadows
narrower: Moeso-Thracian mesophile foothill meadows
narrower: Moeso-Thracian mesophile cold water meadows

Moeso-Thracian mesophile floodplain meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.2521
definition: Mesophile floodplain hay meadows of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing foothills, on soils moistened by a high water table fed by riverine inundation, situated on higher ground than riverine meadows of unit 37, dominated by similar grass species, including [Poa pratensis], [Alopecurus pratensis]; [Alopecurus rendlei] ([Alopecurus utriculatus]), [Festuca pratensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moeso-Thracian mesophile hay meadows

Moeso-Thracian mesophile foothill meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.2522
definition: Mesophile hay meadows of the valleys and lower slopes of mountain ranges fringing the northern Thracian plain and its peripheral basins installed on soils moistened by underground or surface water supplied by slope runoff, dominated by the same grass species as in the floodplain meadows of 38.2521, accompanied by [Arrhenatherum elatius] and [Agrostis capillaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moeso-Thracian mesophile hay meadows

Moeso-Thracian mesophile cold water meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.2523
definition: Species-rich mesophile hay meadows of the lower slopes and foot of the southern flank of the Balkan Range, developed on calcareous substrates and with a supply of cold surface and ground water originating in the upper levels of the mountain, dominated by [Poa pratensis], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Alopecurus rendlei] ([Alopecurus utriculatus]), [Festuca pratensis] and with orchids, [Clematis integrifolia], [Cladium mariscus], [Merendera sobolifera], [Galium rubioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moeso-Thracian mesophile hay meadows

Mountain hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.3
definition: Often species-rich mesotrophic to eutrophic hay meadows of the montane and subalpine levels of higher mountains of the nemoral and southern boreal zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesic grasslands
narrower: Alpic mountain hay meadows
narrower: Ponto-Caucasian hay meadows
narrower: Balkan mountain hay meadows

Alpic mountain hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.31
definition: Species-rich mesophile hay meadows of the montane and subalpine levels (mostly above 600 metres) of the Western Alpides and neighbouring mountains (the greater Hercynian ranges, Carpathians, the Dinarides) on fresh, neutral to moderately acid or moderately basic soils, cut one to three times per year. Usually dominated by [Trisetum flavescens] and with [Alchemilla] spp., [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Astrantia major], [Campanula glomerata], [Carum carvi], [Centaurea nemoralis], [Crepis] spp., [Crocus albiflorus], [Geranium] spp., [Heracleum sphondylium], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Lilium bulbiferum], [Malva moschata], [Muscari botryoides], [Narcissus poeticus], [Phyteuma] spp., [Pimpinella major], [Polygonum bistorta], [Primula elatior], [Salvia pratensis], [Silene] spp., [Thlaspi caerulescens], [Trollius europaeus], [Valeriana repens], [Viola] spp. and many others. In the Carpathians they are represented by the alliance [Polygono-Trisetion] with many endemic taxa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain hay meadows

Ponto-Caucasian hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.32
definition: Meadows of the montane and subalpine levels of the Caucasus and the Pontic mountains of northern Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain hay meadows

Balkan mountain hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E2.33
definition: Mesophile tall grasslands in the mountain and sub-alpine areas of Balkan peninsula in the beech forest zone. They are dominated by [Trisetum flavescens], [Cynosurus cristatus], [Festuca pratensis], and geographically differentiated by Balkan endemic species [Armeria rumelica], [Knautia dinarica], [Rhinanthus rumelicus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain hay meadows

Iberian summer pastures (vallicares)
type: Concept
notation: E2.4
definition: Summer pastures of the Iberian peninsula, subject to poor drainage, brief flooding and rapid desiccation with the first heat, composed of perennial and annual grasses, most commonly by [Agrostis castellana], [Agrostis pourretii] ([Agrostis salmantica]), [Gaudinia fragilis], [Festuca ampla], [Periballia involucrata], [Vulpia ciliata], [Vulpia myuros], [Vulpia bromoides], [Holcus setiglumis], [Molineriella minuta], [Anthoxanthum aristatum], [Anthoxanthum ovatum] and often with [Juncus capitatus] and clovers such as [Trifolium campestre].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesic grasslands
narrower: Perennial vallicares
narrower: Annual vallicares
narrower: Andalusian [Armeria] vallicares

Perennial vallicares
type: Concept
notation: E2.41
definition: Perennial [Agrostis castellana]-dominated grasslands of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian summer pastures (vallicares)

Annual vallicares
type: Concept
notation: E2.42
definition: Annual [Agrostis pourretii]-dominated grasslands of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian summer pastures (vallicares)

Andalusian [Armeria] vallicares
type: Concept
notation: E2.43
definition: Forb and grass communities of oligo-mesotrophic sandy soils of southwestern Iberia, with subsurface seasonal water saturation, in particular, of the edges of marshes and large lagoons, dominated by the endemic [Armeria gaditana], with [Gaudinia fragilis], [Centaurea exarata] and [Asphodelus aestivus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian summer pastures (vallicares)

Meadows of the steppe zone
type: Concept
notation: E2.5
definition: Lowland and montane mesotrophic pastures and hay meadows of the steppe zone of eastern Europe and Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesic grasslands

Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns
type: Concept
notation: E2.6
definition: Land occupied by heavily fertilised or reseeded permanent grasslands, sometimes treated by selective herbicides, with very impoverished flora and fauna, used for grazing, soil protection and stabilization, landscaping or recreation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesic grasslands
narrower: Dry or moist agriculturally-improved grassland
narrower: Wet agriculturally-improved grassland, often with drainage ditches
narrower: Turf sports fields
narrower: Park lawns
narrower: Small-scale lawns

Dry or moist agriculturally-improved grassland
type: Concept
notation: E2.61
definition: Dry or mesophile intensive pastures and grasslands. Usually intensively fertilised and reseeded, or established entirely artificially.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns

Wet agriculturally-improved grassland, often with drainage ditches
type: Concept
notation: E2.62
definition: Humid intensive pastures, often scored with drainage ditches, and capable of harbouring breeding waders or wintering waterfowl, in particular, geese.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns

Turf sports fields
type: Concept
notation: E2.63
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns

Park lawns
type: Concept
notation: E2.64
definition: Grasslands, usually mowed, composed of native or sometimes exotic grasses, constituting elements of urban parks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns

Small-scale lawns
type: Concept
notation: E2.65
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns

Unmanaged mesic grassland
type: Concept
notation: E2.7
definition: Mesic grassland that is not currently mown or used for pasture, excluding abandoned pastures (E2.13).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesic grasslands

Trampled mesophilous grasslands with annuals
type: Concept
notation: E2.8
definition: Low annuals on mesophilous trampled localities, for example the community [Saginion procumbentis] with [Sagina procumbens], [Sagina apetala], [Spergularia rubra], [Juncus bufonius], [Poa supina], [Veronica serpyllifolia]; in sub-mountain and mountain locations the vegetation may consist of [Alchemillo-Poion supinae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesic grasslands

Seasonally wet and wet grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E3
definition: Unimproved or lightly improved wet meadows and tall herb communities of the boreal, nemoral, warm-temperate humid, steppic and mediterranean zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens
narrower: Mediterranean tall humid grassland
narrower: Mediterranean short humid grassland
narrower: Sub-mediterranean humid meadows
narrower: Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland
narrower: Moist or wet oligotrophic grassland

Mediterranean tall humid grassland of lowlands
type: Concept
notation: E3.11
definition: These meadows can be eutrophic and have hygro-nitrophilous vegetation dominated by [Lolium multiflorum] and [Rumex conglomeratus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall humid grassland
narrower: [Serapias] grassland

[Serapias] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E3.111
definition: Meso-hygrophile grasslands of crystalline Provence, with [Carex divisa ssp. chaetophylla], often dominant, [Briza minor], [Oenanthe lachenalii] and numerous [Serapias] species ([Serapias lingua], [Serapias neglecta], [Serapias vomeracea]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall humid grassland of lowlands

Mediterranean tall humid grassland of mountains
type: Concept
notation: E3.12
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall humid grassland
narrower: Peat grasslands of Troodos

Peat grasslands of Troodos
type: Concept
notation: E3.121
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall humid grassland of mountains

Mediterranean short humid grassland
type: Concept
notation: E3.2
definition: Very short grasslands of impermeable compact soils or marls, wet for a large part of the year, and desiccated in summer, characteristic of the Mediterranean basin, with irradiations north to the Illyrian zone of the northwestern Balkan peninsula, with [Deschampsia media], [Centaurium pulchellum], [Lotus tenuis], [Trifolium lappaceum], [Prunella hyssopifolia], [Plantago maritima ssp. serpentina], [Centaurea timbali].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seasonally wet and wet grasslands

Sub-mediterranean humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.3
definition: Humid meadows rich in clover ([Trifolium] spp.) of sub- and supramediterranean regions remote from Atlantic influence, in particular, of the Balkan peninsula, of the Apennines and of Mediterranean Anatolia, mostly developed above the lowlands but below the montane level.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seasonally wet and wet grasslands
narrower: Helleno-Moesian riverine and humid [Trifolium] meadows
narrower: Apennine humid meadows
narrower: Dalmatian riverine and humid meadows
narrower: Illyrio-Moesian riverine and humid [Trifolium] meadows
narrower: Anatolian supra-Mediterranean humid grassland

Apennine humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.32
definition: Permanent humid grasslands of Apennine karstic basins, with [Ranunculus velutinus], [Bromus racemosus], [Hordeum secalinum], [Trifolium dubium], [Trifolium resupinatum], [Trifolium micranthum], [Trifolium patens], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Trifolium pratense], [Trifolium repens], [Carex distans], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Gaudinia fragilis], [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Centaurea jacea], [Holcus lanatus], [Alopecurus rendlei] ([Alopecurus utriculatus]), [Orchis laxiflora], [Colchicum lusitanum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-mediterranean humid meadows

Mediterranean tall humid grassland
type: Concept
notation: E3.1
definition: Mediterranean humid grasslands of tall grasses and rushes with [Scirpus holoschoenus] ([Holoschoenus vulgaris]), [Agrostis stolonifera], [Agrostis reuteri], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Galium debile], [Molinia caerulea], [Briza minor], [Melica cupanii], [Cyperus longus], [Linum tenue], [Trifolium resupinatum], [Schoenus nigricans], [Peucedanum hispanicum], [Carex mairii], [Juncus maritimus], [Juncus acutus], [Asteriscus aquaticus], [Hypericum tomentosum], [Hypericum tetrapterum], [Inula viscosa], [Oenanthe pimpinelloides], [Oenanthe lachenalii], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Prunella vulgaris], [Pulicaria dysenterica], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Orchis laxiflora], [Dactylorhiza elata], [Succisa pratensis], [Sonchus maritimus ssp. aquatilis], [Silaum silaus], [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Serratula tinctoria], [Genista tinctoria], [Cirsium monspessulanum], [Cirsium pyrenaicum], [Senecio doria], [Dorycnium rectum], [Erica terminalis], [Euphorbia pubescens], [Lysimachia ephemerum], widespread in the entire Mediterranean basin, extending, along the coasts of the Black Sea, in particular in dune systems, north to the Dobrogea and the Danube Delta, and, in valleys of the Balkan peninsula, north to the Banat.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seasonally wet and wet grasslands
narrower: Mediterranean tall humid grassland of lowlands
narrower: Mediterranean tall humid grassland of mountains

Helleno-Moesian riverine and humid [Trifolium] meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.31
definition: Meso-hygrophile grasslands of river flood plains and other high water-table sites of the southern Balkan peninsula, in particular of Bulgaria, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece, with outposts in the Croatian coastlands, formed by [Alopecurus pratensis], [Alopecurus rendlei] ([Alopecurus utriculatus]), [Festuca pratensis] ([Festuca elatior]) or [Poa trivialis ssp. sylvicola] ([Poa sylvicola]), and by numerous [Trifolium] spp., [Medicago hispida ssp. apiculata], [Lotus corniculatus var. hirsutus], [Hordeum murinum], [Ranunculus marginatus], [Ranunculus velutinus], [Cirsium canum var. macedonicum], [Oenanthe stenoloba], [Moenchia mantica], [Lychnis flos-cuculi ssp. subintegra], [Teucrium scordioides], [Podospermum canum], [Narcissus poeticus], [Leucojum aestivum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-mediterranean humid meadows

Dalmatian riverine and humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.33
definition: Humid meadows of Illyrian Istria and Dalmatia, developed in a mild semihumid to semiarid climate, of pronounced sub-Mediterranean affinities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-mediterranean humid meadows

Illyrio-Moesian riverine and humid [Trifolium] meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.34
definition: Floodplain meadows of southern sub-Pannonic regions, within the eastern [Carpinion illyricum], the [Quercion frainetto] and the [Fagion moesiacum] zones of Bosnia, Serbia, Oltenia and northwestern Bulgaria, under semihumid to semiarid climates, mostly dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Alopecurus pratensis] or [Poa trivialis ssp. sylvicola], with [Trifolium pallidum], [Trifolium patens], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Trifolium cinctum], [Ranunculus stevenii], [Lathyrus nissolia], [Medicago arabica], [Clematis integrifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-mediterranean humid meadows

Anatolian supra-Mediterranean humid grassland
type: Concept
notation: E3.35
definition: Humid meadows rich in clover of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of Mediterranean Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-mediterranean humid meadows

Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland
type: Concept
notation: E3.4
definition: Wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grasslands and flood meadows of the boreal and nemoral zones, dominated by grasses [Poaceae], rushes [Juncus] spp. or club-rush [Scirpus sylvaticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seasonally wet and wet grasslands
narrower: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows
narrower: [Juncus acutiflorus] meadows
narrower: Subcontinental riverine meadows
narrower: Flood swards and related communities
narrower: Recently abandoned hay meadows
narrower: Continental humid meadows
narrower: Northern boreal alluvial meadows

Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.41
definition: Lightly managed hay meadows and pastures on both basicline and acidocline, nutrient-rich permanently or temporarily humid soils of middle European lowlands, hills and low mountains under Atlantic or sub-Atlantic climatic conditions, from the British Isles and northwestern Iberia east to the Baltic States, the western Carpathians and Illyrian region. Among the characteristic plant components of the highly diverse communities forming this unit are [Caltha palustris], [Cirsium palustre], [Cirsium rivulare], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Carduus personata], [Telekia speciosa], [Epilobium parviflorum], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Mentha aquatica], [Scirpus sylvaticus], [Stachys palustris], [Bromus racemosus], [Crepis paludosa], [Fritillaria meleagris], [Geum rivale], [Polygonum bistorta], [Senecio aquaticus], [Trollius europaeus], [Lotus uliginosus], [Trifolium dubium], [Equisetum palustre], [Equisetum telmateia], [Myosotis palustris], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Angelica sylvestris], [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Gratiola officinalis], [Inula salicina], [Succisella inflexa], [Dactylorhiza majalis], [Ranunculus acris], [Rumex acetosa], [Holcus lanatus], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca pratensis], [Festuca gigantea], [Juncus effusus], [Juncus filiformis] and [Carex cespitosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland
narrower: Cabbage thistle meadows
narrower: Globe flower-brook thistle meadows
narrower: Western tufted hairgrass meadows
narrower: Marsh ragwort meadows
narrower: Bistort meadows
narrower: Thread rush meadows
narrower: Soft rush meadows
narrower: Blunt-flowered rush meadows
narrower: Wood clubrush meadows
narrower: Brook thistle meadows
narrower: Crested dog's tail-rush meadows
narrower: Marsh thistle meadows
narrower: Melancholy thistle meadows
narrower: Chervil wet meadows
narrower: Calcareous dunal small reed fens

Cabbage thistle meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.411
definition: Tall-herb rich wet meadows dominated by, or with an abundance of, [Cirsium oleraceum], distributed in Western and Central Europe from Denmark, locally Scania, northwestern Germany, Belgium, France, northwestern Spain, east to Poland, Lithuania, the Bohemian basin, Austria, best developed in the submontane level of the Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the pre-Alps on base-rich loams of river and brook floodplains and lakesides; [Cirsium oleraceum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Caltha palustris], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Ranunculus acris], [Polygonum bistorta], [Rumex acetosa], [Holcus lanatus], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca pratensis], [Poa trivialis] are characteristic of their cortège; in northern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, the communities are enriched in [Polygonum bistorta] and lack several characteristics of their middle Hercynian cortège, in particular [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Colchicum autumnale], [Silaum silaus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Globe flower-brook thistle meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.412
definition: Wet meadows of montane areas of the higher Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the Alpine piedmont rich in [Trollius europaeus] and [Cirsium rivulare], replacing the cabbage thistle meadows of unit 37.212 at higher altitudes. Their cortège includes [Cirsium oleraceum], [Caltha palustris], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Myosotis palustris], [Geum rivale], [Festuca pratensis], [Galium album], [Ranunculus acris], [Holcus lanatus] and, sometimes, in particular in the Swiss Jura, [Fritillaria meleagris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Western tufted hairgrass meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.413
definition: Coarse humid meadows of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], characteristic of permanently moist soils submitted to periodical inundation, favoured by grazing.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows
narrower: Atlantic tufted hairgrass meadows
narrower: Boreal tufted hairgrass meadows

Thread rush meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.416
definition: Humid and wet meadows of sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by or rich in [Juncus filiformis], or, in Iceland, [Juncus balticus] ([Juncus arcticus]), often accompanied by [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata], [Molinia caerulea], [Potentilla erecta], mostly developed on lime-poor soils, of strong boreal affinities, most characteristic of Fennoscandia, Iceland, the northern Germano-Baltic plain and the neighbouring Hercynian ranges, rare farther south, limited to small surfaces in cold-pocket areas of the greater Hercynian ranges and the pre-Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Soft rush meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.417
definition: Wet and humid meadows of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by the tall tussock-forming [Juncus effusus] or [Juncus inflexus], with a usually species-poor accompanying flora, characteristic of relatively nutrient-rich, acidocline to basicline, permanently moist soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Atlantic tufted hairgrass meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.4131
definition: Coarse grasslands of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Western, Northern and, locally, western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, overwhelmingly dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], characteristic of permanently moist, gleyed and periodically inundated near-neutral soils, with a highly variable, usually species-poor, complement of species that includes the grasses [Holcus lanatus], [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Agrostis capillaris], [Poa trivialis], [Poa pratensis], [Dactylis glomerata], [Lolium perenne], [Alopecurus pratensis], sometimes forming closely grazed swards around the tussocks of the less palatable [Deschampsia], as well as, among others, [Juncus affinis], [Juncus inflexus], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Cardamine pratensis], [Angelica sylvestris], [Achillea ptarmica], [Ranunculus acris], [Ranunculus repens], [Cirsium arvense], [Rumex acetosa], [Cerastium fontanum], [Plantago lanceolata], [Lathyrus pratensis], [Centaurea nigra], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii]. They are particularly well characterized in the English lowlands and in Fennoscandia, but occur locally farther east and south, notably in the Netherlands, in Belgium, in the Campine, the loess region and the peri-Hercynian calcareous regions, in northern Germany, in the Bohemian basin, in Austria, particularly under the influence of grazing. Grassland communities dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa] of regions of more continental climates of eastern and southeastern Europe belong to the inundation communities of units 37.23 and 37.263.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western tufted hairgrass meadows

Boreal tufted hairgrass meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.4132
definition: Wet meadows of the middle boreal, northern boreal, oceanic boreal, arctoalpine zones of Fennoscandia and of Iceland, where they colonize moist stoney slopes and land slips on mountainsides as well as valley bottom allluvions, dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Carex nigra], [Ranunculus acris] and, in Fennoscandia, [Cirsium helenioides], with, in particular, [Bartsia alpina], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Rumex acetosa]; the cortège of Fennoscandian communities includes [Rubus arcticus], [Saussurea alpina], [Trollius europaeus], [Viola epipsila], that of Icelandic communities [Agrostis canina], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Cardamine pratensis], [Equisetum palustre], [Equisetum pratense], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Festuca vivipara], [Juncus balticus], [Trifolium repens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western tufted hairgrass meadows

Marsh ragwort meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.414
definition: Wet meadows and water-meadows of the lowlands of Britain, northern Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and northwestern Spain, developed on nutrient-rich, acidocline alluvions of rivers and brooks with a fluctuating water regime in which [Senecio aquaticus] and [Bromus racemosus] are usually prominent, accompanied by a variable cortège; [Potentilla palustris] and [Menyanthes trifoliata] characterize mesotrophic stands, [Ranunculus auricomus] and [Primula elatior] somewhat more base-rich ones. [Carex disticha] is usually present and sometimes abundant, marking a transition towards [Magnocaricion] communities of unit 53.211. At higher altitudes, above 250 m, on base-poor soils, these communities evolve towards [Polygonum bistorta]-dominated communities of unit 37.215.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Bistort meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.415
definition: Wet and humid meadows of sub-Atlantic Western and Central Europe dominated by, or very rich in, [Polygonum bistorta], most characteristic of montane or submontane regions of the Hercynian ranges and neighbouring regions. They include distinctive acidocline Hercynian communities in which [Polygonum bistorta] is associated with [Deschampsia cespitosa] or [Juncus filiformis], [Polygonum bistorta]-enriched submontane or montane variants of thistle or ragwort lowland communities of units 37.211 or 37.214, of the montane thistle-globeflower communities of unit 37.212, of the clubrush communities of unit 37.219, peri-Hercynian submontane and lowland thermophilous communities of the Danube basin, and montane communities of the Iberian peninsula. They constitute the principal habitat of the threatened fritillary [Proclossiana eunomia], and, at least locally, an important habitat for other threatened butterflies, in particular, the copper [Palaeochrysophanus (Lycaena) hippothoe].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Blunt-flowered rush meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.418
definition: Calciphile wet meadows of Western Europe, Central Europe and northwestern Eastern Europe, northeast at least to Estonia, dominated by or rich in [Juncus subnodulosus], characteristic of very wet calcareous soils or soils flushed by calcareous waters, transitional to the small sedge fens of the [Caricion davallianae] (unit 54.2), surviving mostly in the British Isles, in the Alpine foothills, in the moraine land of northern Germany, in chalk hills of northwestern Germany, in northern Jutland, on Fyn, in southern and central Scania, on Åland, in wet dune slacks of the Atlantic and North Sea seaboard of the continent of Europe; many formations are rather oligotrophic and could equally be listed under unit 37.3. Typical of these communities are the [Juncus subnodulosus]-[Cirsium palustre] fen-meadows, widespread in the southern British lowlands, particularly in East Anglia, north Buckinghamshire and Angelsey, rich in [Juncus subnodulosus], [Cirsium palustre], [Equisetum palustre], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Holcus lanatus], [Lotus uliginosus], [Mentha aquatica], [Caliergon cuspidatum]; a characteristically variable species-rich cortège, influenced by the various grazing and mowing routines the meadows are subjected to, may include, among others, [Trifolium] spp., [Briza media], [Carex elata], [Iris pseudacorus], [Molinia caerulea], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii], [Dactylorhiza praetermissa], [Dactylorhiza incarnata]. Also particularly characteristic are the [Juncus subnodulosus] formations that succeed fen communities of unit 54.2 in the colonization of coastal wet dune slacks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Wood clubrush meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.419
definition: Lowland to montane wet grassland of sub-Atlantic Europe, east to Lithuania, the Bohemian basin and Austria, developed on waterlogged siliceous loams or peats, dominated, often overwhelmingly so, by [Scirpus sylvaticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Brook thistle meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.41A
definition: Eutrophic wet meadows of the Carpathian region dominated by [Cirsium rivulare], eastern vicariant of the communities of unit 37.211, characteristically developed on loams, gleys or pseudogleys, often with anmoor characteristics, in higher, cooler elevations of the montane level. They extend to lowland and hill pre-Pannonic areas, to the pre-Alps of Styria, to the eastern Hercynian ranges, and to the eastern Germano-Baltic plain, northeast, as rare communities, to Lithuania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Crested dog's tail-rush meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.41B
definition: Humid grasslands of sub-Atlantic Europe submitted to a mixed regime of haycutting and grazing, in particular, single early-summer cutting followed by later prolonged grazing, occupied by a mixture of species of mesophile pastures, notably [Cynosurus cristatus], [Lolium perenne], [Trifolium repens], and [Molinietalia] species resistant to changes in the exploitation regime, such as [Juncus effusus], [Juncus inflexus], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Cirsium palustre]. These grasslands constitute transitions between mesophile grasslands of unit 38 and humid grasslands of 37.21, particularly of unit 37.214; they are also closely related to formations of unit 37.217.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Marsh thistle meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.41C
definition: Sub-Atlantic wet grasslands of brook banks and soggy slopes of rainy granitic and cristaline hills and low mountains of middle Europe, most characteristic of the eastern Hercynian ranges and the northern pre-Alps, extending west to the Hercynian ranges of sub-Atlantic western Europe, dominated by [Cirsium palustre], accompanied by [Angelica sylvestris] at the lower altitudes, [Polygonum bistorta] at the higher altitudes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Melancholy thistle meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.41D
definition: Humid meadows of the montane level of the siliceous eastern Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Cirsium helenioides] ([Cirsium heterophyllum]) and [Cirsium palustre], accompanied by [Polygonum bistorta], [Crepis mollis], [Deschampsia cespitosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Chervil wet meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.41E
definition: Montane brook meadows of the higher mid-German Hercynian hills, and very locally, of the northern pre-Alps, developed on clayey siliceous alluvions, with [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Ranunculus aconitifolius], [Caltha palustris], [Crepis paludosa], [Myosotis palustris], [Polygonum bistorta], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Angelica sylvestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

Calcareous dunal small reed fens
type: Concept
notation: E3.41F
definition: Communities of calcareous wet dune slacks dominated by [Calamagrostis epigejos], in particular, [Calamagrostis epigejos]-dominated facies and evolution stages of the [Juncus subnodulosus] formations of unit 37.218, characteristic of northern French and Belgian dunes and rare fen formations of the Dutch North Sea Islands formed by [Carex hartmanii], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Carex trinervis], [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Salix repens], evolution stage with light sand covering of the fen communities of unit 54.2H2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic humid meadows

[Juncus acutiflorus] meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.42
definition: Humid meadows of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by, or rich in, [Juncus acutiflorus]. They are floristically and phytosociologically very varied and many are as related to the oligotrophic [Molinion] communities of unit E3.5 as to the more eutrophic [Calthion] ones of unit E3.41. Sharp-flowered rush meadows are particularly characteristic of the oceanic and suboceanic regions of the western seaboard of Europe from northwestern Iberia to the Low Countries, extending locally in Hercynian ranges to the Harz and the Bohemian Quadrangle and in small sub-Atlantic enclaves of the Germano-Baltic plains to eastern Germany and Poland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland

Subcontinental riverine meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.43
definition: Meadows of the valleys of great rivers of continental or subcontinental climate regions of Central Europe, submitted to repeated inundation periods in the year, characteristic of the Elbe, the Saale, the Main valleys of Germany and Bohemia, occuring also in Moravia, Austria, Slovakia, Croatia and Serbia, with a disjunct outpost in the arid Rhine graben. They are usually dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa] or [Alopecurus pratensis], [Poa palustris], [Poa pratensis], [Carex] and [Juncus] species. Characteristic species include [Cnidium dubium] ([Cnidium venosum]), [Viola persicifolia], [Allium angulosum], [Clematis integrifolia], [Iris sibirica], [Oenanthe lachenalii], [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Gratiola officinalis], [Juncus atratus], [Leucojum aestivum], [Carex praecox var. suzae], [Carex melanostachya], [Serratula tinctoria], [Lythrum virgatum]. Because of universal river control schemes, these communities, dependent on natural or near natural flow regemes, are extremely threatened. Vegetation of alliance [Cnidion venosi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland

Flood swards and related communities
type: Concept
notation: E3.44
definition: Grasslands of occasionally flooded river and lake banks, of depressions where rain water collects, of disturbed humid areas and of humid pastures submitted to intensive grazing.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland
narrower: Tall rush pastures
narrower: Flood swards
narrower: Small rush swards

Tall rush pastures
type: Concept
notation: E3.441
definition: Rush ([Juncus effusus], [Juncus conglomeratus], [Juncus inflexus]) colonies of intensively grazed pastures, in part an extreme facies of [Juncus effusus] humid grasslands of unit 37.217, but also of other wet grasslands of unit 37.2 and of more mesophile grasslands of unit 38.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flood swards and related communities

Flood swards
type: Concept
notation: E3.442
definition: Flood swards of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe, developed on ground submitted to periodical or occasional inundation and subsequent drying under relatively maritime climates, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Carex hirta], [Festuca arundinacea], [Juncus inflexus], [Alopecurus geniculatus], [Rumex crispus], [Mentha longifolia], [Mentha pulegium], [Potentilla anserina], [Potentilla reptans], [Ranunculus repens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flood swards and related communities
narrower: Marsh foxtail flood swards
narrower: Creeping bent flood swards
narrower: Tall fescue flood swards
narrower: Common couch flood swards
narrower: Rhenish [Deschampsia media] flood swards

Marsh foxtail flood swards
type: Concept
notation: E3.4421
definition: Flood swards dominated by [Alopecurus geniculatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flood swards

Creeping bent flood swards
type: Concept
notation: E3.4422
definition: Flood swards dominated by [Agrostis stolonifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flood swards

Tall fescue flood swards
type: Concept
notation: E3.4423
definition: Flood swards dominated by [Festuca arundinacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flood swards

Common couch flood swards
type: Concept
notation: E3.4424
definition: Flood swards dominated by [Elymus repens] ([Agropyron repens]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flood swards

Rhenish [Deschampsia media] flood swards
type: Concept
notation: E3.4425
definition: Local flood swards of the Rhine valley dominated by [Deschampsia media].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flood swards

Small rush swards
type: Concept
notation: E3.443
definition: Grasslands of occasionally flooded river and lake banks, of depressions where rain water collects, of disturbed humid areas and of humid pastures submitted to intensive grazing dominated by small rushes, in particular [Juncus compressus] or [Juncus tenuis] ([Juncus macer]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Flood swards and related communities

Recently abandoned hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.45
definition: Recently abandoned hay meadows with invasion of [Polygonum bistorta], [Filipendula ulmaria] or [Phragmites communis], in a successional state between E3.41 and communities of unit E5.4 or of woodland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland

Sub-Pannonic ashy thistle humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.461
definition: Humid grasslands of pre-Pannonic hills of Austria, Moravia, Hungary, Slovakia and Transylvania, rich in [Cirsium canum], usually dominated by [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca pratensis], [Deschampsia cespitosa], with [Polygonum bistorta], [Angelica sylvestris], [Scirpus sylvaticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental humid meadows

Peri-Pannonic humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.462
definition: Humid meadows of river valleys of the eastern Carpathian ranges, their foothills and associated plateaux, of the southern pre-Pannonic foothills of the western Carpathians and of the Central Hungarian Range, similar to the sub-Atlantic meadows of the [Calthion palustris] and, like them, dominated by species such as [Scirpus sylvaticus], [Juncus effusus], [Cirsium rivulare], [Caltha palustris] ([Caltha laeta]), but developed under more subcontinental climatic conditions and accompanied by regional species, in particular [Valeriana simplicifolia], [Pedicularis limnogena], [Ligularia sibirica] and [Telekia speciosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental humid meadows
narrower: Eastern Carpathian globe flower-cabbage thistle meadows
narrower: Peri-Pannonic bistort meadows
narrower: Eastern Carpathian thread rush meadows
narrower: Eastern Carpathian soft rush meadows
narrower: Peri-Pannonic wood clubrush meadows
narrower: Peri-Pannonic brook thistle meadows

Eastern Carpathian globe flower-cabbage thistle meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.4621
definition: Humid meadows of the eastern Carpathian system rich in [Cirsium oleraceum] and [Trollius europaeus], with [Angelica sylvestris], [Equisetum palustre], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Molinia caerulea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Pannonic humid meadows

Continental humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.46
definition: Meadows of moderately to very nutrient-rich, alluvial or fertilised, non-saline, wet or damp soils in the steppe and wooded steppe zones of Eurasia and their areas of influence. They are widespread in southeastern Central Europe, in Eastern Europe and southern Siberia, extending west to the Pannonic plain and to areas of Pannonic or Pontic influence in southern Moravia, sub-Carpathian hills and the Balkans. Depending on the degree of wetness and substrate type dominants in wet sites are [Molinia caerulea] or [Carex gracilis]; physiognomy of hygromesophile meadows is formed especially by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Juncus inflexus] and [Mentha longifolia]; in mesophile and moderately moist conditions on alluvial sediments [Agropyron repens] or [Festuca pratensis] dominate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland
narrower: Sub-Pannonic ashy thistle humid meadows
narrower: Peri-Pannonic humid meadows
narrower: Illyrio-Pannonic riverine and humid meadows
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic humid meadows

Peri-Pannonic bistort meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.4622
definition: Humid meadows of the eastern Carpathian system and of sub-Pannonic hills rich in [Polygonum bistorta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Pannonic humid meadows

Eastern Carpathian thread rush meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.4623
definition: Humid meadows of the eastern Carpathian system dominated by [Juncus filiformis], often accompanied by [Carex pyrenaica] and [Deschampsia cespitosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Pannonic humid meadows

Eastern Carpathian soft rush meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.4624
definition: [Juncus effusus]-dominated humid meadows of the eastern Carpathian system, with [Epilobium palustre].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Pannonic humid meadows

Peri-Pannonic wood clubrush meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.4625
definition: Humid grasslands of the eastern Carpathian system and of sub-Pannonic hills dominated by [Scirpus sylvaticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Pannonic humid meadows

Peri-Pannonic brook thistle meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.4626
definition: Humid grasslands of the eastern Carpathian system and of sub-Pannonic hills rich in [Cirsium rivulare], accompanied by montane boreal species, in particular [Trollius europaeus] and [Ligularia glauca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Pannonic humid meadows

Illyrio-Pannonic riverine and humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.463
definition: Floodplain meadows of the great rivers of the Alf”ld and the Little Alf”ld, of the Pannonic Danube basin, of the Drava and Sava basins of Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia, of the Leitha and Danube basins of eastern Lower Austria and the Burgenland, of Transylvania and Oltenia, of the Illyrian oak and beech zones of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, subject to repeated flooding in the course of the year; wet or damp, non-saline meadows of moderately to very nutrient-rich, alluvial or fertilised soils of the same regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental humid meadows

Ponto-Sarmatic humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.464
definition: Floodplain and humid meadows of the Ponto-Caspian basin and of the steppe and nemoral Russian plateaux and plains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental humid meadows

Northern boreal alluvial meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.47
definition: Meadows along large rivers with placid river sections which are frozen every winter, are affected by flooding in spring. The traditional management as hay meadows has usually ceased. They are not yet severely overgrown with trees and bushes. Distributed in Finland, Sweden. Includes several vegetation types which vary according to the moisture (flooding) gradient: alluvial meadows dominated by [Equisetum fluviatile], [Carex acuta], [Carex aquatilis], [Calamagrostis], [Phalaris], [Deschampsia cespitosa], or tall-herbs, and dry alluvial meadows. Other species: [Convallaria majalis], [Elymus fibrosus], [Elymus mutabilis], [Festuca ovina], [Galium boreale], [Molinia caerulea], [Nardus stricta], [Salix triandra], [Solidago virgaurea], [Thalictrum simplex ssp. boreale] and [Trollius europaeus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland

Moist or wet oligotrophic grassland
type: Concept
notation: E3.5
definition: Grasslands on wet, nutrient-poor, often peaty soils, of the boreal, nemoral and steppe zones. Includes coarse acid grassland dominated by [Molinia caerulea] and shorter wet heathy grasslands with [Juncus squarrosus], [Nardus stricta] and [Scirpus cespitosus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Seasonally wet and wet grasslands
narrower: [Molinia caerulea] meadows and related communities
narrower: Heath [Juncus] meadows and humid [Nardus stricta] swards
narrower: Continental oligotrophic humid grassland

[Molinia caerulea] meadows and related communities
type: Concept
notation: E3.51
definition: Humid grasslands of soils poor in nutrients, unfertilised and with a fluctuating water level, of Western Europe, south to northwestern Iberia, of Northern Europe, of Central Europe, locally of western Eastern Europe, dominated by [Molinia caerulea], with [Succisa pratensis], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Potentilla erecta], [Allium angulosum], [Allium suaveolens], [Stachys officinalis] ([Betonica officinalis]), [Cirsium dissectum], [Cirsium tuberosum], [Dianthus superbus], [Trollius europaeus], [Galium boreale], [Gentiana asclepiadea], [Gentiana pneumonanthe], [Gladiolus palustris], [Silaum silaus], [Selinum carvifolia], [Inula salicina], [Iris sibirica], [Laserpitium prutenicum], [Lathyrus pannonicus], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Serratula tinctoria], [Carex tomentosa], [Carex panicea], [Carex pallescens], [Parnassia palustris], [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Dactylorhiza maculata], [Festuca arundinacea], [Festuca rubra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet oligotrophic grassland
narrower: Calcicline purple moorgrass meadows
narrower: Acidocline purple moorgrass meadows
narrower: Giant moorgrass swards
narrower: Boreal purple moorgrass meadows

Calcicline purple moorgrass meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.511
definition: Species-rich humid grasslands of oligotrophic calcareous or calcicline soils of middle Europe, southern Fennoscandia and northwestern Iberia, with [Silaum silaus], [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Selinum carvifolia], [Stachys officinalis] ([Betonica officinalis]), [Cirsium tuberosum], [Carex tomentosa], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Galium boreale], [Serratula tinctoria], [Inula salicina], [Dianthus superbus] and abundant [Colchicum autumnale].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Molinia caerulea] meadows and related communities

Acidocline purple moorgrass meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.512
definition: Relatively species-poor humid grasslands of oligotrophic acid moist gley soils, sometimes with stagnant water and peat formation, of middle Europe north to the southern boreal approaches in Fennoscandia and the Faeroe Islands, and south to northwestern Iberia, with [Succisa pratensis], [Potentilla erecta], [Potentilla anglica], [Viola persicifolia], [Viola palustris], [Galium uliginosum], [Cirsium dissectum], [Crepis paludosa], [Luzula multiflora], [Juncus conglomeratus] ([Juncus subuliflorus]), [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Inula britannica], [Lotus uliginosus], [Dianthus deltoides], [Carex pallescens], [Carex demissa], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Molinia caerulea] meadows and related communities

Giant moorgrass swards
type: Concept
notation: E3.513
definition: Very tall [Molinia caerulea ssp. arundinacea] ([Molinia arundinacea])-dominated humid meadows of southern Central Europe, in particular, of the Illyrian zone, the peri-Pannonic and peri-Bohemian regions, the Danube, Lech and Isar basins, the upper Rhine.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Molinia caerulea] meadows and related communities

Boreal purple moorgrass meadows
type: Concept
notation: E3.514
definition: Acidocline oligotrophic wet, often inundated, grasslands of boreal Fennoscandia dominated by [Molinia caerulea], with [Achillea millefolium], [Bartsia alpina], [Galium boreale], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Parnassia palustris], [Scutellaria galericulata], [Trientalis europaea], [Viola epipsila], [Carex acuta], [Carex aquatilis], [Juncus filiformis], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Nardus stricta], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Hypnum lindbergii], [Mnium rugicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Molinia caerulea] meadows and related communities

Heath [Juncus] meadows and humid [Nardus stricta] swards
type: Concept
notation: E3.52
definition: Humid, often peaty or semi-peaty swards of middle Europe, southwest to northwestern Iberia and east to Lithuania and southeast Europe, with [Nardus stricta], [Juncus squarrosus], [Festuca ovina], [Gentiana pneumonanthe], [Pedicularis sylvatica], [Scirpus cespitosus] and sometimes [Sphagnum] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet oligotrophic grassland

Continental oligotrophic humid grassland
type: Concept
notation: E3.53
definition: Nutrient-poor humid grasslands of the northern steppe zone of central Eurasia, eastern vicariants of the [Molinion] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet oligotrophic grassland

Alpine and subalpine grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4
definition: Primary and secondary grass- or sedge- dominated formations of the alpine and subalpine levels of boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, warm-temperate humid and Anatolian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens
narrower: Vegetated snow-patch
narrower: Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes
narrower: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Alpine and subalpine enriched grassland

Vegetated snow-patch
type: Concept
notation: E4.1
definition: Vegetated areas that retain late-lying snow. Dominants may be mosses, liverworts, macrolichens, graminoids, ferns and small herbs. Snow patches are well developed in boreal and arctic mountains and in subarctic lowlands; they are well represented, though of much smaller extent, above the tree limit in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Caucasus. They are found very locally in the Paeonian mountains, Sierra Nevada, Cordillera Central, Monti Sibillini, Abruzzi, Scottish Highlands and Sudeten.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Alpine and subalpine grasslands
narrower: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats
narrower: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats
narrower: Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch grassland
narrower: Boreo-alpine fern snowbed grassland

Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats
type: Concept
notation: E4.11
definition: Snow patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians (e.g. alliances [Salicion herbaceae] and [Festucion picturatae]), the Dinarides, the Rhodopides (Rila) and the Pelagonides, occupying areas free from snow for less than two months, with the herbs e.g. [Luzula alpinopilosa], [Salix herbacea], [Ligusticum mutellina]; mosses [Polytrichum sexangulare], [Polytrichum juniperinum], [Pohlia commutata], [Kiaeria falcata] ([Dicranum falcatum]), the liverwort [Anthelia juratzkana] or sometimes lichens. Also snow-patch communities of arctic and boreal mountains of Fennoscandia, the Scottish Highlands, Iceland, Greenland and other islands of the Norwegian and Greenland seas, formed of mats of mosses and lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Vegetated snow-patch
narrower: Alpic acid moss snow-patch communities
narrower: Alpic acid cudweed snow-patch communities
narrower: [Luzula spadicea] snow patch communities
narrower: Hercynian acid snow patch communities
narrower: Boreal moss snowbed communities
narrower: Boreo-alpine [Deschampsia]-[Anthoxanthum] communities
narrower: Boreo-alpine herb-rich acid snowbed communities
narrower: Boreo-alpine acidocline sedge and rush snowbed communities

Alpic acid moss snow-patch communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.111
definition: Moss snow-patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Rhodopides (Rila) and the Pelagonides, occupying areas free from snow for less than two months, with the mosses [Polytrichum sexangulare], [Polytrichum juniperinum], [Pohlia commutata], [Kiaeria falcata] ([Dicranum falcatum]), the liverwort [Anthelia juratzkana] or sometimes lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Alpic acid cudweed snow-patch communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.112
definition: Communities of areas covered by snow for six to eight months, with [Carex foetida], [Alopecurus gerardii], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]) (including [Omalotheca supina var. pusilla]), [Lepidium stylatum], [Alchemilla pentaphyllea], [Mucizonia sedoides], ([Umbilicus sedoides], [Sedum candollei]), [Sedum alpestre], [Cardamine alpina], [Carex pyrenaica], of the Alps, the eastern Carpathian system, the ranges of the Balkan peninsula, the Pyrenees; they extend to the subalpine level and include the isolated cryoro-Mediterranean formations of the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Nevada.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

[Luzula spadicea] snow patch communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.113
definition: [Luzula alpinopilosa ssp. obscura] ([Luzula spadicea])-dominated snow patch communities of moderate slopes of the Alps and the Carpathians submitted to prolonged snow cover, ecological variant of the [Luzula spadicea] scree communities of 61.113, more prevalent in the central and eastern Alps, the Tatras and the eastern Carpathians, characterized by an important representation of species of the [Salicetea herbaceae], among which [Poa granitica], [Ranunculus montanus], [Oligotrichum hercynicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Hercynian acid snow patch communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.114
definition: Acidophilous snow patch communities of the higher Hercynian ranges, in particular the Sudeten, the Black Forest, the Vosges, with [Nardus stricta], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]), [Plantago atrata], [Salix herbacea], [Polytrichum gracile], [Polytrichum norvegicum], or with [Luzula desvauxii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Boreal moss snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.115
definition: Snow-patch communities of arctic and boreal mountains of Fennoscandia, the Scottish Highlands, Iceland, Greenland and other islands of the Norwegian and Greenland seas, formed of mats of mosses and lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Boreo-alpine [Deschampsia]-[Anthoxanthum] communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.116
definition: Acidophilous snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland and the Scottish Highlands dominated by coarse tussocky grasses, in particular, [Deschampsia cespitosa], sometimes associated with large hypnaceous mosses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Boreo-alpine herb-rich acid snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.117
definition: Acidophilous or acidocline snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland, the Faeroes and the Scottish Highlands forming a low, often open, turf of mat- and cushion-forming herbs, short tufted grasses and bryophyte patches.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Boreo-alpine acidocline sedge and rush snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.118
definition: Acidophilous snowbed communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains and subarctic lowlands of Scandinavia and Iceland, mostly developed in areas of long snowcover, dominated by Cyperaceae or Juncaceae, usually with a prominent bryophyte or lichen ground layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats
type: Concept
notation: E4.12
definition: Herbaceous snow-patch swards of the Alpids, characteristic of calcareous soils under snow for long periods, with [Arabis caerulea], [Carex atrata], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga androsacea] and other calciphile snowfield, snowbed and snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains formed by small herbs, grasses or mosses. Dwarf, underground-stemmed willows may also be present but not dominant (c.f. unit F2.12).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vegetated snow-patch
narrower: Alpic small herb calcicolous snow-patch communities
narrower: [Distichium capillaceum] snowbed communities
narrower: Snow buttercup snowbed communities
narrower: Snow grass snowbed communities
narrower: Arctic woodrush snowbed communities
narrower: Boreal herb-rich calcicline snowbed communities
narrower: Subarctic small-herb snowbed communities

Alpic small herb calcicolous snow-patch communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.121
definition: Herbaceous snow-patch swards of the Alpids, characteristic of carbonated soils under snow for long periods, with [Arabis caerulea], [Carex atrata], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga androsacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats
narrower: [Arabis-Gnaphalium] snow-patch communities
narrower: Carpathian saxifrage snow-patch communities
narrower: Dinaro-Pelagonide calciphile herbaceous snow-patch communities

[Arabis-Gnaphalium] snow-patch communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.1211
definition: Herbaceous snow-patch swards of humid, carbonated soils, of the Alps and the Pyrenees, under snow for long periods, with [Ranunculus alpestris], [Arabis caerulea], [Omalotheca hoppeana] ([Gnaphalium hoppeanum]), [Hutchinsia alpina], [Potentilla brauniana] ([Potentilla minima]), [Soldanella alpina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic small herb calcicolous snow-patch communities

Carpathian saxifrage snow-patch communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.1212
definition: Endemic snow patch community of the high Tatras and nearby Carpathian ranges, characteristic of sites with very long snow cover, with the western Carpathian endemic [Saxifraga wahlenbergii] ([Saxifraga perdurans]), [Hutchinsia alpina], [Bucegia romanica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic small herb calcicolous snow-patch communities

Dinaro-Pelagonide calciphile herbaceous snow-patch communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.1213
definition: Uncommon, isolated herbaceous snow-patch swards of the southern Dinarides and the Pelagonides, on carbonated soils under snow for long periods, generally associated with dolines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic small herb calcicolous snow-patch communities

[Distichium capillaceum] snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.122
definition: Moss dominated snowbed communities of calcareous gravel and stonefields, or moraine, of Scandinavian mountains, with, in particular, [Distichium capillaceum], [Pohlia albicans], [Pohlia drummondii], often pioneering on "new ground". Individual vascular plants, growing widely separated, include, notably, [Cardamine pratensis ssp. dentata], [Cerastium arcticum], [Cerastium cerastoides], [Saxifraga oppositifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Snow buttercup snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.123
definition: Open snowbed communities of the alpine level of the boreal and arcto-alpine zones of Scandinavian mountains forming on level calcareous substrates often waterlogged the whole year, in the proximity of melting snow or cold springs, on north-facing slopes, with prolonged snow-lie. Vascular plants are characteristically scattered, with great variation in the ground layer, with an often broken moss carpet, bare patches of gravel and stones. Characteristic species, often hygrophilous, include [Ranunculus nivalis], [Ranunculus sulphureus], [Salix herbacea], [Arabis alpina], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Cerastium cerastoides], [Minuartia biflora], [Oxyria digyna], [Taraxacum croceum], [Viola biflora], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Saxifraga rivularis], [Saxifraga nivalis], [Saxifraga tenuis], [Saussurea alpina], [Sibbaldia procumbens], [Juncus biglumis], [Poa alpina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Snow grass snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.124
definition: Sparse communities of the alpine level of northern boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia and of Iceland dominated by the grass [Phippsia algida], with, notably, [Salix herbacea], [Cerastium arcticum], [Cerastium cerastoides], [Oxyria digyna], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Ranunculus nivalis], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Saxifraga cernua], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Saxifraga rivularis], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Saxifraga tenuis], [Carex lachenalii], [Juncus biglumis], [Poa alpina f. vivipara], [Deschampsia alpina], [Sagina saginoides], with a fragmentary moss cover and no lichens, located on gravelly, sandy, sometimes totally waterlogged soils, calcareous in Scandinavia, with prolonged snow-cover. Snow grass communities frequently occur as pioneer vegetation on small surfaces, very common in the central part of southern Norway and in Sweden from Jamtland northwards.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Arctic woodrush snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.125
definition: Open, herb-rich, snowbed communities of the middle to high alpine level of the boreal and southern arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, developed on level or gently sloping moist calcareous ground with solifluction tongues separated by gravelly expanses with a thin but prolonged snow cover, dominated by [Luzula arctica]. [Luzula confusa], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Ranunculus sulphureus], [Cerastium] spp. and [Draba crassifolia] are characteristic of the species cortège.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Boreal herb-rich calcicline snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.126
definition: Herb-rich and often mosaic patterned snow-patch or near snow-patch communities of alpine levels of boreal and arctic Scandinavia, of the lower alpine belt of Iceland, of the Scottish Highlands and of the English Lake District, with many moss species and few lichens, occurring on calcareous, nutrient-rich, humid substrates. Characteristic species include [Ranunculus acris], [Poa alpina], [Poa arctica], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Silene acaulis], [Oxyria digyna], [Potentilla crantzii], [Cerastium alpinum], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Saussurea alpina], [Primula stricta], [Viola biflora], [Carex norvegica], [Minuartia biflora], [Thalictrum alpinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Subarctic small-herb snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.127
definition: Chionophilous communities of stony and gravelly ground of the islands of the polar basin developed in conditions of shorter snow cover than the polar willow communities, with a species cortège that includes [Trisetum spicatum], [Ranunculus nivalis], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Oxyria digyna], [Lidia biflora], [Poa arctica], [Potentilla hyparctica], [Carex lachenalii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.13
definition: Snow-patch communities of high mountains of the Pontic Range and of the Caucasus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Vegetated snow-patch

Boreo-alpine fern snowbed grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.14
definition: Acidophilous snowbed communities of alpine and arcto-alpine levels of the Fennoscandian mountains, of Iceland and of the Scottish Highlands dominated by ferns, characteristic of screes with prolonged snow cover, related to the tall-herb communities of unit E5.5. [Cryptogramma crispa], [Athyrium distentifolium] ([Athyrium alpestre]), [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris expansa] ([Dryopteris assimilis]) or [Dryopteris filix-mas] can dominate the communities. [Galium saxatile], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Barbilophozia floerkii], [Polytrichum alpinum] are among the associates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Vegetated snow-patch

Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes
type: Concept
notation: E4.2
definition: Includes fjell fields in which mosses and lichens are dominant, often with low cover of [Carex bigelowii]. Fjell fields are best developed in boreal and arctic mountains and in subarctic lowlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and subalpine grasslands
narrower: Oroboreal [Carex bigelowii]-[Racomitrium] moss-heaths
narrower: Rock pavement lichen communities
narrower: Rock pavement, plateau and summital moss heaths
narrower: Icelandic lava flow moss heaths
narrower: Moss and lichen fjell fields

Oroboreal [Carex bigelowii]-[Racomitrium] moss-heaths
type: Concept
notation: E4.21
definition: Carpets of mosses of genus [Racomitrium], often thick, closed and extensive, sometimes fragmented with much bare ground, associated with usually scattered vascular plants, among which [Carex bigelowii] is often prominent, characteristic of wind-exposed, cloud-bound, relatively snowfree summital regions of the Scandinavian mountains and of Scotland, northern England and northern Wales, of Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Greenland, Spitzbergen. For the most part they constitute habitats physiognomically dominated by bryophytes, c.f. equivalents with lower ground cover in units H3.5 or H6.24.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes

Rock pavement lichen communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.22
definition: More or less level surfaces of rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic exposed by erosion or weathering processes, colonized by dense lichen mats.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes

Rock pavement, plateau and summital moss heaths
type: Concept
notation: E4.23
definition: More or less level surfaces of rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic exposed or shattered by erosion or weathering processes, colonized by dense moss carpets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes

Icelandic lava flow moss heaths
type: Concept
notation: E4.24
definition: Lava flows and lava fields of Iceland covered by continuous carpets of [Racomitrium lanuginosum] (c.f. unit E4.21), forming thick mantles that cover very large surfaces over all parts of the relief, engulfing asperities, bridging gaps, draping protruding rocks with large cushions, or else, in less evolved complexes, forming preferentially in the depressions and concavities where some organic matter accumulates. These moss heaths constitute a particularly original landscape of Iceland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes

Moss and lichen fjell fields
type: Concept
notation: E4.25
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes

Acid alpine and subalpine grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.3
definition: Alpine and subalpine grasslands developed over crystalline rocks and other lime-deficient substrates or on decalcified soils of mountains. On boreal mountains, [Carex bigelowii] and [Juncus trifidus] often dominate. The acid alpine grasslands of central Europe are more mixed, with [Armeria alpina], [Armeria alliacea] ([Armeria montana]), [Euphrasia minima], [Gentiana alpina], [Geum montanum], [Juncus trifidus], [Lychnis alpina], [Pedicularis pyrenaica], [Phyteuma hemisphaericum], [Pulsatilla alpina ssp. sulphurea], [Ranunculus pyrenaeus], [Sempervivum montanum], [Botrychium lunaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and subalpine grasslands
narrower: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities
narrower: Oroboreal acidocline grassland
narrower: Thermo-Alpigenous subalpine acidophilous grassland
narrower: Alpigenous acidophilous grassland
narrower: Oro-Hellenic closed grassland
narrower: Oro-Iberian acidophilous grassland
narrower: Oro-Corsican grassland
narrower: Oro-Apennine closed grassland
narrower: Oro-Moesian acidophilous grassland
narrower: Western Asian acidophilous alpine grassland
narrower: Illyrian alpine and subalpine acid open grasslands

Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.31
definition: Closed grasslands of deep, acid soils of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the northern Apennines, the Jura and the higher Hercynian ranges, the northern and central Dinarides, developed mostly and abundantly in the subalpine level and included in the alliance [Nardion], dominated or co-dominated by [Nardus stricta], [Festuca eskia], [Festuca nigrescens], [Festuca rubra], [Alopecurus gerardii], [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea]), [Carex sempervirens], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Hieracium alpinum], [Trommsdorfia uniflora], [Potentilla aurea]. Similar [Nardus stricta] grasslands of the Moesian region of the Balkan peninsula, distributed at high elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, as southern extensions of the Alpigenous communities or as grazing-induced facies of the more varied communities of unit E4.39.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Pyreneo-Alpine mesophile mat-grass swards
narrower: Pyreneo-Alpine hygrophile mat-grass swards
narrower: Pyreneo-Alpine hygrophile foxtail swards
narrower: Pyrenean closed [Festuca eskia] grassland
narrower: Pyrenean [Poa violacea] swards
narrower: Hercynian summital mat-grass swards
narrower: Carpathian mat-grass swards
narrower: Oro-Moesian mat-grass swards
narrower: Dinaride mat-grass swards

Pyreneo-Alpine mesophile mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.311
definition: Subalpine and lower alpine mesophile grasslands dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta], of the Alps, the Pyrenees and, very locally, the Central Massif, the Jura and the northern Apennines; for the most part, they are heavily grazed grasslands with much reduced species diversity and overwhelming dominance of mat-grass.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities

Pyreneo-Alpine hygrophile mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.312
definition: Subalpine and alpine hygro-mesophile, chionophilous [Nardus stricta] swards of depressions and humid flats around lakes and marshes, where snow melts slowly.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities

Pyreneo-Alpine hygrophile foxtail swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.313
definition: Subalpine and alpine hygro-mesophile, chionophilous grasslands of depressions with prolonged snow cover dominated by [Alopecurus gerardii] and [Trifolium alpinum]; they constitute a transition between siliceous grasslands and snow-patch communities, which they often ring.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities

Pyrenean closed [Festuca eskia] grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.314
definition: Subalpine and lower alpine closed mesophile [Festuca eskia] grasslands of north-facing slopes (ubacs) and depressions in the Pyrenees with [Arnica montana], [Ranunculus pyrenaeus], [Selinum pyrenaeum], [Trifolium alpinum], [Campanula barbata], [Gentiana punctata], [Leucorchis albida], [Phyteuma betonicifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities

Pyrenean [Poa violacea] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.315
definition: Subalpine [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea])-dominated grasslands of the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities

Hercynian summital mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.316
definition: Summital swards of the greater Hercynian ranges dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities
narrower: Hautes Chaumes summital mat-grass swards
narrower: Black Forest summital mat-grass swards
narrower: Harz summital mat-grass swards
narrower: Bohemian Forest summital mat-grass swards
narrower: Sudeten summital mat-grass swards

Hautes Chaumes summital mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3161
definition: Formations of the Hautes Chaumes (high Vosges), with [Nardus stricta], [Gentiana lutea], [Arnica montana], [Pulsatilla alba], [Viola lutea ssp. elegans], [Selinum pyrenaeum], [Leontodon pyrenaicus], [Hieracium vogesiacum], [Hieracium olivaceum], [Hieracium alpinum] and abundant ericoid shrubs, [Erica tetralix], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian summital mat-grass swards

Black Forest summital mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3162
definition: [Nardus stricta] grasslands of the Black Forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian summital mat-grass swards

Harz summital mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3163
definition: Formations of the Harz dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian summital mat-grass swards

Bohemian Forest summital mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3164
definition: [Nardus stricta] grasslands of the high altitudes of the Bayerischer Wald and of the central Bohemian Forest (Sumava).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian summital mat-grass swards

Sudeten summital mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3165
definition: [Nardus stricta] grasslands of the high altitudes of the Sudeten mountains (Krkonose, Hruby Jesenik), with [Carex bigelowii ssp. rigida] ([Carex rigida], [Carex fyllae]), [Hieracium alpinum], [Primula minima], [Potentilla aurea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Lycopodium alpinum], and, in some formations, [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum girgensohnii], [Polytrichum strictum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian summital mat-grass swards

Carpathian mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.317
definition: Grasslands dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta] of the Carpathian system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities
narrower: Western Carpathian mat-grass swards
narrower: Eastern Carpathian mat-grass swards

Western Carpathian mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3171
definition: [Nardus] grasslands of the northwestern Carpathians, with [Carex pilulifera], [Hieracium vulgatum], [Hypochoeris uniflora], [Crepis conyzifolia], [Gentiana punctata], [Homogyne alpina], [Potentilla aurea], [Pulsatilla alpina], of western Carpathian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian mat-grass swards

Eastern Carpathian mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3172
definition: Grasslands rich in, or dominated by, [Nardus stricta], with [Festuca nigricans], [Festuca airoides], [Poa media] and regional species [Viola declinata], [Scorzonera rosea], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda] ([Potentilla ternata]), [Campanula abietina], [Campanula serrata], of flats and gentle slopes of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian mat-grass swards

Oro-Moesian mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.318
definition: Acidophilous grasslands dominated by [Nardus stricta] of higher, mostly subalpine, sometimes alpine, elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities

Dinaride mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.319
definition: [Nardus stricta]-dominated grasslands of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Dinaride system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities

Oroboreal acidocline grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.32
definition: Grass, sedge, rush, bryophyte and lichen acidophile or acidocline communities of the higher summits of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, southwest to the Highlands of Scotland, the Lake District, northern England and northern Wales, submitted to diverse, though generally moderate, levels of snow cover and wind exposure, with resulting affinities to both the fairly chionophilous Alpide grasslands of the [Caricetea curvulae] assembled in unit E4.31 and to the snowfield communities of unit E4.11; [Juncus trifidus] and [Carex bigelowii] are often present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland

Thermo-Alpigenous subalpine acidophilous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.33
definition: Subalpine thermophile formations on often skeletal soils of the southern Alps, the Pyrenees and, very locally, the Central Massif and the Apennines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Thermo-Alpigenous [Festuca paniculata] swards
narrower: Pyrenean [Festuca eskia] garland-grasslands
narrower: Arverno-Alpine varicoloured fescue garland-grasslands

Pyrenean [Festuca eskia] garland-grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.332
definition: Open, thermophile, stripped grasslands organized in ribbons retaining stony, almost bare steps on the adrets of the upper subalpine and lower alpine zones in the Pyrenees, formed by the hard, sharp-pointed, slippery, bright green, tufted [Festuca eskia], sometimes associated with [Carex sempervirens] s.l.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Alpigenous subalpine acidophilous grassland

Arverno-Alpine varicoloured fescue garland-grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.333
definition: Open, thermophile, stripped grasslands of the adrets of the (mostly) southern Alps and Central Massif, formed by calcifuge species of the hard, sharp-pointed [Festuca varia] group ([Festuca varia], [Festuca scabriculmis]), often associated with [Carex sempervirens] s.l.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Alpigenous subalpine acidophilous grassland

Alpigenous crooked-sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.341
definition: Formations of the Alps, of the Pyrenees and of the Carpathians, to which the dominance of the crooked sedge, [Carex curvula], with twisted leaves whithering early at the tip, gives a highly distinctive texture and yellow-brown hue.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous acidophilous grassland
narrower: Alpine [Carex curvula] grasslands
narrower: Pyrenean [Carex curvula] grasslands
narrower: Carpathian [Carex curvula] grasslands

Thermo-Alpigenous [Festuca paniculata] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.331
definition: Thermophile, luxuriant, relatively closed grasslands formed by the very tall, bluegrey [Festuca paniculata] ([Festuca spadicea]) on south-facing slopes (adrets) of the upper montane and lower subalpine levels of the Pyrenees, the southern Alps and, locally, the Central Massif and the Abruzzi; characteristic and often abundant accompanying species include [Centaurea uniflora], [Silene nutans], [Trifolium montanum], [Hieracium peleteranum], [Hypochoeris maculata], [Potentilla grandiflora], [Lilium martagon], [Eryngium alpinum], [Luzula pediformis], [Meum athamanticum], [Nigritella nigra], [Helictotrichon parlatorei], [Asphodelus albus], [Iris xiphioides], [Paradisea liliastrum], [Dianthus monspessulanus], [Carduus defloratus]. Many have been traditionally treated as hay meadows and are of extraordinary floristic richness; they are nowadays increasingly abandoned or left to grazing.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Alpigenous subalpine acidophilous grassland

Alpigenous acidophilous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.34
definition: Mostly closed [Carex curvula], [Festuca] spp., [Oreochloa] spp. or [Juncus trifidus] grasslands on siliceous soils of the alpine level of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Pyrenees, with very local outposts in the great Hercynian ranges and the Cantabrian Range. [Androsace obtusifolia], [Androsace carnea ssp. laggeri], [Campanula barbata], [Juncus jacquinii], [Juncus trifidus], [Silene exscapa], [Gentiana alpina], [Achillea erba-rotta], [Euphrasia minima], [Luzula lutea], [Luzula spicata], [Luzula hispanica], [Lychnis alpina], [Minuartia recurva], [Minuartia sedoides], [Pedicularis kerneri], [Pedicularis pyrenaica], [Phyteuma globulariifolium], [Phyteuma hemisphaericum], [Potentilla frigida], [Armeria alpina], [Senecio incanus], [Trifolium alpinum], [Veronica bellidioides], [Ranunculus pyrenaeus] are characteristic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Alpigenous crooked-sedge grasslands
narrower: Alpigenous [Festuca halleri] grasslands
narrower: Alpigenous [Festuca airoides] grasslands
narrower: Pyrenean [Festuca borderi] swards
narrower: Alpigenous [Oreochloa disticha] swards
narrower: Hercynio-Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards
narrower: Cantabrian [Oreochloa blanka] swards
narrower: Alpigenous [Agrostis rupestris] swards

Alpine [Carex curvula] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3411
definition: [Carex curvula] formations of the upper and middle alpine levels of the Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous crooked-sedge grasslands

Pyrenean [Carex curvula] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3412
definition: [Carex curvula] formations of the upper alpine level of the eastern Pyrenees and of the alpine level of the central and western Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous crooked-sedge grasslands

Carpathian [Carex curvula] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3413
definition: Formations dominated by [Carex curvula] accompanied by [Juncus trifidus], [Oreochloa disticha], [Festuca airoides], [Primula minima] and characterized by regional species [Poa media], [Senecio carpathicus], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda], of the middle alpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous crooked-sedge grasslands

Alpigenous [Festuca halleri] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.342
definition: Formations of flats and gentle slopes of the lower alpine level of the Alps, dominated by [Festuca halleri] and [Juncus trifidus], particularly widespread in the southwestern Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous acidophilous grassland

Alpigenous [Festuca airoides] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.343
definition: [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina])-dominated swards of the alpine zone of the eastern Pyrenees, the Northern Carpathians, the Eastern Carpathians and the Sudeten.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous acidophilous grassland
narrower: Pyrenean [Festuca airoides] grasslands
narrower: Carpathian [Festuca airoides] grasslands
narrower: Hercynian [Festuca airoides] grasslands

Pyrenean [Festuca airoides] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3431
definition: Low, fairly dry swards of the alpine zone of the eastern Pyrenees dominated by [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), with [Carex ericetorum], [Avenula versicolor], [Silene ciliata], [Lychnis alpina], [Arenaria grandiflora], [Jasione humilis], [Hieracium breviscapum] ([Hieracium pumilum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous [Festuca airoides] grasslands

Carpathian [Festuca airoides] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3432
definition: Swards of the alpine zone of the Northern and Eastern Carpathians, dominated by [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), with [Juncus trifidus], [Cerastium alpinum], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous [Festuca airoides] grasslands

Hercynian [Festuca airoides] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3433
definition: Swards of the alpine zone of the Sudeten dominated by [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous [Festuca airoides] grasslands

Pyrenean [Festuca borderi] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.344
definition: Subnival formations of the Pyrenees with [Potentilla frigida], [Erigeron uniflorus], [Carex rupestris] and many cushion plants such as [Saxifraga bryoides], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Minuartia sedoides], [Silene acaulis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous acidophilous grassland

Alpigenous [Oreochloa disticha] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.345
definition: Alpine grasslands of the Alps and the Carpathians dominated by [Oreochloa disticha].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous acidophilous grassland
narrower: Alpine [Oreochloa disticha] swards
narrower: Carpathian [Oreochloa disticha] grasslands

Alpine [Oreochloa disticha] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3451
definition: [Oreochloa disticha]-dominated formations of the Alps, developed in particular in the northern Alps (Allg„u) and northeastern Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous [Oreochloa disticha] swards

Carpathian [Oreochloa disticha] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3452
definition: [Oreochloa disticha] ([Sesleria disticha])-dominated formations of high altitudes on shallow podsolic siliceous soils of windswept crests and shaded slopes of the Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous [Oreochloa disticha] swards

Hercynio-Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.346
definition: Formations of the Carpathians, of the Bohemian Forest, including the Bayerischer Wald, of the Sudeten and of the eastern Alps, dominated by [Juncus trifidus], with [Agrostis rupestris], [Carex rigida], [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), [Pulsatilla alpina], [Senecio carpathicus], [Hieracium alpinum], [Polytrichum piliferum], [Racomitrium canescens], [Thamnolia vermicularis], [Cetraria cucullata], [Cetraria islandica], [Cetraria nivalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous acidophilous grassland
narrower: Bohemian Forest [Juncus trifidus] swards
narrower: Sudeten [Juncus trifidus] swards
narrower: Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards
narrower: Alpine [Juncus trifidus] swards

Bohemian Forest [Juncus trifidus] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3461
definition: Formations of the Bohemian Forest, including the Bayerischer Wald, dominated by [Juncus trifidus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards

Sudeten [Juncus trifidus] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3462
definition: Formations of the Sudeten dominated by [Juncus trifidus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards

Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3463
definition: Swards dominated by [Juncus trifidus] of high, windswept exposures of subalpine and alpine levels of the northern and eastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards
narrower: Northern Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards
narrower: Eastern Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards

Northern Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.34631
definition: Widespread, physiognomically striking, [Juncus trifidus]-dominated formations of the high altitudes of the northern Carpathians, with [Oreochloa disticha], [Avenula versicolor] ([Avenastrum versicolor]), [Hieracium alpinum], [Pulsatilla alpina], [Senecio carpathicus], [Lycopodium selago f. imbricatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards

Eastern Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.34632
definition: Communities dominated by [Juncus trifidus] with [Oreochloa disticha], [Festuca airoides], [Agrostis rupestris] of windswept summits, ridges and steep slopes of subalpine and alpine levels of the eastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards

Alpine [Juncus trifidus] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3464
definition: [Juncus trifidus]-dominated swards of the siliceous inner Alps and of lime-free anomalous stations of the calcareous outer Alps, limited to the central and eastern part of the range in Switzerland and Austria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Carpathian [Juncus trifidus] swards

Cantabrian [Oreochloa blanka] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.347
definition: [Oreochloa blanka] and [Juncus trifidus] formations of the alpine level of the Cantabrian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous acidophilous grassland

Alpigenous [Agrostis rupestris] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.348
definition: [Agrostis rupestris]-dominated siliceous grassland of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Sudeten.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenous acidophilous grassland

Oro-Hellenic closed grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.35
definition: Dense, closed, usually unsculptured, chionophilous grasslands of acid and often deep soils over siliceous or calcareous substrates of the higher mountains of the southern Balkan peninsula, under Mediterranean climate influence, including the southern Pelagonides (Vermion), the Pindus of Greece and southern Albania, the Thessalian and the Peloponnese mountains; they develop on decalcified colluvions, on damp soils of seeps or poorly drained areas, and in depressions and other situations where snow lingers. Characteristic are [Alopecurus gerardii], [Poa pumila], [Anthoxanthum alpinum], [Phleum alpinum], [Nardus stricta], [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea]), [Trisetum flavescens], [Trifolium pallescens], [Trifolium parnassi], [Trifolium heldreichianum], [Trifolium alpestre], [Trifolium ottonis], [Omalotheca supina], [Omalotheca hoppeana], [Herniaria parnassica], [Ranunculus sartorianus], [Lotus corniculatus], [Thesium parnassi], [Plantago lanceolata], [Plantago atrata], [Plantago holosteum], [Scleranthus perennis], [Rorippa thracica], [Erigeron epiroticus], [Acinos alpinus], [Luzula pindica], [Crocus veluchensis], [Scilla nivalis], [Corydalis densiflora], [Corydalis parnassica], [Beta nana], [Trinia guicciardii], [Botrychium lunaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland

Oro-Iberian acidophilous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.36
definition: Cryoro- and oro-Mediterranean grasslands of acid substrates in the higher mountain ranges of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands
narrower: Oro-Iberian mat-grass swards

Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.361
definition: Thermophile, open, stripped and garland fescue grasslands of siliceous upper slopes and summits of the high Mediterranean mountains of the Iberian peninsula, locally extending into the Euro-Siberian domaine in the subalpine level of the Cantabrian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous grassland
narrower: Cantabrian acidophilous stripped grasslands
narrower: Iberian Range acidophilous stripped grasslands
narrower: Cordilleran [Festuca] stripped grasslands
narrower: Cordilleran [Agrostis] stripped grasslands
narrower: Nevadan [Festuca indigesta] stripped grasslands
narrower: Nevadan [Agrostis] stripped grasslands
narrower: Nevadan tall fescue stripped grasslands
narrower: Nevadan [Festuca clementei] stripped grasslands
narrower: Nevadan [Trisetum] stripped grasslands

Cantabrian acidophilous stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3611
definition: [Festuca indigesta] and [Festuca eskia] grasslands of the oro-Mediterranean, cryoro-Mediterranean and subalpine levels of the Cantabrian mountains and other high mountains of the northwest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands

Iberian Range acidophilous stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3612
definition: [Festuca indigesta] grasslands of the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands

Cordilleran [Festuca] stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3613
definition: [Festuca indigesta] and [Festuca summilusitana] grasslands of the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands

Cordilleran [Agrostis] stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3614
definition: [Agrostis rupestris] grasslands of the cryoro-Mediterranean level of the Cordillera Central.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands

Nevadan [Festuca indigesta] stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3615
definition: Psychroxerophile garland grasslands of [Festuca indigesta], [Thymus serpylloides], and [Arenaria tetraquetra var. granatensis], widespread in the oro-Mediterranean level (2000-2900 metres) of the Sierra Nevada.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands

Nevadan [Agrostis] stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3616
definition: Chionophilous grasslands with [Agrostis nevadensis] and [Armeria splendens] of depressions and sheltered areas within the oro-Mediterranean level of the Sierra Nevada, often in contact with, and forming a transition to, the closed mat-grass swards of 36.362.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands

Nevadan tall fescue stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3617
definition: Pioneer grasslands formed by the robust [Festuca pseudeskia] and [Festuca paniculata] on steep slopes submitted to intense insolation and severe erosion of the oro-Mediterranean and locally cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands

Nevadan [Festuca clementei] stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3618
definition: Psychroxerophile grasslands of the cryoro-Mediterranean level (above 2900 m) of the Sierra Nevada, formed by [Festuca clementei], [Erigeron frigidus], [Artemisia granatensis], [Ptilotrichum purpureum], [Papaver lapeyrousianum], all, except the last, Sierra Nevada endemics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands

Nevadan [Trisetum] stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3619
definition: Communities of wind-beaten crests of the Sierra Nevada, with [Trisetum glaciale] and [Galium pyrenaicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous stripped grasslands

Oro-Iberian mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.362
definition: [Nardus stricta]-dominated and related closed, dense grasslands of oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of high Iberian mountains, characteristic of seeps, poorly drained soils and areas with prolonged snow cover.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian acidophilous grassland
narrower: Cantabrio-Cordilleran oro-Mediterranean mat-grass swards
narrower: Nevadan borreguiles

Cantabrio-Cordilleran oro-Mediterranean mat-grass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.3621
definition: Hygrophile and chionophile, closed grasslands of the oro- and cryoro- Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central and of the high Orensano-Sanabrian mountains, and of the subalpine level of the Cantabrian mountains, with [Nardus stricta], [Festuca iberica], [Juncus squarrosus], [Luzula campestris ssp. carpetana], [Campanula herminii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian mat-grass swards

Nevadan borreguiles
type: Concept
notation: E4.3622
definition: Dense hygrophilous grasslands occupying humid flats around lakes, gullies, glacial basins, depressions at the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada, with [Nardus stricta], [Festuca hispanica], [Agrostis nevadensis], [Plantago nivalis], [Carex intricata], [Ranunculus acetosellifolius], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Lotus glareosus], [Leontodon microcephalus], [Galium nevadense], [Gentiana boryi], [Meum nevadense], [Jasione crispa ssp. amethystina], many of which Sierra Nevada endemics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian mat-grass swards

Oro-Corsican grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.37
definition: Grasslands of the subalpine (oro-Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the highest mountains of Corsica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland

Oro-Apennine closed grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.38
definition: Mesophile, closed, short turfs of the subalpine and alpine levels of the southern and central Apennines, developed locally above treeline, on both calcareous and siliceous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland

Oro-Moesian [Festuca paniculata] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.391
definition: Extensive, closed, acidophilous tall grasslands dominated by the large [Festuca paniculata] of higher elevations, up to 2400 metres, of the Central Balkan Range, the Rhodopide Rila, Pirin and Vitosha, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides and the Montenegrine Dinarides, mainly on eroded soils of south-facing slopes, with [Festuca nigrescens], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Nardus stricta], [Genista depressa], [Juniperus nana] ([Juniperus sibirica]), [Vaccinium myrtillus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian acidophilous grassland

Oro-Moesian varicoloured fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.392
definition: Closed acidophilous grasslands of the mountains of the central Balkan peninsula dominated by fescues of the "[Festuca varia]" complex, in particular, by [Festuca valida] or [Festuca balcanica] ("[Festuca cyllenica]")
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian acidophilous grassland
narrower: Oro-Moesian [Festuca valida] grasslands
narrower: Balkan [Festuca balcanica] grasslands
narrower: Pelagonide [Festuca varia] grasslands

Oro-Moesian [Festuca valida] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3921
definition: Closed, tall, species-poor acidophile grasslands of the Rhodopide Vitosha, Rila and Pirin mountains, the western Balkan Range and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of western Bulgaria, occupying usually fresh, little eroded soils, strongly dominated by [Festuca valida], with [Veratrum lobelianum], [Verbascum longifolium], [Campanula epigaea], [Viola tricolor], [Stellaria graminea], [Genista depressa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian varicoloured fescue grasslands

Oro-Moesian acidophilous grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.39
definition: Dense, closed, usually unsculptured, chionophilous grasslands of acid substrates at the 1800-2500 metre level of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, in particular, Vitosha, Rila, Pirin, the Slavianka-Orvilos, the central Rhodopes (Cernatica-Prespa complex) and the Falakron, the central Moeso-Macedonian mountains (Ozogovska Planina), the southern Dinarides, dominated by [Festuca paniculata], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), [Agrostis rupestris] or the Balkan endemics [Festuca valida] and [Sesleria comosa], often associated with [Nardus stricta], which may be abundant or co-dominant; rare species harboured in these communities include [Aquilegia aurea], [Lilium jankae], [Gentiana lutea], [Gentiana punctata], [Viola rhodopeia]. Outside of protected areas these grasslands are usually submitted to pasture regimes. Formations overwhelmingly dominated by [Nardus stricta] have been included in unit E4.318.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Oro-Moesian [Festuca paniculata] grasslands
narrower: Oro-Moesian varicoloured fescue grasslands
narrower: Oro-Moesian [Poa violacaea] grasslands
narrower: Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands

Balkan [Festuca balcanica] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3922
definition: Closed acidophilous grasslands of the western and central Balkan Range dominated by [Festuca balcanica] ("[Festuca cyllenica]").
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian varicoloured fescue grasslands

Pelagonide [Festuca varia] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3923
definition: [Festuca varia] s.l.-dominated grasslands of the southern Pelagonides (Pelister), with [Centaurea triumfetti], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Festuca picta], [Geranium cinereum], [Verbascum longifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian varicoloured fescue grasslands

Oro-Moesian [Poa violacaea] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.393
definition: Acid grasslands of upper elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopide system, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, dominated by [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea], [Festuca poaeformis]), with [Nardus stricta], [Linum capitatum], [Antennaria dioica], [Festuca nigrescens], [Thymus] spp.; most often distributed on siliceous terrain, these grasslands also occur on calcareous substrates in the Pirin mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian acidophilous grassland

Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.394
definition: Open, short, acidophilous grasslands of windswept, shallow, easily desiccated, nutrient-poor soils with little snow cover of the mountains of the central Balkan peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian acidophilous grassland
narrower: Oro-Moesian crooked sedge grasslands
narrower: Oro-Moesian Haller fescue grasslands
narrower: Oro-Moesian [Festuca airoides] grasslands
narrower: Oro-Moesian [Sesleria comosa] grasslands
narrower: Oro-Moesian [Agrostis rupestris] grasslands
narrower: Southern Pelagonide aeolian grasslands
narrower: Montenegrine aeolian fescue grasslands

Oro-Moesian crooked sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3941
definition: Open acidophilous grasslands of Pirin and the Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka, Korab, Pelister), dominated by [Carex curvula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands

Oro-Moesian Haller fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3942
definition: Open acidophilous grasslands of the Rhodopides, the Pelagonides and the southern Dinarides dominated by fescues of the [Festuca halleri] group.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands
narrower: Rhodopide [Festuca riloensis] grasslands
narrower: Pelagonide [Festuca scardica] grasslands
narrower: Montenegrine [Festuca riloensis] grasslands

Rhodopide [Festuca riloensis] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.39421
definition: Open acidophilous grasslands of the Rila, occupying the highest altitudes, from 2550 metres to 2925 metres, dominated by [Festuca riloensis] and [Carex curvula], with [Minuartia recurva], [Gentiana frigida], [Carex ericetorum], [Silene acaulis], [Luzula spicata], [Dianthus microlepis], [Sesleria comosa], [Sesleria orbelica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian Haller fescue grasslands

Pelagonide [Festuca scardica] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.39422
definition: Open acidophilous grasslands of the central Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka, Bistra), dominated by [Festuca halleri ssp. scardica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian Haller fescue grasslands

Montenegrine [Festuca riloensis] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.39423
definition: Closed acidophilous grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Bjelsica mountains of Montenegro, developed on recent volcanic substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian Haller fescue grasslands

Oro-Moesian [Festuca airoides] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3943
definition: Grasslands of acid substrates of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, dominated by [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), with [Nardus stricta], [Sesleria comosa], [Poa media] ([Poa ursina]), [Juncus trifidus], [Luzula spicata], [Potentilla ternata], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda], [Cerastium banaticum], [Dianthus microlepis], [Campanula alpina], [Jasione laevis ssp. orbiculata], [Hieracium alpicola].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands

Oro-Moesian [Sesleria comosa] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3944
definition: Windswept, [Sesleria comosa]-dominated acid grasslands of the upper subalpine belt of the Balkan Range and the Rhodopide system, with [Poa media] ([Poa ursina]), [Avenula versicolor] ([Avena scheuchzeri]), [Festuca airoides], [Festuca riloensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands

Oro-Moesian [Agrostis rupestris] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3945
definition: Grasslands of acid substrates of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, dominated by [Agrostis rupestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands

Southern Pelagonide aeolian grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3946
definition: Open acidophilous grasslands of high southern Pelagonides, dominated by [Sesleria varia], [Sesleria coerulans], [Festuca kajmakcalana], [Elyna myosuroides] and [Carex ericetorum], [Alopecurus gerardii] and [Plantago holosteum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands

Montenegrine aeolian fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3947
definition: Open acidophilous grasslands of the Bjelasica mountains in the Montenegrine Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian aeolian grasslands

Western Asian acidophilous alpine grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.3A
definition: Acidophilous grasslands of the high mountains of western Anatolia and the Levant, developed, in particular, on rankers, in snow-soaked sinks and dolines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland

Illyrian alpine and subalpine acid open grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.3B
definition: Open habitats dominated by patches of [Minuartia recurva] and [Scleranthus neglectus], with perimeter from several cm to 80 cm. The total herb cover is often not higher than 20%. They are species-poor, and in addition to the dominants the typical species are [Armeria rumelica], [Poa violacea], [Cardamine pancicii], [Luzula campestris], [Juncus trifidus], [Anthemis carpatica], [Jasione orbiculata], [Rumex acetosella], [Plantago carinata], [Campanula scheuchzeri] and numerous mosses and lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid alpine and subalpine grassland

Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.4
definition: Alpine and subalpine grasslands of base-rich soils of the high mountains of the nemoral, submediterranean and supramediterranean zones. Characteristic species of the Alps include [Dryas octopetala], [Gentiana nivalis], [Gentiana campestris], [Alchemilla hoppeana], [Alchemilla conjuncta], [Alchemilla flabellata], [Anthyllis vulneraria], [Astragalus alpinus], [Aster alpinus], [Draba aizoides], [Globularia nudicaulis], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. grandiflorum], [Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. alpestre], [Pulsatilla alpina ssp. alpina], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Astrantia major] and [Polygala alpestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and subalpine grasslands
narrower: Closed calciphile alpine grassland
narrower: Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards
narrower: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland
narrower: Ponto-Caucasian alpine grassland

Closed calciphile alpine grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.41
definition: Mesophile, mostly closed, vigorous, often grazed or mowed, grasslands on deep soils of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, and, locally, of the Apennines and the Jura. Vegetation typically of alliance [Daphno-Festucetea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Mesophile evergreen sedge grasslands
narrower: Northern rusty sedge grasslands
narrower: Southern rusty sedge grasslands
narrower: Violet fescue swards and related communities
narrower: Cantabrian thrift swards
narrower: Jura summital swards
narrower: Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Alpine evergreen sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4111
definition: Mesophile grasslands of the northern, central and southwestern Alps, occupying gentle ubac slopes and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Helictotrichon montanum], [Arenaria ciliata], [Draba aizoides], [Globularia repens], [Ranunculus thora], [Oxytropis triflora], [Trifolium thalii], [Bartsia alpina], [Scabiosa cinerea], [Fritillaria delphinensis], [Fritillaria burnatii], [Crocus vernus], [Bulbocodium vernum], [Carex tendae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesophile evergreen sedge grasslands

Mesophile evergreen sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.411
definition: Mesophile grasslands of the northern, central and southwestern Alps and of the Pyrenees, occupying gentle ubac slopes and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Helictotrichon montanum], [Arenaria ciliata], [Draba aizoides], [Globularia nana], [Geranium cinereum], [Ranunculus gouanii], [Ranunculus thora], [Primula elatior ssp. intricata], [Oxytropis triflora], [Trifolium thalii], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pyrenaica], [Alchemilla plicatula] ([Alchemilla asterophylla]), [Adonis pyrenaica], [Horminum pyrenaicum], [Geum pyrenaicum], [Bartsia spicata], [Bartsia alpina], [Scabiosa cinerea], [Leuzea centauroides] ([Rhaponticum cynaroides]), [Fritillaria delphinensis], [Fritillaria burnatii], [Crocus vernus], [Bulbocodium vernum], [Carex tendae], [Salix pyrenaica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed calciphile alpine grassland
narrower: Alpine evergreen sedge grasslands
narrower: Pyrenean evergreen sedge grasslands

Pyrenean evergreen sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4112
definition: Meso-hygrophile grasslands of the Pyrenees, occupying gentle ubac slopes and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Helictotrichon montanum], [Geranium cinereum], [Globularia repens], [Ranunculus gouanii], [Ranunculus thora], [Primula elatior ssp. intricata], [Oxytropis campestris], [Oxytropis pyrenaica], [Trifolium thalii], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pyrenaica], [Alchemilla plicatula] ([Alchemilla asterophylla]), [Adonis pyrenaica], [Horminum pyrenaicum], [Geum pyrenaicum], [Bartsia spicata], [Bartsia alpina], [Scabiosa cinerea], [Leuzea centauroides] ([Rhaponticum cynaroides]), [Salix pyrenaica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mesophile evergreen sedge grasslands

Northern rusty sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.412
definition: Mesophile, often flower-rich grasslands of the northern Alps, and, locally, of the southeastern Alps, in the Karawanken and the Slovenian Alps, occupying deep soils in the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the calcareous ranges, usually dominated by [Carex ferruginea] and with [Astragalus alpinus], [Astragalus frigidus], [Hedysarum hedysaroides], [Lathyrus laevigatus], [Astrantia major], [Centaurea montana], [Anemone narcissiflora], [Crepis pyrenaica], [Crepis pontana], [Pedicularis foliosa], [Traunsteinera globosa], [Phleum hirsutum], [Agrostis agrostiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed calciphile alpine grassland

Southern rusty sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.413
definition: Mesophile, flower-rich grasslands of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the southern and southeastern outer Alps of Italy, Austria and Slovenia, including the Insubrian and Garda Alps, the Dolomites, the Venetian and Carnic Alps, the Karawanken, the Julian and Steiner Alps, usually dominated by [Carex ferruginea], [Carex austroalpina] or [Carex sempervirens] with, in particular, [Horminum pyrenaicum], [Pedicularis gyroflexa], [Pedicularis foliosa], [Knautia transalpina], [Astrantia major], [Asphodelus albus], [Traunsteinera globosa] and many composites and peas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed calciphile alpine grassland

Violet fescue swards and related communities
type: Concept
notation: E4.414
definition: Closed grasslands of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Apennines dominated by [Festuca violacea] or [Festuca nigrescens] and [Trifolium thalii], developed on deep, often superficially slightly acidified, soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed calciphile alpine grassland

Cantabrian thrift swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.415
definition: Chionophilous grasslands of deep soils, somewhat decalcified at the surface, of the subalpine, and locally of the alpine or upper montane, levels of the calcareous Cantabrian Mountains, dominated by [Armeria cantabrica], [Carex sempervirens], [Festuca glacialis] or [Festuca gautieri], associated with [Sesleria albicans], [Poa alpina], [Poa minor], [Festuca burnatii], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Agrostis schleicheri], and with [Anemone baldensis ssp. pavoniana], [Aquilegia pyrenaica ssp. discolor], [Jasione cavanillesii], [Pedicularis pyrenaica ssp. fallax], [Draba aizoides ssp. cantabriae], [Pimpinella siifolia], [Oxytropis pyrenaica], [Oxytropis halleri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed calciphile alpine grassland

Jura summital swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.416
definition: Localized mesophile grasslands of the subalpine level of the French, Swiss and Swabian Juras, with [Calamagrostis varia], [Laserpitium siler], [Laserpitium latifolium], [Dryas octopetala], [Eryngium alpinum], and very locally, [Carex ferruginea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed calciphile alpine grassland

Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.417
definition: Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of mountain systems of the Balkan peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed calciphile alpine grassland
narrower: Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Rhodo-Pelagonian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Balkan oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4171
definition: Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides, distributed from Slovenia in the north to Montenegro in the south.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Dinaric pungent fescue grasslands
narrower: Dinaric violet fescue grasslands
narrower: Dinaric closed evergreen sedge grasslands

Dinaric pungent fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41711
definition: Grasslands of the Dinarides of southern Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro dominated by [Festuca bosniaca ssp. bosniaca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Dinaric violet fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41712
definition: Grasslands of the Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina dominated by [Festuca amethystina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Dinaric closed evergreen sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41713
definition: Grasslands of the Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina developed on deep, somewhat acidified soils, [Carex sempervirens], [Festuca amethystina], [Campanula scheuchzeri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Rhodo-Pelagonian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4172
definition: Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Pelagonides and the Rhodopide Pirin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Rhodopide pungent fescue grasslands
narrower: Pelagonide closed calcicolous feathergrass grasslands
narrower: Pelagonide closed calcicolous sesleria grasslands
narrower: Pelagonide closed calcicolous fescue grasslands

Rhodopide pungent fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41721
definition: Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the western Rhodopides dominated by [Festuca bosniaca ssp. pirinensis] or [Festuca penzesii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodo-Pelagonian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Pirin fescue grasslands
narrower: Slavianka pungent fescue grasslands

Pirin fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.417211
definition: Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the Pirin formed by the endemic [Festuca bosniaca ssp. pirinensis] ([Festuca pirinensis]), with [Festuca penzesii], [Carex kitaibeliana], [Androsace villosa], [Achillea ageratifolia], [Centaurea tartarea], [Alyssum cuneifolium], [Cerastium alpinum ssp. lanatum] ([Cerastium lanatum]), [Linum capitatum], [Gentiana verna].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodopide pungent fescue grasslands

Slavianka pungent fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.417212
definition: Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the Slavianka-Orvilos, dominated by the regional endemic [Festuca penzesii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodopide pungent fescue grasslands

Pelagonide closed calcicolous feathergrass grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41722
definition: [Stipa]-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodo-Pelagonian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Pelagonide closed calcicolous sesleria grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41723
definition: [Sesleria]-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodo-Pelagonian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Pelagonide closed calcicolous fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41724
definition: [Festuca]-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodo-Pelagonian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Balkan oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4173
definition: Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands
narrower: Balkan closed calcicolous fescue grasslands
narrower: Balkan closed erect brome grasslands
narrower: Balkan closed evergreen sedge grasslands

Balkan closed calcicolous fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41731
definition: Closed calciphile fescue-dominated grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina, formed by the regional endemic [Festuca xanthina], associated with [Festuca varia s.s].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Balkan closed erect brome grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41732
definition: Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina, formed by [Bromus erectus], with [Lamium garganicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Balkan closed evergreen sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.41733
definition: Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina and the Rtanj, formed by [Sesleria nitida], [Carex sempervirens], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Lychnis viscaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.418
definition: Closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of mountain systems of the Balkan peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Closed calciphile alpine grassland
narrower: Dinaric rusty sedge grasslands
narrower: Dinaric bellflower grasslands
narrower: Western Balkanic calcicolous scabious-fescue grasslands

Dinaric rusty sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4181
definition: [Carex ferruginea]-rich closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Dinaric bellflower grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4182
definition: Closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides of Montenegro.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Western Balkanic calcicolous scabious-fescue grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4183
definition: Closed grasslands of deep coluvial soils formed in karst dolines of the western Balkan Range system, in particular, of the Suva Planina, dominated by [Festuca nigrescens] or [Festuca paniculata], accompanied by a mixed cortège of acidophilous, neutrophilous and basiphilous species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands

Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.42
definition: Meso-xerophile, relatively closed and unsculptured swards of [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) forming on deep, fine soils of protruding ridges and edges exposed to strong winds in the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Mountains and, very locally, the Abruzzi and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, with [Oxytropis], [Draba], [Carex] spp. and others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Alpine naked-rush swards
narrower: Pyrenean naked-rush swards
narrower: Cantabrian naked-rush swards
narrower: Apennine naked-rush swards
narrower: Carpathian naked-rush swards
narrower: Scandinavian naked-rush swards
narrower: Pirin naked-rush swards
narrower: Pelagonide naked-rush swards

Alpine naked-rush swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.421
definition: Brown swards of Alpine crests and ridges submitted to extreme winds, dominated by [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards

Pyrenean naked-rush swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.422
definition: Relatively extensive [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) formations of the calcareous ranges of the Pyrenees, where the [Elyna]-[Oxytropis] swards represent the main grassland formation of the alpine level.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards

Cantabrian naked-rush swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.423
definition: Uncommon [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) formations of the high summits of the Picos de Europa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards

Apennine naked-rush swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.424
definition: Very local [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) formations of the high crests of the Abruzzi.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards

Carpathian naked-rush swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.425
definition: Very local formations of high summits of the Southern Carpathians (Bucegi Mountain) submitted to extreme winds, with [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]), [Oxytropis carpatica], [Cerastium lanatum], [Silene acaulis], [Dryas octopetala], [Anthemis carpatica ssp. pyrethriformis], [Minuartia sedoides] and the endemic [Festuca bucegica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards

Scandinavian naked-rush swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.426
definition: [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides])-dominated calcicline communities of exposed ridges of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine levels of Scandinavian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards

Pirin naked-rush swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.427
definition: Extremely rare, local, exiguous open formations of ridges and outcrops of the high Pirin, at 2300 metres, submitted to extreme winds, with [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]), [Oxytropis campestris var. sordida], [Silene acaulis], [Minuartia verna] and lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards

Pelagonide naked-rush swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.428
definition: Local formations of the high Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka), submitted to extreme winds, with [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wind edge [Kobresia myosuroides] swards

Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.43
definition: Xero-thermophile, open, sculptured, stepped or garland alpine and sub-alpine grasslands of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula and the Mediterranean mountains, with very local outposts in the Jura.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards
narrower: Southern Alpine oatgrass-blue moorgrass swards
narrower: Cushion sedge carpets
narrower: Pyrenean [Festuca gautieri] grasslands
narrower: Oro-Iberian calciphilous stripped grasslands
narrower: Apennine stripped grasslands
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic stripped grasslands
narrower: Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands
narrower: Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands
narrower: Balkan alpine and sub-alpine serpentine grasslands

Blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.431
definition: Xero-thermophile stepped or garland, species-rich grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the northern and southeastern Alps, and locally, of the Jura, on slopes with shallow soil and snowcover of short duration, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Carex humilis], [Gentiana favratii], [Helianthemum alpestre], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. grandiflorum], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Leontopodium alpinum], [Pedicularis rostratocapitata], [Pedicularis verticillata], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris], [Ranunculus thora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland
narrower: Alpine blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards
narrower: Jura blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards

Alpine blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.4311
definition: Widespread calciphilous formations of the Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards

Jura blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.4312
definition: Very local grasslands of the high Jura.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blue moorgrass-evergreen sedge swards

Cushion sedge carpets
type: Concept
notation: E4.433
definition: Open formations of the alpine level of the Alps, of the Carpathians and the Dinarics, composed of cushions of [Carex firma] and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland
narrower: Alpine cushion sedge carpets
narrower: Western Carpathian cushion sedge carpets
narrower: Eastern Carpathian cushion sedge carpets
narrower: Dinaric cushion sedge carpets

Alpine cushion sedge carpets
type: Concept
notation: E4.4331
definition: Open formations of the alpine level of the southeastern Alps, and, to a lesser extent, of the northeastern Alps, composed of cushions of [Carex firma] and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants among which [Saxifraga caesia], [Gentiana clusii], [Gentiana froelichii], [Gentiana terglouensis], [Crepis jacquinii], [Pedicularis rosea], [Saussurea pygmaea], [Dianthus monspessulanus ssp. sternbergii], [Primula wulfeniana], [Chamorchis alpina], [Sesleria albicans], [Carex mucronata], sometimes in association with mats of [Dryas octopetala].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cushion sedge carpets

Southern Alpine oatgrass-blue moorgrass swards
type: Concept
notation: E4.432
definition: Xero-thermophile, open, stepped or garland, species-rich grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the southern Alps, and particularly of the southwestern Alps, similar to those of the previous unit (36.431), but in which [Carex sempervirens] is less prominent, while various oats, [Helictotrichon sedenense] ([Avena sedenensis]) ([Helictotrichon montanum], [Avena montana]), [Helictotrichon sempervirens], [Helictotrichon parlatorei], [Helictotrichon setaceum], or [Festuca dimorpha] become important components together with [Sesleria albicans], and oro-Mediterranean species such as [Globularia nana], [Hedysarum hedysaroides], [Lilium pomponium], [Centaurea triumfetti], [Ononis cristata] ([Ononis cenisia]), [Ononis striata], [Iberis sempervirens], [Aethionema ovalifolium], [Sempervivum calcareum], [Arenaria cinerea], [Alsine brunati], [Galeopsis reuteri], [Leuzea rhapontica ssp. bicknellii] ([Leuzea rhapontica], [Rhaponticum scariosum]) and the spiny [Astragalus sempervirens] appear; several of these species are local endemics of very restricted distribution.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland

Western Carpathian cushion sedge carpets
type: Concept
notation: E4.4332
definition: [Carex firma]-dominated formations of high altitudes and dealpine stations of the calcareous northern Carpathians, with [Chamorchis alpina], [Crepis jacquinii], [Helianthemum alpestre], [Saxifraga caesia], [Viola alpina] and [Leontopodium alpinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cushion sedge carpets

Eastern Carpathian cushion sedge carpets
type: Concept
notation: E4.4333
definition: Open formations of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathians, composed of cushions of [Carex firma] and accompanied by other low-growing rosette or cushion plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cushion sedge carpets

Dinaric cushion sedge carpets
type: Concept
notation: E4.4334
definition: Open formations of the alpine level of the Dinarids of southwestern Slovenia and Croatia composed of cushions of [Carex firma] and other low-growing rosette or cushion plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cushion sedge carpets

Pyrenean [Festuca gautieri] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.434
definition: Open, xeric, stepped, scraped, species-rich grasslands of calcareous adrets in the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Pyrenees, formed by the smooth, sharp-pointed, often curved-leaved [Festuca gautieri], [Festuca scoparia] and often rich in small cushiony plants; characteristic elements include [Koeleria vallesiana], [Helictotrichon sedenense] ([Avena montana]), [Sesleria albicans], [Sideritis hyssopifolia], [Sideritis endressii], [Helianthemum oelandicum var. hirtum], [Androsace villosa], [Gypsophila repens], [Acinos alpinus], [Paronychia serpyllifolia], [Anthyllis vulneraria], [Arenaria grandiflora], [Astragalus sempervirens], [Astragalus monspessulanus], [Eryngium bourgatii], [Fritillaria pyrenaica], [Teucrium pyrenaicum], [Erigeron pyrenaicus], [Ononis cristata] ([Ononis cenisia]), [Onosma fastigiata], [Saponaria caespitosa], [Jurinea humilis], [Seseli nanum], [Arenaria tetraquetra], [Scorzonera aristata], [Thymelaea nivalis], [Iberis bernardiana], [Serratula nudicaulis], [Asperula cynanchica], [Polygala alpina], [Oxytropis pyrenaica], [Carex rupestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland

Oro-Iberian calciphilous stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.435
definition: Thermophile, open, stripped and garland fescue grasslands of calcareous upper slopes and summits in the subalpine and oro-Mediterranean levels of the Cantabrian mountains, the Iberian Range and the calcareous Baetic ranges, dominated by [Festuca hystrix], [Festuca burnatii], [Poa ligulata] or [Oreochloa confusa]. They are closely allied to the Iberian fescue frost-grasslands (unit 34.73) of the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels of the same mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland

Apennine stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.436
definition: Open, xerophile, stripped, stepped, scraped and garland grasslands of alpine and subalpine slopes and summits of the central and southern Apennines, dominated by [Sesleria tenuifolia] ([Sesleria juncifolia]), [Sesleria nitida], [Sesleria italica], [Festuca dimorpha], [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Cesleria laevis]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland

Helleno-Balkanic stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.437
definition: Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the southern Balkan peninsula, under Mediterranean climate influence, including the southern Pelagonides (Vermion), the Pindus, the Thessalian and the Peloponnese mountains, dominated by [Sesleria korabensis], [Sesleria coerulans], [Festuca graeca], [Carex kitaibeliana], [Stipa pulcherrima] with [Viola heterophylla ssp. graeca], [Minuartia verna], [Paronychia rechingeri], [Silene ciliata], [Dianthus minutiflorus], [Draba athoa], [Iberis sempervirens], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pulchella], [Acinos alpinus], [Edraianthus graminifolius], [Centaurea pindicola], [Galium anisophyllon], [Morina persica], [Bornmuellera baldaccii], [Bornmuellera tymphaea], [Poa pirinica], [Poa thessala], [Festuca olympica], and a few woody species, in particular [Daphne oleoides] and [Juniperus nana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland

Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.438
definition: Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Dinarides, dominated by or rich in [Sesleria] spp. including [Sesleria korabensis], [Sesleria klasterskyi], [Sesleria coerulans], [Sesleria rigida], [Sesleria tenuifolia], [Sesleria wettsteinii], [Festuca] spp., [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Carex laevis]), with [Dryas octopetala], [Leontopodium alpinum], [Saxifraga] spp., [Draba] spp., [Daphne oleoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland
narrower: Dinaric calciphile stripped grasslands
narrower: Pelago-Rhodopide calciphile stripped grasslands
narrower: Balkan Range calciphile stripped grasslands
narrower: Montenegrine [Oxytropis] grasslands

Dinaric calciphile stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4381
definition: Open calcicolous grasslands of the Dinarides, distributed from Slovenia to Albania, dominated by [Sesleria tenuifolia] ([Sesleria juncifolia]), accompanied by [Carex kitaibeliana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands

Pelago-Rhodopide calciphile stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4382
definition: Open calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides and the Rhodopides, submitted to more extreme temperature variations than the more northwestern formations of unit 36.4381, dominated by [Sesleria tenuifolia], [Sesleria tenerrima], [Sesleria korabensis] or [Sesleria bielzii], accompanied by [Carex kitaibeliana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands
narrower: Pelagonide calciphile stripped grasslands
narrower: Rhodopide [Sesleria klasterskyi] grasslands

Pelagonide calciphile stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43821
definition: Open calcicolous grasslands of the high summits of the Pelagonides formed by [Sesleria tenuifolia], [Sesleria tenerrima], [Sesleria korabensis], accompanied by [Carex kitaibeliana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pelago-Rhodopide calciphile stripped grasslands

Rhodopide [Sesleria klasterskyi] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43822
definition: Open calcicolous grasslands of the Pirin and the Slavianka, developed at altitudes above 2500 metres, formed by [Sesleria korabensis] ([Sesleria klasterskyi]), [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Carex laevis]), with [Leontopodium alpinum ssp. nivale], [Saxifraga ferdinandi-coburgi], [Saxifraga luteoviridis], [Achillea ageratifolia ssp. aizoon], [Draba lasiocarpa var. athoa], [Dryas octopetala].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pelago-Rhodopide calciphile stripped grasslands

Balkan Range calciphile stripped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4383
definition: Open, calcicolous, dealpine grasslands of the Balkan Range system, in particular, of the Suva Planina and the Rtanj, dominated by [Sesleria rigida].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands

Montenegrine [Oxytropis] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4384
definition: Open alpine grasslands of basic volcanic substrates of the Montenegrine Dinaric Bjelasica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Moesian calciphile stripped grasslands

Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.439
definition: Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the Carpathians, dominated by or rich in [Sesleria] spp., [Festuca] spp., [Carex] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland
narrower: West Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands
narrower: East Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

West Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4391
definition: Calcicolous open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Northwestern Carpathians, dominated by, or rich in, [Sesleria tatrae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands
narrower: Tatra sesleria-evergreen sedge grasslands
narrower: West Carpathian [Festuca versicolor] grasslands
narrower: Hercynio-Carpathian [Agrostis alpina] grasslands

Tatra sesleria-evergreen sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43911
definition: Species-rich tall open grasslands of calcareous stony and gravelly slopes of the subalpine and montane levels of the Tatras formed by [Sesleria tatrae], [Festuca tatrae], [Carex sempervirens ssp. tatrorum], with [Allium montanum], [Anthyllis alpestris], [Carduus glaucus], [Dianthus praecox], [Hieracium bifidum], [Hieracium bupleuroides], [Hieracium villosum], [Knautia kitaibelii], [Leontodon incanus], [Pulsatilla slavica], [Sempervivum soboliferum ssp. preissianum], [Thesium alpinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

West Carpathian [Festuca versicolor] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43912
definition: Calcicolous open grasslands of the northwestern Carpathians dominated by [Festuca versicolor].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

Hercynio-Carpathian [Agrostis alpina] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43913
definition: Open grasslands of the Northwestern Carpathians and the Sudeten formed by [Agrostis alpina] and [Festuca versicolor], intermediate between calciphile and acidophile formations, and between grasslands and rock communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

East Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.4392
definition: Calcicolous, xero-thermophile, open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the eastern Carpathians, on slopes with shallow limestone soils, dominated by, or rich in [Sesleria bielzii], [Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana], [Festuca versicolor], [Festuca amethystina], [Festuca saxatilis], [Carex sempervirens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands
narrower: East Carpathian sesleria-evergreen sedge grasslands
narrower: East Carpathian [Festuca versicolor] grasslands
narrower: East Carpathian [Festuca amethystina] grasslands
narrower: East Carpathian [Festuca flaccida] grasslands

East Carpathian sesleria-evergreen sedge grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43921
definition: Calcicolous open grasslands colonizing ledges, sills, crests of limestone rocks in the alpine and subalpine levels of the Eastern and the Southern Carpathians, formed by [Carex sempervirens] and [Sesleria] species, in particular, [Sesleria bielzii], [Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana], [Sesleria heuflerana], or, at the contact with rock formations, by [Festuca saxatilis], [Sesleria] spp., [Carex sempervirens] and [Dianthus tenuifolius], accompanied by saxicolous species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

East Carpathian [Festuca versicolor] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43922
definition: Calcicolous, xero-thermophile, open grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the southeastern Carpathians, on shallow rendzinas of crests, summits and ledges, dominated by [Festuca versicolor] and [Carex sempervirens], with [Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana], [Cerastium transsilvanicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

East Carpathian [Festuca amethystina] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43923
definition: Calcicolous open grasslands of the lower alpine and subalpine levels of the eastern Carpathians formed by [Festuca amethystina], with [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Carex sempervirens], [Allium ochroleucum], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Biscutella laevigata], [Linum perenne ssp. extraaxillare] ([Linum extraaxillare]), [Festuca saxatilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

East Carpathian [Festuca flaccida] grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43924
definition: Xero-mesophile open grasslands of sunny adrets of the Rodnei mountains in the Eastern Carpathians dominated by the southeastern Carpathian endemic [Festuca nitida ssp. flaccida] ([Festuca flaccida]), developed on rendzinas overlying limestone substrates, ecologically similar to the Alpine violet fescue grasslands of unit 36.414, though more open.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

Balkan alpine and sub-alpine serpentine grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.43A
definition: Habitats with sparse vegetation on stony serpentine soils in high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. The dominant species are sedges [Carex humilis] and [Carex laevis], and grasses [Sesleria latifolia], [Sesleria rigida], [Stipa pulcherrima]. The occurrence of endemic and sub-endemic species is typical.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous stepped and garland grassland

Ponto-Caucasian alpine grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.44
definition: High-altitude grass and sedge dominated formations of the Caucasus, of the Pontic Range, of the Elburz and of the Crimean mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland
narrower: Pontic alpine grassland
narrower: Caucasian alpine grassland
narrower: Crimean alpine grassland
narrower: Hyrcanian alpine grassland

Pontic alpine grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.441
definition: Grasslands of the humid alpine level of the eastern Pontic Range, with [Campanula tridentata], [Alchemilla vulgaris], [Poa alpina], [Festuca ovina] s.l., and of the humid subalpine level, occupied by pastures of [Festuca] spp., with [Luzula spicata], [Carex tristis], [Lotus corniculatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Caucasian alpine grassland

Caucasian alpine grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.442
definition: Grass and sedge dominated formations of alpine and subalpine meadows of the high Caucasus, with a considerable variety of associations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Caucasian alpine grassland

Crimean alpine grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.443
definition: Grass and sedge dominated formations of alpine and subalpine meadows of Crimea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Caucasian alpine grassland

Hyrcanian alpine grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.444
definition: Extrasylvatic grasslands of the Elburz range of northern Iran, of limited extent and insularised, developed under humid alpine conditions, with [Dactylis glomerata], [Alopecurus] spp., [Sesleria phleoides], [Trifolium] spp., [Lotus corniculatus], [Polygonum bistorta], [Primula auriculata], [Pedicularis comosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Caucasian alpine grassland

Alpine and subalpine enriched grassland
type: Concept
notation: E4.5
definition: Enriched pastures of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of mountains. Enriched hay meadows are listed under E2.3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and subalpine grasslands
narrower: Subalpine [Trisetum flavescens] hay meadows
narrower: [Leontodon hispidus] pastures
narrower: Dinaric sub-alpine tall grasslands

Subalpine [Trisetum flavescens] hay meadows
type: Concept
notation: E4.51
definition: [Trisetum flavescens]-dominated grasslands of the subalpine level of the Alps, the Carpathians, Balkans and the Jura. [Alchemilla] spp. dominates very often. Yellow oatgrass hay meadows are typically montane and are described under unit E2.3; these are subalpine equivalents.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and subalpine enriched grassland

[Leontodon hispidus] pastures
type: Concept
notation: E4.52
definition: Species-poor manured cattle pastures of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the western Alpids and their satellite ranges, with [Agrostis alpina], [Phleum alpinum], [Poa alpina], [Cerastium fontanum], [Crepis aurea], [Leontodon hispidus], [Trifolium badium], [Trifolium thalii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and subalpine enriched grassland

Dinaric sub-alpine tall grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E4.53
definition: High, closed Dinaric grasslands which are quite species-rich (alliance [Pancicion]). Grasses [Festuca fallax], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Nardus stricta] are dominant, together with tall species which give a specific visual aspect: [Pancicia serbica], [Astrantia elatior], [Leucanthemum vulgare] (s.l.), [Rhinanthus rumelicus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and subalpine enriched grassland

Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands
type: Concept
notation: E5
definition: Stands of tall herbs or ferns, occuring on disused urban or agricultural land, by watercourses, at the edge of woods, or invading pastures. Stands of shorter herbs forming a distinct zone (seam) at the edge of woods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens
narrower: Anthropogenic herb stands
narrower: Thermophile woodland fringes
narrower: [Pteridium aquilinum] fields
narrower: Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows
narrower: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands

Anthropogenic herb stands
type: Concept
notation: E5.1
definition: Stands of herbs developing on abandoned urban or agricultural land, on land that has been reclaimed, on transport networks, or on land used for waste disposal.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands
narrower: Lowland habitats colonised by tall nitrophilous herbs
narrower: Weed communities of recently abandoned urban and suburban constructions
narrower: Weed communities of recently abandoned rural constructions
narrower: Weed communities of recently abandoned extractive industrial sites
narrower: Land reclamation forb fields

Lowland habitats colonised by tall nitrophilous herbs
type: Concept
notation: E5.11
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Anthropogenic herb stands

Weed communities of recently abandoned urban and suburban constructions
type: Concept
notation: E5.12
definition: Communities of pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising waste places, disturbed natural or semi-natural areas, roadsides and other interstitial spaces or disturbed ground within arctic, boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, steppic, desert or tropical regions of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Anthropogenic herb stands

Weed communities of recently abandoned rural constructions
type: Concept
notation: E5.13
definition: Communities of pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising waste places, disturbed natural or semi-natural areas, roadsides and other interstitial spaces or disturbed ground within arctic, boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, steppic, desert or tropical regions of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Anthropogenic herb stands

Weed communities of recently abandoned extractive industrial sites
type: Concept
notation: E5.14
definition: Communities of pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising waste places, disturbed natural or semi-natural areas, roadsides and other interstitial spaces or disturbed ground within arctic, boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, steppic, desert or tropical regions of the Palaearctic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Anthropogenic herb stands

Land reclamation forb fields
type: Concept
notation: E5.15
definition: Expanses occupied by colonies of forbs, notably leguminous species, planted for purposes of soil protection, stabilization, fertilisation or reclamation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Anthropogenic herb stands

Thermophile woodland fringes
type: Concept
notation: E5.2
definition: Woodland edge (seam) vegetation of the nemoral, boreo-nemoral and submediterranean zones, composed of warmth-requiring drought-resistant herbaceous perennials and shrubs, which form a belt between dry or mesophile grasslands and the shrubby forest mantle, on the sunny side, where the nutrient supply is limited, or, sometimes, pioneering the woodland colonization into the grasslands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands
narrower: Xero-thermophile fringes
narrower: Mesophile fringes

Xero-thermophile fringes
type: Concept
notation: E5.21
definition: Hems of xerothermic mixed oak woods of middle Europe and its sub-Mediterranean approaches, mostly belonging to the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] or related groups of communities, extending north to the boreonemoral zone of Fennoscandia, with [Geranium sanguineum], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Tanacetum corymbosum], [Bupleurum] spp., [Origanum vulgare], [Inula] spp., [Dictamnus albus], [Anthericum ramosum], [Fragaria viridis], [Anemone sylvestris], [Lathyrus pannonicus], [Peucedanum] spp., [Laserpitium latifolium], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Trifolium rubens], [Clematis recta], [Coronilla coronata], [Melampyrum cristatum], [Campanula] spp., [Veronica teucrium]. Vegetation of alliance [Geranion sanguinei].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophile woodland fringes

Mesophile fringes
type: Concept
notation: E5.22
definition: Mesophile and xero-acidocline hems of [Carpinion] and [Fagion] woods, developed on deeper soil than those of unit E5.21, or on siliceous substrates, with [Trifolium medium], [Trifolium ochroleucon], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Peucedanum cervaria], [Campanula baumgartenii], [Origanum vulgare], [Melampyrum] spp., [Valeriana wallrothii], [Agrimonia eupatoria], [Vicia] spp., [Lathyrus latifolius] and [Teucrium scorodonia]. Alliances [Trifolion medii], [Melampyrion pratensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophile woodland fringes

[Pteridium aquilinum] fields
type: Concept
notation: E5.3
definition: Atlantic, sub-Atlantic, sub-Mediterranean and Macaronesian communities dominated by the large fern [Pteridium aquilinum], extensive and often closed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Pteridium aquilinum] fields
narrower: Macaronesian [Pteridium aquilinum] fields
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean [Pteridium aquilinum] fields

Sub-Atlantic [Pteridium aquilinum] fields
type: Concept
notation: E5.31
definition: [Pteridium aquilinum] fields appearing as a recolonisation stage of the [Quercion] of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic areas of continental Europe, including the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pteridium aquilinum] fields

Macaronesian [Pteridium aquilinum] fields
type: Concept
notation: E5.32
definition: [Pteridium aquilinum] facies of the heaths of the Atlantic Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pteridium aquilinum] fields

Supra-Mediterranean [Pteridium aquilinum] fields
type: Concept
notation: E5.33
definition: [Pteridium aquilinum] fields of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pteridium aquilinum] fields

Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows
type: Concept
notation: E5.4
definition: Tall-herb and fern vegetation of the nemoral and boreal zones, including stands of tall herbs on hills and mountains below the montane level. Tall herbs are often dominant along watercourses, in wet meadows and in shade at the edge of woodlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands
narrower: Screens or veils of perennial tall herbs lining watercourses
narrower: Tall-herb communities of humid meadows
narrower: Shady woodland edge fringes
narrower: Mediterranean grasslands on alluvial river banks

Screens or veils of perennial tall herbs lining watercourses
type: Concept
notation: E5.41
definition: Tall herbs fringe communities on banks of runnning waters on gleyic soils with humus horizon. Characteristic species are [Petasites] spp., [Filipendula ulmaria], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Urtica dioica], [Mentha longifolia], [Angelica sylvestris], [Caltha palustris], [Crepis paludosa], [Epilobium hirsutum] and [Geranium palustre]. Vegetation of [Calthion], [Senecionion fluviatilis], and [Petasition officinalis] is found in this unit. Often replaced by neophytes or ruderal plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows
narrower: Watercourse veils (other than of [Filipendula])
narrower: Western nemoral river bank tall-herb communities dominated by [Filipendula]
narrower: Boreal river bank tall-herb communities dominated by [Filipendula]
narrower: Continental river bank tall-herb communities dominated by [Filipendula]

Watercourse veils (other than of [Filipendula])
type: Concept
notation: E5.411
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Screens or veils of perennial tall herbs lining watercourses
narrower: [Angelica archangelica] fluvial communities
narrower: [Angelica heterocarpa] fluvial communities
narrower: [Althaea officinalis] screens

[Angelica archangelica] fluvial communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.4111
definition: [Angelica archangelica ssp. litoralis] formations of great northern rivers, presently rare and threatened.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Watercourse veils (other than of [Filipendula])

[Angelica heterocarpa] fluvial communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.4112
definition: [Angelica heterocarpa] formations of tidal estuaries of the Loire, the Charente and the Gironde; the species is a rare and very narrow endemic of southwestern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Watercourse veils (other than of [Filipendula])

[Althaea officinalis] screens
type: Concept
notation: E5.4113
definition: [Althaea officinalis] formations of river banks and marsh edges, particularly on somewhat saline soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Watercourse veils (other than of [Filipendula])

Western nemoral river bank tall-herb communities dominated by [Filipendula]
type: Concept
notation: E5.412
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Screens or veils of perennial tall herbs lining watercourses

Boreal river bank tall-herb communities dominated by [Filipendula]
type: Concept
notation: E5.413
definition: River bank and humid depression tall herb communities of the lowlands of the boreal zone dominated by [Filipendula ulmaria], with, among others, [Achillea ptarmica], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii], [Galium uliginosum], [Geum rivale], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Trollius europaeus], [Valeriana sambucifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Screens or veils of perennial tall herbs lining watercourses

Continental river bank tall-herb communities dominated by [Filipendula]
type: Concept
notation: E5.414
definition: River bank and freshwater humid depression tall herb communities of the continental steppe zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Screens or veils of perennial tall herbs lining watercourses

Tall-herb communities of humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E5.42
definition: Non-ruderal commuties of the alliance [Calthion]. [Filipendula ulmaria] is dominant here, [Crepis paludosa], [Iris sibirica], [Lythrum salicaria] and [Geranium palustre] are also present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows
narrower: Western nemoral tall-herb communities of humid meadows
narrower: Boreal tall-herb communities of humid depressions
narrower: Continental tall-herb communities of humid meadows

Western nemoral tall-herb communities of humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E5.421
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall-herb communities of humid meadows

Boreal tall-herb communities of humid depressions
type: Concept
notation: E5.422
definition: River bank and humid depression tall herb communities of the lowlands of the boreal zone dominated by [Filipendula ulmaria], with, among others, [Achillea ptarmica], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii], [Galium uliginosum], [Geum rivale], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Trollius europaeus], [Valeriana sambucifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Tall-herb communities of humid meadows

Continental tall-herb communities of humid meadows
type: Concept
notation: E5.423
definition: River bank and freshwater humid depression tall herb communities of the continental steppe zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Tall-herb communities of humid meadows

Shady woodland edge fringes
type: Concept
notation: E5.43
definition: Nitro-hygrophilous communities of usually large-leaved herbs developing along the shaded side of wooded stands and hedges, with [Galium aparine], [Glechoma hederacea], [Geum urbanum], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Silene dioica], [Carduus crispus], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Lamium album], [Alliaria petiolata], [Lapsana communis], [Geranium robertianum], [Viola alba], [Viola odorata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows

Mediterranean grasslands on alluvial river banks
type: Concept
notation: E5.44
definition: Nitrophilous annual and perennial grass and sedge formations of the alluvial banks of Mediterranean permanent or temporary water courses, most characteristic of great Mediterranean rivers, with [Paspalum paspalodes], [Paspalum vaginatum], [Polypogon viridis] ([Agrostis semiverticillata]), [Cyperus fuscus], [Catabrosa aquatica]. Vegetation of alliance [Paspalo-Agrostidion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows

Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands
type: Concept
notation: E5.5
definition: Luxuriant tall herb formations of deep, humid soils in the montane to alpine, but mostly subalpine, levels of the higher mountains, with [Cicerbita alpina], [Cicerbita alpina plumieri], [Cirsium helenioides], [Cirsium spinosissimum], [Cirsium flavispina], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Polygonatum verticillatum], [Ranunculus platanifolius], [Aconitum vulparia], [Aconitum napellus], [Aconitum nevadense], [Adenostyles alliariae], [Senecio elodes], [Veratrum album], [Trollius europaeus], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Doronicum austriacum], [Pedicularis foliosa], [Eryngium alpinum], [Leuzea rhapontica] ([Centaurea rhapontica]), [Valeriana pyrenaica], [Tozzia alpina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands
narrower: Alpic tall-herb communities
narrower: Alpic tall grass communities
narrower: Pyreneo-Iberian tall-herb communities
narrower: Ibero-Mauritanian tall-herb communities
narrower: Corsican [Cymbalaria] tall-herb communities
narrower: Corsican [Doronicum] tall-herb communities
narrower: Eastern oro-Mediterranean and Balkan tall-herb communities
narrower: Alpine [Rumex] communities
narrower: Oro-boreal tall-herb communities
narrower: Ponto-Caucasian tall-herb communities
narrower: Alpine and subalpine fern stands

Alpic tall-herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.51
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Jura, the great Hercynian ranges, the Central Massif and the Apennines. Vegetation of [Adenostylion] with dominant [Adenostyles alliariae] and [Veratrum album], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Cicerbita alpina], [Aconitum] spp. and others also present. In the Carpathians these communities are represented also by alliance [Delphinion elati]. Some habitats are dominated by ferns (e.g. [Athyrium distentifolium], [Dryopteris filix-mas]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands
narrower: Alpine tall herb communities
narrower: Jura tall herb communities
narrower: Hercynian tall herb communities
narrower: Carpathian tall herb communities
narrower: Dinaric tall herb communities
narrower: Apennine tall herb communities

Alpine tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.511
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic tall-herb communities

Jura tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.512
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Jura.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic tall-herb communities

Hercynian tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.513
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Central Massif and of the great ranges of the Hercynian arc, in particular, the Vosges, the Black Forest and the major ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Sudeten, the Erzgebirge, the Bohemian Forest (Sumava).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic tall-herb communities

Carpathian tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.514
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic tall-herb communities
narrower: Carpathian adenostyles communities
narrower: Carpathian fern communities
narrower: Carpathian monkshood communities
narrower: Carpathian butterbur communities

Carpathian adenostyles communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.5141
definition: Tall herb communities of the Carpathians formed by [Adenostyles alliariae], [Cicerbita alpina] ([Mulgedium alpinum]), [Epilobium alpinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian tall herb communities

Carpathian fern communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.5142
definition: Tall herb communities of the Carpathians dominated by [Athyrium distentifolium] ([Athyrium alpestre]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian tall herb communities

Carpathian monkshood communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.5143
definition: Tall herb communities of the Carpathians formed by [Aconitum] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian tall herb communities
narrower: North Carpathian monkshood communities
narrower: East Carpathian monkshood communities

North Carpathian monkshood communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.51431
definition: Tall herb communities of the northwestern Carpathians formed by [Aconitum firmum] ([Aconitum callibotryon]), [Archangelica officinalis], [Delphinium oxysepalum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian monkshood communities

East Carpathian monkshood communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.51432
definition: Tall herb communities of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, occupying wet nutrient- and humus-rich colluvions of glacial cirque perimeters dominated by [Aconitum tauricum], with [Saxifraga heucherifolia] and a representation of species of the [Adenostylion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian monkshood communities

Carpathian butterbur communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.5144
definition: Formations of the Carpathians dominated by [Petasites] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian tall herb communities
narrower: Carpathian white butterbur communities
narrower: Carpathian glabrous butterbur communities

Carpathian white butterbur communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.51441
definition: [Petasites albus]-dominated formations of the upper montane and lower subalpine levels of the Carpathians, with species typical of the [Adenostylion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian butterbur communities

Carpathian glabrous butterbur communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.51442
definition: [Petasites kablikianus]-dominated formations of shady streamsides of Carpathian mountain valleys, with [Orobanche flava], [Carduus personata], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian butterbur communities

Dinaric tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.515
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic tall-herb communities

Apennine tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.516
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Apennines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic tall-herb communities

Alpic tall grass communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.52
definition: Communities of the montane and subalpine levels of high and moderately high mountains of the Alpine system and neighbouring ranges, dominated by tall grasses, accompanied by a species cortège similar to that of the subalpine tall-herb communities. They are bound to both siliceous and carbonate substrates. Characteristic species: [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Deschampsia cespitosa]. In the Carpathians they are represented by a very high number of associations included in the alliances [Calamagrostion villosae], [Trisetion fusci], [Festucion carpaticae] and [Calamagrostion arundinaceae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands
narrower: Alpic tall-grass communities on siliceous substrates
narrower: Alpic tall-grass communities on carbonate substrates
narrower: Alpic tall-grass communities on drier and warmer slopes

Alpic tall-grass communities on siliceous substrates
type: Concept
notation: E5.521
definition: Dominant species are [Calamagrostis villosa], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Trisetum fuscum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic tall grass communities

Alpic tall-grass communities on carbonate substrates
type: Concept
notation: E5.522
definition: Dominant species are [Calamagrostis varia], [Festuca carpatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic tall grass communities

Alpic tall-grass communities on drier and warmer slopes
type: Concept
notation: E5.523
definition: Dominant species are [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Laserpitium latifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic tall grass communities

Pyreneo-Iberian tall-herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.53
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian mountains, the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, with [Valeriana pyrenaica] and [Adenostyles alliariae ssp. hybrida] ([Adenostyles alliariae ssp. pyrenaica]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands

Ibero-Mauritanian tall-herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.54
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of southern Iberian and North African mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands
narrower: Southern Iberian tall herb communities

Southern Iberian tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.541
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb communities of the Sierra Nevada and other southern Iberian mountains, with the endemic [Cirsium flavispina], [Aconitum nevadense], [Senecio elodes].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Mauritanian tall-herb communities

Corsican [Cymbalaria] tall-herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.55
definition: Tall-herb communities of the subalpine and lower alpine level of Corsica, limited to shady, strongly sloping corridors with prolonged snow cover and often with stabilised scree, formed by [Adenostyles briquetii], [Valeriana rotundifolia], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Cymbalaria hepaticifolia], [Ranunculus platanifolius], [Aquilegia bernardii], [Viola biflora], and often several fern species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands

Corsican [Doronicum] tall-herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.56
definition: Tall herb riparian communities of stony and rocky torrents and of dripping rocks of the upper montane, subalpine and alpine levels of Corsica formed by [Doronicum corsicum], [Narthecium reverchonii], [Carex frigida], [Calamagrostris varia ssp. corsica], [Phalaris arundinacea var. rotgesii] ([Typhoides arundinacea ssp. rotgesii]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands

Eastern oro-Mediterranean and Balkan tall-herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.57
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Balkan Range, the Hellenides and the mountains of Mediterranean Anatolia. Species: [Cirsium appendiculatum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Heracleum sphondylium], [Geum coccineum] from alliances [Cirsion appendiculati] and [Geion coccinei].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands
narrower: Hellenic tall herb communities
narrower: Moesian tall herb communities

Hellenic tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.571
definition: Riparian and spring-edge vegetation of the montane and subalpine level of the Pindus and the Thessalian mountains south to Giona and Parnassus, with [Cirsium appendiculatum], [Cirsium tymphaeum], [Heracleum sphondylium ssp. pyrenaicum] ([Heracleum pollinianum]), [Stachys alopecuros] ([Betonica jacquinii]), [Scrophularia umbrosa] ([Scrophularia samaritanii]), [Scrophularia scopolii], [Achillea grandifolia], [Campanula trachelium ssp. athoa], [Chaerophyllum aureum], [Epilobium obscurum], [Solidago virgaurea], [Veratrum album], [Geranium asphodeloides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern oro-Mediterranean and Balkan tall-herb communities

Moesian tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.572
definition: Montane meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of small splashing mountain torrents, moist hollows and gullies of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, irradiating southwards, in the montane, sylvatic, level of the northern Pindus and the Pieria. The formations of these units harbour many species of the genus [Alchemilla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern oro-Mediterranean and Balkan tall-herb communities
narrower: Moesian Balkan thistle tall herb communities
narrower: Moesian butterbur tall herb communities
narrower: Moesian hogweed tall herb communities
narrower: Moesian scarlet avens tall herb communities

Moesian Balkan thistle tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.5721
definition: [Cirsium appendiculatum] tall herb formations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, irradiating southwards, in the montane, sylvatic, level of the northern Pindus and the Pieria. The communities of the Balkan Range and the Rhodopides harbour several species endemic or rare in the region, including [Alchemilla plicatula], [Trollius europaeus], [Pinguicula vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian tall herb communities

Moesian butterbur tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.5722
definition: [Petasites albus] or [Petasites hybridus] tall herb formations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, with [Epilobium montanum], [Alchemilla] spp., [Carex] spp., [Geum coccineum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian tall herb communities

Moesian hogweed tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.5723
definition: Tall herb communities of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides dominated by [Heracleum sphondylium ssp. verticillatum], or [Heracleum sphondylium ssp. ternatum], extending south to the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodopide mountains of northeastern Greece, in particular, to Belles, Athos, the Pangeon, the Falakron and the Rhodopi.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian tall herb communities

Moesian scarlet avens tall herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.5724
definition: [Geum coccineum] formations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, south to the Varnous, Vernon, Vermion and Voras-Tzena groups.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian tall herb communities

Alpine [Rumex] communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.58
definition: Alpine and subalpine meso-hygrophile nitrophilous tall herb formations of the Alpine system and the higher Hercynian and Carpathian ranges, in particular, the Sudeten, the Black Forest, the Fichtelgebirge, the Dinarides, characteristic of the vicinity of cattle and game resting places, with [Rumex alpinus], [Senecio alpinus], [Cirsium spinosissimum], [Aconitum napellus], [Geranium phaeum], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Urtica dioica], [Phleum alpinum] and, in eastern Carpathian communities, [Senecio subalpinus], [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], [Achillea distans], [Heracleum sphondylium ssp. transsilvanicum]. This habitat may have sometimes ruderal character.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands

Oro-boreal tall-herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.59
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the boreal mountains and of the Scottish Highlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands
narrower: Roseroot-cranesbill-woodrush oroboreal communities
narrower: Oroboreal tall forb communities
narrower: Oroboreal tall grass and fern communities

Roseroot-cranesbill-woodrush oroboreal communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.591
definition: Generally species-rich communities of North Atlantic boreal mountains and uplands dominated by forbs of moderate stature, in particular, [Rhodiola rosea], [Alchemilla glabra], [Geranium sylvaticum], associated with [Angelica sylvestris], [Angelica archangelica], grasses, woodrushes or geophytes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-boreal tall-herb communities

Oroboreal tall forb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.592
definition: Communities of the mountains of the boreal and subarctic zones of the Eurasian continent dominated by tall dicotyledonous herbs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-boreal tall-herb communities

Oroboreal tall grass and fern communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.593
definition: Communities of the montane and subalpine levels of mountains of the boreal and subarctic zones of the northern Eurasian continent, dominated by tall grasses of genera [Calamagrostis], [Deschampsia], [Festuca] accompanied by ferns and a dicot species cortège similar to that of the oroboreal tall-herb communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-boreal tall-herb communities

Ponto-Caucasian tall-herb communities
type: Concept
notation: E5.5A
definition: Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Pontic Range, of the Caucasus, of the Crimean mountains and of the Elburz.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands

Alpine and subalpine fern stands
type: Concept
notation: E5.5B
definition: Fern-dominated facies of the tall herb communities of the alpine and sub-alpine zone, with [Athyrium distentifolium] ([Athyrium alpestre]), [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Dryopteris dilatata]; succession stages are often floristically more related to the small reed communities of E5.52.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands

Inland salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6
definition: Saline land with dominant salt-tolerant grasses and herbs. Excludes saline scrubland, listed under F6.8 xero-halophile scrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens
narrower: Mediterranean inland salt steppes
narrower: Continental inland salt steppes

Mediterranean inland salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.1
definition: Vegetated saline land of Mediterranean coastal regions and of the fringes of semiarid salt basins that lack drainage to the sea; often dominated by perennial, rosette-forming [Limonium] spp. or esparto grass, [Lygeum spartum]. The soils are temporarily permeated (though not inundated) by saline water and subject to extreme summer drying, with formation of salt efflorescences.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland salt steppes
narrower: Mediterranean [Limonium] salt steppes
narrower: Mediterranean [Lygeum spartum] salt steppes
narrower: Mediterranean inland halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities

Mediterranean [Limonium] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.11
definition: Mediterranean salt steppes dominated by rosette-forming species of [Limonium] and with the presence of [Inula crithmoides], [Elymus elongatus ssp. ponticus], [Elymus flaccidifolius], [Centaurium tenuiflorum], [Polypogon maritimus], [Polypogon monspeliensis], [Psilurus incurvus], [Centaurium pulchellum], [Halimione portulacoides], [Parapholis marginata], [Plantago crassifolia] and [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta]. Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastal saltmarsh formations of [Camphorosma monspeliaca] or [Petrosimonia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean inland salt steppes
narrower: Ibero-Tyrrhenian sea-lavender steppes
narrower: Adriatic sea-lavender steppes
narrower: Aegeo-Levantine sea-lavender communities

Ibero-Tyrrhenian sea-lavender steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.111
definition: Communities of salt basins of Iberia and of northwestern Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes and saline dunal depressions subject to extreme summer drying, dominated by rosette-forming [Limonium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean [Limonium] salt steppes

Adriatic sea-lavender steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.112
definition: Communities of Adriatic and Ionian coasts dominated by rosette-forming species of [Limonium] or [Goniolimon], developed in coastal basins, coastal saltmarshes and saline dunal depressions subjected to extreme summer drying.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean [Limonium] salt steppes

Aegeo-Levantine sea-lavender communities
type: Concept
notation: E6.113
definition: Formations of Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes dominated by rosette-forming [Limonium] and [Goniolimon].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean [Limonium] salt steppes

Mediterranean [Lygeum spartum] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.12
definition: Saltmarsh and saltmarsh fringe formations of [Lygeum spartum] of coastal Crete, coastal and interior Iberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean inland salt steppes

Mediterranean inland halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities
type: Concept
notation: E6.13
definition: Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals ([Frankenia pulverulenta], [Suaeda splendens], [Salsola soda], [Cressa cretica], [Parapholis incurva], [Parapholis strigosa], [Hordeum marinum], [Sphenopus divaricatus], [Polypogon maritimus], [Spergularia] spp., [Vella annua]) colonizing salt muds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal regions, of Iberian and North African endoreic basins, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying. Vegetation e.g. of [Frankenion pulverulentae]. They are more species-rich or richer in non-chenopodids than the communities of unitA2.551; they are particularly developed in the Iberian peninsula, secondarily in the large Mediterranean islands, in coastal regions and endoreic basins of North Africa, in southern Italy and Mediterranean France; they occur as irradiations on thermo-Atlantic coasts, notably on the Atlantic coast of France. Somewhat similar communities occur in the steppe zones of Eurasia and their regions of influence, as well as in Saharo-Mediterranean steppes of North Africa; they are included in unit E6.23.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Mediterranean inland salt steppes

Continental inland salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2
definition: Salt steppes and their associated salt-tolerant herbaceous communities outside the Mediterranean zone. In Europe they are found in the substeppe and steppe zones eastwards from the Hungarian Plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland salt steppes
narrower: Pannonic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Central Eurasian solonchak grassland with [Crypsis]
narrower: Central Balkan salt steppes and saltmarshes

Pannonic salt steppes and saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: E6.21
definition: Salt steppes and saltmarsh meadows of the Pannonic plain and its satellite basins. Large expanses of salt steppe form an open landscape of short-grass swards on slightly elevated ground (unit E6.211) and of rills (units E6.213, E6.214), eroded shallow depressions with bare or sparsely vegetated saline soils, dry or moist in spring and prone to white salt efflorescences. Deeper rills, with less ephemeral water, support medium-tall saline meadows (unit E6.212). This unit is represented by the alliance [Beckmannion eruciformis] in the Carpathians and includes small-area fragments. Waterholes that dot the surface harbour brackish aquatic vegetation (unit C1.523) and are fringed by tall emergents (units C3, D5, in particular halophile communities of C3.27); their drying muds, subjected to prolonged immersion, are colonised by pioneer formations of Chenopodiaceae (unit D6.161) or crypsoid grasses (unit E6.23). These ensembles of communities are mainly represented in the central Pannonic plain, east of the Tisza, in the Danube lowlands of the Tisza-Danube interfluve and in the Neusiedler See (Lake Ferto) basin. Smaller relics persist in the Danube lowlands of Slovakia, in the eastern Pannonic plain and Transylvanian basin of Romania, in the Voivodina and have survived until recently in Moravia, where they may now be extinct. Outside of the Pannonic basin, western outposts of the continental salt steppes and saltmarshes (unit E6.2) are also known from the Bohemian basin and from isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula; the Bohemian communities have long been extinct; the extremely localized Balkanic ones, although equally related to the Pannonic and Pontic formations, have, for convenience, been includedhere, since they share their extreme western location within the Eurasian salt steppe complex. Species composition depends on two gradients – soil moisture and salination. Important species are [Chenopodium chenopodioides], [Crypsis aculeata], [Sper…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental inland salt steppes
narrower: Saline puszta
narrower: Pannonic saline meadows
narrower: Pannonic solonetz hollows
narrower: Pannonic solonchak hollows
narrower: Pelago-Vardarian salt steppes

Grassy saline puszta
type: Concept
notation: E6.2111
definition: Dominant salt-steppe communities of dry soils of the Pannonic plain, capable of covering vast surfaces, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina], [Achillea setacea], [Trifolium subterraneum], [Trifolium pallidum], [Trifolium strictum], [Trifolium retusum], [Lotus tenuis], [Centaurea pannonica], [Scilla autumnalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saline puszta
narrower: Northern grassy saline puszta
narrower: Southern grassy saline puszta
narrower: [Agropyron] saline puszta

Northern grassy saline puszta
type: Concept
notation: E6.21111
definition: Salt-steppe communities of the northern and central parts of the Pannonian basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grassy saline puszta

Southern grassy saline puszta
type: Concept
notation: E6.21112
definition: Salt-steppe communities of the southern parts of the Pannonian basin, with [Trifolium subterraneum], [Scilla autumnalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grassy saline puszta

[Agropyron] saline puszta
type: Concept
notation: E6.21113
definition: Rare local salt-steppe formation of the Hortobagy, invaded by the tall, physiognomically dominant [Elymus elongatus ssp. ponticus] ([Agropyron ruthenicum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grassy saline puszta

Grassy psammo-saline puszta
type: Concept
notation: E6.2112
definition: Salt-steppe communities developed on sandy soils of the Pannonic plain, usually occupying much smaller surfaces than those of 15.A11, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina] and [Achillea asplenifolia]. They are locally a refuge for tall grass loess-steppe and sand-steppe species such as [Astragalus varius], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus aster], [Orchis ustulata], [Iris pumila].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saline puszta

[Artemisia] saline puszta
type: Concept
notation: E6.2113
definition: Saline steppe communities of the Pannonic plain, of strong middle Asian affinities, developed on more low-lying surfaces than those of unit 15.A111, often on the periphery of rills, usually inundated in early spring, dominated by sward-forming [Festuca pseudovina] with a variable admixture of emergent [Artemisia], often physiognomically dominant, and patchy mass-occurrences of [Limonium]. Characteristic species include [Artemisia santonicum ssp. santonicum], [Artemisia maritima ssp. maritima], [Festuca pseudovina], [Limonium gmelinii], [Trifolium retusum] ([Trifolium parviflorum]), [Sedum caespitosum], [Taraxacum bessarabicum] and the endemic [Plantago schwarzenbergiana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saline puszta

Saline puszta
type: Concept
notation: E6.211
definition: [Festuca pseudovina] swards of the slightly elevated natron shoulders and low benches of the Pannonic puszta, on saline but permanently dry soils with a thin humic layer. Together with the low-lying rills that score them, they constitute the main landscape of the saline Pannonian steppes; the formations of unit 15.A111 constitute the centre group of communities, those of unit 15.A113 mostly compose intermediate belts between these and the bare or sparsely vegetated rills, those of units 15.A112 and 15.A114 are edaphically or geographically limited variants, that of unit 15.A116 is both transitional to rill vegetation and geographically limited. The communities of unit 15.A115 comprise the transitions between the saline pusztas and saline steppe-forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Grassy saline puszta
narrower: Grassy psammo-saline puszta
narrower: [Artemisia] saline puszta
narrower: East Pannonic [Petrosimonia]-[Artemisia] salt steppes
narrower: Saline forest-edge meadow-steppe
narrower: East Pannonic [Limonium]-[Artemisia] salt steppes

East Pannonic [Petrosimonia]-[Artemisia] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2114
definition: Salt steppes or semideserts of the Transylvanian basin, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina] and species of Pontic and middle Asian affinities, such as [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], [Goniolimon tataricum], [Petrosimonia triandra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saline puszta

Saline forest-edge meadow-steppe
type: Concept
notation: E6.2115
definition: Medium tall meadow communities of the Pannonic basin characteristic, in particular, of clearings and edges of oak forests on saline soils covered by water in early spring, species-rich and with an admixture of species of mesophile grasslands, dry grasslands and salt steppes, in particular, [Peucedanum officinale], [Peucedanum alsaticum], [Scutellaria galericulata], [Vicia narbonensis var. serratifolia], [Aster sedifolius] ([Aster punctatus]), [Aster linosyris], [Artemisia pontica], [Dianthus pontederae], [Rumex pseudonatronatus], [Iris spuria], [Orchis morio], [Festuca pseudovina], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Agrostis stolonifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saline puszta

East Pannonic [Limonium]-[Artemisia] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2116
definition: Communities dominated by [Limonium gmelinii] and [Artemisia santonicum], with [Aster tripolium], [Spergularia media], [Hordeum hystrix], [Gypsophila muralis var. stepposa], of the Transylvanian basin of eastern Pannonia, transitional to formations of the [Puccinellion limosae] (unit 15.A13).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Saline puszta

Pannonic saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.212
definition: Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses, developed on summer-dry carbonate-poor clay soils ([Beckmannion] communities) or on carbonate-rich or sandy soils ([Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii] communities) of the Pannonic plain. The [Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii] formations are well represented in particular in western Pannonia, in the Neusiedler See (Lake Ferto) basin and in the Danube-Tisza interfluvial region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Pannonic bent-grass saline meadows
narrower: Pannonic [Beckmannia] saline meadows
narrower: Pannonic spikerush-foxtail saline meadows
narrower: Pannonic saltmarsh rush saline meadows
narrower: Pannonic divided sedge saline meadows
narrower: Dacian saline meadows

Pannonic bent-grass saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2121
definition: Medium-tall saline meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain, developed on less alkaline soils, poor in halophytic species, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Glyceria fluitans ssp. poiformis], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Lythrum hyssopifolia], [Sium sisaroideum] and the Pannonic endemic [Cirsium brachycephalum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic saline meadows

Pannonic [Beckmannia] saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2122
definition: Medium tall salt-meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain and the Transylvanian basin, developed on more alkaline soils, richer in halophytic species but poorer in overall species richness than the communities of unit 15.A121, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Beckmannia eruciformis], [Bupleurum tenuissimum], [Pholiurus pannonicus], [Puccinellia limosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic saline meadows

Pannonic spikerush-foxtail saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2123
definition: Medium-short salt-meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain and the Transylvanian basin, developed on silt accumulations, in particular of drift lines of larger marshes and along rills, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Eleocharis palustris], [Eleocharis uniglumis], [Myosotis palustris], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Alopecurus geniculatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic saline meadows

Pannonic saltmarsh rush saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2124
definition: Pannonic salt-meadow communities of tussock-forming species installed on higher ground and less alkaline soils, subject to brief periods of water cover, with [Scorzonera parviflora], [Juncus gerardi], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Carex distans], [Taraxacum bessarabicum]; [Lotus tenuis], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Blackstonia serotina] are characteristic. They also harbour [Plantago maxima], [Ophrys scolopax], [Iris spuria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic saline meadows

Pannonic divided sedge saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2125
definition: Salt-meadow communities of low-lying, mostly long-inundated, areas of the Alf”ld of Hungary and southern Slovakia, with strongly alkaline soil, dominated by [Carex divisa], accompanied by [Triglochin palustris], [Triglochin maritima], [Orchis coriophora], [Orchis palustris] and, on the highest surfaces, [Ophrys sphegodes].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic saline meadows

Dacian saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2126
definition: Short-grass salt-meadow communities installed on high chloride soils that remain damp to very damp year-round, surrounding endoreic depressions of the Transylvanian basin of eastern Pannonia, composed of central Asian species such as [Peucedanum latifolium], together with [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Triglochin maritima], [Plantago cornuti], [Agrostis stolonifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic saline meadows

Pannonic solonetz hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.213
definition: Rill communities, mostly characteristic of the eastern part of the Pannonic basin, developed on lime-poor sandy or clayey solonetz soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Pannonic [Puccinellia limosa] hollows
narrower: Pannonic [Camphorosma] hollows
narrower: Pannonic [Bassia sedoides] hollows
narrower: Pannonic [Pholiurus-Plantago] hollows
narrower: Pannonic barley hollows

Pannonic [Puccinellia limosa] hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2131
definition: Communities of moist rills, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, with a 50% to 80% cover, dominated by the small tussocks of [Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa] with [Mentha pulegium], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex tatarica], [Kochia prostrata], [Puccinellia distans ssp. distans], [Chenopodium botryodes].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic solonetz hollows

Pannonic [Camphorosma] hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2132
definition: Communities of dry rills, sparse and species-poor, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, though extending west to the Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto), dominated by [Camphorosma annua], with [Chamomilla recutita], [Matricaria perforata], and, on more silty soils [Spergularia rubra], [Spergularia marina], [Spergularia media].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic solonetz hollows

Pannonic [Bassia sedoides] hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2133
definition: Rare formations of dry rills of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, characteristic of extreme dry conditions, with [Bassia sedoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic solonetz hollows

Pannonic [Pholiurus-Plantago] hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2134
definition: Communities of moist rills, wet until the beginning of summer, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, with [Pholiurus pannonicus], [Plantago tenuiflora], [Myosurus minimus] and the blue alga [Nostoc commune]. They reach their western limit at the Neusidlersee (Lake Ferto) where they are extremely rare and endangered.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic solonetz hollows

Pannonic barley hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2135
definition: Halonitrophile, zooanthropogenous formations of the Pannonic salt steppes dominated by [Hordeum hystrix] ([Hordeum geniculatum]) and [Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa] with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Elymus repens], [Lotus tenuis] ([Lotus glaber]), [Artemisia santonicum ssp. santonicum], [Scorzonera cana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic solonetz hollows

Pannonic solonchak hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.214
definition: Poolside and rill communities, mostly characteristic of the western part of the Pannonic basin, developed on lime-rich sandy or clayey solonchak soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Pannonic [Lepidium-Puccinellia limosa] hollows
narrower: Seewinkel [Puccinellia peisonis] swards
narrower: Pannonic [Lepidium-Camphorosma] hollows
narrower: Seewinkel [Lepidium] swards

Pannonic [Lepidium-Puccinellia limosa] hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2141
definition: Rill formations of the Alf”ld and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, with large tussocks of [Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa] surrounding bare low-lying surfaces. Characteristic species include [Lepidium cartilagineum ssp. crassifolium], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Plantago maritima], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus] and the extinct [Puccinellia pannonica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic solonchak hollows

Seewinkel [Puccinellia peisonis] swards
type: Concept
notation: E6.2142
definition: Endemic community of the Seewinkel, in the eastern Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto) basin, developed along the shores of salt pools on solonchaks that remain wet until the beginning of summer, with [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia] ([Puccinellia peisonis]), [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Cerastium diffusum ssp. subtetrandrum], [Plantago maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic solonchak hollows

Pannonic [Lepidium-Camphorosma] hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2143
definition: Sparse communities of hollows of the western Pannonic salt steppes, in particular of the Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto) basin, of eastern Transdanubia and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, developed on higher, drier ground than those of units 15.A141 and 15.A142.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic solonchak hollows

Seewinkel [Lepidium] swards
type: Concept
notation: E6.2144
definition: Endemic community of the Seewinkel, in the eastern Neusiedlersee basin, developed along the shores of salt ponds, where it occupies higher ground or more landward locations of the solonchak belt than the [Puccinellia] swards of unit 15.A142, and is submitted to more extreme conditions of high saltiness and summer soda efflorescences resulting from a briefer annual period of soaking and less frequent inundations. [Lepidium cartilagineum ssp. crassifolium] dominates alone or in association with [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia] ([Puccinellia peisonis]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic solonchak hollows

Pelago-Vardarian salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.215
definition: Interior halophile communities of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, isolated southwestern outlyers of the Ponto-Pannonic formations, developed in the low rainfall areas of the Vardar-upper Morava trough and and of associated or neighbouring small intermontane basins, in particular, within the Pelagonian and Moeso-Macedonian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Pelago-Vardarian saline meadows
narrower: Pelago-Vardarian solonetz hollows
narrower: Pelago-Vardarian [Camphorosma monspeliaca] flats
narrower: Central Paeonian salt steppes

Pelago-Vardarian saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2151
definition: Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses of the intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, recorded, in particular, from the northern Vardar and Strumica basins in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and from Albania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pelago-Vardarian salt steppes

Pelago-Vardarian solonetz hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2152
definition: Rill communities of interior salt-steppe and saltmarsh complexes of intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of the Vardar trough of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, with [Camphorosma annua], [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta], [Pholiurus pannonicus], [Plantago tenuiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pelago-Vardarian salt steppes

Pelago-Vardarian [Camphorosma monspeliaca] flats
type: Concept
notation: E6.2153
definition: [Camphorosma monspeliaca]-dominated formations of saline flats of intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, recorded, in particular, from the Vardar trough in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pelago-Vardarian salt steppes

Central Paeonian salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2154
definition: Salt steppes of the central F.Y.R. of Macedonia developed in the Vardar trough between Titov Veles, Stip and Negotino.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pelago-Vardarian salt steppes

Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: E6.22
definition: Salt steppes and saltmarshes of the western and northern Black Sea and Sea of Azov plain, of the basins of the lower Danube, the Prut, the Dniester, the Dnieper, the Don, and of the southern Russian hills, north of the Caspian depression and west of the Volga-Kama trough, associated with the steppes of unit E1.2D. Coastal saltmarshes of the Black Sea and Azov Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental inland salt steppes
narrower: Western Pontic saline steppes
narrower: Western Pontic saline meadows
narrower: Western Pontic solonetz hollows
narrower: Western Pontic solonchak communities
narrower: Western Pontic salt scrubs
narrower: Sarmatic saline steppes
narrower: Sarmatic saline meadows
narrower: Sarmatic solonetz hollows
narrower: Sarmatic solonchak hollows

Western Pontic saline steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.221
definition: Communities dominated by low tufted grasses and subshrubs, in particular [Festuca pseudovina] and [Artemisia] spp., occupying higher, drier solonetz ground in salt steppes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Western Pontic [Achillea]-[Festuca] steppes
narrower: Western Pontic [Artemisia]-[Festuca] steppes
narrower: Western Pontic [Petrosimonia]-[Artemisia] salt steppes
narrower: Western Pontic [Peucedanum]-[Festuca] salt steppes
narrower: Western Pontic [Limonium]-[Artemisia] salt steppes

Western Pontic [Achillea]-[Festuca] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2211
definition: Haloxerophile grassland communities dominated by [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina] and [Achillea setacea] accompanied by [Alopecurus pratensis], [Trifolium strictum], [Trifolium retusum] (Trifolium parviflorum]), of the lower Danube basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline steppes

Western Pontic [Artemisia]-[Festuca] steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2212
definition: Salt steppes of the western Pontic region dominated by [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens] and [Festuca pseudovina], accompanied by [Limonium gmelinii], [Camphorosma annua], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Bromus hordeaceus], [Poa bulbosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline steppes

Western Pontic [Petrosimonia]-[Artemisia] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2213
definition: Salt steppes of the lower Danube basin, with [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], [Goniolimon tataricum], [Petrosimonia triandra], [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline steppes

Western Pontic [Peucedanum]-[Festuca] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2214
definition: Communities of weakly saline soils of salt steppes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains dominated by [Festuca pseudovina] and [Peucedanum latifolium], accompanied by [Aster sedifolius], [Aster linosyris], [Achillea collina], [Bupleurum tenuissimum], [Potentilla argentea], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Poa pratensis], [Carex praecox].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline steppes

Western Pontic [Limonium]-[Artemisia] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2215
definition: Communities of [Limonium gmelinii] and [Artemisia santonicum] with [Aster tripolium], [Spergularia media], [Hordeum hystrix], [Gypsophila muralis var. stepposa], of the lower Danube basin and of northern Thrace.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline steppes

Western Pontic saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.222
definition: Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses, sedges or rushes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains, with local representatives in the northern Thracian middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Western Pontic [Zingeria] saline meadows
narrower: Western Pontic [Beckmannia] saline meadows
narrower: Western Pontic spikerush-foxtail saline meadows
narrower: Western Pontic saltmarsh rush saline meadows
narrower: Western Pontic divided sedge saline meadows
narrower: Western Pontic arrow-grass sea-aster saline meadows
narrower: Western Pontic tall grass and rush saline beds

Western Pontic [Zingeria] saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2221
definition: Saline meadows of Oltenia harbouring the Valacho-Anatolo-Caucasian [Zingeria pisidica] and the sub-Mediterranean [Trifolium resupinatum], [Trifolium michelianum], [Medicago arabica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline meadows

Western Pontic [Beckmannia] saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2222
definition: Western Pontic [Beckmannia eruciformis] saline meadows, with [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Rorippa kerneri], [Carex melanostachya], [Peplis portula], [Aster tripolium], [Ranunculus lateriflorus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline meadows

Western Pontic spikerush-foxtail saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2223
definition: Medium-short salt-meadow communities of Muntenia and Oltenia, developed on silt accumulations, in particular of drift lines of larger marshes and along rills, with [Eleocharis palustris], [Alopecurus geniculatus], [Glyceria fluitans], [Cerastium dubium], [Rorippa sylvestris ssp. kerneri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline meadows

Western Pontic saltmarsh rush saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2224
definition: Saline meadows of carbonate-rich or sandy soils of the western Black Sea and Danube plains, dominated by or rich in [Juncus gerardi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline meadows

Western Pontic divided sedge saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2225
definition: Saline meadows of Muntenia, Oltenia, the Dobrogea and the Danube delta, occupying moderately saline soils, dominated by [Carex divisa], with [Taraxacum bessarabicum], [Cirsium alatum], [Juncus littoralis], [Schoenus maritimus], [Halimione pedunculata], [Spergularia media].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline meadows

Western Pontic arrow-grass sea-aster saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2226
definition: Saline meadows of Muntenia, dominated by [Triglochin palustris] and [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], developed on soils that remain damp to very damp year-round, with [Spergularia marina], [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]), [Crypsis aculeata], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Taraxacum bessarabicum], [Puccinellia distans], [Suaeda maritima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline meadows

Western Pontic tall grass and rush saline beds
type: Concept
notation: E6.2227
definition: Formations of western Black Sea saltmarshes and of saline depressions of the western Pontic plains, dominated by tall rushes of the [Juncus maritimus] group or tall grasses, in particular [Phacelurus digitatus] and [Elymus elongatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic saline meadows

Western Pontic solonetz hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.223
definition: Communities dominated by grasses, chenopods or sea-lavenders, formed on solonetz or solonchak-solonetz soils in the rills of salt steppes and other inland saline flats subject to inundation and desiccation of the western Black Sea plain, as well as on the higher ground of western Black Sea coastal saltmarshes, with outposts in the lower Danube valley and the northern Thracian middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Western Pontic [Puccinellia] solonetz swards
narrower: Western Pontic [Camphorosma annua] hollows
narrower: Western Pontic [Bassia sedoides] hollows
narrower: Western Pontic [Pholiurus]-[Plantago] hollows
narrower: Western Pontic [Hordeum hystrix] swards

Western Pontic [Puccinellia] solonetz swards
type: Concept
notation: E6.2231
definition: Grassy formations of western Black Sea coastal and inland solonetz and solonchak-solonetz soils, constituted by [Puccinellia festuciformis] and its subspecies ([Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta], [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia]) or [Puccinellia distans] ([Puccinellia limosa]), in monospecific swards or accompanied by other halophytes including [Hordeum hystrix], [Crypsis aculeata], [Suaeda maritima], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Camphorosma annua], [Salicornia] spp., [Limonium] spp., [Spergularia] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic solonetz hollows

Western Pontic [Camphorosma annua] hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2232
definition: [Camphorosma annua] formations with [Puccinellia limosa], [Aeluropus littoralis], [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]), [Bassia sedoides], [Lepidium crassifolium], [Spergularia media], [Taraxacum bessarabicum] of the Black Sea and lower Danube plain of eastern Romania, and of northern Thrace in the middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins, the Studena River valley, the Veliko Tarnovo, Yambol and Burgas districts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic solonetz hollows

Western Pontic [Bassia sedoides] hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2233
definition: Rare formations of dry rills of the western Pontic salt steppes of Muntenia, Moldavia and the Danube delta, characteristic of extreme dry conditions, with [Bassia sedoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic solonetz hollows

Western Pontic [Pholiurus]-[Plantago] hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2234
definition: Formations of western Pontic solonetz and solonchak-solonetz soils, with outposts in the northern Thracian basin, composed by [Pholiurus pannonicus] and/or [Plantago tenuiflora], with [Myosurus minimus], [Puccinellia limosa], [Puccinellia distans], [Matricaria chamomilla], [Lepidium ruderale].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic solonetz hollows

Western Pontic [Hordeum hystrix] swards
type: Concept
notation: E6.2235
definition: Grassy solonetz or solonchak-solonetz formations of the western Black Sea coast and lower Danube plain and of the northern Thracian basin, dominated by [Hordeum hystrix], often accompanied by [Poa bulbosa], [Crypsis] spp., [Trifolium neglectum], [Cynodon dactylon], [Lepidium ruderale].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic solonetz hollows

Western Pontic solonchak communities
type: Concept
notation: E6.224
definition: Communities dominated by Ponto-Pannonic perennial grasses and herbs, or by Ponto-Caspian steppe and semidesert zone annuals and perennials, developed on solonchak or solonchak-solonetz soils of the western Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of the salt basins of adjacent lowlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes

Western Pontic salt scrubs
type: Concept
notation: E6.225
definition: Scrubby formations of [Halimione verrucifera], [Halocnemum strobilaceum] and [Nitraria schoberi], accompanied by [Artemisia] spp., [Limonium] spp., [Petrosimonia] spp., colonizing saltmarshes and salt basins of western Black Sea coastal areas and of the lower Danube valley.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes

Sarmatic saline steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.226
definition: Communities dominated by low tufted grasses and subshrubs, in particular [Festuca pseudovina] and [Artemisia] spp., occupying higher, drier solonetz ground in salt steppes of the southern periphery of the Podolian plateau, of the Central Russian and the Volga plateaux, north of the Pontic and Caspian plains, west to the upper Prut basin and east to the Volga-Kama.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Sarmatic [Artemisia]-[Festuca] salt steppes
narrower: Sarmatic [Petrosimonia] salt steppes
narrower: Sarmatic [Limonium]-[Festuca] salt steppes

Sarmatic [Artemisia]-[Festuca] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2261
definition: Halophilous communities of shady slopes of the Sarmatic steppe region composed of [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], with [Halimione pedunculata], [Aster tripolium], [Bassia sedoides], [Puccinellia distans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sarmatic saline steppes

Sarmatic [Petrosimonia] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2262
definition: Salt steppes of the Sarmatic region, west to Romanian Moldavia, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina], [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], [Goniolimon tataricum], [Petrosimonia oppositifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sarmatic saline steppes

Sarmatic [Limonium]-[Festuca] salt steppes
type: Concept
notation: E6.2263
definition: [Festuca pseudodalmatica], [Festuca pseudovina] and [Limonium tomentellum] saline steppes formed on deeply columnar solonetz of loess river terraces of the Ukrainian forest-steppe and steppe zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sarmatic saline steppes

Sarmatic saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.227
definition: Sarmatic humid meadow communities of the [Puccinietalia], particularly of the [Beckmannion] and [Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii], developed on moderately saline, permanently humid soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes
narrower: Sarmatic [Beckmannia eruciformis] saline meadows
narrower: Sarmatic [Leuzea altaica] saline meadows
narrower: Sarmatic [Iris halophila] saline meadows
narrower: Sarmatic [Juncus gerardii] saline meadows
narrower: Sarmatic [Carex distans] saline meadows

Sarmatic [Beckmannia eruciformis] saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2271
definition: Communities occupying small, permanently humid, weakly saline depressions of the Sarmatic salt-steppes and saltmarshes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sarmatic saline meadows

Sarmatic [Leuzea altaica] saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2272
definition: Meso-hygrophile hay meadows of Moldavia, developed on weakly saline soils, with [Leuzea salina], [Peucedanum latifolium], [Iris halophila], [Aster sedifolius], [Scorzonera austriaca var. aucronata], [Lotus tenuis], [Taraxacum bessarabicum], [Juncus gerardi], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Plantago schwarzenbergiana], [Limonium gmelinii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sarmatic saline meadows

Sarmatic [Iris halophila] saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2273
definition: Sarmatic saline meadows formed on alluvial sandy, weakly saline soils, with a high diversity of halophile species, with [Iris halophila], [Camphorosma annua], [Juncus gerardi], [Puccinellia distans], [Atriplex littoralis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sarmatic saline meadows

Sarmatic [Juncus gerardii] saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2274
definition: Communities of [Juncus gerardi] with [Aster tripolium], [Puccinellia limosa], [Spergularia media], [Lotus tenuis], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Centaurium pulchellum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sarmatic saline meadows

Sarmatic [Carex distans] saline meadows
type: Concept
notation: E6.2275
definition: Sarmatic formations dominated by [Carex distans], of soils with low humidity and very low salinity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sarmatic saline meadows

Sarmatic solonetz hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.228
definition: Communities dominated by grasses, chenopods or sea-lavenders, formed on solonetz or solonchak-solonetz soils in the rills of salt steppes of the Sarmatic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes

Sarmatic solonchak hollows
type: Concept
notation: E6.229
definition: Communities dominated by perennial grasses and herbs or by steppe and semidesert zone annuals, developed on solonchak soils of the Sarmatic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes

Central Eurasian solonchak grassland with [Crypsis]
type: Concept
notation: E6.23
definition: Sparse solonchak formations of annual grasses of genus [Crypsis] ([Heleochloa]), accompanied by [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]), [Spergularia media] ([Spergularia marginata]), [Camphorosma annua], [Spergularia marina] ([Spergularia salina]), [Salicornia] spp., [Lepidium latifolium], [Chenopodium] spp., [Atriplex] spp., colonizing drying muds of humid depressions of the salt steppes and saltmarshes (c.f. unit E6.21) of Eurasia, from Pannonia to the Far East. In some countries it is a very rare habitat.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental inland salt steppes
narrower: Ponto-Pannonic [Acorellus] community
narrower: Pontic [Frankenia pulverulenta] communities

Ponto-Pannonic [Acorellus] community
type: Concept
notation: E6.231
definition: Pioneer community of the salt basins of the Pannonic Plain, of Muntenia, the Danube delta, the Dobrogea, the northern Black Sea and Azov Sea coastlands and steppes, characteristic of sandy soils, with [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Eurasian solonchak grassland with [Crypsis]

Pontic [Frankenia pulverulenta] communities
type: Concept
notation: E6.232
definition: Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals dominated by [Frankenia pulverulenta] colonizing salt muds susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying in openings within [Artemisio austriacae-Poetum bulbosae] or [Obionetum pedunculatae] communities of lagoon systems of the Black Sea, the Azov Sea and the Danube Delta.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Eurasian solonchak grassland with [Crypsis]

Central Balkan salt steppes and saltmarshes
type: Concept
notation: E6.24
definition: The flora and vegetation of Central Balkan salt steppes and marshes are intermediate in character, influenced both by Pannonian and Mediterranean salt habitats. The vegetation represents a complex mosaic of diverse herb communities. The most frequently dominant species are [Puccinellia convoluta] or [Puccinellia distans], growing in depressions of saltmarshes, where ephemeral vegetation of annuals [Plantago coronopus], [Myosurus minimus], [Camphorosma monspeliaca] etc. is also typical. On higher parts of the saltmarsh micro-relief [Trifolium subterraneum], [Trifolium nigrescens], [Ranunculus marginatus], [Ranunculus pedatus], [Scilla autumnalis], [Allium guttatum] are typical.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental inland salt steppes

Sparsely wooded grasslands
type: Concept
notation: E7
definition: Grasslands with a wooded overstorey that normally has less than 10% cover.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens
narrower: Atlantic parkland
narrower: Sub-continental parkland
narrower: Dehesa

Atlantic parkland
type: Concept
notation: E7.1
definition: Extensive surfaces of Atlantic regions of nemoral Europe occupied by grassland dotted with widely planted trees, characteristic of the British Isles, where they are usually enclosed, used for cattle or deer grazing.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sparsely wooded grasslands

Sub-continental parkland
type: Concept
notation: E7.2
definition: Grassland dotted with widely planted trees, to the east of the Atlantic zone of nemoral Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sparsely wooded grasslands

Dehesa
type: Concept
notation: E7.3
definition: A characteristic landscape of the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula in which crops, pasture land or Mediterranean scrub, in juxtaposition or rotation, are shaded by a fairly closed to very open canopy of native oaks, [Quercus suber], [Quercus rotundifolia], [Quercus pyrenaica], [Quercus faginea]. It is an important habitat of raptors, including the threatened Iberian endemic eagle [Aquila adalberti], of the crane [Grus grus], of large insects and their predators and of the endangered Iberian lynx [Lynx pardinus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sparsely wooded grasslands

Heathland, scrub and tundra
type: Concept
notation: F
definition: Non-coastal land which is dry or only seasonally inundated (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year) with greater than 30% vegetation cover. Tundra is characterised by the presence of permafrost. Heathland and scrub are defined as vegetation dominated by shrubs or dwarf shrubs of species that typically do not exceed 5 m maximum height. Includes shrub orchards, vineyards, hedges (which may have occasional tall trees). Also includes stands of climatically-limited dwarf trees (krummholz) < 3 m high, such as occur in extreme alpine conditions. Includes [Salix] and [Frangula] carrs. Excludes coppice (G5.7) and [Alnus] and [Populus] swamp woodland (G1.4).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Tundra
narrower: Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub
narrower: Temperate and mediterranean-montane scrub
narrower: Temperate shrub heathland
narrower: Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes
narrower: Garrigue
narrower: Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation)
narrower: Thermo-Atlantic xerophytic scrub
narrower: Riverine and fen scrubs
narrower: Hedgerows
narrower: Shrub plantations

Tundra
type: Concept
notation: F1
definition: Vegetated land with graminoids, shrubs, mosses or macrolichens overlying permafrost. European tundras are limited to Spitzbergen and northern Russia. Vegetation with the same species also occurs on boreal mountains and in the low arctic remote from the main permafrost region, notably in Fennoscandia and Iceland; these oroboreal and low arctic habitats are listed under alpine and subalpine grassland E4 or arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub F2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Shrub tundra
narrower: Moss and lichen tundra

Shrub tundra
type: Concept
notation: F1.1
definition: Tundras of the southernmost tundra belt, characterized by an abundance of medium small and small shrubs, including 1-2 m tall [Alnus fruticosa], 0.5-0.8 m tall [Salix lanata], [Betula nana], [Betula exilis], [Salix reptans], [Salix pulchra], and of dwarf shrubs, in particular, [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Ledum decumbens], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Arctostaphylos alpinus]. They extend south to the wooded taiga belt.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tundra
narrower: Western shrub tundra

Western shrub tundra
type: Concept
notation: F1.11
definition: Southern tundras of Europe, comprising Kola tundras in the west, the southern part of the Eastern European tundras from the Kanin peninsula to the Ural piedmont, and the southern part of the Uralo-Vaikatchan tundras.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shrub tundra

Moss and lichen tundra
type: Concept
notation: F1.2
definition: Tundras of the middle tundra belt, characterized by a thick cover of mosses, formed notably by [Hylocomium splendens], [Aulacomnium turgidum], [Tomentypnum nitens], [Ptilidium ciliare], with dwarf shrubs, particularly [Dryas octopetala], [Cassiope tetragona], [Salix reptans], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], sedges, among which the often dominant [Carex ensifolia]. Drier stands alternate in mosaic fashion with wetter areas dominated by sedges, in particular, [Carex stans], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum scheuchzeri], and grasses, notably [Arctophila fulva], [Dupontia fischeri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tundra
narrower: [Cladonia] - espalier willow tundra
narrower: Moss tundra

[Cladonia] - espalier willow tundra
type: Concept
notation: F1.21
definition: Moss and lichen tundras of the northern Kanin peninsula, Kolguiev island, the northeastern European Petchora tundras, the Kara sea tundras, the southern Yamal peninsula, the southern Gyda peninsula, the southern Taimyr peninsula, in the Ienissei and Piasana basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moss and lichen tundra

Moss tundra
type: Concept
notation: F1.22
definition: Moss and lichen tundras of the middle Taimyr peninsula, on the southern flanks of the Byrranga Range, and in the Taimyr basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moss and lichen tundra

Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2
definition: Scrub occurring north of or above the climatic tree limit, but outside the permafrost zone. Scrub occurring close to but below the climatic tree limit, where trees are suppressed either by late-lying snow or by wind or repeated browsing.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Subarctic and alpine dwarf willow scrub
narrower: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Subalpine deciduous scrub
narrower: Conifer scrub close to the tree limit

Subarctic and alpine dwarf willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.1
definition: [Salix] scrub composed of species that rarely exceed 1.5 m in height. Dwarf willow scrub is well developed in boreal and arctic mountains and in subarctic lowlands. In mountains of the nemoral and warm-temperate zones, stands of dwarf willow scrub are of much smaller extent and are charactistic of late-lying snow patches. They occur in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Caucasus, and very locally to the south in the Paeonian mountains, Sierra Nevada, Cordillera Central, Monti Sibillini and Abruzzi. They occur locally in the Scottish Highlands and in the Sudeten.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub
narrower: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch [Salix herbacea] scrub
narrower: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch [Salix polaris] scrub
narrower: Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch dwarf [Salix] scrub

Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch [Salix herbacea] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.11
definition: Acidophile or acidocline snow-patch and snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, dominated by dwarf willows. Creeping species dominate, adapted to the short growth season in areas covered by snow for up to eight to ten months. Typical species: [Salix herbacea], [Carex firma], [Dryas octopetala], [Salix retusa], [Aster alpinus] and [Carex sempervirens]. Endemic species are also often found.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subarctic and alpine dwarf willow scrub
narrower: Alpic acid dwarf willow snow-patch communities
narrower: Oroboreal moss-dwarf willow snowbed communities

Alpic acid dwarf willow snow-patch communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.111
definition: Dwarf willow ([Salix herbacea]) snow-patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarids, the Pelagonides, the Pirin and Rila mountains, occupying areas covered by snow for up to eight to ten months.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch [Salix herbacea] scrub

Oroboreal moss-dwarf willow snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.112
definition: Acidophilous snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland and the Scottish Highlands dominated by dwarf willows embedded in dense bryophyte carpets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch [Salix herbacea] scrub

Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch [Salix polaris] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.12
definition: Calciphile or calcicline snow-patch and snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, dominated by dwarf willows. Typical species: [Salix reticulata], [Salix retusa], [Salix polaris], [Salix kitaibeliana], [Poa alpina], [Selaginella selaginoides] and [Polygonum viviparum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subarctic and alpine dwarf willow scrub
narrower: Boreo-Alpic calcicolous espalier willow snowbed communities
narrower: Polar willow snowbed communities

Boreo-Alpic calcicolous espalier willow snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.121
definition: Espalier willow communities of calcareous stone fields submitted to relatively long snow-cover of the Alpids and the boreal mountains, with [Salix reticulata], [Salix retusa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch [Salix polaris] scrub
narrower: Alpic espalier willow snowbed communities
narrower: Scandinavian espalier willow snowbed communities

Alpic espalier willow snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.1211
definition: Espalier willow communities of snow-bound calcareous stone fields of the Alpids, with the net-leaved willow, [Salix reticulata], and the retuse-leaved willow, [Salix retusa], or with [Salix kitaibeliana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Alpic calcicolous espalier willow snowbed communities
narrower: Alpide [Salix retusa-reticulata] snowbed communities
narrower: Carpathian [Salix kitaibeliana] snowbed communities

Alpide [Salix retusa-reticulata] snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.12111
definition: [Salix reticulata] or [Salix retusa] communities of calcareous stone fields with late-lying snow cover, of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Pelagonides, the Rhodopides and their associated ranges, with [Gentiana bavarica], [Dryas octopetala], [Sesleria varia], [Sesleria rigida var. haynaldiana], [Carex parviflora], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga androsacea], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Saxifraga sempervivum], [Omalotheca hoppeana] ([Gnaphalium hoppeanum]), [Homogyne discolor], [Veronica alpina], [Veronica aphylla], [Plantago atrata] ([Plantago montana]), [Bartsia alpina], [Anemone narcissiflora], [Achillea schurii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic espalier willow snowbed communities

Carpathian [Salix kitaibeliana] snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.12112
definition: Distinctive snow patch communities, endemic to the Eastern Carpathians, in particular, to the Rodnei Mountains, formed by the Carpathian endemics [Salix kitaibeliana] and [Soldanella hungarica ssp. hungarica], with [Luzula alpinopilosa], [Polygonum viviparum], [Oreochloa disticha], [Doronicum clusii], and, more sporadically, the Eastern Carpathian endemics [Poa deylii] and [Lychnis nivalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpic espalier willow snowbed communities

Scandinavian espalier willow snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.1212
definition: Espalier willow communities of calcareous stonefields in mountains in heavy-rainfall areas of boreal and arctic Scandinavia dominated by [Salix reticulata], often exclusively, and [Poa alpina], with a sparser participation of, among others, [Salix polaris], [Antennaria alpina], [Pinguicula alpina], [Silene acaulis], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Viola biflora], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Festuca vivipara], [Equisetum variegatum], [Selaginella selaginoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Alpic calcicolous espalier willow snowbed communities

Polar willow snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.122
definition: Chionophilous communities of boreal and arcto-alpine Palaearctic mountains and of islands of the polar basin dominated by, or rich in, [Salix polaris], associated with mosses and small forbs, developed, at least in the boreal and arcto-alpine regions, on calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch [Salix polaris] scrub
narrower: Fenno-Scandian polar willow snowbed communities
narrower: Spitzbergen polar willow snowbed communities

Spitzbergen polar willow snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.1222
definition: Snowbed communities of islands of the polar basin, in particular, of Spitzbergen with [Salix polaris], [Luzula confusa], [Pedicularis hirsuta], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Cerastium arcticum], [Dicranum elongatum], [Drepanocladus uncinatus], [Gymnomitrion coralloides], [Anthelia juratzkana], [Cetraria delisei], [Stereocolon alpinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polar willow snowbed communities

Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch dwarf [Salix] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.13
definition: Snow-patch communities of high mountains of the Pontic Range and of the Caucasus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Subarctic and alpine dwarf willow scrub

Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.2
definition: Small, dwarf or prostrate shrub formations of the alpine and subalpine zones of mountains, dominated by ericaceous species, [Dryas octopetala], dwarf junipers, brooms or greenweeds; [Dryas] heaths of the British Isles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub
narrower: Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths
narrower: Alpide acidocline [Rhododendron] heaths
narrower: Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf [Juniperus] scrub
narrower: Alpigenic high mountain [Empetrum - Vaccinium] heaths
narrower: Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths
narrower: [Bruckenthalia] heaths
narrower: Alpide [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi] and [Arctostaphylos alpinus] heaths
narrower: Alpide [Rhododendron hirsutum] - [Erica] heaths
narrower: [Dryas octopetala] mats
narrower: Alpide high mountain dwarf [Vaccinium] heaths
narrower: Alpide high mountain [Genista] and [Chamaecytisus] heaths

Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.21
definition: Very low, single-stratum, carpets of trailing azalea, [Loiseleuria procumbens], prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. or other prostrate ericoid shrublets, accompanied by lichens [Cetraria islandica], [Cladonia] spp., of windswept, mostly snowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system, with an outpost in the Balkan Peninsula: Šar planina (Kosovo).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Alpide dwarf azalea heaths
narrower: Alpide dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
narrower: Rhodopide and Balkan dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
narrower: Pontic dwarf [Vaccinium] heaths

Alpide dwarf azalea heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.211
definition: Dwarf alpine heaths of the western Alpides dominated by [Loiseleuria procumbens], often accompanied by [Vaccinium] spp., and rich in lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths

Alpide dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.212
definition: Very low, single-stratum, carpets of prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. and lichens, of windswept, mostly snowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system, for the most part [Vaccinium]-dominated facies of the trailing azalea communities, in which [Loiseleuria procumbens] often accompanies [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] or [Vaccinium uliginosum], the latter represented, as in 31.411, 31.44 and 31.4A, by the distinctive low, small-leaved, creeping, mat-forming entity variously referred to as [Vaccinium gaultherioides], [Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum], [Vaccinium alpina], [Vaccinium pubescens], [Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. pubescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths
narrower: Alps dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
narrower: Carpathian dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths

Alps dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2121
definition: Prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. and lichen carpets of windswept localities in the alpine belt of the Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths

Fenno-Scandian polar willow snowbed communities
type: Concept
notation: F2.1221
definition: Snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, characteristic of the edges of snowfields on calcareous often stone-littered soils with near-surface ground water or moisture in early spring and little or no solifluction, constituted by dense carpets of mosses and forbs in which [Salix polaris] dominates, often totally; the species cortège includes [Salix reticulata], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Erigeron uniflora], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]), [Minuartia biflora], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Saxifraga cernua], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Saxifraga tenuis], [Silene acaulis], [Taraxacum croceum], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Veronica alpina], [Viola biflora], [Carex lachenalii], [Poa alpina f. vivipara] and mosses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Polar willow snowbed communities

Carpathian dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2122
definition: Very local prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. and lichen carpets of high windswept summits and peaks, in the lower alpine belt of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, dominated by [Vaccinium gaultherioides] ([Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum]) and [Cetraria islandica] with [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Juncus trifidus], [Festuca airoides] and [Cetraria islandica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths

Rhodopide and Balkan dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.213
definition: Communities of prostrate [Vaccinium uliginosum] and lichens of the alpine level of the mountains of the Rhodopide system and of the Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths
narrower: Rhodopide dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
narrower: Balkan Range dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths

Rhodopide dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2131
definition: Communities of prostrate [Vaccinium uliginosum] and lichens of the alpine level of the Rila and Pirin mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodopide and Balkan dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths

Balkan Range dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2132
definition: [Vaccinium uliginosum] and lichen mats occupying windswept localities in the alpine belt of the Balkan Range, local and fragmented representatives of the Rhodopide communities of unit 31.41231.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodopide and Balkan dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths

Pontic dwarf [Vaccinium] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.214
definition: Prostrate [Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum], or rarely [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], and lichen mats of high windswept localities in the Pontic Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths

Alpide acidocline [Rhododendron] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.22
definition: [Rhododendron] spp.-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and the Himalayan system, often with [Vaccinium] spp., sometimes with dwarf pines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Alpine rusty alpenrose heaths
narrower: Pyrenean rusty alpenrose heaths
narrower: Dinaric rusty alpenrose heaths
narrower: Carpathian [Rhododendron kotschyi] heaths
narrower: Balkan [Rhododendron kotschyi] heaths
narrower: Pontic alpenrose heaths

Alpine rusty alpenrose heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.221
definition: [Rhododendron ferrugineum]-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, often with [Vaccinium] spp., sometimes with [Pinus mugo]. They often alternate in mosaic with units 31.431 and 31.44.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide acidocline [Rhododendron] heaths

Pyrenean rusty alpenrose heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.222
definition: [Rhododendron ferrugineum]-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Pyrenees, often with [Vaccinium] spp. and alternating in mosaic with units 31.431 and 31.44.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide acidocline [Rhododendron] heaths

Dinaric rusty alpenrose heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.223
definition: [Rhododendron ferrugineum]-dominated heaths of the Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide acidocline [Rhododendron] heaths

Carpathian [Rhododendron kotschyi] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.224
definition: Heaths of the subalpine and lower alpine levels (1700-2000 m) of the eastern and southern Carpathian Mountains, common and widespread, but occupying small surfaces, dominated by [Rhododendron myrtifolium] ([Rhododendron kotschyi]), [Vaccinium gaultherioides] and [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], with some regional species such as [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda], [Melampyrum saxosum], [Campanula abietina] and [Campanula serrata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide acidocline [Rhododendron] heaths

Balkan [Rhododendron kotschyi] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.225
definition: [Rhododendron myrtifolium]-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the Balkan Range and the Rila.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide acidocline [Rhododendron] heaths
narrower: Balkan Range Kotschy's alpenrose heaths
narrower: Rila Kotschy's alpenrose heaths

Balkan Range Kotschy's alpenrose heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2251
definition: [Rhododendron myrtifolium]-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the central Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan [Rhododendron kotschyi] heaths

Rila Kotschy's alpenrose heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2252
definition: [Rhododendron myrtifolium]-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the eastern Rila.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan [Rhododendron kotschyi] heaths

Pontic alpenrose heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.226
definition: Heaths of the Pontic Range, formed, mostly above treeline, by [Rhododendron caucasicum], [Rhododendron smirnovii], [Rhododendron ungernii], [Rhododendron x sochadzeae], sometimes with [Rhododendron ponticum], [Rhododendron luteum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide acidocline [Rhododendron] heaths

Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf [Juniperus] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.23
definition: Usually dense formations of prostrate junipers of the higher levels of southern Palaearctic mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Mountain [Juniperus nana] scrub
narrower: [Juniperus sabina] scrub
narrower: [Juniperus hemisphaerica] scrub
narrower: Mountain [Juniperus oxycedrus] scrub

Mountain [Juniperus nana] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.231
definition: Thermophile [Juniperus nana]-dominated heaths of the upper levels, mostly of the subalpine or equivalent levels, of the Alps, mostly in the central and southern chains, of the northern and central Apennines, the Corsican and Sardinian mountains, the Forez, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodopide Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Caucasus, the high mountains of the Iberian and Hellenic peninsulas, the Pontic Range, the Taurus, the Himalayan system, the temperate Far Eastern mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf [Juniperus] scrub

[Juniperus sabina] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.232
definition: [Juniperus sabina] heaths of Iberia, the Alps, the Apennines, the Tell of North Africa, the southeastern Central European mountains, the Pontic Range, the Anti-Taurus, the western Caucasus, Crimea, the Elburz, the Altai.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf [Juniperus] scrub
narrower: Iberian [Juniperus sabina] scrub
narrower: Alpine [Juniperus sabina] scrub
narrower: Apennine [Juniperus sabina] scrub
narrower: Dinarid [Juniperus sabina] scrub
narrower: Carpatho-Balkanic [Juniperus sabina] scrub

Iberian [Juniperus sabina] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.2321
definition: Oro-Mediterranean [Juniperus sabina] heaths of Iberia north to the Pyrenees, where they are limited to south-facing slopes in the montane and subalpine belt of the central part of the range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus sabina] scrub

Alpine [Juniperus sabina] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.2322
definition: [Juniperus sabina] heaths of the montane level of inner Alpine valleys with sporadic fragmentary occurrence in the alti-Mediterranean subalpine level of the southwestern Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus sabina] scrub

Apennine [Juniperus sabina] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.2323
definition: [Juniperus sabina] heaths of rare stations in the Marcho-Abruzzian Apennines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus sabina] scrub

Dinarid [Juniperus sabina] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.2324
definition: [Juniperus sabina] heaths of the Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus sabina] scrub

Carpatho-Balkanic [Juniperus sabina] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.2325
definition: Thermophile [Juniperus sabina]-dominated formation on limestone in the montane belt of the Apuseni Mountains of the southeastern Carpathians, accompanied by regional species [Rhamnus saxatilis ssp. tinctorius] and [Sesleria rigida], [Thymus comosus], and [Rhamnus catharticus]. Sporadic fragmentary [Juniperus sabina] formations of the Balkan Range and the Rila mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus sabina] scrub

[Juniperus hemisphaerica] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.233
definition: [Juniperus hemisphaerica] heaths of Iberia, the southern Apennines, Sicily (Madonie, Nebrodi, Etna), Greece, the Caucasus and North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf [Juniperus] scrub

Mountain [Juniperus oxycedrus] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.234
definition: [Juniperus oxycedrus] heaths of high mountain slopes of Greece, the Near East and the Caucasus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf [Juniperus] scrub

Alpigenic high mountain [Empetrum - Vaccinium] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.24
definition: Dwarf heaths of alliances [Loiseleurio-Vaccinion] and [Juncion trifidi] dominated by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum] and [Vaccinium] spp., with [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Festuca supina], [Avenula versicolor]; lycopodes ([Huperzia selago], [Diphasiastrum alpinum]), mosses ([Barbilophozia lycopodioides], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus]) and lichens ([Cetraria islandica], [Cladonia] spp., [Peltigera aphthosa]) of the subalpine belt of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Pyrenees, the Central Massif, the Sudeten, the Jura, the Northern Apennines, characteristic of relatively windswept, snow-free stations, in frost-exposure situations that are, however, less extreme than those prevailing where communities of unit F2.21 dominate. Unlike the formations of F2.21, those of F2.24 are clearly two-layered.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub

Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.25
definition: Alpine and high-montane heaths of the highlands and islands of Scotland and, very locally, of the Lake District and of Ireland, alpine and lowland boreal heaths of Iceland, alpine heaths of boreal mountains, in particular of the mountains of Scandinavia, of the Urals, of the mountains of Siberia, alpine heaths of Far Eastern mountains at, or just south of, the limits of the boreal zone, with [Juniperus nana], [Loiseleuria procumbens], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Phyllodoce caerulea], [Betula nana] and elements of alpine flora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Hiberno-Scotian dwarf mountain heaths
narrower: Britannic chionophilous boreo-montane heaths
narrower: Scotian juniper heaths
narrower: Fenno-Scandian boreo-alpine heaths
narrower: North Atlantic boreo-alpine heaths
narrower: Arctic heaths

Hiberno-Scotian dwarf mountain heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.251
definition: Prostrate alpine and high-montane [Calluna vulgaris] or [Vaccinium myrtillus] heaths of windswept summits and ridges, with little snow cover, of the Highlands, the Inner Hebrides and, very locally, of the uplands of Ireland, England and Wales, with [Loiseleuria procumbens], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Arctostaphylos alpinus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths

Britannic chionophilous boreo-montane heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.252
definition: Low- to very low-growing low alpine and subalpine [Vaccinium myrtillus] heaths of the Highlands of Scotland, Skye, and, locally, the Southern Uplands and northern England, characteristic of somewhat more protected stations with longer snow cover than those of unit 31.451, with [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Cornus suecica], [Carex bigelowii], [Racomitrium lanuginosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths

Scotian juniper heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.253
definition: Prostrate [Juniperus nana] mats of the Highlands of Scotland, restricted to a limited number of stations on the west side of mountains in the northwest Highlands and on Skye, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Cladonia uncialis], [Racomitrium lanuginosum] and oceanic hepatics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths

Fenno-Scandian boreo-alpine heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.254
definition: Alpine heaths of the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, with [Juniperus nana], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Loiseleuria procumbens], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Vaccinium] spp., [Arctostaphylos alpinus], dwarf [Salix] spp., [Betula nana] and elements of alpine flora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths

North Atlantic boreo-alpine heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.255
definition: Lowland and alpine boreal heaths of Iceland, Spitzbergen and Greenland formed by low, compact or mat-forming shrubs of Ericaceae, [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Betula nana], [Juniperus nana] and [Salix] spp. and alpine flora elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths

Arctic heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.256
definition: Heaths of arctic mountains, coasts and islands of the Palaearctic zone, mostly dominated by or rich in [Cassiope tetragona], often associated with [Dryas] heaths of unit 31.494.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine and arctic heaths

[Bruckenthalia] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.26
definition: Formations of [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], often accompanied by [Juniperus nana], [Vaccinium myrtillus] and herbaceous alpine grassland species, occupying damp, non-calcareous substrates of high mountains of the Balkan peninsula and northern Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Rhodopide [Bruckenthalia] heaths
narrower: Northwestern Hellenide [Bruckenthalia] heaths
narrower: Carpatho-Balkanic [Bruckenthalia] heaths
narrower: Anatolian [Bruckenthalia] heaths

Rhodopide [Bruckenthalia] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.261
definition: [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] heaths of the alpine and subalpine belts of the Vitosha, the Rila, the Pirin, the Slovianka, the Rhodopes, the Vrondous, the Menikion and the Pangeon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Bruckenthalia] heaths

Northwestern Hellenide [Bruckenthalia] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.262
definition: [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] formations of the subalpine, alpine and locally, montane, belts of the Pelagonian mountains, south to the Varnous, the Vitsi, the Piperitsa, the Voras, the Pinovon, the Tzena, of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains south to the Kerkini (Belles range), and of the Pieria in the northern Thessalian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Bruckenthalia] heaths

Carpatho-Balkanic [Bruckenthalia] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.263
definition: [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] formations of the Balkan Range, with northern representatives in the southeastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Bruckenthalia] heaths
narrower: Balkan range [Bruckenthalia] heaths
narrower: Carpathian [Bruckenthalia] heaths

Balkan range [Bruckenthalia] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2631
definition: [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] formations of the subalpine, alpine and locally, montane, belts of the Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpatho-Balkanic [Bruckenthalia] heaths

Carpathian [Bruckenthalia] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2632
definition: Sporadically distributed formations in the Apuseni Mountains and the southern Carpathians, dominated by [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], accompanied by [Juniperus nana], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and the endemic or near-endemic [Campanula patula ssp. abietina] ([Campanula abietina]), [Campanula serrata] and [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpatho-Balkanic [Bruckenthalia] heaths

Anatolian [Bruckenthalia] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.264
definition: Scattered dwarf shrub formations dominated by [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], of the alpine and subalpine belt of high mountains of northern Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Bruckenthalia] heaths

Alpide [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi] and [Arctostaphylos alpinus] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.27
definition: Mats of [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi] or [Arctostaphylos alpinus] of the alpine, subalpine and locally, montane, belts of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the northern and central Apennines, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides (south to the Slavianka-Orvilos, the Menikion, the Pangeon, the Falakron and the Rhodopi), the Moeso-Macedonian mountains (including Athos), the Pelagonides (south to the Greek Macedonian border ranges Tzena, Pinovon and Kajmakchalan) and Olympus, in the Thessalian mountains, mostly on calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub

Alpide [Rhododendron hirsutum] - [Erica] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.28
definition: Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats of calcareous soils in the Alps and the Dinarides, with [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Rhododendron intermedium], [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus] and [Erica herbacea], often accompanied by [Clematis alpina], [Daphne striata], [Daphne mezereum], [Globularia cordifolia], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]. [Rhododendron hirsutum] and, mostly in the Austrian Alps, [Erica herbacea] are the most frequent dominants; other shrubs can locally play that role. [Arctostaphylos] spp. -dominated facies have, however, been been included in unit F2.27.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Hairy alpenrose heaths
narrower: Alpine erica heaths

Hairy alpenrose heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.281
definition: Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats dominated by [Rhododendron hirsutum], of calcareous soils in the Alps and the Dinarides. [Rhododendron intermedium], [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus] and [Erica herbacea] may participate in the constitution of the heath, often accompanied by [Clematis alpina] and [Daphne mezereum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide [Rhododendron hirsutum] - [Erica] heaths

Alpine erica heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.282
definition: Species-rich montane, subalpine and low alpine heaths of calcareous soils of the Alps and the Dinarids, dominated by [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), mostly characteristic of the Austrian northern and southern calcareous Alps, south to the Dolomites and the Karawanken, with [Sesleria albicans], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Daphne striata], [Globularia cordifolia], [Globularia nudicaulis], [Polygala chamaebuxus]. Small shrubs other than [Erica herbacea], in particular [Globularia cordifolia], may locally dominate communities. Distinctive formations also exist on siliceous and on serpentine substrates. They are provisionally included in this unit.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide [Rhododendron hirsutum] - [Erica] heaths

[Dryas octopetala] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.29
definition: Dwarf heaths formed by mats of the woody [Dryas octopetala] in high Palaearctic mountains, in arctic and boreal regions and in isolated Atlantic coastal outposts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic maritime [Dryas] mats
narrower: Boreo-alpine [Dryas] mats
narrower: Arctic [Dryas] heaths

Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.291
definition: Mats of [Dryas octopetala] of the high levels of the mountains of the western Alpine system, the Jura and the Central Massif, in calcicolous alpine grasslands and on high mountain rocks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Dryas octopetala] mats
narrower: Alpine [Dryas] mats
narrower: Southwestern high moutain [Dryas] mats
narrower: Jura [Dryas] mats
narrower: Apennine [Dryas] mats
narrower: Carpatho-Balkanide [Dryas] mats
narrower: Dinaro-Hellenide [Dryas] mats
narrower: Rhodopide mountain avens mats

Alpine [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.2911
definition: [Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the Alps, widespread pioneering communities on calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats

Southwestern high moutain [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.2912
definition: [Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the Pyrenees and Central Massif, relatively uncommon pioneering communities of calcareous substrates distributed in the Corbières (pic d'Ourthizet), in the eastern and central Pyrenees, and, very locally, on high summits of the Cental Massif ranges of Monts-Dore and Cantal.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats

Jura [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.2913
definition: [Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the western Jura, mostly above 1300 metres, on, in particular, la D“le, le Reculet, le Creux-du-Van, le Chasseral, le Mont-d'Or, le Suchet, la Dent de Vaulion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats

Apennine [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.2914
definition: Rare [Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the Apuan Alps, the Pistoiese Apennines (Mandromini), the Central Apennines (Sibillini, Terminillo, Mount Viglio) and the Abruzzian and Campanian Apennines (Monte Cassino, Monte Cairo).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats

Carpatho-Balkanide [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.2915
definition: Communities dominated by [Dryas octopetala], scattered in calcicolous subalpine and alpine grasslands of the Carpathians and the Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats
narrower: Western Carpathian [Dryas] mats
narrower: Southeastern Carpathian [Dryas] mats
narrower: Balkan Range [Dryas] mats

Western Carpathian [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.29151
definition: [Dryas octopetala] mats of calcareous substrates in the subalpine and alpine belts of the western Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpatho-Balkanide [Dryas] mats

Southeastern Carpathian [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.29152
definition: [Dryas octopetala] communities widespread in calcicolous subalpine and alpine grassland of the Romanian Carpathians, having as endemics [Achillea oxyloba ssp. schurii] ([Achillea schurii]), [Oxytropis carpatica], and [Cerastium transsilvanicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpatho-Balkanide [Dryas] mats

Balkan Range [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.29153
definition: Calciphile communities dominated by [Dryas octopetala] of subalpine and alpine grasslands of the Balkan Range, west to the Gethian mountains of eastern Serbia (Suva Planina).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpatho-Balkanide [Dryas] mats

Dinaro-Hellenide [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.2916
definition: [Dryas octopetala] mats of calcareous substrates of the high levels of the Dinarides and the Pelagonides south to Mount Tzena.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats

Rhodopide mountain avens mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.2917
definition: [Dryas octopetala] communities of the Rila, the Pirin, the Slavianka-Orvilos and the Falakron.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpigenic high mountain [Dryas] mats

Hiberno-Britannic maritime [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.292
definition: [Dryas octopetala] dwarf heaths of the oceanic lowlands of northern Scotland, the Inner Hebrides and western Ireland, associated with Durness, Jurassic or Carboniferous limestone outcroppings and karstic pavements, or with shell sands blown over rocky or peaty headlands, with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Thymus praecox], [Carex flacca], [Viola riviniana], [Plantago maritima], [Lotus corniculatus], [Festuca ovina], [Calluna vulgaris], [Carex rupestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Dryas octopetala] mats

Boreo-alpine [Dryas] mats
type: Concept
notation: F2.293
definition: [Dryas octopetala] heaths of the boreoalpine and arctoalpine levels of northern Palaearctic mountains of Scotland and Fennoscandia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Dryas octopetala] mats

Arctic [Dryas] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.294
definition: Maritime or submaritime [Dryas octopetala] heaths of the arctic lowlands of the Palaearctic continent and of the low arctic and subarctic islands of the North Atlantic and the Northern Ocean.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Dryas octopetala] mats

Alpide high mountain dwarf [Vaccinium] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2A
definition: [Vaccinium]-dominated dwarf heaths of the subalpine belt of southern mountains, in particular, of the northern and central Apennines, the Balkan Range, the Hellenides, the Pontic Range and the Caucasus, with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum] s.l., [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and, locally, [Empetrum nigrum]. They are richer in grassland species than the communities of unit F2.24 and often take the appearance of alpine grassland with dward shrubs. [Vaccinium myrtillus] also plays a much more dominant role, in lieu of [Vaccinium uliginosum] and [Empetrum hermaphroditum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Central Mediterranean subalpine dwarf bilberry heaths
narrower: Balkano-Hellenic dwarf bilberry heaths
narrower: Pontic Range dwarf bilberry heaths

Central Mediterranean subalpine dwarf bilberry heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2A1
definition: [Vaccinium] dwarf heaths of the subalpine or lower alpine belt of mountains of the Italian peninsula and of the large Tyrrhenian islands formed by [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Vaccinium uliginosum] s.l., with a large admixture of alpine or subalpine grassland species and sometimes of megaforb elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide high mountain dwarf [Vaccinium] heaths

Balkano-Hellenic dwarf bilberry heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2A2
definition: Communities of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and/or [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], rich in grass and herb species, of the subalpine level of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, the Pindus, the Thessalian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide high mountain dwarf [Vaccinium] heaths

Pontic Range dwarf bilberry heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2A3
definition: Communities of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and/or [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] of the Pontic Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide high mountain dwarf [Vaccinium] heaths

Alpide high mountain [Genista] and [Chamaecytisus] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2B
definition: Low [Genista] spp. or [Chamaecytisus] spp. heaths of the subalpine, low alpine or montane belts of high southern nemoral mountains, in particular of the southern Alps, the Apennines, the Dinarides, the southern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, the northern Pindus, the Rhodopides, the Thessalian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub
narrower: Rayed broom heaths
narrower: Balkano-Rhodopide [Chamaecytisus absinthioides] heaths
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic [Chamaecytisus hirsutus] heaths

Rayed broom heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2B1
definition: [Genista radiata], [Genista holopetala], [Genista hassertiana] heaths of the montane, subalpine and alpine belts of the southeastern Alps, in particular the Bergamesque Alps, the Dolomites, the Carnic Alps, the Julian Alps, of the Dinarides, with more localized stations in the Novarese Alps, the northern and central Apennines, the southern Carpathians, the Pelagonides, the northern Pindus, the Thessalian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide high mountain [Genista] and [Chamaecytisus] heaths

Balkano-Rhodopide [Chamaecytisus absinthioides] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2B2
definition: Low shrub formations dominated by the Balkan peninsula endemic [Chamaecytisus eriocarpus] ([Chamaecytisus absinthioides]) characteristic of the subalpine and montane belts of the Balkan Range, of the Rhodopides (Rila, Pirin, Orvilos, Vrondous, Pangeon, Falakron, Rhodope) and of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains south to the Belasitza-Kerkini.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide high mountain [Genista] and [Chamaecytisus] heaths

Helleno-Balkanic [Chamaecytisus hirsutus] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F2.2B3
definition: [Chamaecytisus hirsutus] heaths of the mountains of the southern Balkan and Hellenic peninsula, in particular, of the Pelagonides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide high mountain [Genista] and [Chamaecytisus] heaths

Subalpine deciduous scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.3
definition: Subalpine scrubs of [Alnus], [Betula], [Salix] and Rosaceae ([Amelanchier], [Potentilla], [Rubus], [Sorbus]), less than 5 m tall, often accompanied by tall herbs that in the absence of scrub would be classified as E5.5. Excludes dwarf [Salix] scrub (F2.1), which is composed of species that rarely exceed 1.5 m in height, and scrub on waterlogged soils (F9.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub
narrower: Mountain [Alnus] brush
narrower: Subalpine and oroboreal [Salix] brush
narrower: Subalpine mixed brushes
narrower: Oroboreal [Betula] scrub

Mountain [Alnus] brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.31
definition: Dense thickets of bushy alders characteristic of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, Vitosha, Rila, Corsica and the mountains of northeastern Asia. Alders (e.g. [Alnus viridis]) are accompanied by shruby willows [Salix waldsteiniana], [Salix appendiculata], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea] etc. and tall herbs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine deciduous scrub
narrower: Green alder brush
narrower: Corsican sweet alder brush

Green alder brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.311
definition: Green alder ([Alnus viridis ssp. viridis])-dominated formations of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides and the Balkan Range, Vitosha, Rila, rich in tall herbs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain [Alnus] brush
narrower: Alpine green alder scrub
narrower: Carpathian green alder scrub
narrower: Dinaric green alder scrub
narrower: Balkan range green alder brush
narrower: Rhodopide green alder brush

Alpine green alder scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.3111
definition: Green alder ([Alnus viridis ssp. viridis])-dominated formations, rich in tall herbs, of the subalpine and lower alpine belts of the Alps, on slopes with a good water-holding capacity, mostly on siliceous soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Green alder brush

Carpathian green alder scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.3112
definition: [Alnus viridis]-dominated formations of the Carpathian mountains, with, in some communities, [Pulmonaria filarszkyana], [Cirsium waldsteinii], [Rumex arifolius ssp. carpaticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Green alder brush

Dinaric green alder scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.3113
definition: [Alnus viridis]-dominated formations of the Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Green alder brush

Balkan range green alder brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.3114
definition: [Alnus viridis]-dominated formations, often with [Rumex alpinus], [Ligusticum mutellina], [Salix silesiaca], [Geum coccineum], [Veratrum album], of the Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Green alder brush

Rhodopide green alder brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.3115
definition: [Alnus viridis]-dominated brushes of the subalpine, 1300-2100 metre, level of Vitosha and Rila.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Green alder brush

Corsican sweet alder brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.312
definition: One to three metre-tall brush of the Corsican endemic [Alnus viridis ssp. suaveolens], sometimes accompanied by a few [Sorbus aucuparia], [Acer pseudoplatanus] or [Rhamnus alpinus], limited to the moist, cool, north-facing slopes (ubacs) and, locally, to humid torrent galleries on the south-facing slopes (adrets) of the subalpine (1600-2100 m) belt of Corsica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain [Alnus] brush

Subalpine and oroboreal [Salix] brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.32
definition: Willow-dominated communities of higher Eurasian mountains and of the boreal zone, mostly characteristic of the subalpine zone of the higher ranges of the Alpine system and its satellites, where many constitute facies of subalpine bush and tall herb communities, of the slopes of lesser ranges in the boreal zone, including the Scandinavian mountains, of Iceland and of the northern British Isles (cf. unit E5.5). Vegetation of the alliance [Salicion silesiacae]. Species composition is very variable and endemic species are highly represented here.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine deciduous scrub
narrower: Alpide willow brush
narrower: Oroboreal [Salix] scrub
narrower: Northern British willow brush

Alpide willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.321
definition: Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated brushes and low scrubs of the mountains of the Alpine system and neighbouring ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine and oroboreal [Salix] brush
narrower: Alpigenous small willow brush
narrower: Alpine prostrate willow brush
narrower: Alpigenous tall willow brush
narrower: Pyreneo-Cantabric willow brush
narrower: Hercynio-Carpathian willow brush
narrower: Southeastern alpigenous willow brushes
narrower: Ponto-Caucasian mountain willow brush

Alpigenous small willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.3211
definition: Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane brushes and low scrubs of the Alps, the Apennines, the Jura, the western great Hercynian ranges, dominated by small shrubby, generally 0.5-2 metre tall, [Salix] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide willow brush

Alpine prostrate willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.3212
definition: Dwarf shrub heaths, very low brushes and espaliers of the alpine and subalpine belts of the Alps, formed by prostrate or near-prostrate [Salix alpina], [Salix breviserrata], [Salix reticulata], [Salix retusa], and occasionally very small forms of [Salix] species characteristic of unit 31.6211; snow patch communities dominated by [Salix reticulata] or [Salix retusa] (unit 36.1221) are excluded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide willow brush

Alpigenous tall willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.3213
definition: Tall [Salix]-dominated brushes of the mountains of the subalpine, sometimes alpine and montane, belts of the Alps, the Apennines, the Jura, the western greater Hercynian ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide willow brush

Pyreneo-Cantabric willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.3214
definition: Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated brushes and low scrubs of the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide willow brush

Hercynio-Carpathian willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.3215
definition: Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated brushes and low scrubs of the Carpathians and the eastern Hercynian ranges of the Sudeten.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide willow brush

Southeastern alpigenous willow brushes
type: Concept
notation: F2.3216
definition: Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated brushes and low scrubs of the Balkan Range, the Dinarides and the Hellenides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide willow brush
narrower: Dinaride willow brush
narrower: Balkan Range willow brush
narrower: Rhodopide willow brush

Dinaride willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.32161
definition: Subalpine, alpine and montane [Salix]-dominated brushes and low scrubs of the Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern alpigenous willow brushes

Balkan Range willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.32162
definition: Subalpine, alpine and montane [Salix]-dominated brushes and low scrubs of the Balkan Range, dominated by [Salix waldsteiniana] or [Salix silesiaca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern alpigenous willow brushes

Rhodopide willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.32163
definition: Thickets of shrubby willows of Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and Rhodope, dominated by [Salix lapponum], [Salix waldsteiniana] or other mountain willows.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern alpigenous willow brushes

Ponto-Caucasian mountain willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.3217
definition: Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated brushes and low scrubs of the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and neighbouring ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpide willow brush

Oroboreal [Salix] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.322
definition: Willow-dominated brushes of boreal mountains and mountainous regions, in particular of the Highlands of Scotland, the mountains of Iceland, the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, European Russia, Siberia, northern China, Korea and Japan. Mostly characteristic of a suprasylvatic belt in the lower arcto-alpine or oroboreal zone, they may extend into the taiga belt in exposed locations and edaphic enclaves, and ascend locally into the arcto-alpine zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine and oroboreal [Salix] brush

Northern British willow brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.323
definition: Mixed [Salix aurita], [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix repens] and [Salix caprea] scrub, with [Rumex acetosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Dryopteris] spp., [Oxalis acetosella], developed on ungrazed ledges, islands and gullies of Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides and the Northern Highlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine and oroboreal [Salix] brush

Subalpine mixed brushes
type: Concept
notation: F2.33
definition: Communities of the subalpine zone, of the tree-limit, and sometimes of the montane zone, of higher nemoral mountains of the western Alpine system and its associated ranges (Carpathians) mainly of alliances [Calamagrostion villosae] and [Trisetion fusci] dominated by tall or medium shrubs, for the most part Rosaceae species (of genera [Rubus], [Sorbus], [Amelanchier], [Potentilla]), [Betula] or tall [Vaccinium], [Salix helvetica], [Salix kitaibeliana] and grasses [Calamagrostis villosa] and [Deschampsia cespitosa] often accompanied by tall herbs characteristic of the subalpine tall herb communities (unit E5.5), or by subalpine heaths, such as the [Juniperus nana]-[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi] heaths.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine deciduous scrub
narrower: Subalpine [Sorbus] brush
narrower: Subalpine birch brush
narrower: Subalpine bramble brush
narrower: Subalpine cherry brush
narrower: Subalpine ericaceous brush
narrower: Rhodope [Potentilla fruticosa] thickets

Subalpine [Sorbus] brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.331
definition: Thickets of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata], [Sorbus chamaemespilus], [Sorbus mougeotii], [Sorbus ambigua], [Sorbus austriaca] or other shrubby [Sorbus] species, in particular, tree-limit formations with [Betula carpatica], [Lonicera nigra], [Prunus padus ssp. borealis] ([Padus petraea]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine mixed brushes

Subalpine birch brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.332
definition: Thickets or brushes of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Hercynian ranges, usually at the tree-limit, dominated by shrubby or krumholtz birches, in particular, [Betula carpatica], [Betula pubescens], often with [Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata], [Lonicera nigra], [Prunus padus ssp. borealis] ([Padus petraea]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine mixed brushes

Subalpine bramble brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.333
definition: Brushes of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Hercynian ranges, the Balkan Range, the Hellenides, dominated by [Rubus] spp., in particular, [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus saxatilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine mixed brushes

Subalpine cherry brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.334
definition: Thickets or brushes of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges dominated by shrubby species of genus [Prunus] or related genera, in particular, [Prunus padus ssp. borealis] ([Padus petraea]), often with [Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata], [Betula carpatica], [Lonicera nigra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine mixed brushes

Subalpine ericaceous brush
type: Concept
notation: F2.335
definition: Thickets or brushes of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura dominated by large [Vaccinium] shrubs, often accompanied by tall herbs characteristic of the subalpine tall herb communities (unit 37.8).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine mixed brushes

Rhodope [Potentilla fruticosa] thickets
type: Concept
notation: F2.336
definition: Closed formations dominated by [Potentilla fruticosa] of the 1550 metre level in the [Picea abies] and [Pinus sylvestris] belt of the west Rhodope mountains of Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine mixed brushes

Oroboreal [Betula] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.34
definition: Very low scrubs formed in exposed situations by otherwise thicket-building birches of boreal mountains and mountainous regions, in particular [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] ([Betula tortuosa], [Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa], [Betula kusmisscheffii]) of Iceland, Greenland, the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, the Urals. These form dwarf facies of the woods and thickets of unit G1.917.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine deciduous scrub

Conifer scrub close to the tree limit
type: Concept
notation: F2.4
definition: Scrubland with dwarf conifers (krummholz), often with incomplete canopy cover, close to the tree limit. At the arctic tree limit, the trees are of species that can grow to large stature under favourable conditions. However [Pinus mugo] of central and southern Europe is often genetically fixed as a shrub. Excluded are stands of forest conifers with height > 3 m (G3).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub
narrower: Inner Alpine [Pinus mugo] scrub
narrower: Outer Alpine [Pinus mugo] scrub
narrower: Southwestern [Pinus mugo] scrub
narrower: Apennine [Pinus mugo] scrub
narrower: Hercynian [Pinus mugo] scrub
narrower: Carpathian [Pinus mugo] scrub
narrower: Pelago-Dinaride [Pinus mugo] scrub
narrower: Balkano-Rhodopide [Pinus mugo] scrub

Inner Alpine [Pinus mugo] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.41
definition: [Pinus mugo] brushes of the dry eastern inner Alps, of local occurrence throughout the area, accompanied by [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Erica herbacea], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus], or, on siliceous ground, [Rhododendron ferrugineum] and [Vaccinium myrtillus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Conifer scrub close to the tree limit

Outer Alpine [Pinus mugo] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.42
definition: Main range [Pinus mugo] brushes of well-drained, mostly calcareous, soils of the northern and southeastern outer Alps, usually with [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Sorbus chamaemespilus], [Lonicera caerulea], [Lonicera alpigena], [Calamagrostis varia], sometimes with [Erica herbacea] or [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus] and, in acidophilous variants, known in particular from the Karawanken, [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Conifer scrub close to the tree limit

Southwestern [Pinus mugo] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.43
definition: Very local [Pinus mugo] brushes of the southwestern Alps (Moyen-Valais, Haute-Roya, Ligurian Alps), with [Juniperus nana], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Daphne striata], [Erica herbacea], [Carex firma] and, in some stations, [Rhododendron hirsutum]; cold-block [Pinus mugo] formations of the Swiss Jura.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Conifer scrub close to the tree limit

Apennine [Pinus mugo] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.44
definition: Rare and local Apennine formations of the Parmian Apennines, the Abruzzi and the Campanian Apennines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Conifer scrub close to the tree limit

Hercynian [Pinus mugo] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.45
definition: [Pinus mugo] brushes of the Sudeten, the Erzgebirge, the Bayerischerwald, the B”hmerwald, with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Salix silesiaca] s.l., [Trientalis europaea], [Homogyne alpina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Conifer scrub close to the tree limit

Carpathian [Pinus mugo] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.46
definition: [Pinus mugo] brushes of the Carpathians, where they form a separate vegetation altitudinal zone. Additional trees and shrubs are [Pinus cembra], [Ribes petraeum], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Salix silesiaca], herbs [Homogyne alpina], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Adenostyles alliariae], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Luzula sylvatica] and endemic species, e.g. [Soldanella carpatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Conifer scrub close to the tree limit
narrower: Carpathian subalpine mountain pine scrub
narrower: Carpathian alpenrose mountain pine scrub

Carpathian subalpine mountain pine scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.461
definition: [Pinus mugo] brushes forming an extensive belt in the upper subalpine zone of the higher mountains of the northwestern, eastern and southeastern Carpathians with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Ribes petraeum var. carpaticum], [Sorbus aucuparia var. glabrata], [Rosa pendulina], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major] in siliceous stations, with tall herbs in calcareous ones. The southeastern Carpathian formations, particularly those of the Apuseni Mountains, harbour the regional endemic [Campanula patula ssp. abietina] ([Campanula abietina]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian [Pinus mugo] scrub

Carpathian alpenrose mountain pine scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.462
definition: Widespread formations of [Pinus mugo] accompanied by the regional endemic [Rhododendron myrtifolium], on shallow-soil slopes of the subalpine level of the southeastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian [Pinus mugo] scrub

Pelago-Dinaride [Pinus mugo] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.47
definition: [Pinus mugo]-dominated formations of the Dinarides and of neighbouring chains of the Pelagonides, in particular the Jakupica range, with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Rubus idaeus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Rosa pendulina], [Veratrum album] and [Polygonatum verticillatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Conifer scrub close to the tree limit

Balkano-Rhodopide [Pinus mugo] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F2.48
definition: [Pinus mugo]-dominated formations of the Pirin and the Rila, with remnants in the Balkan Range, including the Suva Planina and Stara Planina. This habitat has been severely reduced by clearance for pastures, and its distribution area regressed; in addition to the ranges where it still forms substantial stands, [Pinus mugo] is recorded from the western Rhodope, the Vitosha and, perhaps, Orvilos.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Conifer scrub close to the tree limit

Temperate and mediterranean-montane scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3
definition: Shrub communities of nemoral affinities. They include deciduous and evergreen scrubs or brushes of the nemoral zone, and deciduous scrubs of the submediterranean and supramediterranean zones. Excluded are heathlands with dominant [Ericaceae] F4, and the typically mediterranean maquis F5, garrigue F6 and phrygana F7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Temperate thickets and scrub
narrower: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes

Temperate thickets and scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.1
definition: Successional and plagioclimax scrub, mostly deciduous, of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic or subcontinental affinities, characteristic of the nemoral zone, but also colonizing cool, moist or disturbed stations of the mediterranean evergreen forest zone. Included are thickets of [Buxus sempervirens], [Corylus avellana], [Cytisus scoparius], [Juniperus communis], [Prunus spinosa], [Rubus fruticosus] and [Ulex europaeus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Temperate and mediterranean-montane scrub
narrower: Medio-European rich-soil thickets
narrower: [Buxus sempervirens] thickets
narrower: Atlantic poor soil thickets
narrower: Temperate [Cytisus scoparius] fields
narrower: [Ulex europaeus] thickets
narrower: [Juniperus communis] scrub
narrower: [Corylus] thickets
narrower: Inland dune thickets

Medio-European rich-soil thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.11
definition: Deciduous [Prunetalia] thickets of the Western and the Central Europe formed by [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Rosa] spp., [Cornus mas], [Cornus sanguinea], [Sorbus aria], [Crataegus] spp., [Lonicera xylosteum], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Rhamnus alpinus], [Clematis vitalba], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Viburnum opulus], [Rubus] spp., [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Cotoneaster nebrodensis], [Pyrus pyraster], [Malus sylvestris], [Euonymus europaeus], [Corylus avellana], [Ulmus minor], [Acer campestre], [Acer monspessulanum] and [Carpinus betulus] characteristic of forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation, developed on soils relatively rich in nutrients, neutral or calcareous. In the herb layer the most common species are [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Fragaria moschata], [Geranium robertianum] and [Tithymalus cyparissias]. The alliances [Berberidion] and [Corylo-Populion tremulae]. They are substitution communities of the [Carpinion betuli] (units G1.A1), [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] (unit G1.71) and [Fagion sylvaticae] (units G1.61-G1.66) and Aremonio-Fagion (unit G1.6C) climax forests. The communities of unit F3.11 extend south to northern Iberia and northern Italy, east to Slovenia, Austria, Slovakia, Poland and northern Moravia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate thickets and scrub
narrower: Blackthorn-bramble scrub
narrower: Blackthorn-privet scrub

Blackthorn-bramble scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.111
definition: Mesophile, often luxuriant, shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia and Austria, characteristic of [Carpinion] forest edges and substitution formations with, among others, [Prunus spinosa], [Carpinus betulus], [Crataegus] spp., [Sambucus nigra], [Rosa] spp., [Viburnum opulus], [Rubus] spp. Included are species-poor [Prunus spinosa] thickets, such as British [Prunus spinosa]-[Rubus fruticosus] scrub and corresponding mainland formations with [Rubus fruticosus], [Rubus elegantispinosus], [Rubus bifrons], [Rubus armeniacus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European rich-soil thickets
narrower: Sub-Atlantic blackthorn-bramble scrub
narrower: Atlantic blackthorn-bramble scrub

Sub-Atlantic blackthorn-bramble scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.1111
definition: [Prunus spinosa], [Carpinus betulus], [Crataegus] spp., [Rosa] spp., [Rubus spp]. communities of the Western European and western and northern Central European mainland east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, under sub-Atlantic or subcontinental climates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blackthorn-bramble scrub

Atlantic blackthorn-bramble scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.1112
definition: [Prunus spinosa], [Rubus] spp. communities of the British Isles and other areas of strongly Atlantic climates. [Ulex europaeus], [Hedera helix], [Lonicera periclymenum] and [Pteridium aquilinum] are often present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blackthorn-bramble scrub

Blackthorn-privet scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.112
definition: Shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia and Austria, developed on the usually calcareous, dry soils with warm exposure characteristic of the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] and of xeric, calciphilous forms of the [Carpinion], with, among others, [Prunus spinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Cornus mas], [Rhamnus catharticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European rich-soil thickets
narrower: Atlantic and medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub
narrower: Sub-Mediterranean blackthorn-privet scrub
narrower: Rock pear scrub
narrower: Peri-Alpine sea buckthorn-barberry scrub
narrower: Inner Alpine barberry scrub
narrower: Iberian barberry scrub

Atlantic and medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.1121
definition: Thermophile shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, occupying the domaine of the [Carpinion] and northern irradiations of [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blackthorn-privet scrub
narrower: Medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub
narrower: Atlantic hawthorn-ivy scrub

Medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.11211
definition: Thermophile shrub communities of the mainland of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, formed by [Prunus spinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Cornus mas], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Crataegus] spp., [Carpinus betulus] under sub-Atlantic or subcontinental climates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub

Atlantic hawthorn-ivy scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.11212
definition: Thermophile shrub communities of the British Isles and areas of strongly Atlantic climates differing from unit 31.81211 in particular in the scarcity of [Carpinus betulus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic and medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub

Sub-Mediterranean blackthorn-privet scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.1122
definition: Xero-thermophile shrub communities of Western Europe and western Central Europe, occupying the southern part of the west European range of unit 31.812, within the main range of the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae], as well as a few highly xerothermic central European sites. [Prunus mahaleb] and [Acer monspessulanum] are characteristic species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blackthorn-privet scrub

Rock pear scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.1123
definition: Possibly primary scrub formations of the Hercynian ranges and their vicinity, the Jura, the Alpine periphery and Alpine inner valleys, with [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Cotoneaster tomentosus] and [Amelanchier ovalis] developed on very shallow soils between [Xerobromion] grasslands and open xerothermic oak woods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blackthorn-privet scrub

Peri-Alpine sea buckthorn-barberry scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.1124
definition: Shrub formations characterized by the physiognomically distinctive presence of [Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. fluviatilis] or [Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. carpatica], rich in xero-thermophile species, colonizing dry shingle terraces, no longer subjected to flooding, of peri-Alpine water courses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blackthorn-privet scrub

Inner Alpine barberry scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.1125
definition: Thorny heaths of inner Alpine valleys with [Berberis vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blackthorn-privet scrub

Iberian barberry scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.1126
definition: Northwestern Iberian montane communities with [Berberis vulgaris ssp. cantabrica], [Prunus spinosa], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aria], [Taxus baccata], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ribes alpinum], [Ribes petraeum], [Rhamnus alpinus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Blackthorn-privet scrub

[Buxus sempervirens] thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.12
definition: [Buxus sempervirens]-dominated variants of units F3.11, F3.22, F3.23 or F3.24 with for example [Juniperus oxycedrus] or [Pteridium aquilinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate thickets and scrub

Atlantic poor soil thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.13
definition: Deciduous thickets of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe formed by [Rubus] spp., [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Corylus avellana], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Cytisus scoparius], characteristic of forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation developed on soils relatively poor in nutrients, usually acid, mostly under climates with strong Atlantic influence. Substitution communities of the [Quercion robori-petraeae] (c.f. units G1.81-G1.86, parts of G1.87 and of G4.71).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate thickets and scrub
narrower: Bramble thickets
narrower: Alder buckthorn, rowan, honeysuckle thickets

Bramble thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.131
definition: Atlantic deciduous thickets of poor soils of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe dominated by [Rubus] spp., including British [Rubus fruticosus]-[Holcus lanatus] underscrub.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic poor soil thickets

Alder buckthorn, rowan, honeysuckle thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.132
definition: Atlantic deciduous thickets of poor soils of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe dominated by [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Lonicera periclymenum] or other shrubs, with the exception of brambles (genus [Rubus]), included in unit 31.831, or of brooms (genus [Cytisus]), gorse ([Ulex europaeus]), hazel ([Corylus avellana]), bracken ([Pteridium aquilinum]), separately covered in units 31.84, 31.85, 31.8C1, 31.861, respectively.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic poor soil thickets

Temperate [Cytisus scoparius] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.14
definition: Expanses of broom ([Cytisus scoparius]), a common recolonisation stage of the [Quercion] in the plains and hills of northern and middle Europe, reaching the montane zone in the higher mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate thickets and scrub
narrower: Lowland and hill broom fields
narrower: Alpine broom fields
narrower: Central Massif [Cytisus scoparius] fields
narrower: Pyrenean [Cytisus scoparius] fields

Lowland and hill broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.141
definition: [Cytisus scoparius] fields of the lowlands, hills and low mountains of northern, western and central Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate [Cytisus scoparius] fields

Alpine broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.142
definition: Montane [Cytisus scoparius] fields of the Alpine system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate [Cytisus scoparius] fields

Central Massif [Cytisus scoparius] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.143
definition: Montane beech-level formations of [Cytisus scoparius] of the Central Massif.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate [Cytisus scoparius] fields

Pyrenean [Cytisus scoparius] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.144
definition: Montane formations of [Cytisus scoparius] of the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate [Cytisus scoparius] fields

[Ulex europaeus] thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.15
definition: [Ulex europaeus] thickets of the Atlantic domaine (including British [Ulex europaeus]-[Rubus fruticosus] scrub p.)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate thickets and scrub

[Juniperus communis] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.16
definition: Temperate and mediterranean-montane communities dominated by [Juniperus communis], mostly [Juniperus]-dominated variants of units F3.11, F3.13, F3.22-F3.24. [Calluna vulgaris], [Crataegus] spp., [Pinus sylvestris], [Quercus petraea], [Bromus erectus] and [Festuca rupicola] are also present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate thickets and scrub
narrower: Juniper downs
narrower: Sub-Atlantic juniper heaths
narrower: Juniper-wood sorrel woodland
narrower: Sub-Mediterranean common juniper thickets

Juniper downs
type: Concept
notation: F3.161
definition: [Juniperus communis] thickets developed on calcareous substrates of middle Europe, in particular, of southern England, southern Germany, southern Belgium, the periphery of the Paris Basin, the Danish, Swedish and eastern Baltic islands, the Estonian mainland, often as colonization facies of medio-European calcareous grasslands of unit 34.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus communis] scrub

Sub-Atlantic juniper heaths
type: Concept
notation: F3.162
definition: [Juniperus communis] thickets developed on acidic, often sandy, substrates of middle Europe, including inland dunes, often as colonization facies of heaths and related communities, distributed in particular in southern Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, the Paris Basin, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Estonia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus communis] scrub

Juniper-wood sorrel woodland
type: Concept
notation: F3.163
definition: Upland formations of the central highlands of Scotland and of northern England, in which [Juniperus communis] is the most abundant small tree or large shrub, accompanied by ericoids, ferns, grasses, bryophytes and a fairly rich flora of herbaceous dicots.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus communis] scrub

Sub-Mediterranean common juniper thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.164
definition: Collinar and montane communities of sub-Mediterranean levels of southern and southeastern Europe, dominated by [Juniperus communis], mostly [Juniperus]-dominated facies of units 31.89, 31.8A or 31.8B, in particular, formations of Bulgaria, Greece and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, such as the [Juniperus communis]-[Pteridium aquilinum] formations on deep soils of the [Ostryo-Carpinion aegaeicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus communis] scrub

[Corylus] thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.17
definition: Thickets or brush, often very extensive, composed exclusively or predominantly of [Corylus] spp. In associated units F3.11, F3.13, F3.22-F3.24, [Corylus] is mixed with other species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate thickets and scrub
narrower: Atlantic and sub-Atlantic hazel thickets
narrower: Sub-boreal hazel thickets
narrower: Peri-Alpine hazel thickets
narrower: Subcontinental hazel thickets

Atlantic and sub-Atlantic hazel thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.171
definition: [Corylus avellana]-dominated thickets of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones of middle Europe, a frequent facies of units 31.81 and 31.83, particularly in the most Atlantic areas of the British Isles, the Pyreneo-Cantabrian piedmont and northwestern Iberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Corylus] thickets

Sub-boreal hazel thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.172
definition: [Corylus avellana]-dominated thickets of the northern nemoral zone, the boreonemoral zone and the southern boreal zone, in northern England, Denmark, southern Norway, southern Sweden, southern Finland, northern Poland, with a species-rich cortège that allies species of northern affinities with thermophile species; the field layer includes, in England, [Trollius europaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Melica nutans], [Geranium sanguineum], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Convallaria majalis] or, in Scandinavia, [Geranium sylvaticum], [Anemone nemorosa], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Rubus saxatilis], [Hepatica nobilis], [Lathraea squamaria], [Paris quadrifolia], [Viola mirabilis], [Convallaria majalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Corylus] thickets

Peri-Alpine hazel thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.173
definition: Thickets of the Jura, the pre-Alps, the southern German Hercynian ranges and the inner Alps, dominated by [Corylus avellana], with [Clematis vitalba] and [Cornus sanguinea], of particular bio-historical significance as a possible model of the hazel-dominated communities of the Boreal era.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Corylus] thickets

Subcontinental hazel thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.174
definition: Thickets or brush of [Corylus avellana] or [Corylus colurna] of hills and low mountains of the Pannonic basin and its periphery, of the plateaux of southeastern Poland, of the eastern Carpathian system and of the Balkan peninsula, a frequent facies of 31.8B.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Corylus] thickets

Inland dune thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.18
definition: Formations of large shrubs colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes. Very rare in central Europe, as developments of the habitat units F4.21 and F4.22.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate thickets and scrub
narrower: Inland dune juniper scrubs
narrower: Inland dune mixed thickets

Inland dune juniper scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F3.181
definition: [Juniperus communis]-rich scrubs of Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes (unit 31.882).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland dune thickets

Inland dune mixed thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.182
definition: Thickets other than juniper scrubs in Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems; their composition can be specified by use of codes of unit 31.8.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland dune thickets

Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes
type: Concept
notation: F3.2
definition: Successional and plagioclimax scrub, mostly deciduous, of the submediterranean and supramediterranean zones, but also colonizing cool, moist or disturbed stations of the mediterranean evergreen forest zone. Included are some non-leafy brushes, for example [Cytisus purgans] and [Genista aetnensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Temperate and mediterranean-montane scrub
narrower: Montane [Cytisus purgans] fields
narrower: Southwestern sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets
narrower: Tyrrhenian sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets
narrower: Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets
narrower: Piornales
narrower: Tyrrhenian broom fields
narrower: [Genista aetnensis] stands
narrower: Canary Island broom fields
narrower: Moesian broom fields

Montane [Cytisus purgans] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.21
definition: [Cytisus purgans]-dominated formations of higher levels (upper montane, subalpine, oro-mediterranean) of southwestern European and North African mountains, often associated with dwarf juniper scrubs (unit F2.23) or hedgehog-heaths (unit F7.4), and physiognomically reminiscent of the latter.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes
narrower: Cévennes [Cytisus purgans] fields
narrower: Pyrenean [Cytisus purgans] fields
narrower: Galicio-Cantabrian [Cytisus purgans] fields
narrower: Upper Cordilleran [Cytisus purgans] fields
narrower: Lower Cordilleran [Cytisus purgans] fields
narrower: Galicio-Leonese [Cytisus purgans] fields
narrower: Nevadan [Cytisus purgans] fields

Cévennes [Cytisus purgans] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.211
definition: Localized formations of the upper levels of the Cévennes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Cytisus purgans] fields

Pyrenean [Cytisus purgans] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.212
definition: Upper montane Pyrenean formations appearing on the edge of, or as substitution of, acidophilous pine woods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Cytisus purgans] fields

Galicio-Cantabrian [Cytisus purgans] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.213
definition: Galician and oro-Cantabrian upper montane formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Cytisus purgans] fields

Upper Cordilleran [Cytisus purgans] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.214
definition: Alti-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean formations of the Cordillera Central.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Cytisus purgans] fields

Lower Cordilleran [Cytisus purgans] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.215
definition: Upper supra-Mediterrranean formations of the Cordillera Central.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Cytisus purgans] fields

Galicio-Leonese [Cytisus purgans] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.216
definition: Oro-Mediterranean formations of the high southern Galicio-Leonese sierras.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Cytisus purgans] fields

Nevadan [Cytisus purgans] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.217
definition: Oro-Mediterranean formations of the Sierra Nevada.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Cytisus purgans] fields

Southwestern sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.22
definition: Mostly deciduous shrubs and hedges, usually tall and luxuriant, often very rich in lianas, of Mediterranean France, of sub-Mediterranean areas of the Iberian peninsula and of North African mountains, of moist stations in the Mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes
narrower: Franco-Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets
narrower: Western Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets
narrower: Central Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets
narrower: Oro-Baetic sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets
narrower: North African sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets

Franco-Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.221
definition: Formations mostly of moist stations within the Mediterranean zone of France, Catalonia, the Balearics and Valencia, with [Rosa sempervirens], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Tamus communis], [Prunus spinosa], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna] and, locally, [Coriaria myrtifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets

Western Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.222
definition: Formations of the western, particularly northwestern, part of the Iberian peninsula, with [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Sambucus nigra], [Euonymus europaeus], brambles, particularly the Mediterranean [Rubus ulmifolius], various roses, notably [Rosa sempervirens] and [Rosa canina] agg., and particularly rich in lianas, [Tamus communis], [Smilax aspera], [Clematis vitalba], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Lonicera etrusca], [Rubia peregrina], [Bryonia cretica], [Vitis vinifera], [Humulus lupulus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets

Central Iberian sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.223
definition: More continental formations of central Iberia, developed mostly on deep, moist soils in the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Meseta, the Ebro basin, the Cordillera Central, the Southern Iberian Range, the Montes de Toledo, the Sierra Morena and the western Baetic or sub-Baetic mountains, with [Berberis hispanica], [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Lonicera etrusca], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Rhamnus saxatilis], numerous roses of the [Rosa agrestis] and [Rosa canina] aggregates (e.g. [Rosa micrantha], [Rosa pouzinii], [Rosa corymbifera], [Rosa sicula]) and, locally, [Hippophae rhamnoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets

Oro-Baetic sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.224
definition: Supra- and oro-Mediterranean deciduous thickets of eastern sub-Baetic and Baetic mountains (sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Baza, Magina, Alcaraz and the Sierra Nevada), with [Lonicera arborea], [Lonicera splendida], [Prunus ramburii], [Cotoneaster granatensis], [Berberis hispanica], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rosa] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets

North African sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.225
definition: Supra- and oro-Mediterranean deciduous thickets of North African mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets

Tyrrhenian sub-mediterranean deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.23
definition: Mostly deciduous shrubs and hedges, often tall, luxuriant and rich in lianas, of sub-Mediterranean areas and moist stations in mediterranean areas of peninsular Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes

Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24
definition: Deciduous pre- and postforest formations, forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation of thermophilous deciduous oak forest and steppe forest zones of the Balkan peninsula, of southeastern Europe, of western Asia and of Central Eurasia, in particular, of the [Quercion frainetto] and [Ostryo-Carpinion] zones of the Balkan peninsula, with very local irradiations in Central Europe, extreme northeastern Italy, the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean. Vegetation of alliances [Prunion fruticosae], [Prunion spinosae] and partially [Berberidion] with species [Prunus spinosa], [Cornus mas], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Rhus coriaria], [Rubus discolor] and [Pistacia terebinthus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes
narrower: Central European subcontinental thickets
narrower: Illyrio-Adriatic deciduous thickets
narrower: Balkano-Hellenic deciduous thickets
narrower: Aegean deciduous thickets
narrower: Eastern Mediterranean deciduous thickets
narrower: Mediterraneo-Euxinian deciduous thickets
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets

Central European subcontinental thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.241
definition: Deciduous thickets of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions, with northwestern irradiations in Central Europe, within and around the range of occurrence of white cinquefoil oak woods (units 41.7A11, 41.7A12, 41.7A13), of western tartar maple steppe oak woods (unit 41.7A21) and of Pannonian white oak woods (unit 41.7374).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets
narrower: Northern Central European ground cherry scrub
narrower: Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub
narrower: Peri-Pannonic thickets

Northern Central European ground cherry scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.2411
definition: [Prunus fruticosa] scrubs of dry, continental enclaves of Central Europe, in particular of the rain shadow of the Harz in Anhalt and Thuringe, of the xeric left-bank limestone and loess hills of the Palatine upper Rhine, of the Nida Valley and Lublin uplands of southeastern Poland, of dry hills of the Bohemian basin and of Moravia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European subcontinental thickets

Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.2412
definition: Low deciduous scrubs of continental affinities of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions including the eastern Alpine periphery, the southern periphery of the Northwestern Carpathians, the Transylvanian plateau and the adjacent foothills and valleys of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, the southern periphery of the Pannonic basin, with irradiations to the lower Danubian plain, to the Moravian plateau, to the Dobrogea and to the hills and valleys of the northern Balkan peninsula southeast to southwestern Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European subcontinental thickets
narrower: Peri-Pannonic ground cherry scrub
narrower: Peri-Pannonic dwarf almond scrub
narrower: Peri-Pannonic burnet rose scrub
narrower: Peri-Pannonic spiraea scrub
narrower: Danubian hawthorn scrub

Peri-Pannonic ground cherry scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.24121
definition: Low deciduous scrubs of the Hungarian Central Range, of Pannonic Austria west to the eastern Waldviertel, of southern Slovakia, central Transylvania, Muntenia and Moldavia, dominated by [Prunus fruticosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub

Peri-Pannonic burnet rose scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.24123
definition: Very low deciduous scrubs of Pannonic Austria, in particular the Weinviertel, of the Apuseni mountains, of the Balkan Range of Serbia and Bulgaria, dominated by [Rosa pimpinellifolia] ([Rosa spinosissima]), with [Achillea millefolium] agg., [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Teucrium chamaedrys].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub

Peri-Pannonic spiraea scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.24124
definition: Very rare low deciduous scrubs on shallow rocky soils of limestone or andesite outcrops of the eastern Hungarian Central Range, of the eastern Alpine periphery of Austria and of Slovakia, dominated by [Spiraea media], with [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Prunus fruticosa], [Waldsteinia geoides], [Silene vulgaris], [Carduus collinus], [Doronicum hungaricum], [Carex brevicollis], [Melica altissima], [Melica picta], [Melica ciliata], [Sedum maximum], [Euphorbia cyparissias].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub

Danubian hawthorn scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.24125
definition: Low deciduous scrubs dominated by [Crataegus] spp. of the flood plain of the Danube basin in Slovakia, Hungary, Muntenia and Oltenia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub

Peri-Pannonic dwarf almond scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.24122
definition: Low deciduous, more or less closed, scrubs of the Hungarian Central Range, central Transylvania, the Apuseni mountains, the Eastern Carpathians, the southeastern Weinviertel and northern Bergenland of northern Austria, the southern and southeastern periphery of the Pannonic basin, east to the Chepan, Golo Bardo, Zemenska and Konyiavska hills of western Bulgaria and to the Balkan Range of eastern Serbia and Bulgaria, with [Prunus fruticosa], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Prunus spinosa], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Rosa gallica], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Peucedanum alsaticum], [Asparagus officinalis], [Festuca rupicola], [Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum] ([Agropyron pectinatum], [Elymus hispidus] ([Agropyron intermedium]), [Poa angustifolia], [Artemisia campestris], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Salvia nemorosa], [Stachys recta], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Vinca herbacea]. These forest steppe shrub communities have become greatly reduced throughout their range as a result of changes in land use, in particular, following the expansion of agriculture in the lowlands and low hill regions of the Danube basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub

Peri-Pannonic thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.2413
definition: Tall sub-Mediterranean deciduous brushes of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cotoneaster tomentosus], [Cotoneaster matrensis], [Pyrus nivalis], [Prunus mahaleb], [Spiraea media], [Sorbus graeca], [Fraxinus ornus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European subcontinental thickets

Illyrio-Adriatic deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.242
definition: Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula, substitution communities of the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] (unit 41.2A), [Fagion illyricum] (unit 41.1C) or [Ostryo-Carpinion adriadicum] (units 41.73, 41.74) climax vegetation woodlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets
narrower: Illyrio-Adriatic oriental hornbeam thickets
narrower: Illyrio-Adriatic mixed thickets
narrower: Illyrio-Adriatic Christ's thorn brush

Illyrio-Adriatic oriental hornbeam thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.2421
definition: Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula dominated, or co-dominated, by [Carpinus orientalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrio-Adriatic deciduous thickets

Illyrio-Adriatic mixed thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.2422
definition: Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula formed by [Prunus spinosa], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Rubus caesius], [Viburnum lantana], any of which may dominate or codominate, and by [Crataegus monogyna], [Euonymus europaeus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Rosa] spp., [Acer campestre].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrio-Adriatic deciduous thickets

Illyrio-Adriatic Christ's thorn brush
type: Concept
notation: F3.2423
definition: Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula dominated, or co-dominated, by [Paliurus spina-christi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrio-Adriatic deciduous thickets

Balkano-Hellenic deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.243
definition: Varied, often species-rich, shrub formations of the temperate and sub-Mediterranean belts of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodopides, the Pelagonides, the Pindus, the Thessalian Mountains and adjacent regions, accompanied by a flora of mostly Moesian affinities, substitution formations of [Quercion frainetto] (unit 41.76), [Fagion moesiacum] (unit 41.19), [Fagion dacicum] (unit 41.1D), [Fagion hellenicum] (unit 41.1A) and, locally, [Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum] (unit 41.73) climax forests, generally dominated by, or rich in, [Carpinus orientalis], [Syringa vulgaris], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Cotinus coggygria] or [Rhus coriaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets
narrower: Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets
narrower: Moesian lilac thickets
narrower: Moesian Christ's thorn brush

Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.2431
definition: Shrub communities dominated, or co-dominated, by [Carpinus orientalis], often rich in [Syringa vulgaris], [Cotinus coggygria] and other characteristically Moesian shrubs, of warm foothill slopes of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodopides, the Pelagonides, and neighbouring regions, within the geographical range of [Quercion frainetto], [Fagion moesiacum], [Fagion dacicum], and, locally, [Ostryo-Carpinion] forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Hellenic deciduous thickets
narrower: Thracio-Macedonian oriental hornbeam thickets
narrower: Central Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets
narrower: Peri-Carpathian manna ash oriental hornbeam thickets
narrower: Peri-Carpathian wig tree oriental hornbeam thickets

Thracio-Macedonian oriental hornbeam thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24311
definition: Shrub communities dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], of Epirus, southern Paeonia, Macedonia and Thrace, with [Fraxinus ornus], [Cornus mas], [Crataegus] spp., [Pistacia terebinthus], [Lonicera caprifolium], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Colutea arborescens], [Cotinus coggygria], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Cyclamen hederifolium] ([Cyclamen neapolitanum], [Cyclamen linearifolium]), [Carex hallerana], [Geranium purpureum]. Many of the communities include evergreen shrubs; if these are sufficiently prevalent, the formation belongs to unit 32.71.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets

Central Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24312
definition: Tall shrub communities of Serbia, western Bulgaria and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], with [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer monspessulanum], [Acer hyrcanum], [Sorbus domestica], [Pyrus communis], [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Coronilla emerus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Colutea arborescens], [Syringa vulgaris], [Cornus mas], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Euonymus verrucosus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets

Peri-Carpathian manna ash oriental hornbeam thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24313
definition: Tall shrub communities dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], of the Banat, Muntenia and the Dobrogea, with [Fraxinus ornus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Prunus mahaleb], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Cornus mas], [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus virgiliana], [Rosa canina], [Paeonia peregrina], [Orchis purpurea], [Carex hallerana], [Cruciata laevipes], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Thalictrum minus], [Viola mirabilis], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets

Peri-Carpathian wig tree oriental hornbeam thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24314
definition: Tall shrub communities dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], of the Banat and Oltenia, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Prunus spinosa], [Crataegus pentagyna], [Cornus sanguinea], [Rosa arvensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian oriental hornbeam thickets

Central Moesian lilac thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24321
definition: [Syringa vulgaris]-dominated or -rich tall brushes of the Balkan Range and neighbouring regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian lilac thickets

Danubian lilac thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24322
definition: Tall [Syringa vulgaris]-dominated brush of hills and low mountains of the Banat, Oltenia, Muntenia, western Bulgaria and eastern Serbia, in the vicinity of the Iron Gates and the lower Danube.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian lilac thickets

Moesio-Hellenic mixed thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24323
definition: Varied tall brushes of the [Ostryo-Carpinion aegaeicum] and [Quercion frainetto] zones of northern Greece, southern Bulgaria, the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia and adjacent regions, with [Rhus coriaria] and/or [Syringa vulgaris], [Cotinus coggygria], [Carpinus orientalis], [Quercus] spp., [Paliurus spina-christi], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cercis siliquastrum], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Buxus sempervirens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian lilac thickets

Spleenwort lilac chasm thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24324
definition: Tall brushes of the Moesian region, northeast to the Banat, Oltenia and Transylvania, pioneering on abrupt slopes and in chasms, dominated by [Syringa vulgaris], with [Fraxinus ornus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Acer monspessulanum], [Coronilla emerus], [Ceterach officinarum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian lilac thickets

Moesian lilac thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.2432
definition: Xerothermic tall shrub communities of the middle and eastern Balkan peninsula, widespread in hills and low mountains of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodopides, the Pelagonides, within the zone of [Quercion frainetto], the [Fagion moesiacum], the [Fagion dacicum], and, locally, the [Ostryo-Carpinion], rich in continental Moesian species, dominated by, or with a great abundance of, [Syringa vulgaris]. [Cotinus coggygria], [Rhus coriaria], [Genista lydia], [Cercis siliquastrum], [Coronilla emerus], [Colutea arborescens], [Prunus mahaleb], [Prunus cerasifera], [Prunus cocomilia], [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Crataegus monogyna], [Crataegus laciniata], [Sorbus domestica], [Rosa sempervirens], [Rosa canina] agg., [Rosa rubiginosa] agg., [Rubus ulmifolius], [Euonymus] spp., [Cornus mas], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Clematis vitalba], [Rhamnus saxatilis], [Corylus] spp., [Acer] spp., [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Quercus] spp. may contribute to the shrub layer. [Achillea clypeolata], [Asperula montana], [Asperula tenella], [Asyneuma anthericoides], [Campanula divergens], [Campanula grossekii], [Delphinium fissum], [Dianthus banaticus], [Echinops bannaticus], [Eryngium palmatum], [Ferula heuffelii], [Hypericum rochelii], [Inula candida ssp. aschersoniana], [Jasione dentata], [Piptatherum holciforme] ([Oryzopsis holciformis]), [Paeonia decora], [Salvia ringens], [Scabiosa banatica], [Scutellaria pichleri], [Stachys recta ssp. leucoglossa], [Symphytum ottomanum] are characteristic of the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Hellenic deciduous thickets
narrower: Central Moesian lilac thickets
narrower: Danubian lilac thickets
narrower: Moesio-Hellenic mixed thickets
narrower: Spleenwort lilac chasm thickets
narrower: Apuseni [Syringa josikaea] thickets

Apuseni [Syringa josikaea] thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.24325
definition: Shrub formations with the Southern and Eastern Carpathian endemic [Syringa josikaea], of the Apuseni mountains, within the zone of the [Fagion dacicum] at the 800 metre level.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian lilac thickets

Moesian Christ's thorn brush
type: Concept
notation: F3.2433
definition: [Paliurus spina-christi]-dominated thickets, usually dense and sometimes tall, often monodominated, with a Moesian subcontinental accompanying flora, of the hills of the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Rhodopides, and more locally, of the extreme southeastern Dinarides, of the Pelagonides, the Pindus, the Thessalian Mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Hellenic deciduous thickets

Aegean deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.244
definition: Southern and eastern Aegean formations with [Crataegus monogyna], [Crataegus azarolus], [Prunus cocomilia], [Prunus webbii], [Prunus prostrata], [Prunus discolor], [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Rosa sempervirens], [Berberis cretica], [Rhododendron flavum], [Acer sempervirens], [Quercus brachyphylla], [Quercus infectoria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets

Eastern Mediterranean deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.245
definition: Deciduous thickets of Cyprus and of the Mediterranean or sub-Mediterranean zones of Asia Minor and the Levant, within the regions of occurrence of eastern white oak woods (unit 41.73), hop-hornbeam mixed oak woods (unit 41.74), Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous oak forests (unit 41.76), Macedonian-oak woodland (unit 41.78) and Mediterranean valonia oak woodland (unit 41.79).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets

Mediterraneo-Euxinian deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.246
definition: Deciduous thickets of sub-Mediterranean climate enclaves of the Black Sea in southern Crimea and the western Caucasus, within and around the area of occurrence of Euxinian white oak woods (unit 41.738).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets

Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.247
definition: Deciduous thickets of the wooded steppe zone of the Pontic and Sarmatic regions and of adjacent areas, including the Thracian steppe zone, within and around the zone of occurrence of easternmost white cinquefoil oak woods (unit 41.7A14), of tartar maple steppe oak woods (unit 41.7A22) and of sub-Euxinian steppe woods (unit 41.7A3).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental and continental deciduous thickets
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe brush
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic pre-steppe thorn thickets
narrower: Ponto-Thracian sub-Mediterranean scrub
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe-ravine scrub
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic pod thickets

Ponto-Sarmatic steppe brush
type: Concept
notation: F3.2471
definition: Low brushes of the steppe and southern wooded steppe zones of the Ponto-Sarmatic region, characteristic in particular of microdepressions, dominated by [Caragana frutex], [Spiraea crenifolia], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus fruticosa] or [Crataegus monogyna].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets

Ponto-Sarmatic pre-steppe thorn thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.2472
definition: Shrub formations of the southern wooded steppe zone of the Ponto-Sarmatic region, in which [Prunus spinosa] often plays a dominant role, constituting, in particular, natural, stable biocoenoses on degraded chernozems, similar, in appearance and bush-layer composition, to the sub-Atlantic European recolonisation thickets but with an herb layer dominated by steppe species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets

Ponto-Thracian sub-Mediterranean scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.2473
definition: Thickets and scrubs of the western Ponto-Sarmatic steppe and wooded steppe zone and of the Thracian steppe zone, composed of a mixture of species of continental and Mediterranean affinities, including [Crataegus monogyna], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Jasminum fruticans], [Carpinus orientalis], [Cotinus coggygria], [Asparagus verticillatus], [Achillea clypeolata], [Asphodeline lutea], [Salvia ringens], [Genista sessilifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets
narrower: Western Pontic jasmine christ's thorn scrub
narrower: Thracian christ's thorn scrub
narrower: Western Pontic wigtree scrub

Western Pontic jasmine christ's thorn scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.24731
definition: [Paliurus spina-christi], [Jasminum fruticans] and [Crataegus monogyna] scrubs of the western Pontic region, characteristic of superficial chernozems on calcareous substrates of the coastal regions of the southern Romanian Dobrogea and the northeastern Bulgarian Dobruja, with [Asparagus verticillatus], [Achillea clypeolata], [Asphodeline lutea], [Salvia ringens], [Genista sessilifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Thracian sub-Mediterranean scrub

Western Pontic wigtree scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.24733
definition: Thickets of south-facing slopes of the wooded steppe zone of the Moldova Republic, with [Cornus mas], [Cotinus coggygria], [Tilia tomentosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Staphylea pinnata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Thracian sub-Mediterranean scrub

Ponto-Sarmatic steppe-ravine scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.2474
definition: Shrub formations of the mantle of steppe ravine woods (bairaks) of the central and eastern Ponto-Sarmatic steppe regions of the Ukraine, with [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus fruticosa], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Caragana frutex], with [Filipendula vulgaris] ([Filipendula hexapetala]), [Stipa lessingiana], [Verbascum nigrum], [Achillea millefolium], [Melica altissima], [Phleum phleoides], [Stachys recta], [Galium rubioides], [Melampyrum cristatum], [Delphinium elatum], [Asperula glauca], [Coronilla varia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets

Ponto-Sarmatic pod thickets
type: Concept
notation: F3.2475
definition: Thickets of endoreic depressions of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppe zone, dominated by [Prunus spinosa], with [Rosa gallica], [Spiraea crenata], [Prunus fruticosa], [Rubus caesius], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Caragana frutex].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets

Piornales
type: Concept
notation: F3.25
definition: [Cytisus multiflorus], [Cytisus striatus], [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus grandiflorus], [Cytisus cantabricus], [Genista florida] and other tall broom fields of the Iberian peninsula, mostly characteristic of the transition between the Atlantic and Mediterranean domaines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes
narrower: White-flowered broom fields
narrower: Northwestern Iberian [Genista florida] fields
narrower: Northwestern Iberian [Cytisus] fields
narrower: Central Iberian [Genista florida] fields
narrower: Upper Cordilleran [Genista cinerea] fields
narrower: Central Iberian [Cytisus] fields
narrower: Andalusian broom fields

White-flowered broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.251
definition: Formations rich in white-flowered [Cytisus multiflorus] of the western Meseta, the (mostly western) Cordillera Central, the sierras of southern Galicia and Leon and the western Cantabrian mountains, in which [Cytisus multiflorus] is either the only tall broom or is an important component of broom fields also containing yellow-flowered [Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla], [Genista florida ssp. florida], [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens], [Cytisus scoparius] and others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Piornales

Thracian christ's thorn scrub
type: Concept
notation: F3.24732
definition: [Paliurus spina-christi] thickets and scrub of the rim and hills of the Northern Thracian plain (East Rumelian plain) of eastern and southeastern Bulgaria, remnants of flower-rich bushy steppe communities of specific Thracian character, harbouring species of both sub-Mediterranean and Ponto-Pannonic or Central Eurasian affinities, including [Jasminum fruticans], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Paeonia peregrina] ([Paeonia decora]), [Paeonia tenuifolia], [Tulipa aureolinea], [Tulipa urumoffii], [Adonis vernalis], [Adonis flammea], [Adonis aestivalis], [Ranunculus illyricus], [Salvia nutans], [Verbascum phoeniceum], [Milium vernale], [Scandix australis], [Phlomis herba-venti ssp. pungens] ([Phlomis pungens]), [Phlomis tuberosa], which still covered vast expanses at the beginning of the century but which may now be largely extinct in their most developed form.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Thracian sub-Mediterranean scrub

Northwestern Iberian [Genista florida] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.252
definition: Formations rich in [Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla] of the oro-Cantabrian region, the sierras of southern Galicia and Leon, the Serra da Estrela, the northern Iberian range, with [Cytisus cantabricus], [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus striatus], [Genista obtusiramea], [Adenocarpus complicatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Piornales

Northwestern Iberian [Cytisus] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.253
definition: Formations rich in [Cytisus striatus] or [Cytisus ingramii] of the western Cordillera Central and of Galician hills and plateaux, with [Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla], [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus multiflorus] or [Ulex europaeus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Piornales

Central Iberian [Genista florida] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.254
definition: Formations rich in [Genista florida ssp. florida] of the Cordillera Central and the Southern Iberian Range with [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus multiflorus], [Cytisus striatus], [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens], [Adenocarpus hispanicus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Piornales

Upper Cordilleran [Genista cinerea] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.255
definition: Formations dominated by [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens] of higher elevations of the Cordillera Central.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Piornales

Central Iberian [Cytisus] fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.256
definition: Formations rich in [Cytisus striatus] or [Cytisus scoparius] of the Cordillera Central and the Montes de Toledo with [Genista florida ssp. florida] or [Chamaespartium tridentatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Piornales

Andalusian broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.257
definition: Formations of [Cytisus reverchonii], [Cytisus grandiflorus], [Adenocarpus decorticans] of the supra-Mediterranean zone of Andalucian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Piornales

Tyrrhenian broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.26
definition: Broom fields of peninsular Italy and of the large Tyrrhenian islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes

[Genista aetnensis] stands
type: Concept
notation: F3.27
definition: Formations of the very large [Genista aetnensis], endemic to the western Mediterranean and of considerable biogeographical interest, with a distribution limited to Sicily and Sardinia. The species has been introduced on Vesuvio, where it also forms extensive stands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes

Canary Island broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.28
definition: Canary Island formations with [Teline] spp., [Micromeria] spp., [Adenocarpus foliolosus] developed in particular in the humid montane zone where they replace heaths on sunnier exposures.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes

Moesian broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F3.29
definition: Broom formations of the hills of the Balkan peninsula, in regions of transition between Central European and Mediterranean influences.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes

Temperate shrub heathland
type: Concept
notation: F4
definition: Shrub communities of nemoral affinities, in which [Ericaceae] are dominant or at least prominent. Such heaths are best developed on acid soils in the Atlantic zone and also in sub-Atlantic Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Wet heaths
narrower: Dry heaths
narrower: Macaronesian heaths

Wet heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.1
definition: Wet or humid ericoid-shrub dominated heaths of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones, developed on peaty or semipeaty soils, waterlogged for at least part of the year, sometimes temporarily inundated, and usually moist even in summer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate shrub heathland
narrower: Northern wet heaths
narrower: Southern wet heaths
narrower: [Molinia caerulea] wet heaths

Northern wet heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.11
definition: Wet heaths of the northern Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domaine and of boreal enclaves in the southern Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domaine. They mostly comprise wet and humid heaths of anmoors, gleypodsols and thin peats of the British Isles, the Germano-Baltic plains and neighbouring Hercynian hills, northern and northwestern France, southern Scandinavia, dominated by [Erica tetralix] or [Calluna vulgaris], sometimes in association with [Scirpus cespitosus] or [Molinia caerulea], usually accompanied by non-peatbuilding sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum molle], [Sphagnum tenellum]. They also include peaty heaths of more southern regions, in western France, the periphery of the Paris Basin and northwestern Iberia, mostly developed in the central, most humid, part of depressions, often in contact with somewhat less humid formations of unit F4.12.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wet heaths

Southern wet heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.12
definition: Humid and meso-hygrophile heaths of gley-podsols and semi-peaty soils of the northwestern Iberian peninsula, Atlantic France, the Paris Basin and its periphery, extreme southern England, dominated by [Erica tetralix] or [Erica ciliaris], with [Erica scoparia], [Erica ciliaris], [Calluna vulgaris], [Ulex minor], [Ulex gallii] or [Genista anglica]. They may, in particular, form transition belts between peaty heaths of unit F4.11 and dry heaths of unit F4.2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wet heaths

[Molinia caerulea] wet heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.13
definition: Degraded facies of wet heaths, humid heaths and swamp-heaths of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones, dominated by [Molinia caerulea]. Includes heaths on drained open peatlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Wet heaths

Dry heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2
definition: Heaths on siliceous, podsolic, rarely- or never-waterlogged soils in moist Atlantic and sub-Atlantic climates of the plains and low mountains of Western and Central Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate shrub heathland
narrower: Submontane [Vaccinium] - [Calluna] heaths
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths
narrower: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths
narrower: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths
narrower: Boreo-Atlantic [Erica cinerea] heaths
narrower: Inland dune heaths

Submontane [Vaccinium] - [Calluna] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.21
definition: Submontane, or sometimes lowland or coastal, heaths rich in [Vaccinium] spp., usually with [Calluna vulgaris], [Nardus stricta], [Luzula campestris] and [Genista] spp., of the northern and western British Isles, of the North Atlantic islands, of Fennoscandia, of the Hercynian ranges and the lower levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica. Secondary stands originating after deforestation of pine and oak acidophilous forests also belong to this unit.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry heaths
narrower: North Atlantic [Vaccinium]-[Empetrum]-[Racomitrium] heaths
narrower: Sub-boreal [Vaccinium] heaths
narrower: Hercynian [Vaccinium] heaths
narrower: Submontane Alpine [Vaccinium] heaths
narrower: Submontane Pyreneo-Cantabrian [Vaccinium] heaths
narrower: Collinar-montane Carpathian [Vaccinium] heaths

North Atlantic [Vaccinium]-[Empetrum]-[Racomitrium] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.211
definition: Low altitude heaths of boreomontane affinities developed under euoceanic climates along the coasts of low Arctic and northern temperate North Atlantic islands and of boreal and arctic Scandinavia, generally characterized by the prominence of [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium uliginosum] or [Vaccinium vitis-idaea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane [Vaccinium] - [Calluna] heaths

Sub-boreal [Vaccinium] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.212
definition: [Vaccinium]-dominated, [Vaccinium]-rich and [Empetrum]-rich heaths of boreomontane affinities characteristic of northern and western uplands of Britain and of western and southern Scandinavia, with extensions in the Germano-Baltic plain, particularly in Jutland, Poland, southern Finland and the Baltic States. [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Pleurozium schreberi] and [Hylocomium splendens] are strongly represented among the associates of [Calluna vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane [Vaccinium] - [Calluna] heaths

Hercynian [Vaccinium] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.213
definition: Montane or submontane [Calluna]-[Vaccinium] heaths of the Hercynian ranges of northern and middle Western and Central Europe and of their surrounding regions. They mostly include secondary heaths of the beech level of the Vosges, of the Black Forest, of the Ardennes and the Eifel, of the mid-German Hercynian ranges, of the Bohemian Quadrangle, including the Erzgebirge (Metallic Mountains), the Sudeten, the Bohemian Forest (Sumava) and the Czecho-Moravian Hills, of the Massif Central and, locally, the Morvan, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum] and montane lycopodes ([Diphasiastrum] spp.). They also comprise partly primary and sometimes threatened local formations of extrasylvatic areas, in particular the [Calluna vulgaris] heaths enclaved in alpine and subalpine [Pinus mugo] scrub and acidophilous grassland complexes of the high slopes and plateaux of the Giant Mountains (Sudeten), or the [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] heaths of the Brocken summit in the Harz with [Anemone micrantha] and [Hieracium alpinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane [Vaccinium] - [Calluna] heaths

Submontane Alpine [Vaccinium] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.214
definition: [Vaccinium] spp. heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Alps with, [Calluna vulgaris], [Artemisia alba], [Silene otites], [Campanula spicata] and other thermophile species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane [Vaccinium] - [Calluna] heaths

Submontane Pyreneo-Cantabrian [Vaccinium] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.215
definition: [Vaccinium]-rich heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane [Vaccinium] - [Calluna] heaths

Collinar-montane Carpathian [Vaccinium] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.216
definition: [Vaccinium myrtillus]-[Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and [Vaccinium]-rich [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane [Vaccinium] - [Calluna] heaths
narrower: Submontane western Carpathian bilberry-cowberry heaths
narrower: Montane eastern Carpathian bilberry-ling heaths

Submontane western Carpathian bilberry-cowberry heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2161
definition: [Vaccinium myrtillus]-[Vaccinium vitis-idaea] heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the western and northern Carpathians of Moravia, Slovakia, Poland, with [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Melampyrum pratense], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Collinar-montane Carpathian [Vaccinium] heaths

Montane eastern Carpathian bilberry-ling heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2162
definition: [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the beech and spruce levels of the eastern Carpathians, most widespread in the Apuseni mountains, rich in [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], with [Lycopodium clavatum], [Genista sagittalis], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Campanula abietina], [Campanula serrata], [Scorzonera rosea], [Viola declinata], [Nardus stricta], [Potentilla erecta], [Hieracium pilosella], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Agrostis capillaris], [Festuca rubra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Collinar-montane Carpathian [Vaccinium] heaths

Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.22
definition: Low [Calluna vulgaris] heaths often rich in [Genista] spp., [Armeria vulgaris], [Jasione montana], [Saxifraga granulata], [Teucrium scorodonia] mostly of the Germano-Baltic, but extended south- and eastwards to the Pannonic lowlands. Similar formations occurring in British upland areas, montane zones of high mountains of the western Mediterranean basin and high-rainfall Adriatic influenced areas are included. Vegetation of the alliance [Genistion pilosae] is present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry heaths
narrower: Northern [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
narrower: Subcontinental [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
narrower: Campino-Flandrian [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
narrower: Campino-Flandrian [Erica cinerea] heaths
narrower: Britannic [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
narrower: Montane [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
narrower: Southern sub-boreal [Calluna]-[Empetrum] heaths
narrower: Illyrian heaths
narrower: Po basin heaths
narrower: [Genista sagittalis] heaths
narrower: Central European basicline heaths
narrower: Pontic ling heaths

Northern [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.221
definition: Heaths of the northern Germano-Baltic plain and neighbouring regions, in Denmark, southern Sweden, Germany, northern Poland and the Netherlands north of the Rhine, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], with [Genista pilosa] and, in the west, [Genista anglica], and with a species cortège that reflects boreal influences, marked, in particular, by the frequent presence of [Empetrum nigrum] or [Vaccinium] spp. These formations have their main area of occurrence in northwestern Germany, Jutland and the Netherlands in Friesland, the Drente, and the Hoge Veluwe, extending northward to northern Jutland and coastal Halland, eastward to the Prignitz and to Poland. Outliers occupy restricted surfaces in the Hercynian upper Rhine hills, the Rhine Valley and middle Franconia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Subcontinental [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.222
definition: Relatively thermophile, subcontinental [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of Central Europe, in central and southern Germany, eastern France, the Czech Republic, Austria, with [Genista germanica], [Genista tinctoria], [Chamaespartium sagittale] ([Genista sagittalis]), [Vaccinium myrtillus] and, in peri-Alpine habitats, [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Chamaecytisus supinus] ([Cytisus supinus]), [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea]. They have their main area of distribution in the Thuringian and Franconian ranges, the Upper Palatinate hills, the Danube-Isar hills, the Swabian Alb, the Baar plateau, the eastern Black Forest, the Rhenano-Burgondian hills, the foothills of the Bayerischer Wald, the hills and low mountains of the Bohemian uplands, in the Bavarian and Austrian Danube basin, in the southeastern foothills of the Alps, in Carinthia and Styria; they irradiate northward, in thermophilous enclaves, in the Elbe basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Campino-Flandrian [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.223
definition: Heaths of the southwestern Germano-Baltic plain, in the Netherlands, south of the Rhine, Belgium and northwestern France, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], with [Genista anglica], [Genista pilosa] and a species cortège that reflects Atlantic influences, marked, in particular, by the frequent presence of [Erica cinerea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Campino-Flandrian [Erica cinerea] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.224
definition: [Erica cinerea]-dominated heaths of the southern Netherlands and Belgium, facies of the [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths of unit 31.223. They represent a transition to the northern Atlantic heaths of unit 31.25.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Britannic [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.225
definition: Species-poor [Calluna vulgaris] lowland and hill heaths of England, limited to base-poor substrates in areas of local relative contintality.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Montane [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.226
definition: Thermophile [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the montane zone (beech forest level) of the Central Massif, the Pyrenees and the southwestern Alps, with [Genista anglica], [Genista pilosa], [Vaccinium myrtillus] and, often, [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Southern sub-boreal [Calluna]-[Empetrum] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.227
definition: Sub-boreal heaths of the Netherlands and northern Germany, occupying enclaves within the range of heaths of unit 31.22, rich in [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], or in [Empetrum nigrum], characteristic, in particular, of the Hoge Veluwe, Drente and Friesland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Illyrian heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.228
definition: Heaths of the southern periphery of the Pannonic basin and the lower montane level of the Dinarides, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica herbacea], [Genista germanica ssp. heteracantha], [Genista pilosa], [Juniperus communis], [Prunella laciniata], [Hieracium murorum] ([Hieracium silvaticum]), [Serratula tinctoria], [Nardus stricta], [Carex pilulifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Po basin heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.229
definition: [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the fluvioglacial terraces that constitute the high plains of the Po river system, with [Genista pilosa], [Genista tinctoria], [Cytisus scoparius], [Polygala chamaebuxus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

[Genista sagittalis] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.22A
definition: [Calluna vulgaris]-[Chamaespartium sagittale] ([Genista sagittalis]) heaths of the southwestern Alps, the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Jura, the Bavarian plateau and the southeastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Central European basicline heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.22B
definition: Heaths of calcareous or somewhat calcareous substrates, and of low-precipitation continental enclaves, in particular, in Hercynian hills and on Pleistocene inland dunes, of Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, southern Scandinavia, with southern representatives in the northern Dinarides of Croatia, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Cruciata glabra], [Peucedanum oreoselinum], [Prunella vulgaris], [Juniperus communis], [Carex caryophyllea], [Carex ericetorum], [Carex humilis], [Koeleria pyramidata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Pontic ling heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.22C
definition: Heaths, often extensive, of the Stranja-Istranca mountains and of the coasts of the Sea of Marmora, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica arborea], [Erica manipuliflora], [Cistus incanus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Genista carinalis], [Teucrium polium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna] - [Genista] heaths

Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.23
definition: Heaths rich in gorse ([Ulex] spp.) of the Atlantic margins of Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry heaths
narrower: Maritime gorse heaths
narrower: Hiberno-Britannic [Calluna vulgaris]-[Ulex gallii] heaths
narrower: Irish [Erica mackaiana] heaths
narrower: Northern [Erica vagans] heaths
narrower: Anglo-Armorican [Erica cinerea]-[Ulex gallii] heaths
narrower: Cantabro-Pyrenean [Erica mackaiana]-[E. cinerea] heaths
narrower: Cantabro-Pyrenean [Erica vagans]-[E. cinerea] heaths
narrower: Gallo-Britannic dwarf gorse heaths
narrower: Aquitano-Ligerian dwarf gorse heaths

Maritime gorse heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.231
definition: Wind-swept heaths with prostrate, cushiony gorse or broom ([Ulex europaeus f. maritimus], [Ulex gallii f. humilis], [Cytisus scoparius ssp. maritimus]), [Erica vagans], [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris], and numerous other maritime ecotypes, of cliff tops of promontories and islands of Brittany, Cotentin, southern Ireland, Cornwall, Wales, the Cantabrian coast and Galicia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths

Hiberno-Britannic [Calluna vulgaris]-[Ulex gallii] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.232
definition: Oceanic heaths of Ireland, Wales, the Isle of Man, the South-West Peninsula and, locally, the Pennines and the coasts of East Anglia, dominated by [Ulex gallii], [Calluna vulgaris] and [Erica cinerea]. Basicline heaths, somewhat homologous to the continental formations of unit 31.22B, may form in zones of transition between some communities of this unit and calcareous grasslands of unit 34.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths

Irish [Erica mackaiana] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.233
definition: Western Irish heaths comprising the northern, isolated, populations of [Erica mackaiana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths

Northern [Erica vagans] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.234
definition: Heaths of well drained soils of the coasts and offshore islands of Ireland, Cornwall and Brittany, other than cushiony maritime formations, dominated by or rich in [Erica vagans], constituting isolated northern outposts of occurrence of the species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths

Anglo-Armorican [Erica cinerea]-[Ulex gallii] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.235
definition: Heaths of well drained soils of Brittany, the Cotentin peninsula, the South-Western Peninsula and the south coast of Wales, dominated by [Ulex gallii], [Erica cinerea] and [Calluna vulgaris], often rich in grasses, in particular, [Agrostis curtisii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths

Cantabro-Pyrenean [Erica mackaiana]-[E. cinerea] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.236
definition: Heaths with [Ulex gallii], [Erica mackaiana], [Erica cinerea], [Daboecia cantabrica] of well drained soils of the beech level of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian chain and, very locally, of Galicia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths

Cantabro-Pyrenean [Erica vagans]-[E. cinerea] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.237
definition: Heaths with [Ulex gallii], [Erica vagans], [Erica cinerea], sometimes [Erica aragonensis], and [Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium] of the French and Spanish Basque coast and of the beech level of the Atlantic Pyrenees and of the Cantabrian chain, mostly on mildly acid or slightly calcareous soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths

Gallo-Britannic dwarf gorse heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.238
definition: Heaths of sub-Atlantic France and of southern and southeastern England formed by [Ulex minor], [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris] and [Ulex europaeus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths

Aquitano-Ligerian dwarf gorse heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.239
definition: Heaths of well drained soils of Aquitaine, Saintonge, Poitou, Sologne and the Loire region formed by [Ulex minor] and [Erica cinerea], sometimes with [Erica scoparia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Erica] - [Ulex] heaths

Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.24
definition: Aquitanian heaths with rock-roses. Iberian heaths with numerous species of heathers (notably [Erica umbellata], [Erica aragonensis]) and brooms, rock-roses and often [Daboecia]. When the rock-roses and other Mediterranean shrubs become dominant they should be classified as maquis or garrigues (units F5 or F6).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry heaths
narrower: Biscay heaths
narrower: Luso-Galician heaths
narrower: Cabreran heaths
narrower: Galicio-Leonese heaths
narrower: Oro-Castillan heaths
narrower: Sorian heaths
narrower: Cuencan heaths
narrower: Luso-Extremaduran heaths
narrower: [Erica andevalensis] heaths

Biscay heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.241
definition: Coastal and collinar [Erica]-[Ulex]-[Cistus] heaths of the periphery of the Bay of Biscay and of the slopes of the Garonne Gap.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths
narrower: Aquitanian [Erica-Cistus] heaths
narrower: Gascony-Sologne arid heaths
narrower: Northern Iberian heaths

Aquitanian [Erica-Cistus] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2411
definition: [Erica cinerea] and [Cistus salvifolius] heaths of the Aquitanian coast, with irradiations in the Landes and to the Montagne noire and Minervois.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biscay heaths

Gascony-Sologne arid heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2412
definition: Arid [Erica cinerea] heaths of interior sandy hills and dunes of the Landes of Gascony and of Sologne gravels, with [Halimium alyssoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biscay heaths

Northern Iberian heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2413
definition: Tall, dense heaths of the coasts, hills and lower montane areas of the Atlantic slope of Cantabria, the Asturias and Galicia, formed by [Erica vagans] and [Ulex europaeus], with [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris] and [Daboecia cantabrica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Biscay heaths

Luso-Galician heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.242
definition: Atlantic Galician and Portuguese [Erica cinerea], [Erica umbellata] and [Ulex europaeus] heaths.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths
narrower: Luso-Galician collinar heaths
narrower: Luso-Galician maritime heaths

Luso-Galician collinar heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2421
definition: Coastal and collinar, thermo-Atlantic Galician and northern Portuguese heaths with [Erica cinerea], [Erica umbellata], [Ulex minor], [Ulex europaeus], [Ulex micranthus], [Cistus salvifolius] and [Halimium alyssoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Luso-Galician heaths

Luso-Galician maritime heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2422
definition: Cushiony heaths with [Ulex europaeus ssp. latebracteatus f. humilis] and [Erica cinerea] of cliff tops of Galicia, north and central Portugal (southern vicariant of unit 31.231).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Luso-Galician heaths

Cabreran heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.243
definition: Low [Calluna vulgaris]-rich heaths of interior northwestern mountains, limited to the Sierra de la Cabrera and the neighbouring Sierra Segundera, Pena Trevinca and Sierra del Teleno.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths
narrower: Cabreran dry whin heaths
narrower: Cabreran mesophile whin heaths

Cabreran dry whin heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2431
definition: Open, cushiony formations of [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica umbellata], [Genista sanabrensis], [Halimium umbellatum], [Halimium alyssoides] occupying dry, superficial soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cabreran heaths

Cabreran mesophile whin heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2432
definition: Formations of [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista carpetana], [Genista anglica], [Genista micrantha] and [Thymelaea coridifolia] ([Thymelaea dendryobryum]) of wetter stations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cabreran heaths

Galicio-Leonese heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.244
definition: [Erica aragonensis] or [Erica umbellata] heaths of the interior slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, of interior Galicia and of the Leonese mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths
narrower: Galicio-Leonese [Erica aragonensis] heaths
narrower: Galicio-Leonese [Erica umbellata] heaths
narrower: Galicio-Leonese [Erica cinerea] heaths

Galicio-Leonese [Erica aragonensis] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2441
definition: Supra-Mediterranean [Erica aragonensis] heaths with [Chamaespartium tridentatum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Halimium alyssoides] of the interior slopes of the Cantabrian Cordillera, eastern Galician ranges, Leon mountains and the Sierra de Cabrera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Galicio-Leonese heaths

Galicio-Leonese [Erica umbellata] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2442
definition: Lower altitude heaths on the confines of Galicia and Leon dominated by [Erica umbellata] accompanied by [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaespartium tridentatum], [Halimium alyssoides], [Genista triacanthos], [Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Galicio-Leonese heaths

Galicio-Leonese [Erica cinerea] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2443
definition: Lower altitude heaths on the confines of Galicia and Leon, characteristic of slightly more uniform and humid climates than those of unit 31.2442, dominated by [Erica cinerea], accompanied by [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaespartium tridentatum], [Erica umbellata], [Halimium umbellatum] and Mediterranean elements such as [Lavandula stoechas ssp. pedunculata], [Thymus mastichina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Galicio-Leonese heaths

Oro-Castillan heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.245
definition: [Erica aragonensis] heaths of the Cordillera Central and the summits of the Montes de Toledo.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths
narrower: Western Cordilleran [Erica aragonensis] heaths
narrower: Ayllon [Erica aragonensis] heaths
narrower: Villuercan [Erica aragonensis] heaths

Western Cordilleran [Erica aragonensis] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2451
definition: [Erica aragonensis] formations of the western Cordillera Central (Serra da Estrela, Sierra de Gata, Sierra de Pena de Francia) with [Erica umbellata], [Halimium alyssoides] and sometimes [Juniperus nana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Castillan heaths

Ayllon [Erica aragonensis] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2452
definition: [Erica aragonensis] formations of the Sierra de Ayllon with [Halimium viscosum], [Halimium ocymoides], [Genista pilosa] and, sometimes [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Castillan heaths

Villuercan [Erica aragonensis] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2453
definition: Isolated summital [Erica aragonensis] heaths of the Montes de Toledo (Villuercas).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Castillan heaths

Sorian heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.246
definition: [Erica aragonensis] and [Calluna vulgaris] heath communities of the northern Iberian Range, often with [Genista pilosa] or, on wetter soils, [Genista anglica] and [Genista micrantha].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths
narrower: Sorian summital heaths
narrower: Sorian [Erica aragonensis] heaths
narrower: Sorian [Erica vagans] heaths
narrower: Sorian collinar heaths

Sorian summital heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2461
definition: [Calluna] heaths of high peaks, with [Viola montcaunica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sorian heaths

Sorian [Erica aragonensis] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2462
definition: Beech-zone [Erica aragonensis] heaths with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sorian heaths

Sorian [Erica vagans] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2463
definition: Formations of lower beech zone, with [Erica vagans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sorian heaths

Sorian collinar heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.2464
definition: [Erica arborea], [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris] formations of the acidophilous oak zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sorian heaths

Cuencan heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.247
definition: [Erica aragonensis] heaths of the southern Iberian Range (Valdemeca, Serrania de Cuenca) with [Thymelaea subrepens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths

Luso-Extremaduran heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.248
definition: Formations rich in [Erica umbellata], or sometimes [Erica aragonensis], of the meso-Mediterranean and occasionally thermo-Mediterranean zones of the western parts of the Iberian peninsula, intermediate between heath and maquis.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths

[Erica andevalensis] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.249
definition: Formations constituted by the local endemic [Erica andevalensis] on soils rich in heavy metals of the rio Odiel basin in western Andalusia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic [Erica - Ulex - Cistus] heaths

Boreo-Atlantic [Erica cinerea] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.25
definition: Low, open heaths of northern hyper-Atlantic Europe, north of the range of gorses, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris] and [Erica cinerea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry heaths

Inland dune heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.26
definition: Heaths colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dry heaths
narrower: Dry sandy heaths with [Empetrum nigrum]
narrower: Dry sandy heaths with [Calluna] and [Genista]

Dry sandy heaths with [Empetrum nigrum]
type: Concept
notation: F4.261
definition: Crowberry heaths (unit 31.2272) of the relict wandering dunes of Drente and southern Friesland, with [Empetrum nigrum], [Salix arenaria], [Lophochloa cuspidata], [Pseudoscleropodium purum], [Hylocomium splendens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland dune heaths

Dry sandy heaths with [Calluna] and [Genista]
type: Concept
notation: F4.262
definition: Sub-Atlantic [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes, other than those of 64.131; their composition can be specified by use of codes of unit 31.22.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland dune heaths

Macaronesian heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.3
definition: Heaths of the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate shrub heathland
narrower: Canary Island heaths
narrower: Madeiran cloud heaths
narrower: Madeiran summital heaths
narrower: Azorean lowland heaths
narrower: Upland Azorean [Erica azorica] and [Juniperus brevifolia] heaths
narrower: Azorean summital heaths

Canary Island heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.31
definition: Low and medium-tall ericaceous formations of the cloud belt of the Canary Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian heaths
narrower: Canary Island [Erica scoparia] heaths
narrower: Canary Island [Erica arborea] heaths

Canary Island [Erica scoparia] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.311
definition: Humid low heaths of high elevations of Tenerife (Anaga) and La Gomera (Incherada), with [Erica scoparia ssp. platycodon].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island heaths

Canary Island [Erica arborea] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.312
definition: Low and medium-tall stages of the [Erica arborea], [Myrica faya] and [Ilex canariensis] formations (tall forest-like formations are listed as 45.9).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island heaths

Madeiran cloud heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.32
definition: Sometimes fairly tall, 2-3 metre high, [Erica arborea], [Myrica faya], [Erica scoparia], [Laurus azorica], [Clethra arborea] and [Pteridium aquilinum] heaths of the cloud zone of Madeira.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian heaths

Madeiran summital heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.33
definition: [Erica cinerea var. maderensis]-dominated heaths of the highest peaks of Madeira.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian heaths

Azorean lowland heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.34
definition: [Erica azorica], [Myrica faya] and [Laurus azorica] heaths of the lower altitudes of the Azores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian heaths

Upland Azorean [Erica azorica] and [Juniperus brevifolia] heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.35
definition: Heath facies of the [Erica azorica] and [Juniperus brevifolia] "upper woods" of the Azores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian heaths

Azorean summital heaths
type: Concept
notation: F4.36
definition: [Calluna vulgaris], [Daboecia azorica] and [Thymus caespititius] communities of the highest altitudes of the Azores (1200-1500 m).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian heaths

Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5
definition: Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with a closed or nearly closed canopy structure, having nearly 100% cover of shrubs, with few annuals and some vernal geophytes; trees are nearly always present, some of which may be in shrub form. Shrubs, sometimes tall, of [Arbutus], [Cistus], [Cytisus], [Erica], [Genista], [Lavandula], [Myrtus], [Phillyrea], [Pistacia], [Quercus] and [Spartium] are typical. Included is pseudomaquis, in which the dominants are mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Arborescent matorral
narrower: Maquis
narrower: Pseudomaquis
narrower: [Spartium junceum] fields
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub

Arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.1
definition: Successional and plagioclimax evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous vegetation of mediterranean or warm-temperate humid affinities with a more or less dense, broken or low arborescent cover and with a usually thick, high evergreen shrub stratum. Arborescent matorral derives mostly from degradation or regrowth of broad-leaved evergreen forests (G2) or is intermediate between them and maquis (F5.2); some derives from thermophilous deciduous (G1.7) or conifer (G3.7) forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes
narrower: Evergreen [Quercus] matorral
narrower: [Olea europaea] and [Pistacia lentiscus] matorral
narrower: [Juniper] matorral
narrower: [Pinus] matorral
narrower: [Tetraclinis articulata] matorral
narrower: Deciduous [Quercus] matorral
narrower: Arid zone matorral
narrower: [Laurus nobilis] matorral
narrower: [Cupressus] matorral
narrower: [Zelkova] matorral

Evergreen [Quercus] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.11
definition: Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean arborescent matorral organized around evergreen oaks. Dense, low, coppice-like Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean woods of evergreen oaks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral
narrower: Cork-oak matorral
narrower: Acidiphile western Mediterranean holm-oak matorral
narrower: Calciphile western Mediterranean oak matorral
narrower: Eastern Mediterranean oak matorral
narrower: Iberian mixed oak arborescent matorral
narrower: Mediterranean evergreen oak low woods

Cork-oak matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.111
definition: Arborescent matorral dominated by [Quercus suber]. Detailed habitats can be coded by placing at the fourth and fifth decimal places of 32.111 the second and third digits after the decimal point of 45.2 that characterize the corresponding cork oak forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen [Quercus] matorral

Acidiphile western Mediterranean holm-oak matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.112
definition: Arborescent matorral of siliceous substrates of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia], usually with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus unedo]. Detailed habitats can be coded by placing at the fourth, fifth and sixth decimal places of 32.112 the second, third and fourth digits after the decimal point of 45.3 that characterize the corresponding evergreen oak forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen [Quercus] matorral

Calciphile western Mediterranean oak matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.113
definition: Arborescent matorral of calcareous substrates of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by [Quercus ilex], [Quercus rotundifolia] or [Quercus coccifera]. For [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia] matorrals, detailed habitats can be coded by placing at the fourth, fifth and sixth decimal places of 32.113 the second, third and fourth digits after the decimal point of 45.3 that characterize the corresponding evergreen oak forest. For Italian [Quercus coccifera] formations, use 32.1135.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen [Quercus] matorral

Eastern Mediterranean oak matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.114
definition: Evergreen oak arborescent matorral of the Dalmatian coastlands, Montenegro and Albania, of continental Greece and its archipelagoes, of Cyprus, Asia Minor and the Levant, dominated by [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]), developed on either siliceous or calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen [Quercus] matorral

Iberian mixed oak arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.115
definition: Arborescent matorral organized around mixed evergreen ([Quercus suber], [Quercus ilex], [Quercus rotundifolia]) and deciduous ([Quercus pyrenaica], [Quercus faginea]) oaks of Iberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen [Quercus] matorral

Mediterranean evergreen oak low woods
type: Concept
notation: F5.116
definition: Dense, low, coppice-like formations of evergreen oaks of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen [Quercus] matorral
narrower: [Quercus ilex] and [Quercus rotundifolia] low woods
narrower: [Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] low woods

[Quercus ilex] and [Quercus rotundifolia] low woods
type: Concept
notation: F5.1161
definition: Dense, low, coppice-like woods of [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia] of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions. Detailed habitats can be coded by combining with 32.1161 appropriate codes from unit 45.3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean evergreen oak low woods

[Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] low woods
type: Concept
notation: F5.1162
definition: Dense, low, coppice-like woods of [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]) or [Quercus alnifolia] of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions. Detailed habitats can be coded by combining with 32.1162 appropriate codes from unit 45.4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean evergreen oak low woods

[Olea europaea] and [Pistacia lentiscus] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.12
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo-Canarian arborescent matorrals with [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis], [Ceratonia siliqua], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Pistacia atlantica] or [Myrtus communis], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit G2.4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral
narrower: Olive arborescent matorral
narrower: Carob arborescent matorral
narrower: Lentisc and phillyrea arborescent matorral
narrower: Myrtle arborescent matorral
narrower: Canary Island olive-lentisc arborescent matorral

Olive arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.121
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit 45.11.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Olea europaea] and [Pistacia lentiscus] matorral

Carob arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.122
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by [Ceratonia siliqua], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit 45.12.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Olea europaea] and [Pistacia lentiscus] matorral

Lentisc and phillyrea arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.123
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by tall [Pistacia lentiscus] or [Phillyrea latifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Olea europaea] and [Pistacia lentiscus] matorral

Myrtle arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.124
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by tall [Myrtus communis], in particular Balearic "murtedas" of the [Clematidi-Myrtetum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Olea europaea] and [Pistacia lentiscus] matorral

Canary Island olive-lentisc arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.125
definition: Thermo-Canarian arborescent matorrals dominated by [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis] or [Pistacia atlantica], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit 45.13.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Olea europaea] and [Pistacia lentiscus] matorral

[Juniper] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.13
definition: Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous bush and scrub organized around arborescent junipers of different species ([Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus phoenicea], [Juniperus lycia], [Juniperus excelsa], [Juniperus foetidissima], [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus drupacea] and [Juniperus thurifera], which are classified as subunits).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral
narrower: Prickly juniper arborescent matorral
narrower: [Juniperus phoenicea] and [Juniperus lycia] arborescent matorral
narrower: [Juniperus excelsa] and [Juniperus foetidissima] arborescent matorrals
narrower: [Juniperus communis] arborescent matorral
narrower: [Juniperus drupacea] arborescent matorral
narrower: [Juniperus thurifera] arborescent matorral

Prickly juniper arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.131
definition: Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus oxycedrus] s.l.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniper] matorral
narrower: [Juniperus oxycedrus] arborescent matorral
narrower: [Juniperus macrocarpa] arborescent matorral
narrower: [Juniperus transtagana] arborescent matorral

[Juniperus oxycedrus] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.1311
definition: [Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus]-dominated formations of dry, rocky slopes and deforested areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Prickly juniper arborescent matorral

[Juniperus macrocarpa] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.1312
definition: [Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. macrocarpa] formations of coastal sands and abrupt shores; many are dunal and can be coded under unit 16.27.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Prickly juniper arborescent matorral

[Juniperus transtagana] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.1313
definition: [Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. transtagana] formations of maritime sands of southwestern Portugal; they should usually be listed under unit 16.27.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Prickly juniper arborescent matorral

[Juniperus phoenicea] and [Juniperus lycia] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.132
definition: Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus phoenicea] s.l.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniper] matorral
narrower: [Juniperus phoenicea] arborescent matorral
narrower: [Juniperus lycia] arborescent matorral

[Juniperus phoenicea] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.1321
definition: [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. phoenicea]-dominated formations occupying steep rocky slopes of the meso-Mediterranean and, locally, thermo-Mediterranean or lower supra-Mediterranean zones, particularly developed on crests and spurs of the mountains bordering the Ebro depression, in calcareous mountains of Valencia, in the southwestern Alps and Provence, in Sardinia, in Sicily, in Puglia, in southern Greece, in North Africa. Remarkable, generally uncommon, stands of old, tall trees may take on an almost woodland appearance.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus phoenicea] and [Juniperus lycia] arborescent matorral

[Juniperus lycia] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.1322
definition: [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia]-dominated formations of coastal sands, alluvions and abrupt shores. Many are dunal and can be coded under unit 16.27.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus phoenicea] and [Juniperus lycia] arborescent matorral

[Juniperus excelsa] and [Juniperus foetidissima] arborescent matorrals
type: Concept
notation: F5.133
definition: Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by [Juniperus excelsa] or [Juniperus foetidissima].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniper] matorral
narrower: [Juniperus excelsa] arborescent matorral
narrower: [Juniperus foetidissima] arborescent matorral

[Juniperus excelsa] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.1331
definition: Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by [Juniperus excelsa], derived from unit 42.A3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus excelsa] and [Juniperus foetidissima] arborescent matorrals

[Juniperus foetidissima] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.1332
definition: Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by [Juniperus foetidissima], derived from unit 42.A4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniperus excelsa] and [Juniperus foetidissima] arborescent matorrals

[Juniperus communis] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.134
definition: Mediterranean formations dominated by [Juniperus communis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniper] matorral

[Juniperus drupacea] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.135
definition: Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus drupacea], limited to the Peloponnese and Asia Minor, derived from forests of unit 42.A5.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniper] matorral

[Juniperus thurifera] arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.136
definition: Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus thurifera] of Spain, southern France, Corsica and North Africa, derived from forests of unit 42.A2. Geographical divisions can be retained by appending the suffixes of units 42.A2 to 32.136.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Juniper] matorral

[Pinus] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.14
definition: Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean sclerophyllous brush and scrub dotted by pines. Mixed dominance can be indicated by combination of codes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral
narrower: Mesogean pine arborescent matorral
narrower: Stone pine arborescent matorral
narrower: Aleppo pine arborescent matorral
narrower: Aegean pine arborescent matorral
narrower: Black pine and scots pine arborescent matorral

Mesogean pine arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.141
definition: Arborescent matorrals dominated by [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus] matorral

Stone pine arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.142
definition: Arborescent matorrals dominated by [Pinus pinea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus] matorral

Aleppo pine arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.143
definition: Arborescent matorrals dominated by [Pinus halepensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus] matorral

Aegean pine arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.144
definition: Arborescent matorrals dominated by [Pinus brutia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus] matorral

Black pine and scots pine arborescent matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.145
definition: Arborescent matorrals dominated by black pines ([Pinus pallasiana], [Pinus salzmannii]) or occasionnally by scots pines ([Pinus sylvestris]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus] matorral

[Tetraclinis articulata] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.15
definition: Thermo-mediterranean, meso-mediterranean or sub-mediterranean arborescent matorral of North Africa, the Maltese Islands and southern Spain dominated by [Tetraclinis articulata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral

Deciduous [Quercus] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.16
definition: Tall scrub formations of the Mediterranean basin dominated by semideciduous or deciduous oaks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral

Arid zone matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.17
definition: Brushes and steppes of the arid Iberian southeast, North Africa, Anatolia, central Cyprus and Palestine, dominated by often scattered tall shrubs and small trees of [Ziziphus lotus], [Ziziphus spina-christi] or [Acacia albida], in part distinctively thermo-mediterranean, in part intermediate between Mediterranean formations and open dry tropical woodland not found in the EUNIS classification area.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral
narrower: Iberian arid zone [Ziziphus] matorral

Iberian arid zone [Ziziphus] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.171
definition: Pre-desert brush of [Periploca laevigata], [Lycium intricatum], [Asparagus stipularis], [Asparagus albus], [Withania frutescens] with tall [Ziziphus lotus], confined to the arid Iberian Southeast; similar formations with lower [Ziziphus lotus] bushes are listed in unit 32.251.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arid zone matorral

[Laurus nobilis] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.18
definition: Humid arborescent matorral with tall laurel ([Laurus nobilis]) developed locally in Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands, Campania, in particular.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral

[Cupressus] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.19
definition: Maquis dominated by native (in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean basins; cf. unit G3.91) or planted cypress ([Cupressus]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral

[Zelkova] matorral
type: Concept
notation: F5.1A
definition: Formations of the mountains of Crete, for the most part hedgehog-heaths, dominated by sparse to moderately closed stands of [Zelkova abelicea], a rare, endemic, declining Tertiary relict of Pontic affinities, often associated with [Acer sempervirens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Arborescent matorral

Maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.2
definition: Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with a more or less closed canopy structure, and with few annuals, some geophytes and often scattered trees, some of which may be in shrub form. Unlike arborescent matorral, maquis is typically dominated by species that do not have the potential to grow into tall trees. In high maquis these may be [Arbutus] spp., [Erica arborea], [Erica scoparia], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Phillyrea] spp. In low maquis, [Cistus] spp., [Erica] spp., [Genista] spp., [Lavandula] spp. may predominate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes
narrower: High maquis
narrower: Low ericaceous maquis
narrower: Tall [Cistus] maquis
narrower: Low [Cistus] maquis
narrower: Low [Cistus - Lavandula stoechas] maquis
narrower: Low sparse maquis
narrower: [Cytisus]-dominated maquis

High maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.21
definition: Tall shrubby formations of the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the Mediterranean basin with a dominant stratum of [Erica arborea], [Arbutus unedo], [Quercus] spp. and [Pistacia lentiscus], but no or few emergent oaks, in contrast to unit F5.1.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis
narrower: Western Mediterranean high maquis
narrower: Luso-Extremaduran high maquis
narrower: Eastern Mediterranean high maquis

Western Mediterranean high maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.211
definition: Tall shrubby formations of the meso- and thermo-Mediterranean zones of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa with [Erica arborea], [Arbutus unedo], [Quercus ilex], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Phillyrea media], [Viburnum tinus], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Fraxinus ornus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High maquis

Luso-Extremaduran high maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.212
definition: Western Mediterranean maquis with [Erica lusitanica], [Erica arborea], [Erica scoparia], [Cistus psilosepalus], [Cistus populifolius] developed in particular in the vicinity of lauriphyllus formations of ravines and watercourse edges of the Montes de Toledo.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High maquis

Eastern Mediterranean high maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.213
definition: Maquis of Greece and the Balkan peninsula, with [Erica arborea], [Arbutus unedo], [Arbutus andrachne], [Myrtus communis], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Quercus coccifera], [Quercus ilex].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: High maquis

Low ericaceous maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.22
definition: Lower (usually less than one metre) western Mediterranean maquis rich in [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica scoparia], [Erica cinerea] or sometimes low [Erica arborea], often accompanied by [Cistus] spp., [Lavandula stoechas] and various brooms.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis

Tall [Cistus] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.23
definition: Meso-, thermo- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean maquis of Iberia, southern France and western Mediterranean North Africa, in which the tall, large-flowered [Cistus ladanifer] is prominent. Included are more or less dense, homogeneous fields of [Cistus ladanifer], which can be identified by addition of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place of any of the subdivisions below, and more varied formations dominated by tall clumps of [Cistus ladanifer], which can be identified by addition of digit 2 in the fourth decimal place of these subdivisions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis
narrower: Southwestern Iberian tall cistus maquis
narrower: Central Iberian tall cistus maquis
narrower: Baetic tall cistus maquis
narrower: Tyrrhenian tall cistus maquis

Southwestern Iberian tall cistus maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.231
definition: [Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations rich in gorses, spiny brooms or, occasionally, heathers, abundant on usually shallow soils in the thermo- and meso-Mediterranean zones of the southwest of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall [Cistus] maquis

Central Iberian tall cistus maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.232
definition: [Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations with brooms, heathers and lavenders of siliceous soils, generally rather eroded and oligotrophic of the meso- and, locally, supra-Mediterranean zones of the Meseta, the Iberian Range and its satellites, the eastern Cordillera Central and southern Galicia and Leon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall [Cistus] maquis

Baetic tall cistus maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.233
definition: [Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations of southern Andalusia, developed in siliceous or peridotite ranges in association with local Baetic floras.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall [Cistus] maquis

Tyrrhenian tall cistus maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.234
definition: Localized meso- and thermo-Mediterranean [Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations of siliceous or decalcified soils and subhumid climates of the Tyrrhenian hinterland (crystalline Provence, Valencia), often with heath elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall [Cistus] maquis

Low [Cistus] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.24
definition: Western Mediterranean formations of small or medium [Cistus] spp., most characteristic of the siliceous soils of the meso-Mediterranean zone, but also widely occurring in the thermo-Mediterranean zone and in the siliceous supra-Mediterranean zone. Formations dominated by different [Cistus] species are included as subunits, with the exception of: formations of mostly calciphile [Cistus] species (e.g. [Cistus albidus], [Cistus clusii]) and of indifferent species accompanied by strongly calciphile floras are classified as unit F6.1; formations of entirely thermo-Mediterranean species (e.g. [Cistus bourgaeanus], [Cistus palhinhae], [Cistus heterophyllus]) and of widespread species associated with co-dominant thermo-Mediterranean species are classified as unit F5.5.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis
narrower: [Cistus monspeliensis] maquis
narrower: [Cistus salvifolius] maquis
narrower: [Cistus populifolius] maquis
narrower: [Cistus laurifolius] maquis
narrower: [Cistus psilosepalus] maquis
narrower: [Cistus crispus] maquis
narrower: [Cistus incanus] maquis
narrower: [Cistus albidus] maquis

[Cistus monspeliensis] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.241
definition: Formations dominated by [Cistus monspeliensis], widespread in the Mediterranean region; homogeneous fields form in particular after fires.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus] maquis

[Cistus salvifolius] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.242
definition: Formations dominated by [Cistus salvifolius], equally widespread, though less often dominant, in the entire Mediterranean region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus] maquis

[Cistus populifolius] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.243
definition: Formations dominated by [Cistus populifolius], often taller, mainly of cooler, moister, shadier, siliceous or serpentine stations of the meso-Mediterranean zone of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, in particular of Portugal, Extremadura, the Sierra Morena, the Montes de Toledo, the Iberian Range system, the mountains of Andalusia Occidental, entering in several areas into the supra- or thermo-Mediterranean zones and extending north locally to northern Iberia and Languedoc.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus] maquis

[Cistus laurifolius] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.244
definition: Formations dominated by [Cistus laurifolius], often also of medium height, widespread on siliceous or decalcified soils in meso- and supra-Mediterranean Iberia and northwestern Africa, particularly in the [Quercus pyrenaica] realm, extending to the montane zone of the Pyrenees, and locally to sub-mediterranean areas of the southern Central Massif and the southwestern Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus] maquis

[Cistus psilosepalus] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.245
definition: Formations dominated by [Cistus psilosepalus] of moist, lime-free soils of the western half of the Iberian peninsula, usually associated with southern heath elements, within the Atlantic influence, frequently located in depressions and gullies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus] maquis

[Cistus crispus] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.246
definition: Formations of southern and eastern Iberia, southern France, western Sicily and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by [Cistus crispus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus] maquis

[Cistus incanus] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.247
definition: [Cistus incanus] (including [Cistus incanus ssp. corsicus] and [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus]) formations of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, peninsular Italy and Mediterranean North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus] maquis

[Cistus albidus] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.248
definition: Silicicolous formations with [Cistus albidus]. Most [Cistus albidus] formations have a pronounced garrigue character and should be listed under 32.4; however, some may be accompanied by a cortège so typical of silicolous maquis that they are better retained here.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus] maquis

Low [Cistus - Lavandula stoechas] maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.25
definition: Usually varied west-Mediterranean maquis rich in [Lavandula stoechas], accompanied by [Cistus] spp., [Erica] spp., brooms ([Genista] spp., [Cytisus] spp. i.a.). The subspecies of [Lavandula stoechas] can be used to characterize regional groups of communities otherwise differing by the assembly of accompanying species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis
narrower: Central Mediterranean lavender maquis
narrower: Central Iberian lavender maquis
narrower: Western Iberian lavender maquis

Central Mediterranean lavender maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.251
definition: Formations with [Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas] of northeastern Iberia, France, Italy and the west Mediterranean islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus - Lavandula stoechas] maquis

Central Iberian lavender maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.252
definition: Formations of central Iberia with [Lavandula stoechas ssp. pedemontana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus - Lavandula stoechas] maquis

Western Iberian lavender maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.253
definition: Formations of western Iberia with [Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri] or [Lavandula stoechas ssp. sampaiana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Low [Cistus - Lavandula stoechas] maquis

Low sparse maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.26
definition: Sparse, low silicicolous western Mediterranean maquis of [Helichrysum] spp., [Cistus] spp., [Erica] spp. physiognomically similar to calcicolous garrigues.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis

[Cytisus]-dominated maquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.27
definition: Low, west-Mediterranean maquis dominated by leguminous shrubs ([Cytisus], [Teline], [Genista], [Adenocarpus], [Calicotome spinosa]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis

Pseudomaquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.3
definition: Mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub thickets of the periphery of the range of Mediterranean sclerophyllous scrublands. They include, in particular, shrub formations of the Balkan and Italian peninsulas intermediate between Mediterranean maquis and schibljak, resulting from the degradation of thermophilous deciduous woodland G1.7, with a mixture of evergreen and deciduous bushes including [Quercus coccifera], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Quercus trojana], [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Buxus sempervirens], [Berberis cretica], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Pyrus spinosa], [Rosa] spp., similar Iberian formations with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Prunus lusitanica], [Ilex aquifolium], French and Italian formations with [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus ilex], formations of Mediterranean Asia Minor and the Levant dominated by mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs or small trees, in particular, [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]) and [Pistacia palaestina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic pseudomaquis
narrower: Italo-French pseudomaquis
narrower: Iberian pseudomaquis
narrower: Western Asian pseudomaquis

Italo-French pseudomaquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.32
definition: French and Italian mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub formations dominated by [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus ilex].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pseudomaquis

Iberian pseudomaquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.33
definition: Mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub formations of Iberia, with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Prunus lusitanica], [Ilex aquifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pseudomaquis

Western Asian pseudomaquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.34
definition: Formations of Mediterranean Asia Minor and the Levant dominated by mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs or small trees, in particular, [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]) and [Pistacia palaestina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pseudomaquis

[Spartium junceum] fields
type: Concept
notation: F5.4
definition: Thickets and brushes of Spanish broom, [Spartium junceum], widespread in mediterranean and sub-mediterranean areas of western Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes

Oleo-lentisc brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.511
definition: Usually pluri-specific brushes in which [Olea europaea var. sylvestris] accompanied by [Pistacia lentiscus] plays a determinant physiognomic role. Almost entirely restricted to the thermo-Mediterranean zone, they are represented by particularly well-developed, extensive stands in southern Iberia, the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, southern Greece and the Aegean, Mediterranean Anatolia, Cyprus and the Levant, North Africa. When the characteristic species increase in height they grade into arborescent matorral (unit 32.12).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Thermo-Mediterranean heath-garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.512
definition: Formations dominated by the thermophile, often calciphile, heathers [Erica multiflora] and [Erica manipuliflora], best developed in the thermo-Mediterranean zones of southern and eastern Spain, the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, Pantelleria, southern Italy, southern Greece and the Aegean, Mediterranean Anatolia, Cyprus and coastal Mediterranean North Africa. Western meso-mediterranean formations are listed under unit 32.4B, eastern meso-Mediterranean formations under unit 32.5C.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues
narrower: Western [Erica multiflora] heath-garrigues
narrower: Western [Erica manipuliflora] heath-garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Erica manipuliflora] heath-garrigues

Helleno-Balkanic pseudomaquis
type: Concept
notation: F5.31
definition: Shrub formations intermediate between Mediterranean maquis and schibljak, resulting from the degradation of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] of the Helleno-Balkanic peninsula, distributed in particular in northern Greece, in the Maritsa, Tundja, Mesta, Struma and Vardar valleys of Bulgaria and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Lake Ohrid basin of Albania, along the Black Sea coasts of Bulgaria, and in the eastern Adriatic hills of Albania, Yugoslavia and Croatia, with a mixture of evergreen and deciduous bushes including [Quercus coccifera], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus excelsa], [Quercus trojana], [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Pistacia atlantica], [Berberis cretica], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Pyrus spinosa], [Buxus sempervirens], [Phillyrea media], [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus lusitanica], [Laurus nobilis], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Jasminum fruticans], [Crataegus monogyna], [Crataegus pycnoloba], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Rosa sempervirens], [Rubus ulmifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pseudomaquis

Thermo-Mediterranean scrub
type: Concept
notation: F5.5
definition: Shrub formations characteristic of the thermo-Mediterranean zone. Included here are those formations, for the most part indifferent to the siliceous or calcareous nature of the substrate, that reach their greatest extent or optimal development in the thermo-Mediterranean zone, typically with abundant [Pistacia lentiscus], [Myrtus communis], [Phillyrea] spp., [Erica manipuliflora], [Styrax officinalis], [Genista fasselata], [Euphorbia dendroides], [Calicotome villosa] and [Sarcopoterium spinosum]. Also included are the numerous, strongly characterized, thermophile formations endemic to the south of the Iberian peninsula, mostly thermo-Mediterranean but sometimes meso-Mediterranean; in their great local diversity they are a western counterpart of, and sometimes approach in appearance, the mostly eastern Mediterranean phryganas F7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues
narrower: [Euphorbia dendroides] formations
narrower: [Ampelodesmos mauritanica] -dominated garrigues
narrower: [Chamaerops humilis] brush
narrower: Mediterranean pre-desert scrub
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)
narrower: Mediterranean gorse-heaths
narrower: Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues
narrower: [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths
narrower: Western Tethyan xero-psammitic brushes
narrower: Cabo de Sao Vicente brushes
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean heaths

Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.51
definition: Lentisc-dominated or lentisc-rich brushes and related formations with [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Rhamnus] spp. and [Rhamnus lycioides] subspecies, [Myrtus communis], [Rubia] spp., [Asparagus] spp., [Phillyrea] spp., [Osyris] spp., [Bupleurum] spp., various oaks ([Quercus ilex], [Quercus coccifera] and other species), [Calicotome] spp., [Laurus nobilis], [Helichrysum italicum] and other species widespread in the whole thermo-Mediterranean zone (except the arid Iberian Southeast: unit F5.55). A few extremely distinctive habitats formed by facies of these formations, distributed throughout large portions of their range, are separated under units F5.52-F5.54. Other characteristic habitats are classified as subunits of this unit according to the dominant species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub
narrower: Oleo-lentisc brush
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean heath-garrigues
narrower: Thorny burnet brush
narrower: Lentisc brush
narrower: [Calicotome] brush
narrower: [Laurus] thickets
narrower: Coastal [Helichrysum] garrigues
narrower: Myrtle thickets
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brushes
narrower: [Phillyrea] thickets
narrower: Buckthorn-asparagus brushes
narrower: [Osyris] brushes
narrower: Storax thickets
narrower: [Buxus balearica] box thickets
narrower: Dwarf oak scrub
narrower: Tall spiny broom brush
narrower: Corema brush
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean juniper brushes
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean wormwood brushes
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean Jupiter's beard brushes
narrower: Coastal dwarf leguminous garrigues

Western [Erica multiflora] heath-garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.5121
definition: Usually calciphile [Erica multiflora] formations of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, the large western Mediterranean islands and coastal Mediterranean North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean heath-garrigues

Western [Erica manipuliflora] heath-garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.5122
definition: Rare, calciphile [Erica manipuliflora] formations of Puglia and Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean heath-garrigues

Eastern [Erica manipuliflora] heath-garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.5123
definition: [Erica manipuliflora] formations of Greece and its archipelagoes, Mediterranean Anatolia, Cyprus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean heath-garrigues

Thorny burnet brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.513
definition: Non-cushion formations dominated by [Sarcopoterium spinosum] of the eastern Mediterranean.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Lentisc brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.514
definition: [Pistacia lentiscus] -dominated or -rich formations, widespread and abundant in thermo-Mediterranean and coastal meso-Mediterranean zones of the entire Mediterranean basin; locally, similar formations may appear in warm inland meso-Mediterranean areas. Often low and sometimes very open, the lentisc brush can in favourable situations reach a height of several metres, grading into arborescent matorral (unit 32.123).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

[Calicotome] brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.515
definition: Thermo-mediterranean formations physiognomically dominated by the brilliantly flowering [Calicotome villosa] or [Calicotome spinosa], widespread in European thermo-mediterranean regions, in the Levant, in particular on sandy plains and in pre-steppic areas, and in North Africa, notably in semi-arid areas of northeastern Tunisia and northeastern Libya.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

[Laurus] thickets
type: Concept
notation: F5.516
definition: [Laurus nobilis] thickets of humid or fresh stations of thermo-mediterranean regions, low-growing facies of unit 32.18, noted in particular in Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands, Campania and Crete.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Coastal [Helichrysum] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.517
definition: Low formations of [Helichrysum] ([Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum]) with spurges ([Euphorbia pithyusa], i.a.), [Pistacia lentiscus], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Artemisia densiflora] or [Thymelaea passerina], [Thymelaea hirsuta], [Thymelaea tartonraira] of the immediate vicinity of sea cliffs, forming the transition between cliff vegetations or clifftop phryganas and thermo-Mediterranean brushes; they are particularly characteristic of the large Mediterranean islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues
narrower: Iberian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
narrower: Tyrrhenian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
narrower: Hellenic thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
narrower: Anatolian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
narrower: Cyprian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
narrower: Levantine thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
narrower: North African thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush

Iberian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.5171
definition: Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of southern Portugal, southern and eastern Spain and the Ebro basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal [Helichrysum] garrigues

Tyrrhenian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.5172
definition: Rare [Quercus coccifera] formations of Liguria, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal [Helichrysum] garrigues

Hellenic thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.5173
definition: Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of Greece and its archipelagoes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal [Helichrysum] garrigues

Anatolian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.5174
definition: Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the periphery of the Anatolian plateau.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal [Helichrysum] garrigues

Cyprian thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.5175
definition: Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of Cyprus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal [Helichrysum] garrigues

Levantine thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.5176
definition: Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the eastern Mediterranean coastal fringe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal [Helichrysum] garrigues

North African thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.5177
definition: Formations of [Quercus coccifera] of the thermo-Mediterranean zone of North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coastal [Helichrysum] garrigues

Myrtle thickets
type: Concept
notation: F5.518
definition: [Myrtus communis]-dominated brush. Particularly noteworthy formations occur in the Balearics ([Clematidi-Myrtetum]), in southern Iberia, in Sardinia, in the Aegean, in the eastern Mediterranean coastal regions, in North Africa. Myrtle thickets can in favourable situations reach a height of a few metres, grading into arborescent matorral (unit 32.124).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Thermo-Mediterranean kermes oak brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.519
definition: [Quercus coccifera] thickets of the Mediterranean basin rich in thermo-Mediterranean elements, in particular, [Pistacia lentiscus], [Chamaerops humilis], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. lycioides], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. oleoides], [Asparagus albus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Bupleurum gibraltarium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

[Phillyrea] thickets
type: Concept
notation: F5.51A
definition: [Phillyrea angustifolia] or [Phillyrea media]-dominated thermo-Mediterranean brushes; they constitute facies of mixed thermo-Mediterranean brushes, in particular of the southern Iberian [Asparago-Rhamnion] and of the Aegean [Ceratonio-Rhamnion], notably on Samothrace and Rhodes; they also constitute remarkable coastal formations on Minorca, based on the endemic [Phillyrea media var. rodriguezii], and in Valencia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues
narrower: Minorcan [lentiscares]
narrower: Valencian [mata]
narrower: Western [Phillyrea] thickets
narrower: Eastern [Phillyrea] thickets

Minorcan [lentiscares]
type: Concept
notation: F5.51A1
definition: Thickets of [Phillyrea media var. rodriguezii] of wind-beaten coastal areas of Minorca.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phillyrea] thickets

Valencian [mata]
type: Concept
notation: F5.51A2
definition: Thickets of [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Quercus coccifera], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. oleoides var. angustifolia], [Rhamnus alaternus] of fixed dunes of Valencia. They are almost extinct, surviving only in the Dehesa de la Albufera. The code should be used in conjunction with unit 16.28.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phillyrea] thickets

Western [Phillyrea] thickets
type: Concept
notation: F5.51A3
definition: [Phillyrea angustifolia] or [Phillyrea latifolia]-dominated facies of mixed thermo-Mediterranean brushes of the westerm Mediterranean basin, with the exception of the coastal [Phillyrea] thickets of Minorca and Valencia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phillyrea] thickets

Eastern [Phillyrea] thickets
type: Concept
notation: F5.51A4
definition: [Phillyrea angustifolia] or [Phillyrea latifolia]-dominated formations of the eastern Mediterranean basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phillyrea] thickets

Buckthorn-asparagus brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.51B
definition: Thermo-mediterranean formations in which [Asparagus] spp. and/or [Rhamnus] spp., in particular [Rhamnus lycioides], predominate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

[Osyris] brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.51C
definition: Formations dominated by [Osyris alba] or [Osyris tripartita].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Storax thickets
type: Concept
notation: F5.51D
definition: [Styrax officinalis]-dominated formations of thermo- and meso-mediterranean areas of the eastern Mediterranean basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

[Buxus balearica] box thickets
type: Concept
notation: F5.51E
definition: [Buxus balearica] formations of coastal regions of Andalusia, bordering the Sea of Alboran, and of the Balearics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Dwarf oak scrub
type: Concept
notation: F5.51F
definition: Formations of the semievergreen shrub [Quercus fruticosa] ([Quercus humulus]), endemic of southern and southwestern Iberian and the Moroccan Tang‚rois; they are located in southern Portugal, western Andalusia and in the lower elevations of the western Rif, at around 500 m (j. Kbir, j. Zem-zem, j. Khezana).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Tall spiny broom brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.51G
definition: Brushes dominated by tall, spiny species of [Genista].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Corema brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.51H
definition: [Corema album]-dominated formations of the southwestern coasts of the Iberian peninsula. Most of them are dunal and can be listed under unit 16.28, completed by this code. They often constitute the hem of juniper woodland or thickets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Thermo-Mediterranean juniper brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.51I
definition: Formations rich in thermo-mediterranean elements dominated by prostrate or low shrubby [Juniperus oxycedrus] or [Juniperus phoenicea]. Many of them are dunal and can be listed under unit 16.28, completed by this code. See also unit 32.2B2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Thermo-Mediterranean wormwood brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.51J
definition: [Artemisia arborescens] brushes of the Tyrrhenian islands and peninsular Italy, the Iberian peninsula, Mediterranean North Africa, the southern Balkans, Greece and Crete, Mediterranean Asia Minor.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Thermo-Mediterranean Jupiter's beard brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.51K
definition: [Anthyllis barba-jovis] brushes of thermo-Mediterranean rocky coastal slopes often associated with coastal phrygana and [Euphorbia dendroides] formations, of eastern Spain, Provence, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the Adriatic coast of the Balkan peninsula, mainland Greece and Crete.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

Coastal dwarf leguminous garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.51L
definition: Local low thermo-Mediterranean formations of calcareous coasts of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and the west Mediterranean mainland of Europe and Africa, dominated by leguminous subshrubs of [Dorycnium] or [Coronilla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

[Euphorbia dendroides] formations
type: Concept
notation: F5.52
definition: Stands of [Euphorbia dendroides], remarkable tertiary relict of Macaronesian origin; they occur as a facies of the thermo-Mediterranean brushes of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Islas Eolie, Egadi, Pelagi, Pantelleria, Crete, and, very locally, of those of the coasts of northern Catalonia, southeastern France, peninsular Italy and its islands, central Greece, notably on slopes facing the gulf of Corinth, the Peloponnese, the Aegean archipelagoes, Albania and enclaves of the Mediterranean periphery of Anatolia and the Levant. Particularly extensive and robust stands occur in Sicily, Sardinia and Crete where they may extend to relatively high altitudes. Very local formations in Mediterranean North Africa occupy the steep rocky slopes of some coastal capes and isolated inland sites, in Cyrenaica, northern Tunisia (Ichkeul), and in a narrow coastal strip in northern Algeria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub

[Ampelodesmos mauritanica] -dominated garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.53
definition: Garrigues invaded and dominated by the high tussocks of [Ampelodesmos mauritanica]; typically thermo-Mediterranean, they also occur extensively in the meso-Mediterranean zone. They are most prevalent on the Tyrrhenian coast of central and southern Italy, in Sicily, in the Mediterranean zone and the less arid parts of the Saharo-Mediterranean transition zone of North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub

[Chamaerops humilis] brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.54
definition: [Chamaerops humilis]-dominated formations; other thermo-Mediterranean brushes or garrigues rich in the physiognomically important palmetto can be identified by a combination of this code and that of the other appropriate subdivision of unit F5.5. Palmetto brushes are best represented in the coastal areas of southwestern, southern and eastern Iberia, the Balearics, Sicily and its satellite islands and Mediterranean North Africa, with more sporadic occurrences in the Guadalquivir basin, Sardinia, and the Tyrrhenian coasts and islands of peninsular Italy. They are apparently extinct in the wild in the Maltese Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub

Mediterranean pre-desert scrub
type: Concept
notation: F5.55
definition: Shrub formations constituting, with the halo-nitrophilous scrubs (unit F6.824) and the localized gypsum scrubs (unit F6.73), much of the natural and semi-natural vegetation of the arid zone of southeastern Spain (Almeria, Murcia, Alicante), a highly distinctive region of unique climatological, biological and landscape character within Europe, extremely rich in African and endemic species. Several of the most remarkable formations remain in only a few undisturbed localities and are gravely at risk. Similar formations occur in the upper arid (Mediterranean arid) zone of North Africa. Outposts of these communities also exist in Sicily, the Egadi islands, the Pelagie islands, the Maltese Islands and Pantelleria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub
narrower: Iberian jujube brush
narrower: Sicilian jujube brush
narrower: [Maytenus] brushes
narrower: Iberian [Periploca] scrubs
narrower: Sicilian Channel [Periploca] scrubs
narrower: Iberian tall arid brushes
narrower: Iberian arid garrigues

Iberian jujube brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.551
definition: Communities dominated by hummocks of the lotus tree [Ziziphus lotus], usually with [Lycium intricatum], [Withania frutescens], [Asparagus albus], [Asparagus stipularis], [Rhamnus lycioides], of the arid Iberian Southeast. Very tall stands can be coded as unit 32.17.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean pre-desert scrub

Sicilian jujube brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.552
definition: [Ziziphus lotus] formations of western Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean pre-desert scrub

[Maytenus] brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.553
definition: More or less dense, spiny brushes limited to very restricted areas of the Almerian and Carthagenian coasts of the arid Iberian Southeast, dominated by the shrub of African affinities [Maytenus senegalensis var. europaeus] with [Rhamnus oleoides ssp. angustifolia] and [Rhamnus oleoides ssp. velutinus], [Asparagus albus], [Asparagus stipularis], [Asparagus horridus], [Chamaerops humilis] and occasionally [Buxus balearica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean pre-desert scrub

Iberian [Periploca] scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F5.554
definition: Open, sometimes sparse brush dominated by [Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia] with [Osyris quadripartita], [Chamaerops humilis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Rhamnus lycioides] and locally [Calicotome infesta ssp. intermedia], [Tetraclinis articulata], [Maytenus senegalensis] or [Lycium intricatum], limited to very arid coastal areas of Murcia and Almeria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean pre-desert scrub

Sicilian Channel [Periploca] scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F5.555
definition: Summer deciduous shrub formations of [Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia], [Lycium intricatum], [Euphorbia dendroides] with [Prasium majus], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Calicotome villosa] of islands of the Sicilian Channel, in particular of the southwestern coast of Pantelleria, of the Maltese Islands and of the Egadi Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean pre-desert scrub

Iberian tall arid brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.556
definition: Communities essentially endemic to the province of Almeria, constituted by [Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis], [Phlomis caballeroi], [Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides], [Genista umbellata], [Genista ramosissima], [Genista cinerea ssp. valentina], [Launaea arborescens], [Launaea lanifera], [Lavatera oblongifolia], [Linum suffruticosum], [Salsola webbii], [Salvia candelabrum], [Sideritis foetens], [Thymelaea tartonraira], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. canescens], [Frankenia webbii], [Anthyllis terniflora]. Formations belonging to this alliance dominated by large, non-spiny brooms are listed separately under unit 32.26.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean pre-desert scrub
narrower: [Salsola webbii] brush
narrower: Sideritis brush
narrower: Gorse-phlomis scrub
narrower: [Genista umbellata] garrigues

[Salsola webbii] brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.5561
definition: Tall brush communities of arid slopes at the base of coastal mountains with [Salsola webbii], [Launaea arborescens], [Anthyllis terniflora], [Frankenia webbii], [Echium pycnanthum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian tall arid brushes

Sideritis brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.5562
definition: Montane brush of sunny calcareous slopes of the Sierra de Gador and the Sierra de Alhamilla, rich in endemics among which the shrubs [Sideritis foetens] and [Lavandula lanata] and the woody perennials [Salvia candelabrum], [Lavatera oblongifolia] and [Ptilostemon hispanicus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian tall arid brushes

Gorse-phlomis scrub
type: Concept
notation: F5.5563
definition: Formation endemic to the base-rich volcanic rocks of the mountains of Cabo de Gata, dominated by the gorse [Ulex argenteus ssp. erinaceus], of extraordinarily limited range, accompanied by [Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis], [Phlomis caballeroi] and numerous elements of thermo-Mediterranean brushes, [Asparagus] spp., [Pistacia lentiscus], [Quercus coccifera], [Chamaerops humilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian tall arid brushes

[Genista umbellata] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.5564
definition: Open scrub rich in dwarf shrubs and dominated by the large cushions of var. [umbellata] of the remarkable, taxonomically widely isolated, southern and southeastern Spanish endemic [Genista umbellata], in association with the also cushion-forming [Thymus capitatus], [Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides], another southern Spanish endemic, and [Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis]. This formation, which presents physiognomic similarities with phryganas (unit 33), constitutes a transition between the arid brushes and the thermo-Mediterranean garrigues of section 32.27, in particular those formed by the only other population of [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis]). Many of the accompanying dwarf shrubs, such as [Thymus glandulosus], [Satureja obovata], [Teucrium eriocephalum], however, are Iberian Southeast endemics or preferentials.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian tall arid brushes

Iberian arid garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.557
definition: Low, open garrigues, often of steppic character, occupying mostly skeletal soils of the arid Iberian Southeast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean pre-desert scrub
narrower: Murcio-Alicantian arid garrigues
narrower: Almerian arid garrigues

Murcio-Alicantian arid garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.5571
definition: Diverse formations of the northern part of the arid Iberian Southeast characterized by various combinations of the dwarf shrubs [Helianthemum caput-felis], [Helianthemum cinereum ssp. cinereum], [Helianthemum pilosum ssp. violaceum], [Hypericum ericoides], [Launaea pumila] and the endemic [Astragalus hispanicus], [Sideritis leucantha ssp. tragoriganum], [Teucrium pumilum ssp. carolipaui], [Thymus longiflorus ssp. moroderi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian arid garrigues

Almerian arid garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.5572
definition: Very open formations limited to the areas of the Iberian Southeast with the most extreme arid conditions, characterized by [Anabasis articulata], [Frankenia webbii], [Haloxylon articulatum], [Launaea lanata], [Limonium album], [Teucrium gnaphalodes], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. flavovirens], and an exceptional number of endemics, including [Coris hispanica], [Euzomodendron bourgaeanum], [Herniaria fontanesii ssp. almeriana], [Limonium insigne], [Salsola papillosa], [Santolina viscosa], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. pusilla], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. osteoxyla], [Teucrium eriocephalum], [Teucrium almeriense].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian arid garrigues
narrower: [Limonium-Anabasis] arid garrigues
narrower: Cabo de Gata arid garrigue
narrower: Tabernas arid garrigues
narrower: Coastal Almerian arid garrigues

[Limonium-Anabasis] arid garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.55721
definition: Formations rich in succulent plants of argillous and stony soils of Murcia and Almeria, with [Anabasis articulata] and [Limonium insigne].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Almerian arid garrigues

Cabo de Gata arid garrigue
type: Concept
notation: F5.55722
definition: Formations of Cabo de Gata (Charidemum Promontorium) with [Teucrium charidemi], [Caralluma europaea var. confusa], [Lapiedra martinezii], [Antirrhinum charidemi], [Dianthus charidemii], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. osteoxyla], taxa for the most part endemic to the promontory.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Almerian arid garrigues

Tabernas arid garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.55723
definition: Species-rich formations of the arid depression between the Sierras de Gador, Filabres and Alhamilla, with [Euzomodendron bourgaeanum], [Coris hispanica], [Koelpinia linearis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Almerian arid garrigues

Coastal Almerian arid garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.55724
definition: Coastal Murcio-Almerian formations with [Teucrium gnaphalodes], [Teucrium baltasari], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. pusilla] and [Sideritis pusilla ssp. flavovirens], [Launaea nudicaulis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Almerian arid garrigues

Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)
type: Concept
notation: F5.56
definition: Mediterranean formations dominated by retamas ([Lygos] spp.) or by large, non-spiny thermo-mediterranean brooms of genera [Cytisus] and [Genista], limited to the Iberian peninsula, the Balearics, mediterranean North Africa, Sicily and its associated islands, the Cilento coast of Campania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub
narrower: Yellow retama brush
narrower: Ibero-Mauritanian white retama brush
narrower: [Genista speciosa] broom fields
narrower: [Genista valentina] broom fields
narrower: [Genista retamoides] broom fields
narrower: [Genista haenseleri] broom fields
narrower: [Genista ramosissima] broom fields
narrower: Thermo-mediterranean [Lygos raetam] brush
narrower: Eolian broomfields
narrower: [Genista ephedroides] broomfields
narrower: Ibiza broomfields
narrower: [Genista pseudoretamoides] broom fields

Yellow retama brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.561
definition: [Lygos sphaerocarpa] formations of the Iberian peninsula and Mediterranean North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

Ibero-Mauritanian white retama brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.562
definition: [Lygos monosperma] formations of the southwestern Iberian peninsula and coastal Mediterranean North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

[Genista speciosa] broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F5.563
definition: Tall, open formations dominated by or rich in the endemic [Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa], with [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Chronanthus biflorus], [Ptilostemon hispanicus], and, sometimes, [Lavandula lanata], [Catananche caerulea], [Teucrium polium], [Salvia candelabrum] or [Satureja graeca], of the lower meso-Mediterranean slopes of hills facing the Guadalquivir depression of eastern Andalusia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

[Genista valentina] broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F5.564
definition: Formations of the arid Iberian Southeast dominated by the endemic [Genista valentina], accompanied by [Lygos sphaerocarpa] or, in the Sierra de Cartagena area, [Calicotome infesta ssp. intermedia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

[Genista retamoides] broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F5.565
definition: Formations of the coast of the Sea of Alboran and of the arid Iberian southeast dominated by the endemic [Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

[Genista haenseleri] broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F5.566
definition: Open formations of abrupt, hot, sunny slopes of the sierras de Ojen, Mijas (Unidad Blanca), southern Andalusia characterized by the presence of the striking, tall endemic broom [Genista haenseleri], associated with [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis], [Thymus capitatus], [Teucrium fruticans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

[Genista ramosissima] broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F5.567
definition: Formations characterized by the presence of the usually dominant, non-spiny broom [Genista ramosissima] of southeastern Spain and North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

Thermo-mediterranean [Lygos raetam] brush
type: Concept
notation: F5.568
definition: Retama fields formed in coastal regions and on maritime sands of southern Sicily, North Africa and the Levant by [Lygos raetam ssp. gussonei], [Lygos raetam ssp. duraiei] and [Lygos raetam ssp. sarcocarpa], close relatives of the widespread retam, [Lygos raetam ssp. raetam], of the desert and subdesert regions (units 71 and 32.D).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

Eolian broomfields
type: Concept
notation: F5.569
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean formations of volcanic rocks and sands of Stromboli and Vulcano dominated by the very tall Eolian endemic broom [Cytisus aeolicus], with the Tyrrhenian insular endemic [Centaurea aeolica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

[Genista ephedroides] broomfields
type: Concept
notation: F5.56A
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean formations dominated by the Tyrrhenian endemic [Genista ephedroides], often on steep rocky substrates, restricted to a few localities on western and northern Sardinian headlands, on the island of Zannone, Circeo National Park (Latium), on the north coast of Sicily, on the Eolian and Ponsian islands and along the Cilento coast (Campania).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

Ibiza broomfields
type: Concept
notation: F5.56B
definition: Formations characterized by the remarkable, tall Ibiza endemic [Genista dorycnifolia], accompanied by the eastern Iberian [Chronanthus biflorus] ([Cytisus fontanesii]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

[Genista pseudoretamoides] broom fields
type: Concept
notation: F5.56C
definition: North African brushes formed by the tall [Genista spartioides ssp. pseudoretamoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)

Mediterranean gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.57
definition: Western Mediterranean formations, for the most part limited to the lower meso-mediterranean and thermo-mediterranean zones of the western Iberian peninsula, with outposts in western Morocco, dominated by gorse ([Ulex] spp., [Stauracanthus] spp.) of thermo-Mediterranean affinities, or by the spiny, globular broom [Genista hirsuta], accompanied by a cortège of plants characteristic of the meso- and thermo-mediterranean cistus maquis (F5.23), thermo-mediterranean brushes (F5.51) or, occasionally, meso-mediterranean garrigues (F6.1). Other thermo-mediterranean gorse formations will be found among the more specialised extreme southern Iberian endemic communities listed under F5.55, F5.58, F5.59, F5.5A-F5.5C.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub
narrower: Monchique [Ulex argenteus] gorse-heaths
narrower: Lusitanian [Ulex densus] gorse-heaths
narrower: Morena [Ulex eriocladus] gorse heaths
narrower: [Ulex parviflorus] gorse-heaths
narrower: [Stauracanthus spectabilis] gorse-heaths
narrower: Luso-Extremaduran [Genista hirsuta] gorse-heaths

Monchique [Ulex argenteus] gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.571
definition: [Ulex argenteus ssp. argenteus]-dominated or -rich formations of low slopes of the Serra da Monchique and neighbouring areas of Algarve and southwest Alentejo, usually with [Cistus ladanifer]. The gorse is endemic to the area; the communities inhabited by its two equally restricted relatives, [Ulex argenteus ssp. subsericeus] and [Ulex argenteus ssp. erinaceus] are listed under units 32.2A3, 32.2B4 and 32.2563.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean gorse-heaths

Lusitanian [Ulex densus] gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.572
definition: Cushion-heaths of [Ulex densus] formed in substitution stages of the [Melico-Cocciferetum] on dry, calcareous coastal hills of the Tejo and Estremadura regions of central-western Portugal; the gorse is endemic to the area.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean gorse-heaths

Morena [Ulex eriocladus] gorse heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.573
definition: Formations of the western Sierra Morena (Sierra de Aracena, Badajos region, southeastern Portugal) dominated by [Ulex eriocladus], developed mostly in the meso-Mediterranean zone and locally in contact with [Erica umbellata] heaths; the gorse is endemic to the area.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean gorse-heaths

[Ulex parviflorus] gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.574
definition: [Ulex parviflorus ssp. parviflorus]-dominated formations of central-western Portugal, southern and eastern Spain and southern France and coastal North Africa, locally distributed on calcareous or siliceous substrates of the thermo-Mediterranean and lower meso-Mediterranean zones, occasionally ascending to higher elevations. Communities including the related [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Ulex baeticus] and [Ulex australis] are listed under units 32.28, 32.2A and 32.2C, clearly meso-Mediterranean formations under unit 32.4H.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean gorse-heaths

[Stauracanthus spectabilis] gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.575
definition: [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. spectabilis]-dominated formations; the gorse has a very restricted distribution on the coast of Alentejo and in Morocco.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean gorse-heaths

Luso-Extremaduran [Genista hirsuta] gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.576
definition: [Genista hirsuta]-dominated formations of thermo- and meso-Mediterranean Luso-Extremaduran regions, widespread and physiognomically striking by the hemispherical port of the shrub, similar to that of many gorses and of phrygana species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean gorse-heaths

Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.58
definition: Mostly calcicolous, open garrigues of the extreme south of the Iberian peninsula characterized by the abundance of [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis], [Thymus eryanthus], [Thymus capitatus], [Micromeria graeca], [Teucrium polium], [Calicotome villosa], [Asperula hirsuta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub
narrower: Baetic garrigues
narrower: Ronda [Ononis speciosa] garrigues
narrower: Guadalquivir [Genista equisetiformis] garrigues
narrower: Alboran [Genista equisetiformis] garrigues
narrower: Andalusian magnesium garrigues
narrower: Bermeja [Halimium] garrigues

Baetic garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.581
definition: Varied calcicolous formations of Baetic hills; they may be dominated by any of a number of characteristic species of the class, and in particular by [Thymus capitatus], [Teucrium polium], [Helianthemum hirtum], [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea] or [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii]; they occur locally throughout the entire Baetic area. A few communities, remarkable for the dominance of less widespread, often endemic, usually striking species, and, in many cases, for their adaptation to non-calcareous soils or to outlying areas, have been listed separately.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues

Ronda [Ononis speciosa] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.582
definition: Spectacular formations dominated by the endemic shrub [Ononis speciosa] with [Bupleurum gibraltarium], [Thymus capitatus], [Micromeria graeca], [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis], [Calicotome villosa], [Satureja obovata], [Ptilostemon hispanicus], locally distributed in calcareous areas of the Serrania de Ronda and satellite ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues

Guadalquivir [Genista equisetiformis] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.583
definition: Sub-Baetic formations of calcareous hills lining the Guadalquivir depression of Andalusia with the large cushion-forming [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis] and [Chronanthus biflorus] accompanied by [Thymus capitatus], [Thymus eryanthus] and [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues

Alboran [Genista equisetiformis] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.584
definition: Acidophilous formations limited to rare enclaves of the slopes above the Sea of Alboran, with [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Calicotome villosa], [Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas], [Adenocarpus grandiflorus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues

Andalusian magnesium garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.585
definition: [Ulex baeticus]-dominated or -rich formations of ultra-basic dolomites, serpentines and peridotites of the Serrania de Ronda and its peripheral ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues
narrower: Ronda dolomite garrigues
narrower: Ronda serpentine and peridotite garrigues
narrower: Bermeja [Ulex] garrigues

Ronda dolomite garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.5851
definition: Dolomitic formations with [Ulex baeticus], [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Cistus clusii], [Halimium viscosum], [Euphorbia baetica], [Linaria clementei] and, sometimes, [Genista haenseleri] of the Serrania de Ronda, Sierra Blanquilla, de Ojen and surrounding areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andalusian magnesium garrigues

Ronda serpentine and peridotite garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.5852
definition: Formations of serpentines and peridotites of the Sierra de Carratraca and a few nearby stations of the Serrania de Ronda with [Ulex baeticus] (or sometimes [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis]), [Galium boissieranum], [Staehelina baetica], [Centaurea carratracensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andalusian magnesium garrigues

Bermeja [Ulex] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.5853
definition: Formations of the Sierra Bermeja dominated by [Ulex baeticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andalusian magnesium garrigues

Bermeja [Halimium] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F5.586
definition: Tall [Halimium atriplicifolium] formations of the peridotites of the Sierra Bermeja with [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Genista lanuginosa], [Genista hirsuta], [Lavandula stoechas].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian thermo-Mediterranean garrigues

[Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.59
definition: Highly distinctive formations, dominated by the endemic gorse [Stauracanthus boivinii], limited to a few locations with siliceous, oligotrophic soils and high precipitation of the thermo- and lower meso-mediterranean zone of the vicinity of the Straits of Gibraltar and the southern shores of the Sea of Alboran.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub
narrower: Aljibe [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths
narrower: Algarve [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths
narrower: North African [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths

Aljibe [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.591
definition: Formations of the sierras del Aljibe, Blanquilla, del Nino and de Ojen with the Gibraltar endemics [Genista tridens] and [Bupleurum foliosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths

Algarve [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.592
definition: Very local formation of the coast of the Algarve, with [Genista triacanthos], [Erica umbellata], [Calluna vulgaris] and [Tuberaria major].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths

North African [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.593
definition: African formations dominated by [Stauracanthus boivinii], distributed in the thermo- and lower meso-Mediterranean zone of the vicinity of the Straits of Gibraltar and the southern shores of the Sea of Alboran.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths

Western Tethyan xero-psammitic brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.5A
definition: Open brushes formed by [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum] or [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), highly adapted to the extreme aridity and oligotrophy of fossil dunes and other deep, fixed sands with very low water table of coastal areas of the western Mediterranean basin and the subtropical Atlantic, particularly developed in the southwestern Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub
narrower: Southern Andalusian "monte blanco"
narrower: Guadalquivir xero-psammitic brushes
narrower: Algarve xero-psammitic brushes
narrower: Lusitanian xero-psammitic brushes
narrower: Western Mediterranean xero-psammitic brushes

Southern Andalusian "monte blanco"
type: Concept
notation: F5.5A1
definition: Xero-psammitic brushes of the coasts of the Gulf of Cadiz, between the estuaries of the rios Guadalete, Guadalquivir and Tinto, particularly characteristic of the Coto Donana ("monte blanco"), in which [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum] and [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]) are accompanied by, in particular, [Lavandula stoechas ssp. lusitanica], [Armeria velutina] and [Thymus tomentosus] and, in the wide transition zone with the "monte negro", by [Ulex australis] and [Erica scoparia]. The "monte blanco" is an important habitat for several threatened or rare vertebrates, including [Lynx pardellus], [Genetta genetta], [Felis sylvestris], [Dama dama], [Aquila adalberti].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Tethyan xero-psammitic brushes

Guadalquivir xero-psammitic brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.5A2
definition: Somewhat transitional xero-psammitic brushes of inland sands of the Guadalquivir valley with [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum], [Halimium viscosum], [Genista hirsuta], [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), [Cistus crispus] and elements of thermo-Mediterranean brushes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Tethyan xero-psammitic brushes

Algarve xero-psammitic brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.5A3
definition: Very local xero-psammitic brushes of the Algarve coast with [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum], [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), [Lavandula stoechas ssp. lusitanica], [Armeria macrophylla] and the extremely narrow endemic [Ulex argenteus ssp. subsericeus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Tethyan xero-psammitic brushes

Lusitanian xero-psammitic brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.5A4
definition: Xero-psammitic brushes of sands of the Atlantic coast of Portugal with [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum], [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), [Helichrysum italicum] and [Corema album].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Tethyan xero-psammitic brushes

Western Mediterranean xero-psammitic brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.5A5
definition: Xero-psammitic brushes of coastal sands of Tyrrhenian islands and Italy, dominated by [Halimium halimifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Tethyan xero-psammitic brushes

Cabo de Sao Vicente brushes
type: Concept
notation: F5.5B
definition: Low brush and garrigue formations of the dolomitic tableland, karsts, sands and terra-rosas of the vicinity of Cape San Vicente, with dwarf [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia], [Cistus palhinhae], [Ulex argenteus ssp. erinaceus], rich in endemics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub

Thermo-Mediterranean heaths
type: Concept
notation: F5.5C
definition: Closed formations of heather, gorse and halimium constituting the extensive "monte negro" of the Coto Doñana; alternating with the xerophile "monte blanco" (unit F5.5A1), they occupy deep, sandy, oligotrophic soils with a water table close to the surface; their composition includes an admixture of thermo-Mediterranean and Atlantic heath species together with local endemics. Particularly characteristic in the Guadalquivir area, they are locally represented north to the Sado-Tago river area of coastal Portugal.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean scrub
narrower: Dry Andalusian [monte negro]
narrower: Humid Andalusian [monte negro]

Dry Andalusian [monte negro]
type: Concept
notation: F5.5C1
definition: Formations of higher ground with the endemic gorse [Ulex australis], [Erica scoparia], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista triacanthos], [Erica umbellata], [Halimium halimifolium], [Cistus salvifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean heaths

Humid Andalusian [monte negro]
type: Concept
notation: F5.5C2
definition: Formations of semi-peaty edges of freshwater lagoons and depressions where the winter and spring water table reaches the surface, with [Ulex minor var. lusitanicus], [Erica ciliaris], [Erica scoparia], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista anglica], [Molinia caerulea], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Cistus salvifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Mediterranean heaths

Garrigue
type: Concept
notation: F6
definition: Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with an open canopy structure and some bare ground, usually with many winter annuals and vernal geophytes. Low shrubs of [Cistus], [Lavandula], [Rosmarinus] and [Stoechas] are usually present, and there may be some larger shrubs and scattered trees. Garrigue is found mostly in the Mediterranean, Macaronesian and Pontic regions, where it typically derives from degradation or regrowth of broad-leaved evergreen forests (G2), but it extends into deciduous forest areas in the supra-Mediterranean zone and sub-Mediterranean zones and into steppe areas in Anatolia. Includes scrubby land with mainly herbaceous vegetation and a large component of unpalatable non-vernal monocots ([Asphodelus], [Urginea]) and thistles, provided that shrub cover exceeds 10%.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Western garrigues
narrower: Eastern garrigues
narrower: Illyrian garrigues
narrower: Black Sea garrigues
narrower: Macaronesian garrigues
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean garrigues
narrower: Mediterranean gypsum scrubs
narrower: Xero-halophile scrubs

Western garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1
definition: Shrubby formations, often low, on mostly calcareous soils of the meso-mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy and the large western Mediterranean islands, notably the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta. Included here are those formations that reach their optimal development within the meso-mediterranean zone although they often enter the thermo- or supra-mediterranean levels.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Garrigue
narrower: Western [Quercus coccifera] garrigues
narrower: Western [Rosmarinus officinalis] garrigues
narrower: Western [Cistus] garrigues
narrower: Western [Euphorbia] garrigues
narrower: Western [Juniperus oxycedrus] garrigues
narrower: Western [Lavandula] garrigues
narrower: Western [Teucrium] and other labiate garrigues
narrower: Western [Genista] garrigues
narrower: Western [Calicotome] garrigues
narrower: Western composite garrigues
narrower: Western [Erica] garrigues
narrower: Western [Globularia] garrigues
narrower: Western [Helianthemum] and [Fumana] garrigues
narrower: [Lithodora fruticosa] garrigues
narrower: Western [Thymelaea] garrigues
narrower: Western [Bupleurum] garrigues
narrower: Western [Ulex] garrigues
narrower: Western [Ononis fruticosa] garrigues
narrower: Western [Anthyllis cytisoides] garrigues
narrower: Western [Dictamnus] garrigues

Western [Quercus coccifera] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.11
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, usually relatively closed and tall, dominated by [Quercus coccifera] with no, or little, [Pistacia lentiscus] or other thermo-Mediterranean shrubs, very widespread in the meso-Mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula and southern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Rosmarinus officinalis] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.12
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, usually relatively tall, dominated by [Rosmarinus officinalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Cistus] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.13
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, mostly meso-Mediterranean, but often also thermo- or supra-Mediterranean, dominated by the low, calciphilous [Cistus albidus] or [Cistus clusii], or occasionally by indifferent species, usually accompanied by a more varied flora than that of the silicicolous cistus maquis, though sometimes capable of forming dense cistus fields. These can be identified by use of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place, digit 2 being reserved for more varied formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Euphorbia] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.14
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by bushy or robust perennial [Euphorbia] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Juniperus oxycedrus] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.15
definition: Meso-Mediterranean garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Juniperus oxycedrus] or other low, shrubby junipers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Lavandula] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.16
definition: Meso-, or sometimes thermo-, mediterranean garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin rich in calciphile [Lavandula latifolia] or, occasionally, [Lavandula angustifolia]; almost pure fields of [Lavandula latifolia] may form, in particular, as a facies of calcareous grasslands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Teucrium] and other labiate garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.17
definition: Garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except [Lavandula] and [Rosmarinus]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Genista] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.18
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin characterized by the abundance of small, spiny brooms such as [Genista scorpius], [Genista hispanica], [Genista corsica], [Genista lucida].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Calicotome] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.19
definition: Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Calicotome spinosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western composite garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1A
definition: Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by members of various genera of the family Asteraceae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Erica] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1B
definition: Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by the calciphile heathers [Erica multiflora] or [Erica manipuliflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Globularia] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1C
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Globularia alypum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Helianthemum] and [Fumana] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1D
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by small or dwarf shrubs of the genera [Helianthemum] (e.g. [Helianthemum asperum], [Helianthemum pilosum], [Helianthemum oelandicum], [Helianthemum marifolium], [Helianthemum cinereum], [Helianthemum lavandulifolium], [Helianthemum nummularium], [Helianthemum caput-felis]) or [Fumana] (e.g. [Fumana ericoides], [Fumana laevipes], [Fumana thymifolia]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

[Lithodora fruticosa] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1E
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Lithodora fruticosa], distributed in Spain and southern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Thymelaea] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1F
definition: Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin rich in shrubs of genus [Thymelaea] (e.g. [Thymelaea tinctoria], [Thymelaea nitida], [Thymelaea pubescens]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Bupleurum] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1G
definition: Often tall, sometimes very tall, dense shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Bupleurum fruticosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Ulex] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1H
definition: Meso-Mediterranean shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Ulex parviflorus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Ononis fruticosa] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1I
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Ononis fruticosa], limited to Iberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Anthyllis cytisoides] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1J
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Anthyllis cytisoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Western [Dictamnus] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.1K
definition: Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Dictamnus albus] ([Dictamnus hispanicus]), characteristic of stony terrains of eastern Spain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western garrigues

Eastern garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.2
definition: Shrubby formations, often low, of the meso-, thermo- and occasionally supramediterranean zones of Greece, southern Albania, Cyprus and southern Anatolia. Included here are all sclerophyllous formations, regardless of substrate, except those with conspicuous spiny cushion structure (F7), those with abundant thermo-Mediterranean scrub species (F5.5) and high maquis with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus] spp. (F5.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Garrigue
narrower: Eastern [Quercus coccifera] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Rosmarinus officinalis] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Cistus] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Euphorbia] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Juniperus oxycedrus] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Lavandula] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Teucrium] and other labiates garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Paliurus spina-christi] garrigues
narrower: Eastern broom garrigues
narrower: [Ebenus cretica] brushes
narrower: Eastern [Helichrysum] and other composite garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Erica] garrigues
narrower: [Arbutus andrachne] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Globularia] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Helianthemum] and [Fumana] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Thymelaea] garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Bupleurum] garrigues
narrower: East Mediterranean pre-desert scrub

Eastern [Quercus coccifera] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.21
definition: Shrub communities of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, usually relatively closed and tall, dominated by [Quercus coccifera] with no, or little, [Pistacia lentiscus] or other thermo-mediterranean shrubs; kermes oak garrigues are by far the most widespread xerophyllous shrub formations in the eastern meso-mediterranean zone. They are also well represented in the supra-Mediterranean and thermo-Mediterranean zones. Formations pertaining to the latter, when rich in other, more restrictively thermophile shrubs, have been listed as unit F5.5173.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Rosmarinus officinalis] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.22
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, usually relatively tall, dominated by [Rosmarinus officinalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Cistus] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.23
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by or rich in [Cistus] species. Dense cistus fields can be identified by use of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place, digit 2 being reserved for more varied formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Euphorbia] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.24
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by bushy or robust perennial [Euphorbia] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Juniperus oxycedrus] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.25
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by low, shrubby [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus communis] or [Juniperus phoenicea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Lavandula] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.26
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland rich in [Lavandula stoechas] or, occasionally, [Lavandula angustifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Teucrium] and other labiates garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.27
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except [Lavandula] and [Rosmarinus]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues
narrower: Eastern tree germander garrigues
narrower: Jerusalem sage garrigues
narrower: Eastern [Salvia] and [Stachys] garrigues
narrower: Eastern dwarf labiate garrigues

Eastern tree germander garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.271
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by the tall or very tall [Teucrium fruticans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Teucrium] and other labiates garrigues

Jerusalem sage garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.272
definition: Fairly tall garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by [Phlomis fruticosa]. Very degraded habitats occupied by almost monospecific fields of this species can be listed under 32.9.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Teucrium] and other labiates garrigues

Eastern [Salvia] and [Stachys] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.273
definition: Fairly tall garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by shrubs or woody perennials of genera [Salvia] (e.g. [Salvia triloba], [Salvia argentea], [Salvia eichlerana], [Salvia pomifera]), [Stachys] (e.g. [Stachys cretica]) or others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Teucrium] and other labiates garrigues

Eastern dwarf labiate garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.274
definition: Low, open garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland formed by dwarf shrubs or perennials of genera [Thymus] (e.g. [Thymus capitatus], [Thymus teucrioides], [Thymus atticus], [Thymus sibthorpii], [Thymus striatus], [Thymus comptus]), [Teucrium] (e.g. [Teucrium polium]), [Sideritis] (e.g. [Sideritis syriaca], [Sideritis clandestina]), [Micromeria] (e.g. [Micromeria juliana], [Micromeria graeca]), [Phlomis] (e.g. [Phlomis cretica], [Phlomis floccosa], [Phlomis lanata]) or others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Teucrium] and other labiates garrigues

Eastern [Paliurus spina-christi] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.28
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by [Paliurus spina-christi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern broom garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.29
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland characterized by the abundance of broom-like shrubs of genera [Genista], [Chamaecytisus], [Teline] or others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

[Ebenus cretica] brushes
type: Concept
notation: F6.2A
definition: Garrigues of Crete dominated by [Ebenus cretica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Helichrysum] and other composite garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.2B
definition: Usually low, open garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland formed by dwarf, shrubby composites of genera [Helichrysum], [Phagnalon] ([Phagnalon graecum]), [Scorzonera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Erica] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.2C
definition: Mesomediterranean garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by the heather [Erica manipuliflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

[Arbutus andrachne] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.2D
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland characterized by their richness in low bushes of [Arbutus andrachne].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Globularia] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.2E
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by [Globularia alypum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Helianthemum] and [Fumana] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.2F
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by small or dwarf shrubs of the genera [Helianthemum] or [Fumana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Thymelaea] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.2G
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland rich in shrubs of genus [Thymelaea] (e.g. [Thymelaea tartonraira]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Eastern [Bupleurum] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.2H
definition: Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, dense and often tall, sometimes very tall, dominated by [Bupleurum fruticosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

East Mediterranean pre-desert scrub
type: Concept
notation: F6.2I
definition: Low formations of [Ziziphus spina-christi], [Ziziphus lotus], [Acacia albida], [Capparis spinosa], [Rhamnus palaestina], [Rhus tripartita] of the Levant and southern Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern garrigues

Illyrian garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.3
definition: Shrubby formations, often low, of the meso- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean zones of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula from Istria to southern Albania. Included here are all sclerophyllous formations, regardless of substrate, except high maquis (F5.2) with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Garrigue
narrower: Illyrian [Quercus coccifera] garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Rosmarinus officinalis] garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Cistus] garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Euphorbia] garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Juniperus oxycedrus] garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Teucrium] and other labiates garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Paliurus spina-christi] garrigues
narrower: Illyrian broom garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Helichrysum] and other composite garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Erica] garrigues

Illyrian [Quercus coccifera] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.31
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Quercus coccifera], of limited distribution.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues

Illyrian [Rosmarinus officinalis] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.32
definition: [Rosmarinus officinalis]-dominated communities of the Dalmatian coast and its islands, in particular, Hvar, Brac, Solta, Vis.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues

Illyrian [Cistus] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.33
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus], [Cistus monspeliensis] or [Cistus salvifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Cistus incanus] garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Cistus salvifolius] garrigues
narrower: Illyrian [Cistus monspeliensis] garrigues

Illyrian [Cistus incanus] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.331
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Cistus] garrigues

Illyrian [Cistus salvifolius] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.332
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus salvifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Cistus] garrigues

Illyrian [Cistus monspeliensis] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.333
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus monspeliensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Cistus] garrigues

Illyrian [Euphorbia] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.34
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by the spiny cushions of [Euphorbia spinosa] or by non-spiny often woody-stocked, clump-forming species of [Euphorbia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues

Illyrian [Juniperus oxycedrus] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.35
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by low, shrubby [Juniperus oxycedrus] or [Juniperus phoenicea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues

Illyrian [Teucrium] and other labiates garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.36
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except [Rosmarinus]), in particular [Salvia officinalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues

Illyrian [Paliurus spina-christi] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.37
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Paliurus spina-christi], characteristic, in particular, of Inner Istria, of Ravni Kotari, of the lower reaches of the Neretva and of Herzegovina. [Punica granatum] is a frequent component.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues

Illyrian broom garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.38
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by leguminous shrubs, in particular by [Calicotome villosa], [Genista sericea var. rigida], [Genista sylvestris ssp. michelii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues

Illyrian [Helichrysum] and other composite garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.39
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula formed by dwarf, shrubby composites of genus [Helichrysum] and related genera, in particular, [Scorzonera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues

Illyrian [Erica] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.3A
definition: Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Erica manipuliflora] or sometimes [Erica multiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian garrigues

Black Sea garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.4
definition: Shrubby formations of the Mediterranean enclaves of the Black Sea coasts, in Crimea, southern Bulgaria, Turkey-in-Europe and northern Anatolia, as well as of the Mediterraneo-steppic zone of southern Thrace. Included here are all sclerophyllous formations, regardless of substrate, except high maquis (F5.2) with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus] spp. and Phryganas (F7).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Garrigue
narrower: Crimean garrigues
narrower: South-Euxinian garrigues
narrower: Thracian garrigues

Crimean garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.41
definition: Sclerophyte shrub communities of Mediterranean southern Crimea, with, in particular, [Cistus incanus ssp. incanus] ([Cistus tauricus]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Black Sea garrigues

South-Euxinian garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.42
definition: Sclerophyte shrub communities of Mediterranean enclaves along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia, with [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Arbutus andrachne], [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Jasminum fruticans], [Myrtus communis], [Laurus nobilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Black Sea garrigues

Thracian garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.43
definition: Sclerophyte shrub communities of the Mediterraneo-steppic Evros-Merich-Maritsa and Ergene river basins of southern Thrace and of Mediterranean enclaves along the Black Sea coast of the Stranja and of Turkey-in-Europe, with [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Jasminum fruticans], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Quercus coccifera], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Asparagus verticillatus], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Anemone pavonina]. They extend northward to Harmanli on the Maritsa, and to Varna on the Black Sea coast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Black Sea garrigues

Macaronesian garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.5
definition: Low shrub vegetation with an open canopy, of the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Garrigue

Supra-Mediterranean garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.6
definition: Low shrub formations with pronounced Mediterranean affinities formed as a degradation stage of thermophilous deciduous woodland (G1.7) or sometimes of evergreen [Quercus] woodland (G2.1) in the supra-Mediterranean belt of the Mediterranean region. Included here are only those formations that are characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level; formations, particularly of the lower supra-Mediterranean, that are closely related to meso-Mediterranean communities have been included under F6.1, F6.2, F6.3 or F6.4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Garrigue
narrower: [Lavandula angustifolia] garrigues
narrower: [Genista cinerea] garrigues
narrower: Ibero-Gallic supra-Mediterranean dwarf-shrub garrigues
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean [Buxus sempervirens] scrub
narrower: Italian supra-Mediterranean garrigues
narrower: Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean garrigues

[Lavandula angustifolia] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.61
definition: Montane formations dominated by [Lavandula angustifolia] ("[Lavandula vera]") with [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerea], [Buxus sempervirens] (both sometimes co-dominant), [Astragalus purpureus], [Onobrychis supina], [Satureja montana], [Artemisia alba], [Catananche caerulea], [Aphyllanthes monspeliensis], [Thymus vulgaris] characteristic of great surfaces of the supra-Mediterranean level of southwestern Alps of France, also occurring on the southern flanks of the Pyrenees in northern Spain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean garrigues

[Genista cinerea] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.62
definition: Supra-Mediterranean garrigues or grasslands of the southwestern Alps, Haute Provence, the southern Central Massif, the Corbières and the eastern Pyrenees dominated by [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerea], including the broom-rich facies of the French lavender garrigues and the White Quercy broom-fields.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean garrigues

Ibero-Gallic supra-Mediterranean dwarf-shrub garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.63
definition: Low frutescent or suffrutescent formations of the supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Meseta and its surrounding mountains and of northern Spain and southern France, rich in small labiate shrubs of genera [Thymus], [Teucrium], [Salvia], [Satureja], [Sideritis], [Lavandula], accompanied by leguminous shrubs ([Genista scorpius], [Genista pilosa], [Genista pseudopilosa], [Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa], [Coronilla minima], [Dorycnium pentaphyllum ssp. pentaphyllum]) and various grasses ([Stipa] spp., [Brachypodium] spp.). In the north they often have an important, sometimes predominant, grass element and their impoverished shrub component is sometimes reduced to an almost monospecific [Thymus] formation; southwards, they become progressively more dominated by a richer constellation of shrub species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean garrigues

Supra-Mediterranean [Buxus sempervirens] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F6.64
definition: [Buxus sempervirens] thickets of the supra-Mediterranean zone, occurring as facies within several formations of southern France such as true-lavender garrigues (unit F6.61) and supra-Mediterranean steppic grassland complexes (unit E1.5), in northeastern Spanish ranges, in isolated stations of the Apennines and in Corsica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean garrigues

Italian supra-Mediterranean garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.65
definition: Characteristically supra-Mediterranean garrigues of Italy and the large central Mediterranean islands. In the supra-Mediterranean level of Italy and the large central Mediterranean islands, the substitution stages of the thermophile deciduous forests are mostly grasslands or shrubby grasslands, hedgehog heaths, deciduous shrubs, semimaquis or occasionally embryonic garrigues that differ little from those of the mesomediterranean level. A few formations, in particular with labiates of genera [Thymus], [Teucrium], [Salvia], [Lavandula] and others, with [Helichrysum] spp. or with [Euphorbia] spp., may warrant separate listing under this heading.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean garrigues

Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.66
definition: Formations of the supra-Mediterranean level and sub-Mediterranean areas of the Balkan peninsula dominated by sclerophyllous shrubs or subshrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean garrigues
narrower: Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean shrub garrigues
narrower: Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean subshrub garrigues

Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean subshrub garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.662
definition: Formations of the supra-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum] zone of the southern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of northern Greece and the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia, dominated by subshrubs associated with supra-Mediterranean dry grassland elements and generally forming a mosaic with such grasslands; they include, notably [Satureja montana] grassy, stony scrubs and [Genista nissana] heaths.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean garrigues

Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean shrub garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.661
definition: Formations of the supra-Mediterranean level and sub-Mediterranean areas of the Balkan peninsula dominated by sclerophyllous shrubs, impoverished irradiations of the communities of units 32.32 and 32.5, in particular unit 32.51. Included are, notably, the [Phillyrea latifolia] and [Quercus coccifera] thickets or scrubs of the middle Struma-Strimon and Mesta-Nestos valleys of Bulgaria, when monodominated by these species, as well as some [Buxus sempervirens]- or [Juniperus oxycedrus]-dominated formations of the supra-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum] region of northern Greece, southern Albania and the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia; most of the communities that include them also comprise, however, a substantial admixture of deciduous species and thus belong to unit 32.7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean garrigues

Mediterranean gypsum scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.7
definition: Garrigues occupying gypsum-rich soils of the Iberian peninsula, usually very open and floristically characterised by the presence of numerous gypsophilous species, among which [Gypsophila struthium], [Gypsophila hispanica], [Centaurea hyssopifolia], [Teucrium libanitis], [Ononis tridentata], [Lepidium subulatum], [Herniaria fruticosa], [Reseda stricta], [Helianthemum squamatum]. They are often rich in thymes ([Thymus]), germanders ([Teucrium]), rockroses ([Helianthemum]), composites ([Centaurea], [Jurinea], [Santolina]), [Frankenia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Garrigue
narrower: Central Iberian gypsum scrubs
narrower: Ebro gypsum scrubs
narrower: Southeastern Iberian gypsum scrubs

Central Iberian gypsum scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.71
definition: Low garrigues dotted with occasional tall bushes, developed on gypseous soils which are often covered by a crust of lichens, generally rich in [Centaurea hyssopifolia] and often in [Gypsophila struthium], [Lepidium subulatum], [Thymus zygis] or [Jurinea pinnata]. They are limited to the meseta and eastern Andalusia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean gypsum scrubs
narrower: Meseta gypsum scrubs
narrower: Eastern Andalusian gypsum scrubs
narrower: Dueran gypsum scrubs

Meseta gypsum scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.711
definition: Formations of the central meseta dominated by, or rich in, [Centaurea hyssopifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Iberian gypsum scrubs

Eastern Andalusian gypsum scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.712
definition: Formations of eastern Andalusia (Armeria, Granada) dominated by, or rich in, [Centaurea hyssopifolia], [Jurinea pinnata] or [Gypsophila struthium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Iberian gypsum scrubs

Dueran gypsum scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.713
definition: Formations of the central Duero with [Linum suffruticosum] and [Lepidium subulatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Iberian gypsum scrubs

Ebro gypsum scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.72
definition: Open low garrigues of eroded gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, with [Gypsophila hispanica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean gypsum scrubs
narrower: [Gypsophila hispanica] garrigues
narrower: [Helianthemum squamatum] garrigues
narrower: [Ononis tridentata] garrigues

[Gypsophila hispanica] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.721
definition: Open formations of gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region dominated by, or very rich in, [Gypsophila hispanica], the most widespread northeastern gypsum scrub component.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ebro gypsum scrubs

[Helianthemum squamatum] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.722
definition: Formations of [Helianthemum squamatum] of gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, often very homogeneous.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ebro gypsum scrubs

[Ononis tridentata] garrigues
type: Concept
notation: F6.723
definition: Formations of somewhat deeper calcaro-gypsiferous soils of hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, rich in [Ononis tridentata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ebro gypsum scrubs

Southeastern Iberian gypsum scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.73
definition: Low, open thyme, germander and rockrose garrigues colonizing poorly developed gypsiferous soils of the arid southeast of the Iberian peninsula (Alicante and Murcia). Characteristic elements are [Teucrium libanitis] ([Teucrium verticillatum]), [Teucrium polium], [Teucrium pumilum], [Teucrium carthaginense], [Thymus longiflorus], [Thymus antoninae], [Helianthemum lavandulifolium] ([Helianthemum racemosum]), [Helianthemum squamatum], [Gypsophila hispanica], [Gypsophila struthium], [Astragalus alopecuroides]. Grasses ([Lygeum], [Stipa], [Brachypodium]), wormwood ([Artemisia]) and Chenopodiaceae may be locally prominent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean gypsum scrubs

Xero-halophile scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.8
definition: Salt-tolerant shrub formations of dry ground in low-precipitation areas of the mediterranean zone, in particular, the Iberian peninsula and Sicily, and of the Macaronesian Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Garrigue
narrower: Canary Island xero-halophilous scrubs
narrower: Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrubs
narrower: Interior Iberian salt scrubs

Canary Island xero-halophilous scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.81
definition: Shrubby formations of [Zygophyllum fontanesii], [Chenoleoides tomentosa], sea-heath, saltworts and seablites of the vicinity of the coasts of the Canary Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Xero-halophile scrubs
narrower: Canary Island coastal scrub
narrower: Canary Island [Zygophyllum] dry scrubs
narrower: Canary Island [Salsola longifolia] dry scrubs
narrower: Selvagen woody seablite scrubs

Canary Island coastal scrub
type: Concept
notation: F6.811
definition: Formations of [Chenoleoides tomentosa], [Suaeda vermiculata], [Frankenia laevis], [Zygophyllum fontanesii], [Polycarpaea nivea], [Atriplex halimus], [Atriplex glauca] and [Limonium] spp. forming a halophile belt in the littoral zone of the larger Canary Islands and, with somewhat modified composition, of the islets.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island xero-halophilous scrubs

Canary Island [Zygophyllum] dry scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.812
definition: Formations of [Zygophyllum fontanesii] of sandy stone fields and black sands of the coastal zone of the Canary Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island xero-halophilous scrubs

Canary Island [Salsola longifolia] dry scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.813
definition: Formations of [Salsola oppositifolia] ([Salsola longifolia]) of dry coastal areas of the Canary Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island xero-halophilous scrubs

Selvagen woody seablite scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.814
definition: Shrubby formations of [Suaeda vera] of the Selvagens, with [Limonium papillatum var. callibotryum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island xero-halophilous scrubs

Ebro sisallares
type: Concept
notation: F6.821
definition: Interior, extensive and varied, halo-nitrophilous scrubs of the Ebro basin, comprising both dry ground sisallares proper, as well as various more hygrophile communities of edges of salt lagoons.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrubs

Manchegan sisallares
type: Concept
notation: F6.822
definition: Halo-nitrophilous scrubs of La Mancha, in the central Iberian peninsula, formed of communities related to those of the Ebro.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrubs

Catalano-Valencian halo-nitrophilous scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.823
definition: Local halo-nitrophilous scrubs of the coasts of Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrubs

Southeastern Iberian matojares
type: Concept
notation: F6.824
definition: Halo-nitrophilous scrubs, matojares and related communities, of the arid zone of southeastern Spain, forming, with pre-desert scrubs (unit 32.25) and localized gypsum scrubs (unit 15.93), the unique vegetation of this highly distinctive region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrubs

Sicilian halo-nitrophilous scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.825
definition: Halo-nitrophilous scrubs of southwestern Sicily, with [Salsola verticillata], [Suaeda pruinosa], [Reaumuria vermiculata], [Capparis ovata] and the endemics [Limonium opulentum] and [Herniaria fontanesii ssp. empedocleana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrubs

Interior Iberian salt scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.83
definition: Formations of woody glassworts and seablites of Iberian interior salt basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Xero-halophile scrubs
narrower: Interior woody seablite scrubs
narrower: Interior glaucous glasswort scrubs
narrower: Interior creeping glasswort scrubs

Interior woody seablite scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.831
definition: [Suaeda pruinosa] ([Suaeda fruticosa var. brevifolia]) formations of Iberian interior salt basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Interior Iberian salt scrubs

Interior glaucous glasswort scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.832
definition: [Arthrocnemum glaucum] formations of Iberian interior salt basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Interior Iberian salt scrubs

Interior creeping glasswort scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.833
definition: [Arthrocnemum perenne] formations of Iberian interior salt basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Interior Iberian salt scrubs

Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F6.82
definition: Nitrophilous scrubby formations typically of dry soils and arid climates, often greyish-white and semidesert-like, sometimes including taller, denser brushes. They are most frequent in the eastern Iberian peninsula, where characteristic shrubs include [Peganum harmala], [Artemisia herba-alba], [Lycium intricatum], [Capparis ovata] and the Chenopodiaceae [Salsola vermiculata], [Salsola genistoides], [Salsola verticillata], [Suaeda pruinosa], [Atriplex halimus], [Atriplex glauca], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Anabasis articulata] and [Haloxylon articulatum]. In the eastern Mediterranean species like [Artemisia arborescens], [Piptatherum miliaceum], [Smyrnium apifolium], [Atriplex halimus], [Ruta chelepensis] and [Anagyris foetida] are typical.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Xero-halophile scrubs
narrower: Ebro sisallares
narrower: Manchegan sisallares
narrower: Catalano-Valencian halo-nitrophilous scrubs
narrower: Southeastern Iberian matojares
narrower: Sicilian halo-nitrophilous scrubs

Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation)
type: Concept
notation: F7
definition: Shrublands with dominant low spiny shrubs, widespread in Mediterranean and Anatolian regions with a summer-dry climate, occurring from sea level to high altitudes on dry mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: West Mediterranean spiny heaths
narrower: Central Mediterranean spiny heaths
narrower: East Mediterranean phrygana
narrower: Hedgehog-heaths

West Mediterranean spiny heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.1
definition: Spiny shrublands, mainly on coastal cliffs, of the western Mediterranean region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation)
narrower: West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana
narrower: Balearic clifftop phrygana

West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.11
definition: Rare, extremely local and isolated associations of clifftops and adjacent areas dispersed along the coasts of Provence, Cap Corse, the Straits of Bonifacio, Catalonia (Cabo de Creus) and extreme southwestern Portugal, characterized by the presence of [Astragalus massiliensis] or [Anthyllis hermanniae], variously accompanied by [Thymelaea hirsuta], [Helichrysum italicum], [Plantago subulata], [Armeria ruscinonensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean spiny heaths
narrower: Calcareous Provence phrygana
narrower: Crystalline Provence phrygana
narrower: West-Mediterranean [Anthyllis] phrygana
narrower: Straits of Bonifacio phrygana
narrower: Cabo de Creus phrygana
narrower: Cabo de Sao Vicente phrygana

Calcareous Provence phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.111
definition: Very rare clifftop cushion formations of the calcareous Marseilles coast of Provence (les Goudes), with [Astragalus massiliensis], [Thymelaea tartonraira] and [Plantago subulata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana

Crystalline Provence phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.112
definition: Cliff-top communities of the cristalline maritime façade of the Maures and the Est‚rel, with [Anthyllis barba-jovis], [Thymelaea hirsuta], [Limonium minutum], [Euphorbia pithyusa], and of Catalonia and Roussillon, with [Thymelaea hirsuta], [Polycarpon polycarpoides], [Plantago subulata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana

West-Mediterranean [Anthyllis] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.113
definition: Clifftop cushion formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Anthyllis hermanniae], distributed in particular on Cap Corse and the Maltese Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana

Straits of Bonifacio phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.114
definition: Formations of the southern tip of Corsica and the extreme northern coast of Sardinia, with [Astragalus massiliensis], accompanied by [Teucrium polium], [Asteriscus maritimus], [Plantago coronopus ssp. humulis], [Artemisia arborescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana

Cabo de Creus phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.115
definition: Isolated formation of the Cabo de Creus promontory in Catalonia, with [Astragalus massiliensis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Cistus albidus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Juniperus oxycedrus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana

Cabo de Sao Vicente phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.116
definition: Very isolated formations of the Cabo de Sao Vicente and the Ponta de Sagres, with [Astragalus massiliensis] and [Crithmum maritimum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean mainland clifftop phrygana

Balearic clifftop phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.12
definition: Formations of the coasts of Mallorca and Minorca dominated by the cushion-forming Balearic endemics [Launaea cervicornis], [Astragalus balearicus], [Centaurea balearica], [Anthyllis fulgurans], [Anthyllis hermanniae ssp. hystrix], [Teucrium subspinosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: West Mediterranean spiny heaths

Central Mediterranean spiny heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.2
definition: Spiny shrublands, mainly coastal, of the central Mediterranean region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation)
narrower: Sardinian [Centaurea horrida] phrygana
narrower: Sardinian [Genista acanthoclada] phrygana
narrower: Corsican and Sardinian [Genista] phrygana
narrower: Pantelleria phrygana
narrower: Central Mediterranean [Sarcopoterium] phrygana
narrower: [Hypericum aegyptiacum] phrygana

Sardinian [Centaurea horrida] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.21
definition: Highly threatened formations of the promontories of northern Sardinia, limited to the peninsulas of Stintino and Capo Caccia and the islands of Asinara and Tavola, dominated by the large, silvery-blue, hemispherical cushions of the endemic Tertiary relict [Centaurea horrida], associated with many other endemic or restricted relict species including [Astragalus massiliensis], [Erodium corsicum], [Limonium acutifolium], [Nananthea perpusilla], [Evax rotundata], [Armeria pungens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Mediterranean spiny heaths

Sardinian [Genista acanthoclada] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.22
definition: Very local [Genista acanthoclada ssp. sardoa]-dominated communities of northwestern Sardinia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Mediterranean spiny heaths

Corsican and Sardinian [Genista] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.23
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean formations of headlands and peninsulas of Corsica and Sardinia dominated by cushion-forming spiny [Genista corsica] or [Genista morisii]. These endemic species participate in the constitution of hedgehog-heaths (unit F7.45) as well as in that of the coastal formations listed here, which assume an evident phrygana appearance; they may also enter in the composition of midelevation formations of less distinctive appearance which can be listed under unit F6.18.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Mediterranean spiny heaths

Pantelleria phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.24
definition: Coastal formation of hemispherical shrubs with the Pantelleria endemics [Helichrysum saxatile ssp. errerae] and [Matthiola pulchella], vicariant of the west Mediterranean, Balearic and Sardinian clifftop phryganas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Mediterranean spiny heaths

Central Mediterranean [Sarcopoterium] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.25
definition: Very local, impoverished [Sarcopoterium spinosum] formations of Capo St. Elia (southern Sardinian coast), of the Gulf of Taranto (Puglia, Calabria) and of the Maltese Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Mediterranean spiny heaths

[Hypericum aegyptiacum] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.26
definition: Extremely rare, local colonies of hemispherical shrubs of [Hypericum aegyptiacum] forming open phryganas on calcareous rocks by the sea in the Ionian islands, western Crete, Sardinia and Lampedusa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Mediterranean spiny heaths

East Mediterranean phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.3
definition: Spiny shrublands, widespread at low and middle altitudes in the eastern Mediterranean and Anatolian regions. [Sarcopoterium spinosum] is a common dominant in the Aegean region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation)
narrower: Aegean phrygana
narrower: Mid-elevation phrygana of Crete
narrower: Thracian phrygana
narrower: East Mediterranean bathas

Aegean [Sarcopoterium] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.311
definition: [Sarcopoterium spinosum]-dominated formations, by far the commonest phrygana facies, widespread in the Aegean archipelagoes and Crete, with local outposts in peninsular Greece, the Ionian islands and coastal Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Maritime [Centaurea spinosa] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.312
definition: Rare, relict formations on coastal sands and gravels of Egina, Attica, Euboea, Skyros, Samos, Lesbos, Khios, Kos, Lemnos, Samothrace, Crete, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, western Anatolia, dominated by the large, silvery hemispherical cushions of [Centaurea spinosa ssp. spinosa], sometimes accompanied by [Sarcopoterium spinosum] or [Euphorbia acanthoclada].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Lesbian [Centaurea spinosa] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.313
definition: Phryganas often rich in [Centaurea spinosa ssp. spinosa], mixed with [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Satureja thymbra], [Ballota acetabulosa] of Lesbos, extending from the coast to the highest hills in the arid western part of the island; covering a relatively vast expanse, they harbour a highly distinctive flora and fauna as well as remnants of fossil forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Aegean phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.31
definition: Low, thorny formations of hemispherical shrubs of the coastal thermo-Mediterranean zone of Aegean islands, of mainland Greece and the Ionian islands, of coastal Anatolia and Crete (up to 1000 m a.s.l.), with [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Centaurea spinosa], [Satureja thymbra], [Thymus capitatus], [Genista acanthoclada], [Anthyllis hermanniae], [Euphorbia acanthothamnos], [Stachys spinosa], [Ballota pseudodictamnus], [Ballota acetabulosa], [Erica manipuliflora], [Rhamnus oleoides], [Lithospermum hispidulum], [Fumana arabica], [Fumana thymifolia], [Cistus creticus], [Cistus parviflorus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Teucrium brevifolium], [Teucrium divaricatum], [Teucrium polium], [Calicotome villosa], [Micromeria graeca], [Micromeria juliana], [Micromeria nervosa], [Salvia triloba], [Ononis spinosa], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum], [Phagnalon graecum], [Phlomis fruticosa],much more widespread and diverse than the western Mediterranean formations. The subunits are based on physiognomically significant dominants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean phrygana
narrower: Aegean [Sarcopoterium] phrygana
narrower: Maritime [Centaurea spinosa] phrygana
narrower: Lesbian [Centaurea spinosa] phrygana
narrower: Cycladian [Centaurea] phrygana
narrower: Aegean [Erica manipuliflora] phrygana
narrower: Aegean [Thymus capitatus] phrygana
narrower: Aegean [Genista acanthoclada] phrygana
narrower: Aegean [Satureja thymbra] phrygana
narrower: Aegean [Euphorbia acanthothamnos] phrygana
narrower: Aegean [Lithospermum hispidulum] phrygana
narrower: Aegean [Anthyllis hermanniae] phrygana

Cycladian [Centaurea] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.314
definition: Formations of the Cyclades, rich in [Centaurea spinosa ssp. cycladum], extending from coastal areas to the highest elevations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Aegean [Erica manipuliflora] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.315
definition: Phryganas of the Aegean region in which [Erica manipuliflora] plays an important role, often associated with [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Genista acanthoclada], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Ballota acetabulosa], [Cistus creticus], [Cistus parviflorus], [Cistus salvifolius], a facies of the [Sarcopoterium] phrygana developing locally, notably in eastern Crete and the Cyclades.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Aegean [Thymus capitatus] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.316
definition: Phryganas of the Aegean region dominated or formed by [Thymus capitatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Aegean [Genista acanthoclada] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.317
definition: [Genista acanthoclada] formations of the thermo-Mediterranean zone Aegean islands and coasts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Aegean [Satureja thymbra] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.318
definition: Facies of the Aegean phryganas in which [Satureja thymbra] becomes locally dominant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Aegean [Euphorbia acanthothamnos] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.319
definition: [Euphorbia acanthothamnos]-dominated formations of the Aegean.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Aegean [Lithospermum hispidulum] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.31A
definition: [Lithospermum hispidulum]-dominated phryganas, limited to southeastern Aegean islands and adjacent Anatolian peninsulas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Aegean [Anthyllis hermanniae] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.31B
definition: [Anthyllis hermanniae]-dominated or -rich phryganas, widespread, in particular in the northern Aegean.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean phrygana

Mid-elevation phrygana of Crete
type: Concept
notation: F7.32
definition: Varied formations of supra- and oro- Mediterranean levels of Crete resulting from the broad contact between phryganas and hedgehog-heaths (unit F5.3), with [Euphorbia acanthothamnos], [Verbascum spinosum], [Berberis cretica], [Phlomis cretica], [Satureja biroi], [Sideritis syriaca], [Hypericum empetrifolium], [Origanum microphyllum], [Micromeria juliana], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum], [Genista acanthoclada] and [Astragalus angustifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean phrygana

Thracian phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.33
definition: Thorny cushion communities of the Thracian wooded steppe zone enclaved between the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora and the Aegean, with [Sarcopoterium spinosum] and [Astragalus thracicus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean phrygana
narrower: Thracian [Sarcopoterium] phrygana
narrower: Northern Thracian collinar [Astragalus thracicus] phrygana

Thracian [Sarcopoterium] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.331
definition: [Sarcopoterium spinosum]-dominated phryganas of the Thracian steppe zone of northeastern Greece and Turkey-in-Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thracian phrygana

Northern Thracian collinar [Astragalus thracicus] phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.332
definition: [Astragalus thracicus] phryganas of the Thracian steppe zone of northeastern Greece and Turkey-in-Europe, with local representatives in the xerothermic oak belt of the hills and rim of the Northern Thracian plain (East Rumelian plain) of southeastern Bulgaria, in particular, in the Bakadzicita hills of the Yambol Tundzja basin and in the foothills of the eastern Rhodopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thracian phrygana

East Mediterranean bathas
type: Concept
notation: F7.34
definition: Cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean summer-deciduous, often thorny, sclerophyllous formations of Mediterranean areas of the Levant, north and west to the Gulf of Alexandrette, with local outposts in the Gulf of Antalaya and in Cyprus; they occupy large areas in the lowlands, ascending locally into the hills and, in Lebanon, to 1300 m in the mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean phrygana
narrower: Cyprian phrygana
narrower: [Sarcopoterium] bathas
narrower: [Thymus capitatus] bathas
narrower: [Salvia triloba] and [Satureja thymbra] bathas
narrower: [Lithospermum hispidulum] bathas

Cyprian phrygana
type: Concept
notation: F7.341
definition: Cushion-forming thermo-mediterranean summer-deciduous, often thorny, sclerophyllous formations of Cyprus, mostly characteristic of the central plains, of semisteppic batha appearance, outpost of the continental formations of units 33.C2 to 33.C5, and like them of Irano-Turanian affinities, formed by [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Thymus capitatus] ([Coridothymus capitatus]), [Lithodora hispidula] ([Lithospermum hispidulum]), [Onosma fruticosum], [Galium suberosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean bathas

[Sarcopoterium] bathas
type: Concept
notation: F7.342
definition: Thorny cushion formations of the Levant and southern Anatolia dominated by [Sarcopoterium spinosum] on calcareous substrates, including terra rossa, rendzina or sand, typically on hills near the coast; there is often a significant participation of annuals.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean bathas

[Thymus capitatus] bathas
type: Concept
notation: F7.343
definition: Cushion formations of the Levant and southern Anatolia dominated by [Thymus capitatus] ([Coridothymus capitatus]), typically forming a sparse plant cover poor in annuals, on calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean bathas

[Salvia triloba] and [Satureja thymbra] bathas
type: Concept
notation: F7.344
definition: Cushion formations of the Levant dominated by labiates, in particular, [Salvia triloba] or [Satureja thymbra], typically developed on calcareous rocky substrates and red soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean bathas

[Lithospermum hispidulum] bathas
type: Concept
notation: F7.345
definition: [Lithospermum hispidulum]-dominated phryganas of southeastern Anatolia and the Levant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean bathas

Hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4
definition: Primary cushion heaths of the high, dry mountains of the Mediterranean region and Anatolia, with low, cushion-forming, often spiny shrubs, in particular of genera [Acantholimon], [Astragalus], [Erinacea], [Vella], [Bupleurum], [Ptilotrichum], [Genista], [Echinospartum], [Anthyllis], and various composites and labiates; secondary, zoogenic cushion heaths of the same regions, either downslope extensions of the high-altitude formations, and dominated by the same species, or specifically montane or steppic, often [Genista]-dominated in the Mediterranean region. Excluded are cushion-heaths of thermo-Mediterranean lowlands (F7.1, F7.2 and F7.3).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation)
narrower: Pyrenean hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Nevadan hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Cyrno-Sardinian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Mount Etna hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Madonie and Apennine hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Hellenic alti-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Cretan hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Aegean summital hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Southern Hellenic [Genista acanthoclada] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: [Astragalus sempervirens] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Canary Island cushion-heaths
narrower: Cyprian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Mediterraneo-Anatolian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Western central Eurasian hedgehog-heaths

Pyrenean hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.41
definition: [Echinospartum horridum] formations of dry slopes of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the southern Pyrenees; accompanying the dense, spiny cushions are [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Buxus sempervirens], [Ononis fruticosa], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. crassifolia] and [Pinus sylvestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.42
definition: Formations of the Cordillera Central and adjacent areas dominated by diverse forms of [Echinospartum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Gredos hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Bejar-Peña de Francia hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Estrela hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Western Cordilleran secondary hedgehog-heaths

Gredos hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.421
definition: Oro-Mediterranean heaths of the Sierra de Gredos dominated by the endemic [Echinospartum lusitanicu ssp. barnadesii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths

Bejar-Peña de Francia hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.422
definition: Oro-Mediterranean heaths of the Sierra de Bejar and Peña de Francia dominated by [Echinospartum ibericum ssp. pulviniformis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths

Estrela hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.423
definition: Relict heaths of highly xeric upper supra-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean stations of the Serra da Estrela dominated by [Echinospartum ibericum ssp. pulviniformis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths

Western Cordilleran secondary hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.424
definition: Secondary [Echinospartum lusitanicum]-[Genista hystrix] hedgehog-heaths developed on skeletal soils of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the western Cordillera Central and surrounding areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths

Nevadan hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.43
definition: Highly developed hedgehog formations of the Sierra Nevada with [Erinacea anthyllis], [Vella spinosa], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis] ([Astragalus boissieri]), [Ptilotrichum spinosum], [Bupleurum spinosum], [Genista baetica]. Associated dwarf suffrutescent formations of high slopes and crests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Lower Nevadan hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Middle Nevadan hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Upper Nevadan hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths
narrower: Nevadan [Genista] hedgehog-heaths

Lower Nevadan hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.431
definition: Supra-Mediterranean (lower xeroacanthic) hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 1700-2000 m altitudinal range, often rich in [Bupleurum spinosum], with [Vella spinosa], [Erinacea anthyllis] or [Echinospartum boissieri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nevadan hedgehog-heaths

Middle Nevadan hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.432
definition: Oro-Mediterranean (higher xeroacanthic) hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 2000-2300 m altitudinal range, with [Vella spinosa], [Erinacea anthyllis], [Ptilotrichum spinosum], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nevadan hedgehog-heaths

Upper Nevadan hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.433
definition: Upper oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 2300-2600 m altitudinal range, with [Erinacea anthyllis], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis], [Juniperus nana] and [Juniperus sabina ssp. humilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nevadan hedgehog-heaths

Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.434
definition: Dwarf suffrutescent formations of windswept crests and slopes on very superficial soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nevadan hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Siliceous Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths
narrower: Calcareous Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths

Siliceous Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4341
definition: Formations of base-rich siliceous soils at 2600-2900 m with [Sideritis glacialis], [Arenaria pungens], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths

Calcareous Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4342
definition: Formations of white-tomentose dwarf cushions developed on calcareous soils (Trevenque, Dornajo, Dilar) with [Andryala agardhii], [Erodium boissieri], [Scabiosa pulsatilloides], [Santolina elegans], [Globularia spinosa], [Pterocephalus spathulatus], [Helianthemum pannosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths

Nevadan [Genista] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.435
definition: [Genista baetica]-dominated hedgehog-heaths, often with [Juniperus nana] and [Genista purgans], of siliceous soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nevadan hedgehog-heaths

Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.44
definition: Oro-Mediterranean and montane hedgehog-heaths of other Iberian ranges and of southern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths
narrower: [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Peri-Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths
narrower: [Echinospartum boissieri] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Catalano-Valencian [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: [Genista] cushion-heaths
narrower: Collinar [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Summital Balearic labiate hedgehog-heaths

[Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.441
definition: Oro-Mediterranean [Erinacea]-dominated and related hedgehog-heaths.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Baetic [Erinacea-Vella] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Iberian Range [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Maestrazgo [Erinacea-Genista] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Southeastern [Erinacea] hedgehog-heath
narrower: Southeastern [Daphne] hedgehog-heaths

Baetic [Erinacea-Vella] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4411
definition: Hedgehog-heaths of the Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges and of the southern Iberian Range, dominated by [Erinacea anthyllis] and/or by [Vella spinosa], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Bupleurum spinosum], [Ptilotrichum spinosum], developed in particular in the sierras de Segura, de Cazorla, de Alcaraz, Tejeda, Harana, Magina, de Baza, La Sagra, de Gador, Maria and on a few summits of the Serrania de Ronda.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths

Iberian Range [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4412
definition: [Erinacea anthyllis]-dominated hedgehog-heaths of the Iberian Range (Teruel, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Soria), often in altitudinal contact with [Genista pumila] formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths

Maestrazgo [Erinacea-Genista] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4413
definition: Hedgehog-heaths with [Genista hispanica ssp. hispanica] and/or [Erinacea anthyllis] of the Maestrazgo, eastern spur of the Iberian Range under maritime influence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths

Southeastern [Erinacea] hedgehog-heath
type: Concept
notation: F7.4414
definition: Hedgehog-heaths with [Genista lobelii ssp. longipes], [Erinacea anthyllis], [Vella spinosa] of the sub-Baetic Aitana and Mariola ranges in the arid southeast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths

Southeastern [Daphne] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4415
definition: Formations with [Daphne oleoides ssp. hispanica] of the mountains of the arid souteast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths

Peri-Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.442
definition: Oro-Mediterranean, and sometimes supra-Mediterranean, formations of dwarf white-tomentose, cushion-forming suffrutescents of the high sub-Baetic and Baetic ranges; characteristic are [Andryala agardhii], [Convolvulus boissieri], [Hippocrepis squamata ssp. eriocarpa], [Pterocephalus spathulatus] and [Thymus granatensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Cazorla dwarf cushion-heaths
narrower: Baza-Tejeda-Ronda dwarf cushion-heaths
narrower: Magina dwarf cushion-heaths
narrower: Maria-Maimon dwarf cushion-heaths

Cazorla dwarf cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4421
definition: Formations of the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Alcaraz, Taibilla of the high Guadalquivir basin, with [Erodium cazorlanum], [Scorzonera albicans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths

Baza-Tejeda-Ronda dwarf cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4422
definition: Formations of the sierras Tejeda, Almijara, la Torrecilla, Harana, Baza, la Sagra, Cazulas, Lapeza and of the Serrania de Ronda with [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. argyrophylla], [Anthyllis tejedensis], [Helianthemum viscidulum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths

Magina dwarf cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4423
definition: Formations of the Sierra de Magina with [Helianthemum pannosum ssp. frigidulum], [Lithodora nitida] and [Viola cazorlensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths

Maria-Maimon dwarf cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4424
definition: Formations of the sierras Maria and Maimon with [Centaurea baetica], [Sideritis stachydioides], [Alyssum cadevallianum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Nevadan dwarf cushion-heaths

[Echinospartum boissieri] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.443
definition: Mostly supra-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths colonizing superficial, eroded soils and windswept stations of calcareous Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, comprising many cushion plants and generally physiognomically dominated by the large hemispherical shrubs of [Echinospartum boissieri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Alcaraz [Echinospartum] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Gador [Echinospartum] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Baetic [Echinospartum] hedgehog-heaths

Alcaraz [Echinospartum] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4431
definition: Formations of the Sierra de Alcaraz, sometimes including [Erinacea anthyllis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Echinospartum boissieri] hedgehog-heaths

Gador [Echinospartum] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4432
definition: Formations of the 1300-1900 m altitudinal range in the Sierra de Gador, often with [Erinacea anthyllis] or [Ulex parviflorus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Echinospartum boissieri] hedgehog-heaths

Baetic [Echinospartum] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4433
definition: Formations developed in the 800-1400 m altitudinal range of other Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, often, in the higher mountains, immediately below [Erinacetalia] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Echinospartum boissieri] hedgehog-heaths

Catalano-Valencian [Erinacea] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.444
definition: Uncommon hedgehog-heaths with [Erinacea anthyllis] and [Anthyllis montana], and related cushion plant formations, colonizing windswept stations with skeletal soil of the Mediterranean mountains of northeastern Spain (Montsant, Llaveria, Cardo, Maestrazgo septentrional, Beceite; Montserrat; Bergueda, Solsones).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths

[Genista] cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.445
definition: Mostly supra-Mediterranean hedgehog garrigues and heaths physiognomically dominated by small, hemispherical [Genista] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Pyreneo-Cantabrian cushion-heaths
narrower: [Genista sanabrensis] cushion-heaths
narrower: [Genista pumila] cushion-heaths
narrower: [Genista scorpius] cushion-heaths
narrower: [Genista pseudopilosa] cushion-heaths
narrower: [Genista lobelii] and [G. pulchella] cushion-heaths

Pyreneo-Cantabrian cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4451
definition: Cushion-heaths dominated by [Genista hispanica ssp. occidentalis] or [Genista hystrix ssp. legionensis], often with [Erica vagans], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. crassifolia] or [Lithodora diffusa], characteristic of the Pyreneen-Cantabrian system, where they may occur from the collinar to the subalpine level.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Genista] cushion-heaths

[Genista sanabrensis] cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4452
definition: Heaths dominated by the cushions of [Genista sanabrensis], with [Erica umbellata] and [Calluna vulgaris], occupying crests of southern Galicio-Leonese mountains at about 1800 m (cf. 31.2431).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Genista] cushion-heaths

[Genista pumila] cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4453
definition: Cushion heaths dominated by [Genista pumila ssp. pumila] of windswept plateaux and crests of the Meseta and of the northern and southern Iberian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Genista] cushion-heaths

[Genista scorpius] cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4454
definition: Meseta hedgehog-heaths with [Genista scorpius], rich in cushion-forming small shrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Genista] cushion-heaths

[Genista pseudopilosa] cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4455
definition: Unarmed [Genista pseudopilosa]-dominated hedgehog-heaths with [Erinacea anthyllis] and other cushion plants of the sierras de Alcaraz and Segura.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Genista] cushion-heaths

[Genista lobelii] and [G. pulchella] cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4456
definition: [Genista lobelii] and [Genista pulchella] hedgehog-heaths of windswept hilltops of southeastern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Genista] cushion-heaths

Collinar [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.446
definition: Local meso- and supra-Mediterranean [Astragalus] formations of the Spanish Meseta.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Dueran [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Southern Mesetan [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths

Dueran [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4461
definition: Supra-Mediterranean [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis] ([Astragalus boissieri]) formations of pastoral runs of the left bank of the middle Duero (Soria, Segovia) and of the highlands of Atienza (Guadalajara).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Collinar [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths

Southern Mesetan [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4462
definition: Meso- and supra-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths with [Astragalus clusii] ([Astragalus tumidus]) of the southern Meseta, from La Mancha to the Baetic hills of eastern Andalusia (Orce, Sagra, Baza, Maria), with [Paronychia aretioides], [Genista pumila ssp. mugronensis], [Genista scorpius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Collinar [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths

Summital Balearic labiate hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.447
definition: Cushion-forming communities of high altitudes and wind-exposed plateaux of the Balearics, dominated by [Teucrium subspinosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Mallorcan hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Menorcan hedgehog-heaths

Mallorcan hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4471
definition: Cushion-forming communities of the high altitudes of the Sierra Tramuntana of Mallorca, rich in endemics, among them [Teucrium subspinosum], [Teucrium asiaticum], [Pastinaca lucida], [Thymelaea velutina] and [Paeonia cambessedesii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Summital Balearic labiate hedgehog-heaths

Menorcan hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4472
definition: Cushion-forming communities of wind-exposed plateaux and hills of Menorca with [Cistus creticus] and [Teucrium subspinosum var. spinescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Summital Balearic labiate hedgehog-heaths

Cyrno-Sardinian hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.45
definition: Expanses of small, compact bushes with [Astragalus sirinicus ssp. genargenteus], [Rosa serafinii], [Anthyllis hermanniae], [Thymus herba-barona], [Cerastium boissieri], [Genista salzmannii], [Genista corsica], [Berberis aetnensis], [Prunus prostrata] and [Daphne oleoides], of Sardinian and Corsican mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Mount Etna hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.46
definition: Lava-colonising hedgehog-heaths of Mount Etna formed by cushions of [Astragalus granatensis ssp. siculus], with [Berberis aetnensis], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Genista aetnensis], [Adenocarpus bivonae], [Viola aethnensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Madonie and Apennine hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.47
definition: Hedgehog-heaths formed by [Astragalus] spp. or [Genista] spp., of the mountains of the southern Italian peninsula and Sicily, except Etna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.48
definition: Hedgehog-heaths occupying situations peripheral to the main range of the alti- and oro-mediterranean hedgehog-heath communities of high Hellenic mountains (units F7.49 and F7.4A), mostly dominated by [Astragalus angustifolius], characteristic, in particular, of zoogenous clearings within the forest belt of southern Greek mountains and of regions of irradiation of Mediterranean communities within the hills and mountains of the Moesian zone and Serbia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Southern Hellenic montane hedgehog heaths
narrower: Moesian [Astragalus angustifolius] hedgehog-heaths

Southern Hellenic montane hedgehog heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.481
definition: Hedgehog-heath facies of mostly secondary grassland-scrubland communities replacing [Abies cephalonica] forests in the 1500-1800 m altitudinal range of Peloponnese mountains, in particular, Taygetos, Parnon and Kyllini, and of southern mainland Greek mountains, including the southern Pindus and the Thessalian mountains, composed of [Stipa pulcherrima] and [Morina persica], with bushes and cushion-shaped perennials including [Astragalus angustifolius], [Daphne oleoides], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Berberis cretica], [Anthemis montana], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Prunus cocomilia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths

Moesian [Astragalus angustifolius] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.482
definition: [Astragalus angustifolius] hedgehog-heaths, mostly secondary, scattered, mostly in the xerothermic oak belt, in the mountains of northern Greece and in regions of Mediterranean influence of the mountains and hills of the central Balkan peninsula, in particular, in the northern Pindus, in the Pelagonides, in the Moeso-Macedonian Ranges, in the Rhodopides and in the foothills of the Balkan Range. [Thymus striatus], [Satureja montana], [Artemisia alba], [Agropyron pectiniforme], [Rhodax canus], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Teucrium montanum], [Sideritis montana], [Festuca thracica], [Hyacinthella leucophaea], [Sternbergia colchiciflora], [Asphodelus albus], [Adonis flammea] participate in the [Astragalus] communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic [Astragalus] hedgehog-heaths

Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.49
definition: Hedgehog-heaths developed on relatively humus-rich rendziniform soils at or above treeline, in the 1700-2200 m altitudinal range of high Greek mountains; hedgehog-heath facies of associated grasslands; similar, impoverished formations descending into the forest belts of the same mountains, with the exception of those of the Peloponnese, where they are replaced by distinctive formations, listed under F7.48.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Hellenic tragacanth hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Oro-Hellenic [Astragalus angustifolius] hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Hellenic cushion-heaths

Hellenic tragacanth hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.491
definition: Hedgehog-heaths of the Taygetos, Kyllini, Chelmos, Parnassus, Vardousia, Giona and calcareous central and northern Pindus, dominated by the large hemispherical tussocks of the tragacanths [Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus], and/or [Astragalus parnassi], and with [Marrubium velutinum], [Marrubium cyllenaeum], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Daphne oleoides], [Eryngium amethystinum], [Sideritis clandestina], [Cirsium hypopsilum] ([Cirsium cylleneum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Southern Peloponnese tragacanth hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Kyllini-Chelmos tragacanth hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Hellenic mainland tragacanth hedgehog-heaths

Southern Peloponnese tragacanth hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4911
definition: [Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus] heaths of the southern Peloponnese.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hellenic tragacanth hedgehog-heaths

Kyllini-Chelmos tragacanth hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4912
definition: [Astragalus parnassi ssp. cylleneus] and [Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus] heaths of Kyllini and Chelmos.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hellenic tragacanth hedgehog-heaths

Hellenic mainland tragacanth hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4913
definition: [Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus] and/or [Astragalus parnassi ssp. parnassi] heaths of high mountains of the mainland of Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hellenic tragacanth hedgehog-heaths

Oro-Hellenic [Astragalus angustifolius] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.492
definition: [Astragalus angustifolius] heaths of high Greek mountains, with [Marrubium thessalum] or [Marrubium velutinum ssp. haussknechtii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths

Hellenic cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.493
definition: Cushion formations of high Greek mountains not dominated by thorny, tussock-forming species of [Astragalus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths

Hellenic alti-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4A
definition: Shrubby formations of the high mountains of the Peloponnese, of the southern mainland Greek mountains and of the Thessalian Olympus system, colonizing the altitudinal range immediately above that occupied by the communities of F7.49, as well as stony slopes with shallow soil, loose screes and humus-deficient soils within the main 1700-2200 m range of these communities. Included are true spiny hedgehog-heaths, cushiony formations of dwarf suffrutescents and bush-dominated facies of stripped grasslands. [Astragalus angustifolius], [Acantholimon androsaceum], [Astragalus lacteus], [Convolvulus cochlearis], [Rindera graeca], [Aster alpinus], [Globularia stygia], [Minuartia stellata], [Erysimum pusillum], [Thymus teucrioides], [Alyssum kionae], [Paronychia kapela], [Thymus hirsutus], [Anthyllis aurea], [Achillea ageratifolia], [Sideritis scardica], [Linum flavum], [Thymus boissieri] and [Sesleria coerulans] are characteristic.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Cretan hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4B
definition: Hedgehog-heaths of high mountains of Crete, in the 1500-2500 m altitudinal range, with [Astragalus creticus ssp. creticus], [Astragalus angustifolius], [Acantholimon androsaceum], [Atraphaxis billardieri], [Berberis cretica], [Chamaecytisus creticus], [Daphne oleoides], [Prunus prostrata], [Euphorbia acanthothamnos], [Verbascum spinosum], [Sideritis syriaca], [Satureja spinosa], [Asperula idaea], [Rhamnus prunifolius], [Pimpinella tragium], [Acinos alpinus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Aegean summital hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4C
definition: Isolated, endemic-rich, mostly summital hedgehog-heaths of calcareous mountains of Aegean islands and Mount Athos.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Southern Hellenic [Genista acanthoclada] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4D
definition: Formations dominated by hemispherical shrubs of [Genista acanthoclada] of the middle levels (about 800-1200 m) of mountains and plateaux of the Peloponnese.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

[Astragalus sempervirens] hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4E
definition: [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. sempervirens], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. muticus], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. cephalonicus] formations of the southern Alps, the eastern Pyrenees, Iberia, the Apennines and Greece, transitional between the alpine and subalpine heaths of unit F2.2 and the true Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths of unit F7.4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Canary Island cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4F
definition: Open formations dominated by broom-like plants of the montane zone (above 1900 m) of the Canary Islands, with many endemic species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Tenerife cushion-heaths
narrower: La Palma cushion-heaths

Tenerife cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4F1
definition: Formations of Tenerife with [Spartocytisus supranubius], [Adenocarpus viscosus var. viscosus], [Descurainia bourgaena], [Pterocephalus lasiospermus], [Erysimum scoparium], [Scrophularia glabrata], [Nepeta teydea], [Echium wildpretii], [Echium auberianum], [Cheirolophus teydis], [Plantago webbii], [Sideritis cretica], [Argyranthemum teneriffae], [Pimpinella cumbrae], [Arrhenatherum calderae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island cushion-heaths

La Palma cushion-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4F2
definition: Formations of La Palma with [Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides], the very rare [Genista benehoavensis] and [Descurainia gilba], [Pterocephalus porphyranthus], [Viola palmensis], [Echium wildpretii], [Echium gentianoides], [Micromeria lasiophylla ssp. palmensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island cushion-heaths

Cyprian hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4G
definition: Summital community of the Chionistra, in the Troodos group, developed above the tree limit, at about 1900-1950 m above sealevel, with [Berberis cretica], [Sorbus aria ssp. cretica], [Rosa canina ssp. dumalis], [Juniperus foetidissima] and tragacanthic shrubs, in particular, [Astragalus echinus], [Alyssum troodii], [Teucrium cyprium], [Nepeta troodi], [Satureja troodii]. Other highly restricted endemics include [Onosma troodi], [Scorzonera troodea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Mediterraneo-Anatolian hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4H
definition: Tragacanthic communities of the Taurus, the Antitaurus, the Amanus, the Aegean ranges of western Anatolia, the Lebanon mountains, Mount Hermon, the Jebel Druz and the mountains of northern Sinai, with rich communities dominated by numerous species of genera [Astragalus] and [Acantholimon], acccompanied by, among others, [Berberis cretica], [Daphne oleoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths

Western central Eurasian hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4I
definition: Hedgehog-heaths of hills, plateaux and mountains of the steppe and substeppe zones of western central Eurasia, west to eastern Bulgaria and central Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgehog-heaths
narrower: Northern Thracian tragacanth hedgehog-heath
narrower: Central Anatolian hedgehog-heaths

Northern Thracian tragacanth hedgehog-heath
type: Concept
notation: F7.4I1
definition: Endemic [Astragalus aitosensis] ([Astragalus arnacantha], [Astracantha aitosensis]) formation of Bulgaria, restricted to a few sites of the xerothermic oak belt, on steep, south-facing slopes of the Aitoska hills, southeastern spur of the Balkan Range onto the Northern Thracian plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western central Eurasian hedgehog-heaths

Central Anatolian hedgehog-heaths
type: Concept
notation: F7.4I2
definition: Hedgehog-heaths of hills, plateaux and mountains of the steppe and substeppe zones of central Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western central Eurasian hedgehog-heaths

Thermo-Atlantic xerophytic scrub
type: Concept
notation: F8
definition: Xerophytic scrub formations of the lower slopes of the Canary Islands and Madeira, rich in succulents, in particular cactiform or dendroid spurges [Euphorbia] spp., rosette-forming [Aeonium] spp. and composites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Canary Island xerophytic scrub
narrower: Madeiran xerophytic scrub

Canary Island xerophytic scrub
type: Concept
notation: F8.1
definition: Xerophytic scrub of the Canary Islands. Varied types include stem succulents, leaf succulents and woody sclerophyllous shrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Atlantic xerophytic scrub
narrower: Western Canary Island [Euphorbia] communities
narrower: Western Canary Island saxicolous formations
narrower: Eastern Canary Island xerophytic communities
narrower: Canary Island [Launaea] scrub

Cardonales
type: Concept
notation: F8.111
definition: Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by the cactiform spurge [Euphorbia canariensis] and [Aeonium percarneum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Canary Island [Euphorbia] communities

Spurge tabaibales
type: Concept
notation: F8.112
definition: Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by the tree-like spurges [Euphorbia aphylla], [Euphorbia obtusifolia], [Euphorbia balsamifera], [Euphorbia atropurpurea], [Euphorbia bravoana], [Euphorbia regis-jubae], [Euphorbia bourgaeana], [Euphorbia berthelotii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Canary Island [Euphorbia] communities

Kleinia tabaibales
type: Concept
notation: F8.113
definition: Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by [Senecio kleinia] ([Kleinia neriifolia]), [Sonchus] spp. or other composites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Canary Island [Euphorbia] communities

Western Canary Island [Euphorbia] communities
type: Concept
notation: F8.11
definition: Open, varied formations of arid, stony slopes of the lower, 0-700 m, level of the western and central Canarian islands, characterised by the abundance of fleshy-stemmed, aphyllous, or small-leafed species, in particular [Euphorbia] spp., [Senecio kleinia], [Periploca laevigata], [Cneorum pulverulentum], [Messerschmidia fruticosa], [Echium giganteum], [Convolvulus floridus], [Allagopappus dichotomus], [Rhamnus crenulata], [Rubia fruticosa], [Argyranthemum] spp., [Artemisia canariensis], [Sonchus leptocephalus], [Asparagus arborescens], [Rumex lunaria], [Micromeria] spp., [Paronychia canariensis]. They constitute a Macaronesian representation of the coastal desert formations of northwest Africa (which are outside the scope of this classification).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island xerophytic scrub
narrower: Cardonales
narrower: Spurge tabaibales
narrower: Kleinia tabaibales
narrower: Dragon tree communities
narrower: [Cneorum] cushion communities
narrower: [Plocama] communities

Dragon tree communities
type: Concept
notation: F8.114
definition: Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands in which the forest relict [Dracaena draco] is present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Canary Island [Euphorbia] communities

[Cneorum] cushion communities
type: Concept
notation: F8.115
definition: Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands with [Neochamaelea pulverulenta] ([Cneorum pulverulentum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Canary Island [Euphorbia] communities

[Plocama] communities
type: Concept
notation: F8.116
definition: Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands with [Plocama pendula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Canary Island [Euphorbia] communities

Western Canary Island saxicolous formations
type: Concept
notation: F8.12
definition: Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands colonizing hard rock faces, lava flows and ravine walls within the xerophytic zone of the western and central Canary Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island xerophytic scrub
narrower: Western Canary Island saxicolous labiate communities
narrower: Cardoncillo communities
narrower: Western Canary Island crassulid communities

Western Canary Island saxicolous labiate communities
type: Concept
notation: F8.121
definition: Canary Island communities of small ligneous plants colonizing hard, dry rocks with [Micromeria] spp., [Lavandula canariensis], [Lavandula pinnata], and the fern [Cheilanthes catanensis] ([Cosentinia vellea], [Notholaena vellea]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Canary Island saxicolous formations

Cardoncillo communities
type: Concept
notation: F8.122
definition: Formations colonizing lava flows, with the succulent asclepiad cardoncillos [Ceropegia dichotoma] and [Ceropegia fusca], [Phagnalon purpurascens] and [Sonchus leptocephalus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Canary Island saxicolous formations

Western Canary Island crassulid communities
type: Concept
notation: F8.123
definition: Formations of dry, less sunny rocks dominated by succulent crassulids ([Aeonium] spp., [Greenovia] spp.) with [Sonchus gummifer], [Sonchus radiatus], [Picridium ligulatum], [Lavandula abrotanoides], [Asparagus scoparius], [Hypericum reflexum], [Lavatera acerifolia], [Lavatera phoenicea], [Vieraea laevigata] and many lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Canary Island saxicolous formations

Eastern Canary Island xerophytic communities
type: Concept
notation: F8.13
definition: Open formations of semidesertic Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, with high endemism; characteristic of various groupings are [Euphorbia obtusifolia], [Senecio kleinia], [Asparagus pastorianus], [Kickxia heterophylla], [Echium bonnetii], [Caralluma burchardii], the cactiform spurge [Euphorbia handiensis], [Pulicaria burchardii], [Pulicaria canariensis], [Argyranthemum winteri], [Echium handiense], [Bupleurum handiense], [Sideritis massoniana], [Asteriscus sericeus], [Asteriscus schultzii], [Minuartia platiphylla], [Reichardia famarae], [Aichryson tortuosum], [Aeonium lancerottense], [Aeonium balsamiferum], [Limonium bourgaei], [Echium decaisnei ssp. purpuriense], [Argyranthemum ochroleucum], [Helichrysum gossypinum], [Helichrysum monogynum], [Ferula lancerottensis], [Sedum lancerottense], [Thymus origanoides], [Lavandula pinnata], [Echium pitardii], [Limonium puberulum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island xerophytic scrub

Canary Island [Launaea] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F8.14
definition: Steppic grasslands of the Canary Islands invaded and dominated by [Launaea arborescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island xerophytic scrub

Madeiran xerophytic scrub
type: Concept
notation: F8.2
definition: Xerophytic scrub of Madeira.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermo-Atlantic xerophytic scrub
narrower: Madeiran [Euphorbia] formations
narrower: Madeiran saxicolous formations
narrower: Desertas dry scrub

Madeiran [Euphorbia] formations
type: Concept
notation: F8.21
definition: Shrubby formations of the low slopes (0-350 m) of Madeira with [Euphorbia piscatoria], [Globularia salicina], [Phyllis nobla], [Myrtus communis], [Chamaemeles coriacea], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Olea europaea var. maderensis], [Bencomia caudata], [Echium nervosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Madeiran xerophytic scrub

Madeiran saxicolous formations
type: Concept
notation: F8.22
definition: Formations colonizing rocks and volcanic ash deposits in the xerophytic zone of Madeira with [Aeonium glutinosum], [Plantago arborescens ssp. maderensis], [Helichrysum] spp., [Sonchus ustulatus], [Phagnalon] spp., [Tolpis fruticosa], [Sedum brissemoretii], [Davallia canariensis] or [Musschia aurea] and [Aeonium glandulosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Madeiran xerophytic scrub

Desertas dry scrub
type: Concept
notation: F8.23
definition: Formation with Madeiran endemics [Artemisia argentata], [Calendula maderensis], [Andryala glandulosa], [Jasminum odoratissimum] and introduced plants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Madeiran xerophytic scrub

Riverine and fen scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F9
definition: Riversides, lakesides, fens and marshy floodplains dominated by woody vegetation less than 5 m high.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Riverine scrub
narrower: [Salix] carr and fen scrub
narrower: Southern riparian galleries and thickets

Riverine scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.1
definition: Scrub of broad-leaved willows, e.g. [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra], beside rivers. Scrub of [Alnus] spp. and narrow-leaved willows, e.g. [Salix elaeagnos], where these are less than 5 m tall. Riverside scrub of [Hippophae rhamnoides] and [Myricaria germanica]. Excludes riversides dominated by taller narrow-leaved willows [Salix alba], [Salix purpurea], [Salix viminalis] (G1.1).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine and fen scrubs
narrower: Orogenous riverine brush
narrower: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub
narrower: Montane river gravel low brush
narrower: Gravel bank thickets and woods

Orogenous riverine brush
type: Concept
notation: F9.11
definition: Riverside brush of fast, pebbly, summer-high rivers originating in the Alps or other major mountain ranges with similar climate cycle, with [Salix] spp., [Caltha palustris ssp. laeta], [Carduus personata], [Myricaria germanica] and [Hippophae rhamnoides]. Vegetation of the alliance [Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis] prevails mostly in narrow valleys with powerful erosion-accumulating activity.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine scrub
narrower: Pre-Alpine willow-tamarisk brush
narrower: Pre-Alpine willow and sea-buckthorn brush
narrower: Boreo-alpine willow-tamarisk scrub

Pre-Alpine willow-tamarisk brush
type: Concept
notation: F9.111
definition: Low, prostrate [Myricaria germanica] and [Salix] spp., in particular [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis], [Salix daphnoides], [Salix nigricans], formations of low, silty shoals in Alpine and peri-Alpine valleys, with outposts in the Carpathians and the northern Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Orogenous riverine brush

Pre-Alpine willow and sea-buckthorn brush
type: Concept
notation: F9.112
definition: Formations of [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis], [Salix daphnoides], [Salix nigricans] and [Hippophae rhamnoides] of higher gravel shoals in Alpine and peri-Alpine valleys, with outposts in and around the Carpathians and the Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Orogenous riverine brush

Boreo-alpine willow-tamarisk scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.113
definition: Brush of fast, fluctuating, stony or gravelly rivers of the boreal mountains, with [Myricaria germanica], [Salix nigricans] ([Salix myrsinifolia]), [Salix phylicifolia], [Salix borealis], [Salix daphnoides], sometimes with [Hippophae rhamnoides], and [Racomitrium canescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Orogenous riverine brush

Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.12
definition: Linear shrubby willow ([Salix] spp.) formations of river banks in plains, hills and low mountains of the western nemoral, eastern nemoral, boreal, warm-temperate, mediterranean, steppic and cold desert regions of the Palaearctic, extending to the montane level in the mediterranean region, and to the confines of the subtropical deserts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine scrub
narrower: Almond willow-osier scrub
narrower: Western Mediterranean purple willow scrub
narrower: Balkan riverine willow scrub
narrower: Ibero-montane riverine willow scrub
narrower: Cantabrian willow scrub
narrower: Iberian sage-leaved willow scrub
narrower: Pedicellated willow scrub
narrower: Continental riverine willow scrub
narrower: Boreal riverine willow scrub

Almond willow-osier scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.121
definition: Willow scrub, often dense, lining water courses of western Eurasian nemoral lowlands and hills, including those of the British Isles, of nemoral Western Europe, north to Denmark and nemoral Scandinavia, south to Euro-Siberian Iberia, of Central Europe, within the range of medio-European, Illyrian, Dacian and Getic deciduous forests, north to the Baltic States, south to the lower and middle courses of rivers of the Alpine, northern Dinaric and Carpathian periphery, of Eastern Europe in the upper basin of the Dniepr system, in particular the basins of the Prypiat, the Berezina, the Dniepr, the Desna, the upper basin of the Don and the Khoper, the upper basin of the Volga system, in particular the basins of the Oka, the Tana, the Volga, the Kama, the Bielaia, with [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra], [Salix viminalis], [Salix daphnoides var. acutifolia] ([Salix acutifolia]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub

Western Mediterranean purple willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.122
definition: Willow scrub dominated by [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana] and [Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia] of water courses of southern France, Italy and Mediterranean eastern Spain south to the Rio Segura basin; [Salix purpurea] and [Salix triandra] scrubs lining watercourses of mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean northwest Africa, the first extending south to the Anti-Atlas and Saharan Atlas, the second limited to eastern and middle northern Algeria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub

Balkan riverine willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.123
definition: Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean and Moesian domaines of the Balkan peninsula, south to Greece, with [Salix purpurea], [Salix amplexicaulis], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix triandra], [Salix viminalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub

Ibero-montane riverine willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.124
definition: Willow scrub, up to 2-3 metres tall, lining water courses of the Pyrenees, the Iberian Range, the Sierra Nevada, formed by [Salix purpurea], [Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia], [Salix triandra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub

Cantabrian willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.125
definition: Willow scrub of montane rivers and arroyos of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with the endemic [Salix cantabrica] and with [Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia], [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra ssp. discolor].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub

Iberian sage-leaved willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.126
definition: Small or medium-sized willow scrub of meso-Mediterranean and, locally, supra-Mediterranean, zones of central Iberia (Castellano-Leonese sectors, Extremadura), characterized by the presence of the Iberian endemic [Salix salvifolia] and [Salix x secalliana], together with [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix x matritensis], [Salix neotricha], [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra ssp. discolor]; they line, mostly on siliceous sandy soils, small oligotrophic rivers with strong seasonal amplitude, or form behind the taller curtain of the [Populo nigrae-Salicetum neotrichae] along large water courses of argilous base-rich soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub

Pedicellated willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.127
definition: Willow scrub of stream courses of extreme southern Europe and the Maghreb, characterized by the presence of the southwestern Mediterranean and North African [Salix pedicellata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub
narrower: Andalusian willow scrub
narrower: Sardinian pedicellated willow scrub
narrower: Sicilian pedicellated willow scrub
narrower: Calabrian pedicellated willow scrub

Andalusian willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.1271
definition: Willow scrub of southwestern Iberian stream courses, fringing, in particular, humid [Quercus canariensis] forests in conjunction with rhododendron-alder galleries (unit 44.52), dominated by [Salix pedicellata] and [Salix salvifolia ssp. australis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pedicellated willow scrub

Sardinian pedicellated willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.1272
definition: [Salix pedicellata] scrub of stream courses of Sardinia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pedicellated willow scrub

Sicilian pedicellated willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.1273
definition: [Salix pedicellata] scrubs of stream courses of Sicily and of the Maltese Islands, where they are represented by a few diminishing, endangered fragments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pedicellated willow scrub

Calabrian pedicellated willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.1274
definition: [Salix pedicellata] scrub of stream courses of Calabria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pedicellated willow scrub

Continental riverine willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.128
definition: Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the steppe, wooded steppe, cold semidesert and desert zones of Eurasia and of their associated steppic or desert mountain ranges, in particular, of the Pannonic basin, of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppes, of the Central Eurasian and East Asian steppes, deserts and semideserts, of the Irano-Anatolian steppes and their mediterranean or desert transitions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub
narrower: Pannonic riverine willow scrub
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic riverine willow scrub
narrower: Central Eurasian riverine willow scrub

Pannonic riverine willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.1281
definition: Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the Pannonic plain, with [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra], [Salix viminalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental riverine willow scrub

Ponto-Sarmatic riverine willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.1282
definition: Willow-dominated scrub of banks and shoals of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes and wooded steppes of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, with [Salix triandra], [Salix cinerea], [Salix daphnoides var. acutifolia] ([Salix acutifolia]), shrubby [Salix alba], [Salix amygdalina], [Salix gmelini], [Salix purpurea], [Salix australior], and [Hippophae rhamnoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental riverine willow scrub

Central Eurasian riverine willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.1283
definition: Willow-dominated riverine scrubs of the Transvolgan, Kazakh, Kurgan, Ichim, Kulunda, Baraba, Barnaul steppe and wooded steppe regions and of the Kazakho-Dsungarian and Turanian semideserts and deserts. A number of species of willows, up to 12-15 in Turanian desert and semidesert areas, notably, [Salix blakii], [Salix wilhelmsiana], [Salix songarica], [Salix australior], [Salix euapiculata], [Salix flavida], [Salix microstacha], [Salix cheilophila], [Salix caspica], [Salix rosmarinifolia] associated with [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Myricaria germanica], [Elaeagnus oxycarpa], [Elaeagnus turkmanica], [Elaeagnus angustifolia], constitute various communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental riverine willow scrub

Boreal riverine willow scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.129
definition: Willow thickets of the boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States, Belarus, Russia, northern China, Korea and Japan, dominated, in particular, by [Salix triandra], [Salix daphnoides], [Salix viminalis], [Salix pentandra], [Salix cinerea], [Salix phylicifolia], [Salix glauca], [Salix myrsinifolia], colonizing sands, gravels or silts of the banks of torrents, larger rivers, lakes and reservoirs at low or middle altitudes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland and collinar riverine [Salix] scrub

Montane river gravel low brush
type: Concept
notation: F9.13
definition: Communities of low shrubby pioneers invading the herbaceous formations of units C3.551 and C3.552 on gravel deposits rich in fine silt of montane and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime. [Myricaria germanica], [Chamaerion dodonai] and [Salix] spp. are characteristic. Vegetation may include the alliances [Salicion incanae] and [Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine scrub

Gravel bank thickets and woods
type: Concept
notation: F9.14
definition: Thickets or woods of, among others, [Salix] spp., [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Alnus] spp., [Betula] spp., on stream gravels of mountain and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime. Vegetation includes communities of [Salicion elaeagni].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine scrub

[Salix] carr and fen scrub
type: Concept
notation: F9.2
definition: Low woods and scrubs colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds, dominated by large or medium sized shrubby willows, generally [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix pentandra], alone or in association with [Frangula alnus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Alnus glutinosa] or [Betula pubescens], any of which may dominate the upper canopy. In boreal regions and on cold subboreal plateaux, small shrubs may dominate, e.g. dwarf [Salix] spp. associated with [Betula humilis] or [Betula nana]. Excludes boreal and subalpine lakeside scrub on well drained soils (F2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine and fen scrubs
narrower: Grey willow carrs
narrower: Sphagnum willow carrs
narrower: Bay willow carrs
narrower: Dwarf willow mire scrubs
narrower: Boreal sedge willow carrs
narrower: Boreo-alpine willow fen scrubs

Grey willow carrs
type: Concept
notation: F9.21
definition: Mesotrophic or eutrophic low woods and scrubs colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds, dominated by [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra], [Salix aurita] or, sometimes, [Salix atrocinerea], alone or in association with [Frangula alnus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Alnus glutinosa] or [Betula pubescens], any of which may, at times, dominate the upper canopy. [Phragmites australis], [Carex elata], [Scirpus sylvaticus], [Menyanthes trifoliata] are typical for the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salix] carr and fen scrub
narrower: Western grey willow carrs
narrower: Central European grey willow carrs
narrower: Intra-Carpathian grey willow carrs

Western grey willow carrs
type: Concept
notation: F9.211
definition: Mesotrophic or eutrophic [Salix cinerea], [Salix aurita], or, sometimes, [Salix atrocinerea], and [Alnus glutinosa] scrubs of mires, fens, and water fringes of western Europe and northern Central Europe, within the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domaines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grey willow carrs

Central European grey willow carrs
type: Concept
notation: F9.212
definition: [Salix cinerea]-dominated scrubs of often relatively eutrophic mires of the warmer lowlands and submontane level of central, southeastern and eastern Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grey willow carrs

Intra-Carpathian grey willow carrs
type: Concept
notation: F9.213
definition: [Salix cinerea] carrs occupying fen margins of the Eastern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, with [Frangula alnus], [Spiraea salicifolia], [Ribes nigrum], [Euonymus nanus], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Poa trivialis], [Galium palustre], [Myosotis palustris], [Deschampsia cespitosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Grey willow carrs

Sphagnum willow carrs
type: Concept
notation: F9.22
definition: Oligotrophic [Salix aurita] or [Salix cinerea] and [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] scrubs, rich in sphagnum, of bog edges and acid fens of nemoral Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salix] carr and fen scrub

Bay willow carrs
type: Concept
notation: F9.23
definition: Medium-tall woods and brushes colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds, dominated by the relatively large [Salix pentandra], particularly characteristic of boreal, sub-boreal and subcontinental Europe, from northern England through Scandinavia, northeastern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States to Bashkiria in the northeast, to the Bohemian quadrangle, the Alpine piedmont of Bavaria and Hungary in the south, with outposts in the Netherlands, in subcontinental western Europe to the Black Forest and the Baar plateau, in continental southern Europe to Bulgaria. Species [Phragmites australis], [Carex pseudocyperus], [Glyceria maxima], [Equisetum fluviatile] and [Menyanthes trifoliata] are typical.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salix] carr and fen scrub

Dwarf willow mire scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F9.24
definition: Dwarf [Salix repens], [Salix rosmarinifolia] and [Betula humilis] scrubs of bogs and fens, of eastern nemoral and boreonemoral Europe, with outposts constituting rare glacial relicts in the higher middle German Hercynian ranges and on northern pre-Alpine plateaux.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salix] carr and fen scrub

Boreal sedge willow carrs
type: Concept
notation: F9.25
definition: Low woods and scrubs colonizing fens, marshy floodplains and fringes of lakes and ponds of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic dominated by large or medium sized shrubby willows, generally [Salix cinerea] or [Salix aurita], accompanied by [Salix phylicifolia], [Salix nigricans] ([Salix myrsinifolia]) and the boreal [Salix glauca], [Salix lapponum], with sedges, in particular, [Carex aquatilis], [Carex caespitosa], brown mosses and sphagna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salix] carr and fen scrub

Boreo-alpine willow fen scrubs
type: Concept
notation: F9.26
definition: Willow thickets or scrubs of mires of the mountains of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region, characteristically forming along fen margins, on their hummocks or strings, sometimes in their lawns, with an understorey of dwarf shrubs, herbs, mosses and sphagna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Salix] carr and fen scrub

Southern riparian galleries and thickets
type: Concept
notation: F9.3
definition: Tamarisk, oleander, chaste tree galleries and thickets and similar low woody vegetation of permanent or temporary streams and wetlands of the thermo-Mediterranean zone and southwestern Iberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine and fen scrubs
narrower: [Nerium oleander], [Vitex agnus-castus] and [Tamarix] galleries
narrower: Southwestern Iberian tamujares, formed by [Securinega tinctoria]
narrower: Lauriphyllous galleries of the Cordillera Oretana
narrower: [Myrica gale] - [Salix] scrub of the Cordillera Oretana
narrower: Riparian stands of invasive shrubs

[Nerium oleander], [Vitex agnus-castus] and [Tamarix] galleries
type: Concept
notation: F9.31
definition: Thickets and galleries of [Nerium oleander], [Vitex agnus-castus] or [Tamarix] spp. of the southern parts of the Palaearctic domaine.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern riparian galleries and thickets
narrower: Oleander galleries
narrower: Chaste tree thickets
narrower: Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk thickets
narrower: Irano-Turanian tamarisk thickets

Chaste tree thickets
type: Concept
notation: F9.312
definition: [Vitex agnus-castus] formations of temporary water courses and other humid sites within, mostly, the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They occur, though uncommonly, in Mediterranean southern and eastern Spain and in the Balearics; they are local and rare in eastern Provence, the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy, Puglia, the gulf of Taranto, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and the Maltese Islands. They are frequent in Greece, particularly along the Ionian coasts, where they can constitute dense thickets, uncommon again in the Aegean archipelagoes and Crete. They extend to the southern Balkans, Crimea, Mediterranean Asia Minor, Anatolia and North Africa, including the northern Saharan regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Nerium oleander], [Vitex agnus-castus] and [Tamarix] galleries

Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk thickets
type: Concept
notation: F9.313
definition: Formations of [Tamarix] spp., including [Tamarix gallica], [Tamarix africana], [Tamarix canariensis], [Tamarix parviflora], [Tamarix tetrandra], [Tamarix dalmatica], [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix hampeana], [Tamarix boveana], associated with river banks, wet areas and coastal localities of the Mediterranean basin, of the mediterranean coasts of the Black Sea, of the thermo-Atlantic coasts and lowlands of southwestern Europe and of the Macaronesian Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Nerium oleander], [Vitex agnus-castus] and [Tamarix] galleries
narrower: West Mediterranean tamarisk thickets
narrower: Macaronesian tamarisk thickets
narrower: East Mediterranean tamarisk thickets
narrower: Hyper-saline Mediterranean tamarisk stands

West Mediterranean tamarisk thickets
type: Concept
notation: F9.3131
definition: [Tamarix gallica], [Tamarix africana] or [Tamarix canariensis] thickets of watercourse galleries, humid depressions and slightly saline coastal flats in Iberia, southern and western France, peninsular Italy, the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands and mediterranean North Africa. The accompanying flora comprises [Scirpus holoschoenus], [Saccharum ravennae], [Arundo donax], [Brachypodium phoenicoides], [Piptatherum miliaceum], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Equisetum ramosissimum], [Rubia peregrina], [Rubia longifolia], [Rubia angustifolia], [Dittrichia viscosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk thickets

Macaronesian tamarisk thickets
type: Concept
notation: F9.3132
definition: Formations of [Tamarix] spp., including [Tamarix gallica], [Tamarix africana], [Tamarix canariensis], of the Canary Islands and Madeira.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk thickets
narrower: Canary Island tamarisk thickets
narrower: Madeiran tamarisk thickets

Canary Island tamarisk thickets
type: Concept
notation: F9.31321
definition: [Tamarix canariensis] and [Tamarix africana] galleries and thickets of the lower zone of the Canary Islands, lining the low part of barrancos and occupying the deltas of greater water courses. They are particularly abundant in the eastern desert islands, Lanzarote and, mostly, Fuenteventura, where they constitute one of the principal ligneous habitats for the fauna. They have also important representatives along the north coast of Tenerife and on Gran Canaria (Charca de Maspalomas, La Aldea).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian tamarisk thickets

Oleander galleries
type: Concept
notation: F9.311
definition: [Nerium oleander] cordons and screens, often with [Tamarix] spp., [Vitex agnus-castus], [Dittrichia viscosa], [Saccharum ravennae], [Arundo donax], [Rubus ulmifolius], most typical of temporary water courses, but also lining small and sometimes large rivers, marking springs and areas of high water table in southern and eastern Iberia, very locally in eastern Provence, Liguria and Corsica (Saint-Florent), in southern Italy, Sardinia and Sicily, in southern and western Greece, the Aegean and Ionian archipelagoes, in Crete, in Albania, in the eastern Mediterranean, in North Africa, including northern Saharan regions, and in Mesopotamia. They are particularly abundant in the south and east of Iberia, in Sicily, in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean region and in North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Nerium oleander], [Vitex agnus-castus] and [Tamarix] galleries

Madeiran tamarisk thickets
type: Concept
notation: F9.31322
definition: [Tamarix gallica] thickets of the lowlands of Madeira.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian tamarisk thickets

East Mediterranean tamarisk thickets
type: Concept
notation: F9.3133
definition: [Tamarix parviflora], [Tamarix tetrandra], [Tamarix dalmatica], [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix hampeana] and [Tamarix hohenackeri] thickets of lowland watercourse galleries, humid depressions and slightly saline coastal flats of Greece and its islands, of the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia, of Albania, of Cyprus, of southern Crimea, of mediterranean Asia Minor and of the Levant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk thickets

Hyper-saline Mediterranean tamarisk stands
type: Concept
notation: F9.3134
definition: Thickets of [Tamarix boveana], [Tamarix canariensis] or, sometimes, [Tamarix gallica] of the Mediterranean basin, accompanied by typical salt marsh flora, in particular, [Arthrocnemum fruticosum], [Arthrocnemum glaucum], [Suaeda brevifolia], [Halimione portulacoides], [Atriplex halimus], [Atriplex hastata], [Limonium lactibracteatum], [Limonium eugeniae], [Limonium cossonianum], [Limonium angustibracteanum], [Limonium sinuatum], [Inula crithmoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk thickets
narrower: Iberian [Tamarix boveana] stands
narrower: Saline [Tamarix canariensis] stands
narrower: Saline eastern tamarisk stands

Iberian [Tamarix boveana] stands
type: Concept
notation: F9.31341
definition: Rare and vulnerable formations of the Ibero-African [Tamarix boveana], alone or associated with [Tamarix canariensis], characteristic of arid areas of eastern Iberia, limited to a few stations in the Iberian Southeast (Murcia, Almeria, Alicante), the Ebro depression (Salada de Chiprana), the Ebro delta and Mallorca (Alcudia).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hyper-saline Mediterranean tamarisk stands

Saline [Tamarix canariensis] stands
type: Concept
notation: F9.31342
definition: Formations of [Tamarix canariensis], sometimes with [Tamarix gallica], characteristic of strongly saline sites of Iberia and the European shores of the western Mediterranean, in particular, of Iberian interior saline depressions (La Mancha) and of coastal areas of the Iberian Arid Southeast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hyper-saline Mediterranean tamarisk stands

Saline eastern tamarisk stands
type: Concept
notation: F9.31343
definition: [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix hampeana], [Tamarix dalmatica] stands of the strongly saline part of Greek and east Mediterranean coastal marshes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hyper-saline Mediterranean tamarisk stands

Irano-Turanian tamarisk thickets
type: Concept
notation: F9.314
definition: Formations of [Tamarix] spp., including [Tamarix smyrnensis] ([Tamarix pallasii], [Tamarix ramosissima] auct.), [Tamarix tetrandra], [Tamarix octandra] i.a., associated with river banks, wet areas and coastal localities of the Irano-Turanian floristic region and its irradiation areas within the steppe and cold desert zones of Eurasia, in particular, of the Pontic basin, of Central Eurasia, of East Asia, of Inner Anatolia, northern Iran and Afghanistan, of northern Mesopotamia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Nerium oleander], [Vitex agnus-castus] and [Tamarix] galleries
narrower: Pontic tamarisk stands

Pontic tamarisk stands
type: Concept
notation: F9.3141
definition: Formations of [Tamarix smyrnensis] ([Tamarix ramosissima] auct.), of stream sides and coastal localities of the Pontic steppe region of western Eurasia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Irano-Turanian tamarisk thickets
narrower: Western Pontic fresh water [Tamarix smyrnensis] stands
narrower: Western Pontic coastal [Tamarix smyrensis] stands
narrower: Central and eastern Pontic tamarisk stands

Western Pontic fresh water [Tamarix smyrnensis] stands
type: Concept
notation: F9.31411
definition: Formations of [Tamarix smyrnensis] and/or [Tamarix tetrandra] on weakly saline sands of fresh water steppe streamsides of the western Pontic region, including river systems such as those of the lower Danube and the Maritza-Tunja basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic tamarisk stands

Western Pontic coastal [Tamarix smyrensis] stands
type: Concept
notation: F9.31412
definition: Shrub communities of [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix ramosissima] and/or [Tamarix tetrandra] occupying weakly saline marine sand dunes of western Black Sea coastal areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic tamarisk stands

Central and eastern Pontic tamarisk stands
type: Concept
notation: F9.31413
definition: Formations of [Tamarix smyrnensis] ([Tamarix ramosissima] auct.), of stream sides and coastal localities of the northern and eastern Black Sea lowlands, within the range of central and eastern Pontic steppes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic tamarisk stands

Southwestern Iberian tamujares, formed by [Securinega tinctoria]
type: Concept
notation: F9.32
definition: Low, spiny, almost monospecific fringes formed by the Ibero-African shrubby spurge [Securinega tinctoria] on the outer edge of temporary or permanent water courses of great seasonal amplitude in the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula (Montes de Toledo, Sierra Morena, Extremadura, southwestern Andalusia, southern Portugal). Among the few associated plants, are the lianas [Bryonia cretica], [Tamus communis] and the endemic [Clematis campaniflora]. [Pyrus bourgaeana] may transgress from neighbouring communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern riparian galleries and thickets

Lauriphyllous galleries of the Cordillera Oretana
type: Concept
notation: F9.33
definition: Supra- and upper meso-Mediterranean riparian galleries of the Montes de Toledo (Cordillera Oretana), constituted by the lauriphyllous [Prunus lusitanica] and [Viburnum tinus]. They line water courses on the inner edge of alder galleries of unit G1.131, which they sometimes entirely replace.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern riparian galleries and thickets

[Myrica gale] - [Salix] scrub of the Cordillera Oretana
type: Concept
notation: F9.34
definition: Tall scrub of Montes de Toledo streams, with [Frangula alnus], [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix salvifolia] and [Myrica gale].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern riparian galleries and thickets

Riparian stands of invasive shrubs
type: Concept
notation: F9.35
definition: Riparian stands of invasive shrubs, for example [Amorpha fruticosa], recorded from Romania and Croatia, and [Reynoutria japonica] (= [Fallopia japonica]) (Japanese Knotweed), which invades watercourses and roadsides in UK.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern riparian galleries and thickets

Hedgerows
type: Concept
notation: FA
definition: Woody vegetation forming strips within a matrix of grassy or cultivated land or along roads, typically used for controlling livestock, marking boundaries or providing shelter. Hedgerows differ from lines of trees (G5.1) in being composed of shrub species, or if composed of tree species then being regularly cut to a height less than 5 m.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Hedgerows of non-native species
narrower: Highly-managed hedgerows of native species
narrower: Species-rich hedgerows of native species
narrower: Species-poor hedgerows of native species

Hedgerows of non-native species
type: Concept
notation: FA.1
definition: Hedges planted with species not native in the vicinity. They may be exotics such as [Ligustrum ovalifolium] or European species outside their native range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgerows

Highly-managed hedgerows of native species
type: Concept
notation: FA.2
definition: Regularly clipped hedges composed of native species that were planted as a hedge.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgerows

Species-rich hedgerows of native species
type: Concept
notation: FA.3
definition: Hedgerows composed mainly of native species, with on average at least five native woody species per 25 m length, excluding undershrubs such as [Rubus fruticosus] or climbers such as [Clematis vitalba] or [Hedera helix]. In western Europe, many such hedges are thought to be medieval in origin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgerows

Species-poor hedgerows of native species
type: Concept
notation: FA.4
definition: Hedgerows composed mainly of native species, not neatly clipped or obviously planted as a hedge, with on average less than five woody species per 25 m length, excluding undershrubs such as [Rubus fruticosus] or climbers such as [Clematis vitalba] or [Hedera helix].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hedgerows

Shrub plantations
type: Concept
notation: FB
definition: Plantations of dwarf trees, shrubs, espaliers or perennial woody climbers, mostly cultivated for fruit or flower production, either intended to have permanent cover of woody plants when mature, or else for wood or small tree production with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Heathland, scrub and tundra
narrower: Shrub plantations for whole-plant harvesting
narrower: Shrub plantations for leaf or branch harvest
narrower: Shrub plantations for ornamental purposes or for fruit, other than vineyards
narrower: Vineyards

Shrub plantations for whole-plant harvesting
type: Concept
notation: FB.1
definition: Includes shrub nurseries. Excludes tree nurseries and plantations of Christmas trees (G5.7).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shrub plantations

Shrub plantations for leaf or branch harvest
type: Concept
notation: FB.2
definition: Includes tea [Camellia sinensis] plantations, and osier [Salix viminalis] beds grown for basket-making.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shrub plantations
narrower: Tea plantations
narrower: Osier beds

Tea plantations
type: Concept
notation: FB.21
definition: Plantations of [Camellia sinensis], widespread in southeastern mainland China, Formosa, on Formosa, southern Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, more limited elsewhere in the Palaearctic, in particular, in the eastern Pontic range of Turkey, in the Caucasian periphery of Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, in northern Iran, in the Azores on Sao Miguel.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shrub plantations for leaf or branch harvest

Osier beds
type: Concept
notation: FB.22
definition: Beds of [Salix viminalis] grown as high quality willows for basket work, and also cultivated beds of other species of willow (e.g. red osier – [Salix rubra]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shrub plantations for leaf or branch harvest

Shrub plantations for ornamental purposes or for fruit, other than vineyards
type: Concept
notation: FB.3
definition: Plantations of dwarf trees, shrubs, espaliers or perennial woody climbers other than grapevines, cultivated for fruit or flower production. They include, among others, berry-bearing bushes of [Ribes] and [Rubus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shrub plantations
narrower: Shrub and low-stem tree orchards
narrower: Ornamental shrub plantations

Shrub and low-stem tree orchards
type: Concept
notation: FB.31
definition: Plantations of dwarf trees, shrubs, espaliers or perennial ligneous climbers, other than vineyards and tea plantations, cultivated for fruit or flower production, with an avocation of permanent shrubby cover. They include, among others, espaliers of various Rosaceae plantations and berry shrub patches.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shrub plantations for ornamental purposes or for fruit, other than vineyards

Ornamental shrub plantations
type: Concept
notation: FB.32
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shrub plantations for ornamental purposes or for fruit, other than vineyards

Vineyards
type: Concept
notation: FB.4
definition: Plantations of grapevine [Vitis vinifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Shrub plantations
narrower: Traditional vineyards
narrower: Intensive vineyards

Traditional vineyards
type: Concept
notation: FB.41
definition: Vineyards that have preserved their characteristic accompanying flora (often species-rich communities of arable weeds), generally lightly treated.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vineyards

Intensive vineyards
type: Concept
notation: FB.42
definition: Vineyards usually cleared of their herb layer (ploughed), intensively treated, often covering large areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Vineyards

Woodland, forest and other wooded land
type: Concept
notation: G
definition: Woodland and recently cleared or burnt land where the dominant vegetation is, or was until very recently, trees with a canopy cover of at least 10%. Trees are defined as woody plants, typically single-stemmed, that can reach a height of 5 m at maturity unless stunted by poor climate or soil. Includes lines of trees, coppices, regularly tilled tree nurseries, tree-crop plantations and fruit and nut tree orchards. Includes [Alnus] and [Populus] swamp woodland and riverine [Salix] woodland. Excludes [Corylus avellana] scrub and [Salix] and [Frangula] carrs. Excludes stands of climatically-limited dwarf trees (krummholz) < 3m high, such as occur at the arctic or alpine tree limit. Excludes parkland and dehesa with canopy less than 10%, which are listed under sparsely wooded grasslands E7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: Broadleaved evergreen woodland
narrower: Coniferous woodland
narrower: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland
narrower: Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice

Broadleaved deciduous woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1
definition: Woodland, forest and plantations dominated by summer-green non-coniferous trees that lose their leaves in winter. Includes woodland with mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved trees, provided that the deciduous cover exceeds that of evergreens. Excludes mixed forests (G4) where the proportion of conifers exceeds 25%.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland, forest and other wooded land
narrower: Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]
narrower: Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery woodland
narrower: Mediterranean riparian woodland
narrower: Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat
narrower: Broadleaved swamp woodland on acid peat
narrower: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland
narrower: Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]
narrower: Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland
narrower: Non-riverine [Alnus] woodland
narrower: Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations
narrower: Fruit and nut tree orchards

Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]
type: Concept
notation: G1.1
definition: Riparian woods of the boreal, boreo-nemoral, nemoral and submediterranean and steppe zones, with one or few dominant species, typically [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]. Includes woods dominated by narrow-leaved willows [Salix alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea], [Salix viminalis] in all zones including the mediterranean. Excludes riverine scrub of broad-leaved willows, e.g. [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra] (F9.1).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: Riverine [Salix] woodland
narrower: Boreo-alpine riparian galleries
narrower: Southern [Alnus] and [Betula] galleries

Riverine [Salix] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.11
definition: [Salix] spp. brush or arborescent formations, lining flowing water and submitted to periodic flooding, developed on recently deposited alluvion. Willow brushes are particularly characteristic of rivers originating in major mountain ranges. Shrubby willow formations also constitute an element of lowland and hill riverine successions in all major biomes, often making the belt closest to the water course. Taller arborescent willow formations often constitute the next belt landwards in riverine successions of lowland western nemoral, eastern nemoral and warm-temperate humid forest regions, and a large part of the less diverse riverine systems of the steppic, mediterranean and cold desert zones. Vegetation of alliance [Salicion albae], species [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Populus canescens], [Lycopus europaeus], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Phalaroides arundinacea] and [Urtica dioica]. May be affected by the invasive alien species [Solidago canadensis], [Aster novi-belgii], [Aster novi-anglii], [Impatiens glandulifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]
narrower: Middle European [Salix alba] forests
narrower: Mediterranean tall [Salix] galleries
narrower: Canary Island [Salix] galleries
narrower: Continental [Salix] galleries

Western European white willow forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.1111
definition: Arborescent galleries of tall [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Salix x rubens], lining lowland, hill or submontane rivers of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic middle Europe, outside of the main native range of [Populus nigra], which may nevertheless appear sporadically, or as a naturalised alien.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Salix alba] forests

Eastern European poplar-willow forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.1112
definition: Arborescent galleries of tall [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Salix x rubens], [Populus nigra] and sometimes [Populus alba], lining lowland, hill or submontane rivers of nemoral and boreonemoral Eastern Europe and of eastern and southeastern Central Europe, including eastern Germany, the Baltic States, Poland, the Czech Repubic, Slovakia, the nemoral parts of Danubian and Balkan states, nemoral Belarus, the Ukraine and Russia, east to Bashkiria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Salix alba] forests

Mediterranean tall [Salix] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.112
definition: Arborescent willow formations bordering watercourses of mediterranean regions of western Eurasia, willow-dominated belt or facies of the poplar-ash-elm forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine [Salix] woodland
narrower: Mediterranean white willow galleries
narrower: Olive-leaved and ashy willow riparian woods

Mediterranean white willow galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1121
definition: Riparian forests of the Mediterranean basin dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] or their relatives.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall [Salix] galleries
narrower: Central Iberian [Salix neotricha] galleries
narrower: Eumediterranean white and crack willow galleries

Central Iberian [Salix neotricha] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.11211
definition: Arborescent willow galleries dominated by [Salix neotricha] accompanied by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Populus nigra] and sometimes [Populus alba], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Frangula alnus], [Sambucus nigra], [Ulmus] spp., forming as the ligneous vegetation closest to the water along the middle and lower course of large rivers of little seasonal amplitude in the meso- and supra-Mediterranean foothills of the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Iberian Range and neighbouring regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean white willow galleries

Middle European [Salix alba] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.111
definition: Arborescent galleries of tall [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Salix x rubens], with, in the east, [Populus nigra], developed on ground submitted to a regular regime of inundation along western Eurasian nemoral lowland, hill or submontane rivers, including those of the British Isles, of nemoral Western Europe, south to Euro-Siberian Iberia, of Central Europe, within the range of medio-European, Illyrian, Dacian and Getic deciduous forests, north to the Baltic States, south to the lower and middle courses of rivers of the Alpine, northern Dinaric and Carpathian periphery, of Eastern Europe in the upper basin of the Dniepr system, in particular the basins of the Prypiat, the Berezina, the Dniepr, the Desna, the upper basin of the Don and the Khoper, the upper basin of the Volga system, in particular the basins of the Oka, the Tana, the Volga, the Kama, the Bielaia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine [Salix] woodland
narrower: Western European white willow forests
narrower: Eastern European poplar-willow forests

Eumediterranean white and crack willow galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.11212
definition: [Salix alba]-, [Salix fragilis]- or [Salix x rubens]-dominated facies of Mediterranean riverine poplar-ash-elm forests developed along rivers of lowland Iberia, southern France, Italy, Dalmatia, Albania, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, Greece, the Mediterranean islands, Cyprus and Mediterranean Asia Minor; the accompanying cortège does not differ from that of poplar- or ash-dominated facies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean white willow galleries

Olive-leaved and ashy willow riparian woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.1122
definition: Woods of arborescent willows, physiognomically dominated by [Salix atrocinerea] or [Salix cinerea], forming, in thermo-, meso- or supra-Mediterranean areas, on the banks of slow water courses; similar woods occupy soggy depressions (unit 44.92).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean tall [Salix] galleries
narrower: Iberian olive-leaved willow woods
narrower: Andalusian olive-leaved willow woods
narrower: Sardinian olive-leaved willow woods
narrower: Italo-Hellenic ashy willow riparian woods

Iberian olive-leaved willow woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.11221
definition: Riparian woods of [Salix atrocinerea] of central and eastern Iberia, with [Salix neotricha], [Salix salvifolia], [Frangula alnus], [Populus tremula], [Fraxinus angustifolia] and many lianas and brambles ([Rubus] spp.).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Olive-leaved and ashy willow riparian woods

Andalusian olive-leaved willow woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.11222
definition: Riparian woods formed almost exclusively by [Salix atrocinerea], with a few [Fraxinus angustifolia], numerous lianas and brambles ([Rubus] spp.) and an abundance of [Thelypteris palustris] in the undergrowth, characteristic of the southwestern Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Olive-leaved and ashy willow riparian woods

Sardinian olive-leaved willow woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.11223
definition: Riparian woods of [Salix atrocinerea] of Sardinia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Olive-leaved and ashy willow riparian woods

Italo-Hellenic ashy willow riparian woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.11224
definition: Riparian woods of [Salix cinerea] of Italy and Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Olive-leaved and ashy willow riparian woods

Canary Island [Salix] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.113
definition: Riparian communities forming mostly in ravines and gullies within the laurel forest belt of the Canary Islands and characterized by the presence of the tall endemic, [Salix canariensis]. The best preserved are found in the barranco de Los Cernicalos of Gran Canaria, in the caldera de Taburiente of La Palma and in the barranco del Infierne of Tenerife.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine [Salix] woodland

Continental [Salix] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.114
definition: Willow-dominated riverine woods of the steppe, wooded steppe, cold semidesert and desert zones of Eurasia and of their associated steppic and desert mountain ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine [Salix] woodland
narrower: Pannonic willow and poplar-willow galleries
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries

Pannonic willow and poplar-willow galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1141
definition: Riverine woods of the Pannonic basin formed by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and often [Populus alba] or [Populus nigra], which may at times dominate, in particular, in Vojvodina.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental [Salix] galleries

Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1142
definition: Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of floodplains of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes and wooded steppes of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental [Salix] galleries
narrower: Lower Danube willow galleries
narrower: Northern Thracian willow galleries
narrower: Eastern Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries

Lower Danube willow galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.11421
definition: Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of the floodplains, valleys and basins of the lower Danube, its tributaries and delta of southern and eastern Romania, northeastern Bulgaria and Moldova, with [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pennsylvanica], accompanied by [Tamus communis], [Amorpha fruticosa], [Rubus caesius], [Lycopus europaeus], [Lycopus exaltatus], [Polygonum hydropiper].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries

Northern Thracian willow galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.11422
definition: Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of floodplains of the northern Thracian plain of Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries

Eastern Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.11423
definition: Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of floodplains of the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, reaching a width of three kilometres on the lower Dniepr.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe willow galleries

Montane [Alnus incana] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.121
definition: [Alnus incana]-dominated formations lining watercourses in mountainous regions of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Apennines and the Bohemian Quadrangle.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine riparian galleries
narrower: Alpine grey alder galleries
narrower: Apennine grey alder galleries
narrower: Hercynio-Carpathian grey alder galleries
narrower: Eastern Carpathian grey alder galleries
narrower: Montenegrine grey alder galleries
narrower: Balkan Range grey alder galleries
narrower: Rhodopide grey alder galleries

Alpine grey alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1211
definition: [Alnus incana] formations of the upper reaches of Alpine, particularly inner Alpine, valleys, with outposts in the Dinarides, replacing, colonizing or fringing the pioneer willow scrubs of the [Salicion eleagni] (unit 44.11).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Alnus incana] galleries

Apennine grey alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1212
definition: Relictual formations of [Alnus incana] of the northern Apennines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Alnus incana] galleries

Hercynio-Carpathian grey alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1213
definition: [Alnus incana] galleries of the montane rivers of the western and northern Carpathians and of the Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, best developed in the 400 to 600 metre altitudinal range, ascending to 900 metres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Alnus incana] galleries
narrower: Hercynio-Carpathian sage grey alder galleries
narrower: Hercynio-Carpathian caltha grey alder galleries

Hercynio-Carpathian sage grey alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.12131
definition: [Alnus incana] riverine galleries of the western and northern Carpathians and of the Bohemian Quadrangle, developed on well drained substrates, in particular on gravel flats and the lower parts of valley slopes, with [Salvia glutinosa], [Thalictrum aquilegifolium], [Matteuccia struthiopteris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Carpathian grey alder galleries

Hercynio-Carpathian caltha grey alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.12132
definition: [Alnus incana] galleries of the western and northern Carpathians and of the Bohemian Quadrangle, developed on damper substrates, with [Caltha palustris] ([Caltha laeta]), [Valeriana simplicifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Carpathian grey alder galleries

Eastern Carpathian grey alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1214
definition: [Alnus incana] galleries along the upper reaches of Eastern Carpathian valleys, with regional species [Telekia speciosa], [Petasites kablikianus], [Symphytum cordatum], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], which replace the pioneer willow scrubs of the [Salici purpureae-Myricarietum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Alnus incana] galleries

Boreo-alpine riparian galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.12
definition: Riverside, lakeside and seaside alder, birch or pine galleries and cordons of the boreal, boreonemoral and boreosteppic zones, of the high mountains of the nemoral zone and of their piedmont influence region, dominated by [Alnus incana] along the montane and submontane rivers of the Alps, the Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides and neighbouring regions, by [Alnus incana] or [Alnus glutinosa] in boreal Fennoscandia and northeastern Europe, by [Betula pendula] or [Pinus sylvestris] in western Siberia. In the herb layer, nitrophilous and hygrophilous species dominate: [Aegopodium podagraria], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Petasites hybridus], [Crepis paludosa] and [Caltha palustris ssp. laeta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]
narrower: Montane [Alnus incana] galleries
narrower: Dealpine [Alnus incana] galleries
narrower: Boreal [Alnus incana] galleries
narrower: Boreal [Alnus glutinosa] galleries
narrower: Western Siberian [Betula] and pine galleries
narrower: Eastern boreal riverine galleries
narrower: Ponto-Caucasian montane [Alnus] galleries

Montenegrine grey alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1215
definition: [Alnus incana] galleries of the montane Tara and Lim rivers of Montenegro, with [Aconitum toxicum], [Doronicum austriacum], [Oxalis acetosella] and many species shared with Alpine grey alder galleries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Alnus incana] galleries

Balkan Range grey alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1216
definition: [Alnus incana] galleries lining watercourses of the upper levels of the central Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Alnus incana] galleries

Rhodopide grey alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1217
definition: [Alnus incana] galleries lining watercourses of the upper levels of Vitosha, Rila and the western Rhodope mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Alnus incana] galleries

Dealpine [Alnus incana] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.122
definition: Alder formations of the middle course of rivers flowing from the Alps, in particular of rivers of the Danube, Rhine and Rhone systems.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine riparian galleries

Boreal [Alnus incana] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.123
definition: [Alnus incana]-dominated galleries and woods of the boreal zone of Fennoscandia and northeastern Europe, southwest to northeastern Poland, developed on nutrient-rich soils of river valleys, lakesides and the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, periodically inundated by snow-melt waters or autumn rains, with [Betula pubescens], [Prunus padus], [Valeriana sambucifolia], [Anemone nemorosa], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Geum rivale], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Paris quadrifolia], [Silene dioica] ([Melandrium rubrum]), [Equisetum pratense].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine riparian galleries

Boreal [Alnus glutinosa] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.124
definition: [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated galleries and woods of the boreal zone of Fennoscandia, developed in narrow cordons along rivers, on lakesides and on the coasts of the Baltic, with [Alnus incana], [Lycopus europaeus], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Equisetum arvense].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine riparian galleries

Western Siberian [Betula] and pine galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.125
definition: Riverine woods and scrubs of western Siberian flood plains, dominated by [Betula pendula] or [Pinus sylvestris], with [Populus tremula], [Salix bebbiana], [Rosa majalis], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Equisetum sylvaticum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine riparian galleries

Eastern boreal riverine galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.126
definition: Riverine woods and scrubs of eastern Siberian flood plains, with [Alnus fruticosa], [Populus suaveolens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine riparian galleries

Ponto-Caucasian montane [Alnus] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.127
definition: Riverside and lakeside alder galleries and cordons of the Pontic Range and the Caucasus system, with [Alnus subcordata], [Alnus barbata] or [Alnus incana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-alpine riparian galleries

Southern [Alnus] and [Betula] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.13
definition: Riparian formations of [Alnus glutinosa], locally of [Alnus cordata] or [Betula] spp. of the Mediterranean basin and of western Iberia, often with [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Osmunda regalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]
narrower: Southern [Alnus glutinosa] galleries
narrower: [Rhododendron] - [Alnus] galleries
narrower: Corsican [Alnus cordata] and [Alnus glutinosa] galleries
narrower: Relict [Betula] galleries of Cordillera Oretana

Southern [Alnus glutinosa] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.131
definition: Riparian [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated multilayered formations of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian peninsula, the Cévennes, the Italic and Hellenic peninsulas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern [Alnus] and [Betula] galleries
narrower: Iberian meso-Mediterranean alder galleries
narrower: Iberian supra-Mediterranean alder galleries
narrower: Western Mediterranean alder and ash-alder galleries
narrower: Aegean alder galleries

Iberian meso-Mediterranean alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1311
definition: Meso-Mediterranean [Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries of southern Galicia, Portugal, Extremadura, the western Cordillera Central, western Castilla, with [Betula celtiberica], [Salix atrocinerea], [Frangula alnus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Celtis australis], many lianas, [Clematis campaniflora], [Humulus lupulus], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris] and an herb layer comprising [Senecio bayonensis], [Galium broterianum], [Scrophularia scorodonia], [Osmunda regalis], [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern [Alnus glutinosa] galleries

Iberian supra-Mediterranean alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1312
definition: Supra-Mediterranean [Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries of water courses with moderate seasonal fluctuations, of western Iberia, with [Betula celtiberica], [Ilex aquifolium], [Populus tremula] and [Luzula sylvatica ssp. henriquesii], [Paris quadrifolia], [Galium broterianum], [Paradisea lusitanicum], [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern [Alnus glutinosa] galleries

Western Mediterranean alder and ash-alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1313
definition: [Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries of mainland southern France, mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean peninsular Italy, mediterranean Corsica, Sardinia, often with [Fraxinus angustifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern [Alnus glutinosa] galleries

Aegean alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.1314
definition: [Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries along permanent water courses of non-calcareous regions of Greece, in particular, of Thessaly, the sea-facing slopes of the Pelion, the Ossa, the Pierria, the Pindus, Macedonia, Thrace, northern Euboea and the northern Peloponnese.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern [Alnus glutinosa] galleries

[Rhododendron] - [Alnus] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.132
definition: Highly remarkable, relict thermo- and meso-Mediterranean alder galleries of deep, steep-sided valleys of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar and of southern Portugal, with [Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum], [Frangula alnus ssp. baetica], [Arisarum proboscideum] and a rich fern community including [Pteris incompleta], [Diplazium caudatum], [Culcita macrocarpa]. They are often in contact with humid to hyper-humid [Quercus canariensis] forests (unit 41.773) and with [Salix pedicellata] formations (unit 44.1271).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern [Alnus] and [Betula] galleries

Corsican [Alnus cordata] and [Alnus glutinosa] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.133
definition: Collinar and montane riparian alder galleries of Corsica, dominated by [Alnus cordata] and [Alnus glutinosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern [Alnus] and [Betula] galleries

Relict [Betula] galleries of Cordillera Oretana
type: Concept
notation: G1.134
definition: Relict [Betula parvibracteata] riparian galleries limited to two stations of the Montes de Toledo (Cordillera Oretana), one in the Sierra de Rio Frio where a unique gallery of about 20 km in length survives, the other at the spring of the Estena. The dominant species, an extremely narrow endemic, is accompanied by [Myrica gale], [Frangula alnus], [Salix atrocinerea], [Galium broterianum], [Scilla ramburei].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern [Alnus] and [Betula] galleries

Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.2
definition: Mixed riparian forests, sometimes structurally complex and species-rich, of floodplains and of galleries beside slow- and fast-flowing rivers of the nemoral, boreo-nemoral, steppe and submediterranean zones. Gallery woods with [Acer], [Fraxinus], [Prunus] or [Ulmus], together with species listed for G1.1. Floodplain woodland characterized by mixtures of [Alnus], [Fraxinus], [Populus], [Quercus], [Ulmus], [Salix].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: Riverine [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woodland, wet at high but not at low water
narrower: Mixed [Quercus] - [Ulmus] - [Fraxinus] woodland of great rivers

Riverine [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woodland, wet at high but not at low water
type: Concept
notation: G1.21
definition: Riparian forests of [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes [Alnus incana], of middle European and northern Iberian lowland or hill watercourses, on soils periodically inundated by the annual rise of the river level, but otherwise well-drained and aerated during low-water; they differ from riparian alder woods within unitsG1.41 and G1.52 by the strong representation in the dominated layers of forest species not able to grow in permanently waterlogged soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery woodland
narrower: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of rivulets and springs
narrower: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of fast-flowing rivers
narrower: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of slow rivers
narrower: Northern Iberian [Alnus] galleries

[Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of rivulets and springs
type: Concept
notation: G1.211
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] formations of springs and small streams of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, usually dominated by ashes, with [Carex remota], [Carex pendula], [Carex strigosa], [Equisetum telmateia], [Rumex sanguineus], [Lysimachia nemorum], [Cardamine amara], [Chrysosplenium oppositifolium], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Ribes rubrum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woodland, wet at high but not at low water
narrower: Sedge ash-alder woods
narrower: Fontinal ash-alder woods
narrower: Cabbage thistle ash-alder woods
narrower: Hillside spring ash-alder woods
narrower: Great horsetail ash-alder woods
narrower: Dacio-Moesian ash-alder woods

Sedge ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2111
definition: Formations of [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa] of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, distributed in western Europe, in northern, Central and Eastern Europe, extending south in Central Europe to the confines of the [Fagion sylvaticum], [Fagion illyricum] and [Carpinion illyricum] zones, with an abundance of [Carex remota], [Carex strigosa], [Carex pendula], [Carex sylvatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of rivulets and springs

Fontinal ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2112
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, with a wetter soil occupied by [Cardamine amara] and [Chrysosplenium] spp., and often by [Impatiens noli-tangere].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of rivulets and springs

Cabbage thistle ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2113
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, with an understorey rich in tall herbs, in particular, in sub-Atlantic areas, the tall [Cirsium oleraceum] and [Eupatorium cannabinum] and usually [Carex acutiformis]; these constitute a transition towards unit 44.332.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of rivulets and springs

Hillside spring ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2114
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, of seeping hillside depressions and of moist peaty ground, with [Ribes rubrum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of rivulets and springs

Great horsetail ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2115
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of calcareous inundated substrates adjacent to streams and springs of Great Britain and middle Europe, characterized by an abundant herb layer dominated by [Equisetum telmateia] and rich in mosses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of rivulets and springs

Dacio-Moesian ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2116
definition: Higrophile, neutrophile gallery woods of low mountain rivers of the [Fagion moesiacum] and [Fagion dacicum] zones, in particular of Serbia and the southern and eastern Carpathians of Rumania, notably the Apuseni mountains, dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], with [Alnus incana], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus glabra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], and [Carex remota] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of rivulets and springs

[Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of fast-flowing rivers
type: Concept
notation: G1.212
definition: Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing rivers and large brooks replacing the peri-Alpine [Alnus incana] galleries in hills of middle Europe away from the direct influence of alpine rivers and north to Denmark and southern Sweden.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woodland, wet at high but not at low water
narrower: Collinar stream ash-alder woods
narrower: Submontane Hercynian stream ash-alder woods
narrower: Pre-Carpathian stream ash-alder woods

Collinar stream ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2121
definition: Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing nonalpine rivers and large brooks of hill and lowland regions of western, northern and central Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of fast-flowing rivers
narrower: Stitchwort ash-alder woods
narrower: Northeastern stream spruce-ash-alder woods

Stitchwort ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.21211
definition: Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing nonalpine rivers and large brooks of western, central and northwestern Europe. They are usually codominated by [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Acer pseudoplatanus], accompanied by [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Ulmus laevis]. [Prunus padus] is frequent in the undergrowth, shrubs include [Ribes rubrum], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Corylus avellana]; the herb layer comprises [Stellaria nemorum], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Aconitum vulparia], [Allium ursinum], [Geum rivale], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Ranunculus platanifolius], [Urtica dioica], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Primula elatior], [Lamium galeobdolon] or [Filipendula ulmaria], [Luzula sylvatica]. The gallery may be enclosed within other forests or reduced to a thin line of alders along rivers traversing pastureland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Collinar stream ash-alder woods

Northeastern stream spruce-ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.21212
definition: Ash-alder-spruce galleries of the banks of fast-flowing rivers and large brooks of northeastern Central Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Collinar stream ash-alder woods

Submontane Hercynian stream ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2122
definition: Herb-rich [Alnus glutinosa]- or [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa]- dominated galleries of more montane affinities than those of the [Stellario-Alnetum], paralleling the [Alnetum incanae] in mountainous country away from the Alps and the main Carpathian ranges, in particular in and around the great Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, north to the Silesian lowlands. [Alnus incana] is sometimes present; common in, or characteristic of the undergrowth are [Stellaria nemorum], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Crepis paludosa], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Rubus idaeus], and, in some of the local variants, [Astrantia major], [Aruncus sylvestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of fast-flowing rivers

Pre-Carpathian stream ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2123
definition: Woods of [Alnus glutinosa] and [Fraxinus excelsior] developed on alluvial soils along the middle and lower course of streams and rivers of pre-Carpathian hills, accompanied by [Frangula alnus] and [Ulmus laevis], with [Stellaria nemorum], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Carex remota], [Carex brizoides], [Equisetum maximum] and rich in [Fagetalia] and [Querco-Fagetea] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of fast-flowing rivers

[Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of slow rivers
type: Concept
notation: G1.213
definition: Eastern, central and, locally, western European [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of valleys of lowland slow and even-flowing rivers, with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woodland, wet at high but not at low water
narrower: Central European slow river floodplain woods
narrower: West European tall herb ash-alder woods
narrower: Ponto-Pannonic tall herb ash-alder woods
narrower: Eastern Baltic slow river floodplain woods
narrower: Sarmatic ash-alder woods

Central European slow river floodplain woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2131
definition: Central European riverine and floodplain woods of valleys of lowland, often small, slow and even-flowing rivers, usually dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and/or [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes with [Picea abies], [Quercus robur], [Fagus sylvatica], with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs. They may extend far into the floodplain, becoming progressively richer in [Quercus robur] and [Carpinion] species away from the stream or from low-lying areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of slow rivers
narrower: Central European slow river ash-alder woods
narrower: Central European spruce-alder woods
narrower: Moravian oak-beech-alder riverine woods

Central European slow river ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.21311
definition: [Alnus glutinosa]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests of large valleys of lowland slow and even-flowing Central European rivers, south to the Illyrian region, often extensive, and capable of occupying floodplains well beyond the riparian gallery, progressively richer in [Quercus robur] and [Carpinion] species towards the exterior. The undergrowth includes, besides [Prunus padus], [Humulus lupulus], [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus caesius], [Ribes nigrum], [Ribes rubrum], [Sambucus nigra], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Peucedanum palustre], [Glyceria maxima], [Iris pseudacorus], [Carex acutiformis], [Carex riparia], [Phalaris arundinacea], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Cirsium palustre].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European slow river floodplain woods

Central European spruce-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.21312
definition: [Alnus glutinosa]-[Alnus incana]-[Picea abies] riverine woods developed along streams crossing poorly drained depressions and flats in mountainous regions of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring regions, with [Sorbus aucuparia], [Rubus idaeus], [Frangula alnus], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Caltha palustris], [Viola palustris], [Carex sylvatica], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Oxalis acetosella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European slow river floodplain woods

Moravian oak-beech-alder riverine woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.21313
definition: Wet [Quercus robur], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Alnus glutinosa] woods of the upper Oder basin of northern Moravia, with an undergrowth composed of an admixture of riverine, oak-hornbeam and acidophilous species, among which [Carex brizoides], often dominant, [Festuca gigantea], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Circaea lutetiana], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Carex remota], [Lysimachia nemorum], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Rubus caesius], [Lamium galeobdolon], [Oxalis acetosella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European slow river floodplain woods

West European tall herb ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2132
definition: [Alnus glutinosa] or [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa]-[Ulmus] riparian woods on eutrophic, moist soils of alluvial terraces, levees and floodplains of the lower courses of rivers of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic regions of the British Isles and the western seaboard of the European mainland, with [Salix cinerea] and [Urtica dioica], often rich in tall herbs, in particular [Cirsium oleraceum], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Epilobium hirsutum], [Dipsacus pilosus], [Symphytum officinale], [Aconitum napellus] and creepers [Humulus lupulus], [Solanum dulcamara], [Calystegia sepium]; [Ribes rubrum], [Iris pseudacorus], [Equisetum telmateia], [Equisetum fluviatile] are locally characteristic; tall sedges, in particular [Carex acutiformis] and [Carex paniculata] dominate some of the wettest communities. Typical sub-communities of British [Alnus glutinosa-Urtica dioica] woodland are included, as are drier [Sambucus nigra] sub-communities in situations where they are adjacent. Formations of this unit are now rare, having for the most part been replaced by poplar plantations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of slow rivers

Ponto-Pannonic tall herb ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2133
definition: Marshy riverine woods of [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Fraxinus pallisiae] of the Pannonic plain, of neighbouring Illyrian hills and mountains, and of the northwestern Black Sea lowlands of the lower Danube, Prut, Dniestr, Dniepr and Don basins, with [Viburnum opulus], [Frangula alnus], [Cornus sanguinea] in the shrub layer and [Lycopus europaeus], [Oenanthe aquatica], [Carex acutiformis], [Polygonum hydropiper], [Rubus caesius] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of slow rivers

Eastern Baltic slow river floodplain woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2134
definition: Riverine forests of slow, often small, lowland streams of northeastern Central Europe and northwestern Sarmatic Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, in eastern Poland, northern and western Belarus and the Baltic States, dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes with [Betula] spp. and [Picea abies].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of slow rivers
narrower: Eastern Baltic enchanter's nightshade ash-alder woods
narrower: Eastern Baltic slow river spruce-birch-alder woods

Eastern Baltic enchanter's nightshade ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.21341
definition: Riverine forests of slow, often small, lowland streams of northeastern Central and northern Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, dominated by sometimes very tall [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], with [Acer platanoides], [Carpinus betulus], [Prunus padus], [Ulmus glabra], [Picea abies] and a luxuriant tall-herb undergrowth including [Urtica dioica], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Circaea alpina], [Lysimachia vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Baltic slow river floodplain woods

Eastern Baltic slow river spruce-birch-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.21342
definition: Riverine forests of northeastern Central and northern Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] and [Picea abies], with [Fraxinus excelsior], [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia cordata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Baltic slow river floodplain woods

Sarmatic ash-alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.2135
definition: Riverine forests of slow and even-flowing, large or small, lowland streams of Sarmatic Eastern Europe, in the basins of the Dniepr, the Don and the Volga-Kama, dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], with [Prunus padus], sometimes with [Betula] spp. and [Picea abies], with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs, including [Urtica dioica], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Lysimachia vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woods of slow rivers

Northern Iberian [Alnus] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.214
definition: Riparian alder or ash-alder woods of collinar and montane streams of the northern Iberian peninsula, with a pronounced medio-European influence marked in particular by the presence of [Fraxinus excelsior] (and not [Fraxinus angustifolia]). They are characteristic of streams originating in the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Northern Galician mountains and the Catalonian ranges. The canopy may include [Ulmus glabra], [Quercus robur] and tall willows; the undergrowth contains [Sambucus nigra], [Corylus avellana], [Cornus sanguinea], [Rubus caesius], [Carex pendula], [Carex remota], [Festuca gigantea], [Bromus ramosus], [Lathraea clandestina], [Circaea lutetiana], [Hypericum androsaemum], [Solanum dulcamara], [Valeriana pyrenaica], [Lysimachia nemorum], [Saxifraga hirsuta], [Galanthus nivalis], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Osmunda regalis], [Equisetum telmateia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Riverine [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] woodland, wet at high but not at low water
narrower: Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries
narrower: Pyreneo-Cantabrian alder galleries
narrower: Pyreneo-Catalonian alder galleries

Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.2141
definition: Northern Galician and western Cantabrian [Alnus glutinosa] galleries, with [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern Iberian [Alnus] galleries
narrower: Eume near-natural alder galleries
narrower: Semi-natural Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries

Eume near-natural alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.21411
definition: Relict near-natural [Alnus glutinosa] galleries of the Eume basin, with the rare ferns [Trichomanes speciosum] ([Vandenboschia speciosa]) and [Culcita macrocarpa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries

Semi-natural Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.21412
definition: Northern Galician and western Cantabrian [Alnus glutinosa] galleries, with [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana] and with a cortège that is somewhat impoverished compared to that of the galleries of unit 44.3411.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Galicio-Cantabrian alder galleries

Pyreneo-Cantabrian alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.2142
definition: Eastern Cantabrian and western Pyrenean [Alnus glutinosa] galleries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern Iberian [Alnus] galleries

Pyreneo-Catalonian alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.2143
definition: Eastern Pyrenean and Catalonian [Alnus glutinosa] galleries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern Iberian [Alnus] galleries

Mixed [Quercus] - [Ulmus] - [Fraxinus] woodland of great rivers
type: Concept
notation: G1.22
definition: Diverse riparian forests of the middle courses of great rivers, inundated only by large floods. Hardwood trees with dominant [Fraxinus], [Ulmus] or [Quercus] spp. with a very typical spring herb aspect.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery woodland
narrower: Great medio-European fluvial forests
narrower: Residual medio-European fluvial forests
narrower: Southeast European [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] - [Alnus] forests
narrower: Po [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] forests
narrower: Sarmatic riverine [Quercus] forests

Residual medio-European fluvial forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.222
definition: Fragments of oak-elm-ash forests of large medio-European river systems, very altered and with greatly reduced species richness.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Quercus] - [Ulmus] - [Fraxinus] woodland of great rivers

Southeast European [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] - [Alnus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.223
definition: Mixed riverine forests of Ponto-Pannonic and sub-Mediterranean regions of southeastern Europe, usually dominated by [Quercus robur] and/or [Fraxinus angustifolia], with varying admixtures of [Ulmus minor], [Ulmus laevis], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Salix alba], [Populus alba].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Quercus] - [Ulmus] - [Fraxinus] woodland of great rivers
narrower: Illyrian ash-oak-alder forests
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests
narrower: Pannonic ash-oak-alder forests
narrower: Getic oak-elm-ash forests

Great medio-European fluvial forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.221
definition: Fully developed, very tall, multi-layered, highly diverse riparian forests of oaks, ashes, elms, limes, maples, alders, poplars, cherries, apple, willows of the middle and lower courses of large medio-European river systems, in particular, the Rhine, the Danube, the Emst, the Elbe, the Saale, the Weser, the Oder, the Loire, the Rhone-Saone systems. Their highly complex structure is formed of eight strata to which participate up to 50 species of trees and shrubs. The upper arborescent stratum includes [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus minor], [Ulmus laevis], [Ulmus glabra], [Populus alba], [Populus tremula], [Populus canescens], [Populus nigra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Salix alba], [Alnus glutinosa], [Prunus avium], the lower arborescent stratum [Malus sylvestris], [Tilia cordata], the sub-arborescent shrub layer [Alnus incana], [Prunus padus] and [Crataegus monogyna]. There are very varied high and low shrub layers and numerous lianas, [Clematis vitalba], [Tamus communis], [Humulus lupulus], [Hedera helix] and [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris]. Most diverse, structurally, floristically and faunistically, of all European ecosystems, and closest in that respect to tropical communities and to the warm temperate forests of the Pleistocene, the great fluvial forests of Europe are reduced to a few highly vulnerable examples, located mainly within the Rhine, Danube and Elbe systems.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Quercus] - [Ulmus] - [Fraxinus] woodland of great rivers

Illyrian ash-oak-alder forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.2231
definition: Mixed hardwood riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins and adjacent areas, within the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] region, dominated by [Quercus robur] or, with longer periods of inundation, [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Alnus glutinosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeast European [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] - [Alnus] forests
narrower: Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak forests
narrower: Illyrian greenweed oak-ash forests
narrower: Illyrian riparian oak-hornbeam forests

Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.22311
definition: Riverine forests of the Illyrian region, in the Sava and Drava basins, with irradiations in the karst region of northeastern Italy and in the western Balkan peninsula, characteristic of areas with long inundation, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], associated with [Alnus glutinosa] in high groundwater depressions away from the water course. [Quercus robur] and [Ulmus minor] participate in the major tree layer. The undergrowth is characterized by an abundance of [Leucojum aestivum], the presence of [Cardamine pratensis ssp. dentata], [Urtica radicans] and, in the alder-ash stands, [Frangula alnus], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Valeriana dioica]. Particularly wet areas harbour [Hottonia palustris], [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae] and other standing water species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian ash-oak-alder forests

Illyrian greenweed oak-ash forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.22312
definition: Riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins characteristic of areas subjected to a shorter inundation period than those of occupied by the forests of unit 44.4311, dominated by [Quercus robur], with [Ulmus minor], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Genista tinctoria], [Leucojum aestivum], [Carex remota] and sometimes large expanses of [Carex brizoides] in pure colonies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian ash-oak-alder forests

Illyrian riparian oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.22313
definition: Riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins developed on the highest ground, dominated by [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus], with [Ulmus minor], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Alnus glutinosa], [Acer campestre], [Carex remota], [Carex strigosa], [Carex brizoides], often in large colonies that may dominate the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian ash-oak-alder forests

Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.2232
definition: Mixed riverine forests of Pontic and sub-Mediterranean regions of the Balkan and Hellenic peninsulas, in particular, the Mauries forest of northern Greece, the riverine forests of the Maritsa and the Tundzha, the longos forests of coastal Bulgaria, and riverine forests of the sub-Mediterranean Dinaride system, usually dominated by [Quercus robur] and/or [Fraxinus angustifolia], with varying admixtures of [Ulmus minor], [Ulmus laevis], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Salix alba], [Populus alba].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeast European [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] - [Alnus] forests
narrower: Hellenic ash-oak-alder forests
narrower: Coastal Bulgarian longos forests
narrower: Central Balkan ash-oak-alder forests
narrower: Albanian ash-oak-alder forests
narrower: Montenegrine ash-oak-alder forests
narrower: Istrian ash-oak-alder forests

Hellenic ash-oak-alder forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.22321
definition: Rare mixed riparian forests of northern Greece, dominated by [Quercus robur] and [Fraxinus angustifolia], represented, in particular, by the remarkable Mouries forest in the Kilkis prefectorate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests

Coastal Bulgarian longos forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.22322
definition: Regularly inundated forests of Pontic coastal lowland rivers, in particular the Kamchija and the Batova, and of the shores of Lake Arkutino in the Ropotamo Reserve, with [Fraxinus oxycarpa], [Ulmus minor] ([Ulmus foliacea]), [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Carpinus betulus] and lianas [Smilax excelsa], [Periploca graeca], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis sylvestris], [Calystegia sepium], [Humulus lupulus], [Hedera helix].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests

Central Balkan ash-oak-alder forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.22323
definition: Inland longos forests of the Maritsa and Tundzha river systems, drier, of poorer species composition and fewer lianas than the coastal longos forests of unit 44.4322; they harbour the rare, local endemic [Colchicum diampolis] and the Pheasant, [Phasianus colchicus], native to this region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests

Albanian ash-oak-alder forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.22324
definition: Mixed riverine forests of the Adriatic façade of Albania, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], with [Quercus robur] and, in some formations [Alnus glutinosa], [Populus alba], [Ulmus minor] or, in others, [Ulmus procera], [Acer campestre], [Carpinus orientalis], [Laurus nobilis], [Quercus coccifera], and with [Calystegia sepium], [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Hedera helix], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Tamus communis], [Rosa sempervirens], [Smilax aspera], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Rubus nemoralis], constituting species-rich, multi-facies formations of very high biological value.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests

Montenegrine ash-oak-alder forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.22325
definition: Riverine forest of Lake Scutari, with [Quercus robur ssp. scutariensis] and [Periploca graeca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests

Istrian ash-oak-alder forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.22326
definition: Riverine forest of the Mirna Valley in Istria, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Quercus robur], with [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Salix alba], [Carpinus betulus], [Frangula alnus], [Acer campestre], [Corylus avellana], [Euonymus europaeus], [Staphylea pinnata], [Lonicera caprifolium], [Pyrus pyraster], [Rubus caesius], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Carex remota], [Rumex sanguineus], [Lycopus europaeus], [Cerastium sylvaticum], [Primula vulgaris], [Helleborus dumetorum ssp. atrorubens], [Lathyrus vernus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak-alder forests

Getic oak-elm-ash forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.2234
definition: Riverine forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae], [Ulmus minor] and [Ulmus effusa] of the great floodplains of the lower Danube, with [Cornus sanguinea], [Viburnum opulus], [Frangula alnus], [Crataegus monogyna] in the shrub layer and [Rubus caesius], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Glechoma hederacea], [Convallaria majalis] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeast European [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] - [Alnus] forests

Pannonic ash-oak-alder forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.2233
definition: Riverine gallery forests of the Pannonic region, characteristic of the Danube basin, north to the lower Morava, of the Tisza basin and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve. They are dominated by [Quercus robur] and [Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. pannonica], sometimes with [Ulmus laevis], [Alnus glutinosa], [Carpinus betulus] and, in the wettest parts, [Populus alba]. The shrub layer includes [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], [Corylus avellana], [Ulmus minor]. The herb layer is dominated by [Carex acutiformis], [Carex elata], [Carex riparia], [Urtica dioica], [Urtica kioviensis] in the wetter belt ("[Fraxino pannonicae-Alnetum]"), by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Veratrum album], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Symphytum officinale] otherwise.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeast European [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] - [Alnus] forests

Po [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Alnus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.224
definition: Relict forests of the alluvial plain of the Po and its main tributaries, remnants of the greatest fluviatile system of Europe. They are formed by meso-hygrophile, mesotrophic, multi-layered, oak-ash-hornbeam-dominated communities ([Carpinion betuli]: [Polygonato multiflorae-Quercetum roboris]), with facies richer in ashes, willows and, mostly, alders, in the wettest areas ([Alno-Padion]). Constituent trees include [Quercus robur], [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus betulus], [Ulmus minor], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Prunus padus], [Prunus avium], [Alnus glutinosa], [Salix alba], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], the shrub layers are formed, in particular, by [Ruscus aculeatus], [Cornus mas], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus laevigata], [Crataegus monogyna], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Rubus fruticosus], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Rubus caesius], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Sambucus nigra], [Daphne mezereum], [Viburnum lantana], [Mespilus germanica], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Prunus spinosa], [Rosa canina], [Euonymus europaeus], [Rhamnus catharticus]; lianas are abundant, in particular, [Hedera helix], [Tamus communis], [Rubia peregrina], [Bryonia cretica]; in the herb layer occur, in particular, [Equisetum hyemale], [Symphytum officinale], [Polygonatum multiflorum], [Pulmonaria officinalis], [Lathyrus vernus], [Mercurialis perennis], [Primula acaulis], [Asarum europaeum], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Melittis melissophyllum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Leucojum vernum], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Carex pilosa]. These forests are the habitat of the endangered endemic frog [Rana latastei].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Quercus] - [Ulmus] - [Fraxinus] woodland of great rivers

Sarmatic riverine [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.225
definition: Riverine forests of [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus laevis], [Ulmus effusa], [Alnus cordata] of the floodplains of great rivers of the Sarmatic nemoral and nemoro-steppic regions, distributed in the Baltic hinterland, in Polesia, along the rivers of the Podolian plateaux, and along those of the middle Russian plateaux and uplands, including the Belarus hills, the Valday Uplands, the Smolensk Uplands and the Central Russian Uplands, in the Volga-Kama system, in which [Tilia cordata] progressively replaces [Quercus robur] eastwards, extending south into the Pontic region, in particular along the lower Dniepr, and north into the southern boreal taiga zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Quercus] - [Ulmus] - [Fraxinus] woodland of great rivers

Mediterranean riparian woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.3
definition: Alluvial forests and gallery woods of the mediterranean region. Dominance may be of a single species, of few species or mixed with many species including [Fraxinus], [Liquidambar], [Platanus], [Populus], [Salix], [Ulmus]. Excludes mediterranean [Salix] woods (G1.1) and shrubby riparian vegetation (F9.3).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: Mediterranean riparian [Populus] forests
narrower: Mediterranean riparian [Ulmus] forests
narrower: Mediterranean riparian [Fraxinus] woods
narrower: Mediterranean riverine [Ostrya carpinifolia] galleries
narrower: Mediterraneo-Pontic riverine [Fraxinus] forests
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic mixed [Populus] riverine forests
narrower: Irano-Anatolian mixed riverine forests
narrower: [Platanus orientalis] woods
narrower: [Liquidambar orientalis] woods

Mediterranean riparian [Populus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.31
definition: Mediterranean multi-layered riverine forests of base-rich soils submitted to seasonal prolonged inundation with slow drainage, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor], [Salix alba], [Salix] spp., [Alnus] spp., lianas and often species of the [Quercetalia ilicis], distributed in the mediterranean regions of the Iberian peninsula, southern France, the Italic peninsula, the large Tyrrhenian islands, the Hellenic peninsula, the southern Balkan peninsula, North Africa, and their zones of transition to adjacent climatic zones. Formations physiognomically dominated by tall [Populus alba] and/or [Populus nigra] are listed here. The poplars may, however, be absent or sparse in some associations which are then dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor] and/or [Salix] spp. Such ensembles are listed under units G1.1121 or G1.33. The poplar forests are usually the tall ligneous vegetation belt closest to the water in riverside catenas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian woodland
narrower: Iberian poplar galleries
narrower: Provenço-Languedocian poplar galleries
narrower: Cyrno-Sardinian poplar galleries
narrower: Italic poplar galleries
narrower: East Mediterranean poplar galleries

Iberian poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.311
definition: Riparian poplar galleries on inundatable eutrophic soils with permanent hydromorphy of the Iberian range, the Castilian plateau, the Ebro basin, the Mediterranean Iberian east, the great Baetic rivers, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], arborescent willows ([Salix neotricha], [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Salix atrocinerea]), [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor] and [Celtis australis]. The naturalised madder, [Rubia tinctorum], grows in the shade of the eastern and central formations, the Atlantic [Salix atrocinerea] is an important component of the formations of the central Meseta, the Montes de Toledo and western Andalusia, and [Nerium oleander] penetrates the most thermophilous western Andalusian formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Populus] forests

Cyrno-Sardinian poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.313
definition: Riparian woods of lower water courses of Corsica and Sardinia, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Alnus glutinosa], [Alnus cordata] and arborescent willows.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Populus] forests

Italic poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.314
definition: Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of the Italic peninsula, Sicily and the Maltese Islands, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Alnus glutinosa], [Ulmus minor], [Acer campestre], [Viburnum lantana], [Viburnum opulus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rubus caesius], [Humulus lupulus], [Clematis vitalba].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Populus] forests

East Mediterranean poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.315
definition: Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of peninsular Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix] spp., [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Brachypodium sylvaticum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Populus] forests
narrower: Nestos riparian forests
narrower: Hellenic white poplar riparian forests
narrower: Northern Hellenic black poplar riparian forests
narrower: Hellenic downy poplar riparian forests
narrower: Rhodopide Mediterranean poplar galleries
narrower: Paeonian poplar galleries
narrower: East Adriatic poplar galleries

Nestos riparian forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.3151
definition: Hodja Orman forest of the Nestos, dominated by [Populus alba], formerly one of the most extensive riparian complexes in the Balkan peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean poplar galleries

Hellenic white poplar riparian forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.3152
definition: Riparian [Populus alba]-dominated galleries of rivers and water bodies of Greece, with the exception of the Nestos; the dominant poplar may be accompanied by, in particular, [Populus nigra], [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix] spp., [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Brachypodium sylvaticum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean poplar galleries

Provenço-Languedocian poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.312
definition: Riparian gallery forests lining water courses and other water bodies of Provence and Languedoc, in particular the rivers of the Mediterranean periphery of the Pyrenees, the Languedocian rivers draining the Causses and the southern Central Massif, the Rhone and Durance systems, especially the Camargue, the Verdon, the Var, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Ulmus minor], [Fraxinus angustifolia] (locally accompanied by [Fraxinus excelsior]), [Acer negundo], [Acer campestre], [Acer platanoides], [Celtis australis], [Quercus pubescens], [Alnus glutinosa], and an undergrowth with [Cornus sanguinea], [Rubus caesius], [Sambucus nigra], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Bryonia cretica], [Humulus lupulus], [Rubia peregrina], [Solanum dulcamara], [Alliaria petiolata], [Cucubalus baccifer], [Saponaria officinalis], [Iris foetidissima], [Arum italicum], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Carex pendula]; [Celtis australis] may form facies locally (e.g. Est‚rel).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Populus] forests

Northern Hellenic black poplar riparian forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.3153
definition: [Populus nigra] [s.s].-dominated riparian galleries of northern Greece, in particular, of small valleys of the southeastern Moeso-Macedonian Vertiskos range and of the southern Rhodopide ranges north of Drama.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean poplar galleries

Hellenic downy poplar riparian forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.3154
definition: [Populus nigra var. pubescens] forests of the Pindus, notably, of the Epirean Sarandaporos and the Thessalian Pinios basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean poplar galleries

Rhodopide Mediterranean poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.3155
definition: Riparian poplar-rich or poplar-dominated galleries of the lower courses of the Maritza, Tundja, Mesta, Struma and other streams cutting through the Rhodopide system and opening to Mediterranean climate regimes, with [Populus alba], [Populus canescens] and/or [Populus nigra] accompanied by [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix] spp., [Periploca graeca], [Cornus sanguinea], [Brachypodium sylvaticum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean poplar galleries

Paeonian poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.3156
definition: Poplar galleries of the southern Balkanic hills of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the region of transition between the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] and the [Quercion frainetto].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean poplar galleries

East Adriatic poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.3157
definition: Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of the Adriatic façade of the southern Balkan peninsula, dominated by [Populus alba] with [Populus nigra], [Ulmus procera], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix alba], [Quercus robur], [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Hedera helix], [Brachypodium sylvaticum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Mediterranean poplar galleries

Mediterranean riparian [Ulmus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.32
definition: Elm-dominated woodlands forming, on eutrophic soils, at the outer, drier, edge of the Mediterranean riparian or lacustrine galleries, constituted by [Ulmus minor] or, in the eastern Mediterranean and on the Maltese Islands, [Ulmus canescens]. [Populus alba] and [Fraxinus angustifolia] often participate in the tree-layer; [Arum italicum], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Acanthus mollis], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Elymus caninus], [Rubus ulmifolius] are characteristic of the undergrowth. Dense and dark in natural form, these woods have been extremely reduced and degraded by human action. The most characteristic examples to remain are probably those of the Iberian peninsula, although fragments are still recorded in France, Italy, the Maltese Islands, Greece, Asia Minor and North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian woodland

Mediterranean riparian [Fraxinus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.33
definition: Riparian galleries of the mediterranean regions of the Iberian peninsula, southern France, the Italic peninsula, the large Tyrrhenian islands, the Hellenic peninsula, mediterranean North Africa and their zones of transition to adjacent climatic zones, dominated by tall [Fraxinus angustifolia], mostly characteristic of less eutrophic soils than the elm and poplar galleries, and of drier stations, with shorter inundation periods, than those occupied by poplar woods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian woodland
narrower: Iberian supra-Mediterranean ash galleries
narrower: Iberian meso-Mediterranean ash galleries
narrower: Baetic ash-maple galleries
narrower: Tyrrhenian ash-alder galleries
narrower: Italic ash galleries
narrower: Hellenic ash galleries

Iberian supra-Mediterranean ash galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.331
definition: [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Quercus pyrenaica]-dominated galleries of supra-Mediterranean watercourses of the Cordillera Central, the Leonese mountains and the Iberian Range, developed on siliceous, sandy soils with temporary hydromorphy (pseudogleys).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Fraxinus] woods

Iberian meso-Mediterranean ash galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.332
definition: [Fraxinus angustifolia] -dominated galleries of western Iberia, developed in meso- and thermo-Mediterranean areas on siliceous sandy, rarely inundated soils; [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Salix atrocinerea], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Osmunda regalis], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Arum italicum] frequently accompany the ashes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Fraxinus] woods

Baetic ash-maple galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.333
definition: Meso- and supra-Mediterranean riparian galleries of the siliceous Sierra Nevada formed by [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Acer granatense].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Fraxinus] woods

Tyrrhenian ash-alder galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.334
definition: [Fraxinus angustifolia]-dominated galleries, usually with [Alnus glutinosa], of southern France, Tyrrhenian northern and central Italy, Corsica and Sardinia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Fraxinus] woods

Italic ash galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.335
definition: [Fraxinus angustifolia]-dominated galleries of the Adriatic slope of the Italic peninsula, the lower Po basin, the plain of Foggia, the Gulf of Taranto and Sicily, with [Ulmus campestris], [Salix alba], [Populus nigra], [Equisetum telmateia], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Carex pendula], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Rubus ulmifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Fraxinus] woods

Hellenic ash galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.336
definition: Uncommon [Fraxinus angustifolia]-dominated galleries of continental Greece, reported in particular from the lower Achelos and Pinios.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian [Fraxinus] woods

Mediterranean riverine [Ostrya carpinifolia] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.34
definition: Meso-hygrophile forests of the southwestern Alps, limited to the edges of small streams in deep ravines and, sometimes, in wider valleys, dominated by [Ostrya carpinifolia], with [Ulmus minor], [Populus alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer campestre], [Acer opalus], [Quercus pubescens], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus minor], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Laurus nobilis], [Tamus communis], [Hedera helix], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Melica uniflora], [Carex pendula], [Carex digitata] and the rare [Carex grioletii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian woodland

Mediterraneo-Pontic riverine [Fraxinus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.35
definition: Riverine forests of the Mediterranean enclaves of the southern Black Sea coast and of the Sea of Marmora, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], with [Ulmus minor], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Acer campestre].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian woodland

Ponto-Sarmatic mixed [Populus] riverine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.36
definition: Mixed riverine forests of the floodplains of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes, wooded steppes and southern nemoral forests of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, dominated by or rich in [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Populus canescens]. They extend west to the sub-Carpathian Getic region; poplar galleries described from the Pannonic margin of Moravia and the Bohemian basin occupy a similar ecological position and are listed with them.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian woodland
narrower: Western Pontic poplar galleries
narrower: Danube delta galleries
narrower: Southern Sarmatic poplar and elm galleries
narrower: Central and eastern Pontic poplar forests
narrower: Central European poplar galleries

Western Pontic poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.361
definition: Poplar galleries of the western Pontic steppe region of Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova, and of adjacent Getic valleys, dominated by [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Populus canescens], developed along sandy strips of river flood plains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic mixed [Populus] riverine forests
narrower: Western Pontic white poplar galleries
narrower: Western Pontic white-black poplar galleries

Western Pontic white poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.3611
definition: Galleries of [Populus alba] with [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Ulmus laevis] along streams of the western Pontic plain, with [Viburnum opulus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], [Frangula alnus] in the shrub layer and [Rubus caesius], [Lycopus europaeus], [Bidens tripartita], [Scutellaria galericulata] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic poplar galleries

Western Pontic white-black poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.3612
definition: Galleries along streams of the western Pontic plain dominated by [Populus alba] and [Populus nigra], with [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Ulmus laevis], [Quercus robur], with [Viburnum opulus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Frangula alnus] in the shrub layer and [Rubus caesius], [Lycopus europaeus], [Bidens tripartita], [Scutellaria galericulata] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic poplar galleries

Danube delta galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.362
definition: Galleries of interdunal depressions of the sandy islands of the Danube Delta with [Quercus robur], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae], [Populus alba], [Populus tremula] and [Populus canescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic mixed [Populus] riverine forests
narrower: Danube delta periploca-poplar-oak-ash galleries
narrower: Danube delta [Hippophae]-[Populus canescens] galleries

Danube delta periploca-poplar-oak-ash galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.3621
definition: Galleries of [Populus alba], [Populus tremula], [Populus canescens], [Quercus robur], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae] and [Alnus glutinosa], of the Danube Delta, in particular of interdunal depressions of sandy islands, with lianas [Periploca graeca], [Humulus lupulus], [Vitis sylvestris], [Clematis vitalba], shrubs [Salix cinerea], [Viburnum opulus], [Frangula alnus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], and an herb layer of [Rubus caesius], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Lythrum salicaria], [Carex spicata], [Carex hirta], [Carex acutiformis], [Galium rubioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Danube delta galleries

Danube delta [Hippophae]-[Populus canescens] galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.3622
definition: Open-canopied [Populus canescens] galleries of the Danube Delta, with a closed shrub layer of [Hippophae rhamnoides], in particular of sandy island dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Danube delta galleries

Southern Sarmatic poplar and elm galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.363
definition: Poplar and elm galleries, mostly formed by [Populus nigra] and [Ulmus laevis], of the Dniepr, Don and Volga-Kama systems within the wooded steppes and adjacent nemoral forests of the valleys of the Podolian plateau, of the Central Russian plateau, of the Volga plateau, of Orenburg and of Bachkiria, north of the Pontic and Caspian plains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic mixed [Populus] riverine forests

Central and eastern Pontic poplar forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.364
definition: Poplar galleries of the Dniepr, Don, Volga-Kama, Kouma and Terek systems, within the steppes and wooded steppes of the northern plains of the Black Sea and of the northwestern and western Caspian Sea, with, in particular, [Populus nigra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic mixed [Populus] riverine forests

Central European poplar galleries
type: Concept
notation: G1.365
definition: [Populus nigra], [Populus alba], [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior] galleries occupying, within the riverine forest systems of the Bohemian Elbe and the Morava, locations submitted to great annual fluctuations of the water table and relatively frequent inundation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic mixed [Populus] riverine forests

Irano-Anatolian mixed riverine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.37
definition: Riverine forests of the Irano-Anatolian plateau of Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan, of the Koura basin of Transcaucasia and of the Hyrcanian lowlands, of the Hindu-Kuch and western Himalayas, with [Populus nigra], [Populus caspica], [Populus alba], [Populus euphratica], [Populus pruinosa], [Populus transcaucasica], [Juglans regia], [Platanus orientalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian woodland

[Platanus orientalis] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.38
definition: Forests of [Platanus orientalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian woodland
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic riparian plane forests
narrower: Hellenic slope plane woods
narrower: Sicilian plane tree canyons
narrower: Anatolian plane forests
narrower: Cyprian plane forests
narrower: Levantine plane forests

Helleno-Balkanic riparian plane forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.381
definition: [Platanus orientalis] gallery forests of Greek and southern Balkanic watercourses, temporary rivers and gorges; they are distributed throughout the mainland of Greece and its archipelagoes, extending north to Albania, the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia and the valleys of southern Bulgaria, colonizing poorly stabilised alluvions of large rivers, gravel or boulder deposits of permanent or temporary torrents, spring basins, and particularly, the bottom of steep, shady gorges, where they constitute species-rich communities. The accompanying flora may include [Salix alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea], [Alnus glutinosa], [Cercis siliquastrum], [Celtis australis], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Juglans regia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Nerium oleander], [Rubus] spp., [Rosa sempervirens], [Hedera helix], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Anemone blanda], [Aristolochia rotunda], [Saponaria officinalis], [Symphytum bulbosum], [Hypericum hircinum], [Calamintha grandiflora], [Melissa officinalis], [Helleborus cyclophyllus], [Cyclamen hederifolium], [Cyclamen repandum], [Cyclamen creticum], [Galanthus nivalis ssp. reginae-olgae], [Dracunculus vulgaris], [Arum italicum], [Biarum tenuifolium], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Dactylis glomerata] and may be rich in mosses, lichens and ferns, among which [Pteridium aquilinum] is often abundant. Various associations have been described, reflecting regional and ecological variation in the composition of the undergrowth. The plane tree galleries are particularly well represented along the Ionian coast and in the Pindus; other important local complexes exist in Macedonia, in Thrace, around the Olympus massif, in the Pelion, in the Peloponnese, particularly in the Taygetos, where luxuriant gorge forests reach 1300 metres, in Euboea and in Crete; local, distinctive, representatives occur in other A…
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Platanus orientalis] woods

Hellenic slope plane woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.382
definition: [Platanus orientalis] woods on colluvions, detritus cones, ravine sides or other poorly stabilised substrates, of Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Platanus orientalis] woods

Anatolian plane forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.384
definition: [Platanus orientalis] forests of river courses of the sub-Mediterranean margin of the Anatolian plateau.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Platanus orientalis] woods

Cyprian plane forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.385
definition: [Platanus orientalis] formations of streams and gorges of Cyprus, in particular, of the Troodos range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Platanus orientalis] woods

Levantine plane forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.386
definition: [Platanus orientalis] forests of river courses of the mediterranean plains and hills of the Levant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Platanus orientalis] woods

[Liquidambar orientalis] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.39
definition: Riverine forests dominated by the Tertiary relict [Liquidambar orientalis], with a very limited range in southern Asia Minor and Rhodes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean riparian woodland

Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat
type: Concept
notation: G1.4
definition: Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat. Includes [Alnus], [Populus], [Quercus] swamp woods. Excludes [Salix] carr, with shrubby willows, e.g. [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra] (F9.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: [Alnus] swamp woods not on acid peat
narrower: [Quercus] swamp woods
narrower: [Populus tremula] swamp woods
narrower: Wet-ground woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas

Sicilian plane tree canyons
type: Concept
notation: G1.383
definition: Relict [Platanus orientalis]-dominated or -rich galleries of the Cassabile, the Anapo, the Irminio and the Carbo rivers, in the Iblei range of southeastern Sicily, of the gorge of the Sirmeto, in the vicinity of the Nebrodi. Some of these formations, in particular, in the gorges of the Cassabile and of the Anapo, are true plane tree woods. Others, such as on the Sirmeto, are [Populus alba], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Salix] spp. formations with [Platanus orientalis]; as they grade into each other, and because of the very isolated occurrence, and great biogeographical and historical interest of [Platanus orientalis] in Sicily, they are all listed here. Plane tree woods have had a much greater extension in Sicily and probably in Calabria. A large forest has, in particular, existed on the Alcantara, where the species is now extinct.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Platanus orientalis] woods

[Alnus] swamp woods not on acid peat
type: Concept
notation: G1.41
definition: Marshy [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated woods and scrubs, usually with shrubby willows in the undergrowth or with other shrubs, e.g. [Frangula alnus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat
narrower: Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods
narrower: Oligotrophic swamp alder woods
narrower: Southern Helleno-Balkanic swamp alder woods
narrower: Steppe swamp [Alnus glutinosa] woods
narrower: Boreal swamp alder woods

Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.411
definition: Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of middle European and western Siberian, nemoral and sub-boreal, marshy depressions, with [Carex elongata], [Thelypteris palustris], [Dryopteris cristata], [Osmunda regalis], [Solanum dulcamara], [Calystegia sepium], [Ribes nigrum], [Calamagrostis canescens] and often, in acidocline variants, [Betula pubescens]. The constancy of [Carex elongata] is characteristic on the continent, less so in Britain. Tall sedges, [Carex paniculata], [Carex acutiformis], [Carex elata], often dominate the herb layer in the most humid types.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Alnus] swamp woods not on acid peat
narrower: Atlantic greater tussock-sedge alder woods
narrower: Elongated-sedge swamp alder woods
narrower: East European swamp alder woods
narrower: Sub-boreal swamp alder woods
narrower: Eastern Carpathian [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods

Atlantic greater tussock-sedge alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.4111
definition: Eutrophic and mesotrophic alder woods of Atlantic Europe, distributed in the British Isles, western France, locally, northwestern Germany, poor in [Carex elongata], and harbouring, in particular, [Oenanthe crocata], [Osmunda regalis], [Carex laevigata], [Scutellaria minor]. They include all meso-eutrophic alder swamp woods of the British Isles and western France, as well as the less eutrophic woods of the zone of transition between the main range of this unit and the more continental range of unit 44.9112.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods

Elongated-sedge swamp alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.4112
definition: Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental regions of the European continent characterized in particular by the constant presence of [Carex elongata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods

East European swamp alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.4113
definition: Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of subcontinental and continental regions of eastern Europe, from Mazuria and Masovia east to Bashkiria, often rich in [Carex elongata], [Ribes nigrum], [Sphagnum] spp., [Dryopteris cristata]; in the Sarmatic region, they may occupy extensive areas of nutrient-rich swamps, in particular in the Pripyat area.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods

Sub-boreal swamp alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.4114
definition: Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus glutinosa]-[Alnus incana] swamp woods of northeastern Poland, the Baltic states, Fennoscandia, the northern Sarmatic region and Siberia, with [Calamagrostis canescens], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Cardamine amara], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Carex elongata], [Carex remota], [Brachythecium rivulare], [Calliergon cordifolium], [Climacium dendroides], [Thuidium tamariscinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods

Eastern Carpathian [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.4115
definition: Meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of marshy intramontane depressions and floodplains, at the 500-800 m level of foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, in particular, the Harghita and Baraolt mountains, with [Carex elongata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Thelypteris palustris], [Carex caespitosa], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Calla palustris] and [Ligularia sibirica], most of which may dominate facies of the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-eutrophic swamp alder woods
narrower: Pre-Carpathian alder swamp woods
narrower: Intra-Carpathian elongated sedge alder swamp woods

Pre-Carpathian alder swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.41151
definition: [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of the floodplains of southern Romania, developed along water bodies and in microdepressions on alluvial soils covered by stagnant or slowly moving water, with [Thelypteris palustris], [Festuca gigantea], [Lycopus europaeus], [Caltha palustris], [Veronica beccabunga], [Lythrum salicaria], [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Sium erectum], [Stellaria aquatica], [Carex acutiformis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods

Intra-Carpathian elongated sedge alder swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.41152
definition: Rare [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of peat bogs of central Romania, with [Spiraea salicifolia], [Euonymus nanus], [Frangula alnus], [Ribes nigrum], [Salix cinerea] in the shrub layer and [Carex elongata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Ligularia sibirica], [Thelypteris palustris] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods

Oligotrophic swamp alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.412
definition: Oligotrophic or meso-oligotrophic, acidocline [Alnus glutinosa] woods of fens and poorly drained banks of brooks or small rivers of western Europe, mostly characteristic of siliceous regions and Atlantic climates, south to Galicia. [Betula pubescens] and [Frangula alnus] often accompany the alders. The ground layer is usually rich in [Sphagnum] spp. and includes [Carex laevigata], [Equisetum sylvaticum] and many ferns, including [Oreopteris limbosperma], [Blechnum spicant], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris cristata] and [Dryopteris carthusiana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Alnus] swamp woods not on acid peat

Southern Helleno-Balkanic swamp alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.413
definition: Rare swamp woods of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean zones of the southern Helleno-Balkanic peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Alnus] swamp woods not on acid peat

Steppe swamp [Alnus glutinosa] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.414
definition: [Alnus glutinosa] mire woods of the steppe zones of Eurasia, west to the Pannonic basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Alnus] swamp woods not on acid peat
narrower: Pannonic swamp alder-ash woods
narrower: Sarmatic swamp alder woods

Pannonic swamp alder-ash woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.4141
definition: Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of the Pannonic basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Steppe swamp [Alnus glutinosa] woods

Sarmatic swamp alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.4142
definition: Meso-eutrophic alder woods of mires of the east European steppe zone, south of the sub-boreal and nemoral regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Steppe swamp [Alnus glutinosa] woods

Boreal swamp alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.415
definition: Swamp woods of the Scandinavian lowlands dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] and [Alnus incana] with a shrub layer dominated by [Alnus] spp., [Betula pubescens] and various [Salix] spp. The field layer, sometimes very sparse, includes [Filipendula ulmaria], [Epilobium palustre], [Galium palustre], [Iris pseudacorus], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Viola palustris], [Calla palustris], [Thelypteris palustris], [Carex canescens], [Carex Elongata], [Carex rostrata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Deschampsia cespitosa]. The ground layer, of mosses and sphagnums, is very poorly developed.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Alnus] swamp woods not on acid peat

[Quercus] swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.42
definition: [Quercus robur]-dominated woods of inundatable depressions of the Sarmatic region, west to lowlands of eastern Poland and Slovakia, with an accompanying species cortège composed of elements of the [Alnetalia glutinosae], [Molinietalia], [Phragmitetalia], [Caricetalia fuscae] and, to a lesser extent, [Vaccinio-Piceetea] and [Querco-Fagetea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat

[Populus tremula] swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.43
definition: [Populus tremula]-dominated swamp woods of the eastern European and western Siberian northern steppe zone subject to continental climate conditions, where they occupy pods, inundated endoreic circular depressions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat

Wet-ground woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas
type: Concept
notation: G1.44
definition: Most hygrophilous communities of the mixed mesic Euxino-Hyrcanian forests (units G1.A71, G1.A74). They may include, in particular, [Fraxinus angustifolia] galleries, as well as dense [Alnus barbata] forest stands occupying areas of black damp or swampy soils on coastal alluvial plains, with [Fraxinus angustifolia] and an understorey of [Rubus hirtus], [Smilax excelsa] and other climbers and shrubs, notably of Rosaceae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat

Broadleaved swamp woodland on acid peat
type: Concept
notation: G1.5
definition: Broadleaved woodland on wet acid peat, dominated by [Betula pubescens] or rarely [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes with an admixture of conifers or shrubby [Salix] species. [Sphagnum] spp. are normally prominent in the ground vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: Sphagnum [Betula] woods
narrower: [Alnus] swamp woods on acid peat

Sphagnum [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.51
definition: Forests of [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] on peaty, humid and very acid soils, colonizing bogs of reduced peat building activity and acid fens of the boreal, sub-boreal and nemoral zones, very locally of the wooded steppe and steppe zones, with [Molinia caerulea], [Vaccinium] spp., [Empetrum nigrum], [Trientalis europaea], [Eriophorum vaginatum] and many sphagna e.g. [Sphagnum fallax], [Sphagnum magellanicum], mosses and liverworts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved swamp woodland on acid peat
narrower: Cottonsedge sphagnum birch woods
narrower: Sedge sphagnum birch woods
narrower: Meso-acidophilous birch swamp woods

Cottonsedge sphagnum birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.511
definition: Sphagnum-rich [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] woods of the boreal and nemoral, mostly sub-boreal, western Palaearctic in which bog species, in particular [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Vaccinium oxycoccos], are prominent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sphagnum [Betula] woods

Sedge sphagnum birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.512
definition: Sphagnum-rich [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] woods of the boreal and nemoral western Palaearctic in which [Molinia caerulea] is accompanied by a cortège of acid fen species, in particular, [Carex rostrata], [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata], [Juncus acutiflorus], [Agrostis canina], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Calamagrostis canescens] and by ericoid shrubs, in particular [Vaccinium uliginosum]. Depending on water level, regime of inundation, history of ligneous colonization and nature of the initial stage, the undergrowth may be dominated by [Molinia caerulea], by sedges [Carex] spp., by rushes [Juncus] spp., by [Scirpus cespitosus] or by ericoid shrubs, resulting in a number of rather distinctive habitats. Conifers, mostly [Picea abies], may participate in the canopy of boreal, northeastern nemoral, Hercynian sub-boreal and pre-Alpine communities; [Pinus sylvestris] has its westernmost relict stations in northwestern stands. Fennoscandian formations have a number of northern species, in particular [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Cornus suecica], [Empetrum] spp., [Rubus chamaemorus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sphagnum [Betula] woods

Meso-acidophilous birch swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.513
definition: Sphagnum-rich [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] woods of the boreal and nemoral western Palaearctic in which the presence of species characteristic of subhumid mineral soils indicate a transition towards acidophilous birch and oak woods; [Salix cinerea], [Alnus glutinosa], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Luzula sylvatica], [Oxalis acetosella], [Deschampsia flexuosa] may be prominent, next to [Molinia caerulea]. Conifers, mostly [Picea abies], may participate in the canopy of boreal and sub-boreal communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sphagnum [Betula] woods

[Alnus] swamp woods on acid peat
type: Concept
notation: G1.52
definition: Marshy [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated woods and scrubs of the Palaearctic region, usually with shrubby willows in the undergrowth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Broadleaved swamp woodland on acid peat

[Fagus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.6
definition: Forests dominated by beech [Fagus sylvatica] in western and central Europe, and [Fagus orientalis] and other [Fagus] species in southeastern Europe and the Pontic region. Many montane formations are mixed beech-fir or beech-fir-spruce forests, which are listed under G4.6
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: Medio-European acidophilous [Fagus] forests
narrower: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests
narrower: Medio-European neutrophile [Fagus] forests
narrower: Pyreneo-Cantabrian neutrophile [Fagus] forests
narrower: Medio-European subalpine [Fagus] woods
narrower: Medio-European limestone [Fagus] forests
narrower: Southern medio-European [Fagus] forests
narrower: Southern Italian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Moesian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Hellenic [Fagus] forests
narrower: Mediterraneo-Moesian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Illyrian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Dacian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Pontic [Fagus] forests
narrower: Dobrogea [Fagus] forest
narrower: Crimean [Fagus] forests
narrower: Caucasian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Caspian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Eastern oro-Mediterranean [Fagus] forests

Medio-European acidophilous [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.61
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] and, in higher mountains, [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on acid soils of the medio-European domaine of central and northern Central Europe, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Polytrichum formosum] and often [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Pteridium aquilinum] and other species from sub-alliance [Luzulo-Fagenion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forests
narrower: Medio-European montane woodrush beech forests

Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.611
definition: Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the lesser Hercynian ranges and Lorraine, of the collinar level of the western greater Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the Alpine periphery, of the western sub-Pannonic and the intra-Pannonic hills, not or little accompanied by spontaneous conifers, and generally with an admixture of [Quercus petraea], or in some cases [Quercus robur], in the canopy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European acidophilous [Fagus] forests
narrower: Western Hercynian collinar woodrush beech forests
narrower: Hercyno-Jurassian collinar woodrush beech forests
narrower: Peri-Alpine collinar woodrush beech forests
narrower: Western sub-Pannonic collinar woodrush beech forests
narrower: Pannonic collinar woodrush beech forests

Western Hercynian collinar woodrush beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6111
definition: Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or [Fagus sylvatica] and [Quercus petraea], of the western lesser Hercynian ranges, of Lorraine and of the collinar level of the western greater Hercynian ranges, in particular of the Black Forest, forming a western group of communities with a cortège rich in Atlantic species, characterized in particular by the presence of [Teucrium scorodonia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forests

Hercyno-Jurassian collinar woodrush beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6112
definition: Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or [Fagus sylvatica] and [Quercus petraea], of the Neckar, the Spessart, the Rh”n, the Swabio-Franconian Forest, of the collinar level of the Thüringian Forest and of the Swabian and Franconian Jura, forming a subcontinental ensemble of communities poor in Atlantic species, and characterized, in particular, by the frequent prevalence of [Poa chaixii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forests

Peri-Alpine collinar woodrush beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6113
definition: Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or [Fagus sylvatica] and [Quercus robur] of the collinar level of the northern Alpine periphery.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forests

Western sub-Pannonic collinar woodrush beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6114
definition: Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the eastern Alpine periphery, in the hills of western Transdanubia, with a canopy that sometimes contains [Castanea sativa], a generally poorly developed shrub layer, an herb layer rich in [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Melampyrum pratense], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Galium rotundifolium] and a moss cover generally rich in [Dicranum scoparium] with an abundance of [Leucobryum glaucum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forests

Pannonic collinar woodrush beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6115
definition: Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of Pannonic hills, mixed with [Betula pendula] and [Quercus petraea], with a poorly developed shrub layer, an herb layer rich in [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Monotropa hypopitys], [Pyrola] spp., and without [Cyclamen purpurascens] or [Galium rotundifolium], a rich moss cover comprising [Polytrichum] spp., [Dicranum scoparium], [Leucobryum glaucum], [Hylocomium proliferum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forests

Medio-European montane woodrush beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.612
definition: Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the submontane, montane and high montane levels of the greater Hercynian ranges, from the Vosges and the Black Forest to the Bohemian Quadrangle, of the Thüringian Forest, of the Jura, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Bavarian Plateau.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European acidophilous [Fagus] forests
narrower: Hercyno-Alpine montane woodrush beech forests
narrower: Western medio-European montane woodrush beech forests

Hercyno-Alpine montane woodrush beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6121
definition: Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the montane and high montane levels of the eastern greater Hercynian ranges, the Thüringian Forest, the Swabian and Franconian Jura, the Alps, where they are mostly expressed in the eastern Alps, and, in a dry version, in some parts of the western intermediate Alps, the Carpathians and the Bavarian Plateau, including, in particular, the remarkable near-natural montane woodrush beech forests of the Bayerischer Wald.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane woodrush beech forests

Western medio-European montane woodrush beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6122
definition: Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the montane and high montane levels of the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Odenwald, the French and Swiss Jura, accompanied by sub-Atlantic species and characterized in particular by the presence of [Digitalis purpurea], less developed and generally more transformed by exploitation than those of unit 41.1121.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane woodrush beech forests

Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.62
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Quercus] spp. forests developed on acid soils of the Atlantic domaine of Western Europe, differing from the forests of unit G1.61 by, in particular, the absence of [Luzula luzuloides] and a greater abundance of [Ilex aquifolium]. They may also contain [Taxus baccata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Germano-Baltic acidophilous beech forests
narrower: Sub-Atlantic acidophilous beech forests
narrower: Armorican acidophilous beech forests
narrower: Pyreneo-Cantabrian acidophilous beech forests
narrower: Western Cantabrian acidophilous beech forests
narrower: Galician acidophilous beech forests
narrower: Humid Iberian acidophilous beech forests
narrower: Hyper-humid Iberian acidophilous beech forests
narrower: Ayllon acidophilous beech forests

Germano-Baltic acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.621
definition: Fragmented and insularised acidophile [Fagus sylvaticus] forests of the western seaboard of Europe, in Denmark, southern Scandinavia, northern Germany, northern and eastern Poland, the Netherlands, middle Belgium, Picardy, Normandy and southern England.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests

Sub-Atlantic acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.622
definition: Transition forests of the Paris basin, the Morvan, the periphery of the Central Massif, the eastern and central Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests

Armorican acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.623
definition: Hyper-Atlantic forests of Brittany with an abundance of epiphytes and an understory of ferns and evergreen bushes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests

Pyreneo-Cantabrian acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.624
definition: Humid forests with luxuriant epiphytism of the western Pyrenees and eastern Cantabrian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests

Western Cantabrian acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.625
definition: Humid acidophilous beech forests of western Cantabrian and Asturian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests

Galician acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.626
definition: Humid beech forests of high, snowy dolomitic and calcareous sierras of Galicia (Ancares, Cebreiro, Caurel), somewhat intermediate between unit 41.12 and unit 41.13.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests

Humid Iberian acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.627
definition: Humid acidophilous beech forests of the Northern Iberian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests

Hyper-humid Iberian acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.628
definition: Hyper-humid acidophilous beech forests of the Northern Iberian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests

Ayllon acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.629
definition: Relict acidophilous beech forests of the Sierra de Ayllon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] forests

Medio-European neutrophile [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.63
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] and, in higher mountains, [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils, with mild humus (mull), of the medio-European and Atlantic domaines of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe, characterised by a strong representation of species belonging to the ecological groups of [Anemone nemorosa], of [Lamium galeobdolon], of [Carex pilosa], of [Galium odoratum] and [Melica uniflora] and, in mountains, various [Dentaria] spp., forming a richer and more abundant herb layer than in the forests of units G1.61 and G1.62. Vegetation of alliance [Fagion], suballiance [Eu-Fagenion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Medio-European collinar neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Atlantic neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Bohemian lime-beech forests
narrower: Pannonic neutrophile beech forests

Medio-European collinar neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.631
definition: Neutrocline or basicline [Fagus sylvatica] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur] forests of hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, of the Jura, Lorraine, the Paris basin, Burgundy, the Alpine piedmont, the Carpathians and a few localities of the North Sea-Baltic plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European neutrophile [Fagus] forests
narrower: Medio-European wood barley beech forests
narrower: Medio-European woodruff and hairy sedge beech forests

Medio-European woodruff and hairy sedge beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6312
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] forests of sub-Atlantic Western and Central Europe, north to Denmark, southern Norway, southern Sweden and Poland, developed on a more or less deep layer of brown loess-loam, less rich in calciphile plants and richer in acid- and drought-tolerant species; [Melica uniflora] (in northern formations) and [Galium odoratum] are usually well represented.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European collinar neutrophile beech forests

Atlantic neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.632
definition: Atlantic beech and beech-oak forests with [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], of southern England, the Boulonnais, Picardy, the Oise, Lys and Schelde basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European neutrophile [Fagus] forests
narrower: Calcicline bluebell beech forests
narrower: Neutrocline bluebell beech forests

Calcicline bluebell beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6321
definition: Atlantic [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica-Quercus] spp. or [Fagus sylvatica-Fraxinus excelsior] forests developed on base-rich and calcareous soils, particularly of limestone scarplands, of southern England ([Fagus sylvatica]-[Mercurialis perennis] woodland) and neighbouring regions of western France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic neutrophile beech forests

Neutrocline bluebell beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6322
definition: Atlantic [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests developed on neutral or slightly acid brown soils of southern England ([Fagus sylvatica]-[Rubus fruticosus] woodland) and ajacent regions of the mainland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic neutrophile beech forests

Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.633
definition: Neutrophile forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Picea abies], or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the montane and high-montane levels of the Jura, the northern and eastern Alps, the western Carpathians and the great Hercynian ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European neutrophile [Fagus] forests
narrower: Jura bittercress beech forests
narrower: Western Alps bittercress beech forests
narrower: Austro-Bavarian Alps bittercress beech forests
narrower: Southeastern Alpine bittercress beech forests
narrower: Vosges bittercress beech forests
narrower: Black Forest bittercress beech forests
narrower: Northern Hercynian bittercress beech forests
narrower: Bohemian Quadrangle bittercress beech forests
narrower: Western Carpathian bittercress beech forests

Jura bittercress beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6331
definition: [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the montane to high montane level of the western Jura, with outlayers in the upper Rhine and Jura periphery of extreme southwestern Baden-Württenberg, with [Dentaria bulbifera] and [Dentaria heptaphylla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

Western Alps bittercress beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6332
definition: [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the montane and high montane levels of the northwestern pre-Alps, east to the Vorarlberg, with [Dentaria bulbifera] and [Dentaria heptaphylla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

Medio-European wood barley beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6311
definition: Slightly moist [Fagus sylvatica] forests developed over calcareous bedrock on stony, neutral or weakly acid rendzina or similar humus-carbonate soils, with [Galium odoratum], [Melica uniflora], [Mercurialis perennis], [Lathyrus vernus], [Asarum europaeum], [Hordelymus europaeus], [Epipactis helleborine], [Epipactis leptochila], [Neottia nidus-avis], [Circaea lutetiana], [Viola reichenbachiana], distributed locally on the hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, from the Ardenne-Eifel to Moravia, and north to Denmark and southern Sweden, in the entire Jura catena, in Lorraine and the eastern Paris basin, in Burgundy, in the Bavarian Alpine piedmont, the Vorarlberg limestone Alps, the Wienerwald. They include the Central European [Fagus]-[Mercurialis perennis] forests, as well as occasional stands exceptionally rich in spring-flowering geophytes, sometimes known as wild garlic-rich beech woods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European collinar neutrophile beech forests

Austro-Bavarian Alps bittercress beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6333
definition: [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the submontane, montane and high montane levels of the northern and northeastern outer Alps of Bavaria, Vorarlberg, northern Tyrol, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria and northern Styria, with [Cardamine enneaphyllos] ([Dentaria enneaphyllos]) and [Aposeris foetida].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

Southeastern Alpine bittercress beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6334
definition: [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the montane level of the eastern Noric Alps of Styria, with [Poa stiriaca], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Gentiana asclepiadea], [Knautia maxima], [Pulmonaria stiriaca] and elements of the Illyrian beech forests, in particular, [Peltaria alliacea], [Tephroseris longifolia], [Vicia oroboides]. They constitute a transition towards the Illyrian beech forests of the [Aremonio-Fagion] (unit 41.1C).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

Vosges bittercress beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6335
definition: Enclaved mesotrophic [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests of basicline eruptive substrates of the Vosges, with [Anemone nemorosa], [Mercurialis perennis], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Lonicera nigra], [Ribes alpinum], [Dentaria enneaphyllos], [Galium rotundifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

Black Forest bittercress beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6336
definition: Enclaved neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the Black Forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

Northern Hercynian bittercress beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6337
definition: Sub-Atlantic montane [Fagus sylvatica] forests of limestones and volcanic deposits of the Eifel, the Vogelsberg, and the Rh”n, above 560-600 m.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

Bohemian Quadrangle bittercress beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6338
definition: Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring hills, with [Cardamine enneaphyllos] ([Dentaria enneaphyllos]), [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]) , [Galium odoratum], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Actaea spicata], [Hordelymus europaeus], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Festuca sylvatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

Western Carpathian bittercress beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6339
definition: Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests of the montane zone of the western Carpathians, with [Cardamine glandulosa] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]), [Galium odoratum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Symphytum cordatum], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Glechoma hirsuta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

Bohemian lime-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.634
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests rich in [Tilia] spp., of the Bohemian basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European neutrophile [Fagus] forests

Pannonic neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.635
definition: Neutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the hills of the Pannonic plain and its western periphery.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European neutrophile [Fagus] forests
narrower: Sub-Pannonic beech forests
narrower: Pannonic neutrophile collinar beech forests
narrower: Pannonic neutrophile montane beech forests

Sub-Pannonic beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6351
definition: Neutrophile forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus] and [Quercus petraea] of the hills of lower Austria, Styria and western Transdanubia, with [Tilia cordata], [Galium sylvaticum], [Stellaria holostea], [Tanacetum corymbosum], [Galium odoratum], [Asarum europaeum ssp. europaeum], [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]), [Lathyrus vernus], [Viola reichenbachiana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic neutrophile beech forests

Pannonic neutrophile collinar beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6352
definition: Neutrophile forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus] and [Quercus petraea] of mid-Pannonic hills, from the Tornaer Karst and the Bükk in the northeast to the Bakony Hills and the Balaton area in the southwest, accompanied by [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], with an herb layer rich in [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]), [Carex pilosa], [Carex brevicollis], [Galium odoratum] ([Asperula odorata]), [Oxalis acetosella], [Melica uniflora], [Mercurialis perennis], [Viola reichenbachiana] ([Viola sylvestris]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic neutrophile beech forests

Pannonic neutrophile montane beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6353
definition: Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the montane level (700-800 metres) of the northeastern mid-Pannonic Sator, Bükk, Matra, and B”rzs”ny ranges, sometimes with [Fraxinus excelsior], accompanied by a poorly developed shrub layer with [Sorbus aucuparia], [Sambucus racemosa], [Rosa pendulina] and a ground layer comprising many tall herbs such as [Astrantia major], [Aconitum moldavicum], [Aconitum variegatum ssp. gracile], [Cardamine glandulosa], ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Polygonatum verticillatum], [Lunaria rediviva]; species characteristic of collinar beech forests, such as [Acer campestre], [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea], [Melittis melissophyllum], are absent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic neutrophile beech forests

Pyreneo-Cantabrian neutrophile [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.64
definition: Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the southwestern Central Massif, the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian mountains, and, very locally, the Northern Iberian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Hygrophile Pyrenean beech forests
narrower: Mesophile Pyrenean beech forests
narrower: Sub-humid oro-Cantabrian beech forests
narrower: Humid Central Massif fir-beech forests

Hygrophile Pyrenean beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.641
definition: Humid montane beech and beech-fir (43.141) forests on neutral soils with mild humus (mull) of the western Pyrenees, characterized by the vernal bloom of [Scilla lilio-hyacinthus] and [Lathraea clandestina] and by a summer cover rich in ferns ([Athyrium filix-femina], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Dryopteris] spp., [Polystichum] spp.) and species of the ecological group of [Melica uniflora] and [Galium odoratum]; they are locally represented in the eastern Pyrenees and the Montes Olositanicos.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pyreneo-Cantabrian neutrophile [Fagus] forests

Mesophile Pyrenean beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.642
definition: Neutrophilous mesophile beech forests of the Pyrenees, the Montes Olositanicos and the northern Montes Catalanidicos, less species-rich than the preceding, characterized by the abundance of [Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pyreneo-Cantabrian neutrophile [Fagus] forests

Sub-humid oro-Cantabrian beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.643
definition: Neutrophilous beech forests of the subhumid montane areas of the Cantabrian mountains and, locally, of the Northern Iberian Range, with [Carex sylvatica], [Galium odoratum], [Lathyrus occidentalis], [Melica uniflora], [Mercurialis perennis], [Paris quadrifolia], [Scilla lilio-hyacinthus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pyreneo-Cantabrian neutrophile [Fagus] forests

Humid Central Massif fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.644
definition: Fir-birch or beech forests of volcanic soils in the 1100-1600 metre range of the central and southern Massif Central, with [Galium odoratum], [Euphorbia hyberna], [Lilium martagon], [Scilla lilio-hyacinthus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pyreneo-Cantabrian neutrophile [Fagus] forests

Medio-European subalpine [Fagus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.65
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] woods usually composed of low, low-branching trees, with much sycamore ([Acer pseudoplatanus]), situated near the tree limit, mostly in low mountains with oceanic climate of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe, in particular the Vosges, Black Forest, Rh”n, Jura, outer Alps, Central Massif, Pyrenees, the mountains of the Bohemian Quadrangle, and, very locally, the Carpathians. The herb layer is similar to that of the forests of unit G1.63 or locally of unit G1.61 and contains elements of the adjacent open grasslands
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland

Medio-European limestone [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.66
definition: Xero-thermophile [Fagus sylvatica] forests developed on calcareous, often superficial, soils, usually of steep slopes, of the medio-European and Atlantic domaines of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe (also present in Greece), with a generally abundant herb and shrub undergrowth, characterised by sedges ([Carex] spp.), grasses ([Sesleria albicans], [Brachypodium pinnatum]), orchids ([Cephalanthera] spp., [Neottia nidus-avis], [Epipactis] spp.) of alliance [Cephalanthero-Fagenion] and thermophile species, transgressive of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae]. The bush-layer includes several calcicolous species ([Ligustrum vulgare], [Berberis vulgaris]) and [Buxus sempervirens] can dominate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forests
narrower: Northwestern Iberian xerophile beech woods

Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.661
definition: Middle European sedge and orchid beech woods of slopes with reduced water availability.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European limestone [Fagus] forests
narrower: Medio-European dry slope sedge beech forests
narrower: Medio-European steep slope yew beech forests
narrower: Medio-European blue moorgrass beech forests
narrower: Medio-European naked basiphile beech forests
narrower: Pannonic limestone beech forests

Medio-European dry slope sedge beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6611
definition: Beech woods occupying dry limestone slopes and areas of low precipitation of sub-Atlantic Western Europe, south and west to the Charentes and Normandy, of the Jura, the northwestern, northern, eastern and southern pre-Alps, of the Hercynian arc and neighbouring regions and of the western Carpathian hills, with an often rich shrub layer constituted by [Sorbus aria], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Rosa arvensis], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Daphne mezereum], [Berberis vulgaris], [Acer campestre], [Buxus sempervirens], and an herb layer rich in sedges, [Carex digitata], [Carex flacca], [Carex montana], [Carex alba], grasses, [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Bromus benekenii], orchids, [Neottia nidus-avis], [Cephalanthera rubra], [Cephalanthera damasonium], [Epipactis] spp. The unit is composed of many highly distinctive and conservation-significant local variants.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forests

Medio-European steep slope yew beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6612
definition: Beech forests of cool steep marl slopes of the Jura, the foothills of the Alps and the Carpathians, in which [Taxus baccata] forms a second tree layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forests

Medio-European blue moorgrass beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6613
definition: Beech forests of dry slopes of firm limestone or dolomite of the montane, submontane, and sometimes, collinar or planitiar, levels of the Alps and pre-Alps, of the Jura and, locally, of the Hercynian arc, of the southwestern Western Carpathians (Strazov range) and the Germano-Baltic plain (Rügen), with an often gnarled and open growth of trees and an herb layer dominated by the tussocks of [Sesleria caerulea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forests

Medio-European naked basiphile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6614
definition: Beech forests on lime or gypsum in areas of dry microclimate, such as the rain shadow of the Harz and inner Bohemia, practically devoid of undergrowth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forests

Pannonic limestone beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6615
definition: Low forests of [Fagus sylvatica], not exceeding 12-15 metres in height, on shallow soils, usually of steep slopes, of the mid- and peri-Pannonic Bükk and Pilis hills, with an herb layer characterized by the endemic [Sesleria heuflerana ssp. hungarica], [Calamagrostis varia], [Phyteuma spicatum], and the presence of xerophilous oak forest species, of orchids and rare species, including [Cypripedium calceolus] and [Allium victorialis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forests

Northwestern Iberian xerophile beech woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.662
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] forests of relatively low precipitation zones of the southern ranges of the Pais Vasco and of superficially dry calcareous soils of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with [Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre], [Sesleria argentea ssp. hispanica], [Carex brevicollis], [Carex ornithopoda], [Carex sempervirens], [Carex caudata], [Cephalanthera damasonium], [Cephalanthera longifolia], [Epipactis helleborine], [Epipactis microphylla], [Neottia nidus-avis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European limestone [Fagus] forests

Southern medio-European [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.67
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the southern flanks of the Alps and the western Mediterranean mountains with an often species-rich herb layer composed of an admixture of medio-European, Mediterranean and local endemic species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Alpino-Apennine acidophilous beech forests
narrower: Pyreneo-C‚vennian acidophilous beech forest
narrower: Corsican beech forests
narrower: Alpino-Apennine neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Sub-Mediterranean calcicolous beech forests
narrower: Pre-Alpine hop-hornbeam beech forests

Alpino-Apennine acidophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.671
definition: Acidophilous forests with [Luzula nivea] and [Luzula pedemontana] of the Maritime, Ligurian, Insubrian and Illyro-Gardesian Alps and pre-Alps and of the northern and central Apennines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern medio-European [Fagus] forests

Pyreneo-C‚vennian acidophilous beech forest
type: Concept
notation: G1.672
definition: Acidophilous forests of the eastern Pyrenees and Cévennes, with [Luzula nivea], clearly distinguished from forests of the [Scillo-Fagenion] by their impoverished herb layer, and replacing the more Atlantic forests of the [Ilici-Fagenion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern medio-European [Fagus] forests

Corsican beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.673
definition: Beech forests of Corsica, acidophilous, with [Luzula pedemontana], [Galium rotundifolium] and insular endemics such as [Helleborus lividus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern medio-European [Fagus] forests

Alpino-Apennine neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.674
definition: Neutrophile montane beech forests of the southwestern Alps, the Maritime Alps, the Ligurian Alps, the Insubrian, Gardesian and Illyric southern pre-Alps, the northern and central Apennines, with [Trochiscanthes nodiflora], [Geranium nodosum], [Calamintha grandiflora], various [Dentaria] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern medio-European [Fagus] forests

Sub-Mediterranean calcicolous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.675
definition: Thermophile beech forests often rich in box and lavender of the warm, calcareous slopes of the southwestern pre-Alps, Haute Provence, Maritime Alps, of the Causses, the eastern Pyrenees, the Aragonese central Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern medio-European [Fagus] forests
narrower: Box beech forests
narrower: Androsace beech forests
narrower: Lavender beech forests
narrower: Sainte-Baume beech forest

Box beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6751
definition: Beech forests with an undergrowth dominated by [Buxus sempervirens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Mediterranean calcicolous beech forests

Androsace beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6752
definition: Beech forests with a more reduced shrub layer and an herb layer characterized by the presence of the restricted southwestern Alpine endemics [Androsace chaixii] and [Fritillaria involucrata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Mediterranean calcicolous beech forests

Lavender beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6753
definition: Beech forests with [Lavandula angustifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Mediterranean calcicolous beech forests

Sainte-Baume beech forest
type: Concept
notation: G1.6754
definition: Isolated, species-rich beech forest of the Sainte-Baume range of Provence, characterized by the strong representation of evergreen undergrowth, the development of the vegetation strata and the multiple waves of flowering. Among accompanying species are [Taxus baccata], [Ilex aquifolium], [Acer opulifolium], [Viburnum lantana], [Coronilla emerus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Mycelis muralis], [Lilium martagon], [Neottia nidus-avis], [Helleborus foetidus], [Digitalis lutea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Mediterranean calcicolous beech forests

Pre-Alpine hop-hornbeam beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.676
definition: Thermophile calcicolous forests rich in [Ostrya carpinifolia] and [Fraxinus ornus] of the submontane level of the Ligurian and Gardesian southern pre-Alps, mostly reduced to tall coppice, related to the forests of unit 41.1C321, but with a weakened Illyrian character and a strong dealpine element.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern medio-European [Fagus] forests

Southern Italian [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.68
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] forests of Italian mountains, south of 42° N. They are highly fragmented and harbour many endemic species. Altidudinal and hygric variants can be distinguished.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Gargano beech forest
narrower: Campano-Lucanian beech forests
narrower: Pollino beech forests
narrower: Sila beech forests
narrower: Aspromonte beech forests
narrower: Northern Sicilian beech forests
narrower: Etna beech forests

Gargano beech forest
type: Concept
notation: G1.681
definition: Monte Gargano Foresta Umbra, rich in [Taxus baccata], extremely isolated.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italian [Fagus] forests

Campano-Lucanian beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.682
definition: Still relatively extensive beech forests of Campania and Basilicata with [Daphne laureola], [Galium odoratum], [Ranunculus brutius], [Geranium versicolor], [Melica uniflora], [Lathyrus venetus], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Aquilegia viscosa], [Cardamine bulbifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italian [Fagus] forests

Pollino beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.683
definition: Extensive calcicolous beech forests of the montane level of the Pollino system, with [Lathyrus venetus], [Daphne laureola], [Melica uniflora], [Ranunculus brutius], [Geranium versicolor], [Doronicum orientale], [Calamintha grandiflora], [Epipactis microphylla], [Epipactis gracilis], [Epipactis pollinensis], [Monotropa hypopitys].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italian [Fagus] forests

Sila beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.684
definition: Silicicolous beech forests occupying more humid locations of the Sila, alternating with forests of [Pinus laricio].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italian [Fagus] forests

Aspromonte beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.685
definition: Silicicolous beech forests of the Aspromonte range of Calabria with [Taxus baccata], [Populus tremula], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Betula pendula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italian [Fagus] forests

Northern Sicilian beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.686
definition: Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi and, very locally, the monti Peloritani, with [Ilex aquifolium], [Daphne laureola], [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italian [Fagus] forests

Etna beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.687
definition: Isolated beech forests of Mount Etna, at the southern limit of the range of the species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italian [Fagus] forests

Moesian [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonids, the Rhodopids, the Thessalian mountains, reaching their southern limits in the Vermion, the Vernon, the border ranges of northern Macedonia, the Chalkidiki, Greek Thrace, the Olympus group, Ossa and Pelion. [Fagus sylvatica] is accompanied, at the higher altitudes and latitudes, by [Abies alba] and [Picea abies]. The forests have, even in the south of their range, a pronounced medio-European character, marked by the frequency of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Quercus petraea], [Fragaria vesca], [Oxalis acetosella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Southwestern Moesian beech forests
narrower: Southeastern Moesian beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range beech forests
narrower: South-Dinaric beech forests

Southwestern Moesian beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.691
definition: Moesian [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Southwestern Moesian woodrush-beech forests
narrower: Southwestern Moesian neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Southwestern Moesian subalpine beech forests

Southwestern Moesian woodrush-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6911
definition: Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of medio-European affinities of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Moesian beech forests

Southwestern Moesian neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6912
definition: Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests, of medio-European affinities, of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Moesian beech forests
narrower: Southwestern Moesian bedstraw-beech forests
narrower: Southwestern Moesian fir-beech forests
narrower: Southwestern Moesian beech-hornbeam forests

Southwestern Moesian bedstraw-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69121
definition: Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the lower altitudes and southern ranges of the Pelagonids, south to the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex and the Vermion massive; neutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the Thessalian mountains, in particular, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Moesian neutrophile beech forests

Southwestern Moesian fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69122
definition: Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Abies alba] forests of the higher altitudes of the montane level of the Pelagonids.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Moesian neutrophile beech forests

Southwestern Moesian beech-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69123
definition: Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of the Pelagonids.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Moesian neutrophile beech forests

Southwestern Moesian subalpine beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6913
definition: Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca], with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] and [Acer heldreichii], sometimes with a small admixture of [Abies alba] or [Picea abies], invaded by [Adenostyletalia] species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the Pelagonids.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Moesian beech forests

Southeastern Moesian beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.692
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodopides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including, in Bulgaria, the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka (Orvilos) ranges, as well as the western border mountains west of the Struma, and in Greece all the higher mountains east of the Axios, in particular the Rodhopi, the Orvilos (Slavianka), Boura, Mavro Vouno, Vrondous, Menikion complex, the Falakron system (Boz Dagh of Dhrama), the Pangeon, the Kerkini (Belles, Belasicha), the Krousia-Vertikon-Kerdulia ridge and the mountains of the Chalcidiki peninsula (Chortiatis, Cholomon, Athos).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Southeastern Moesian woodrush-beech forests
narrower: Southeastern Moesian neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Southeastern Moesian subalpine beech forests
narrower: Southeastern Moesian [Ostrya]-beech forests

Southeastern Moesian woodrush-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6921
definition: Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodopides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian beech forests

Southeastern Moesian neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6922
definition: Neutrophilous and calcicline [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodopides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian beech forests
narrower: Southeastern Moesian bedstraw-beech forests
narrower: Southeastern Moesian fir-beech forests
narrower: Southeastern Moesian beech-hornbeam forests

Southeastern Moesian bedstraw-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69221
definition: Neutrophilous and calcicline [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the lower montane level and southern ranges of the Rhodopides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian neutrophile beech forests

Southeastern Moesian fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69222
definition: Neutrophilous and calcicline [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Abies alba], [Picea abies] or [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the higher montane levels of the Rhodopides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, south to their Greek slope, the Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka ranges as well as the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian neutrophile beech forests

Southeastern Moesian beech-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69223
definition: Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of the Rhodopids and Moeso-Macedonian hills, fairly widespread and extensive in the northern and central Rhodopes, limited to small surfaces in Rila, Piren, Vitosha and other ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian neutrophile beech forests

Southeastern Moesian subalpine beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6923
definition: Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca], with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] and [Acer heldreichii], sometimes with a small admixture of [Abies alba] or [Picea abies], invaded by [Adenostyletalia] species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the Rhodopids.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian beech forests

Southeastern Moesian [Ostrya]-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6924
definition: Thermophile [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodopids, well represented, in particular, in the northern Rhodopes, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian beech forests

Balkan Range beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.693
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, forming an extensive, continuous belt throughout the range, except its eastern extremity, with outliers in satellite chains and some neighbouring hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Balkan Range acidophile beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range subalpine beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range thermophile beech forests

Balkan Range acidophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6931
definition: Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range woodrush-beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range cherry-laurel beech forests

Balkan Range woodrush-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69311
definition: Uncommon acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, often low-growing and limited to ridges and south-facing slopes, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Luzula sylvatica], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Polytrichum attenuatum], [Dicranum scoparium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range acidophile beech forests

Balkan Range cherry-laurel beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69312
definition: Highly distinctive [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the western and central Balkan Range, developed on acid, deep coluvions of lower slopes and brook valleys, in which the understorey is dominated by the lauriphyllous [Prunus laurocerasus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range acidophile beech forests

Balkan Range neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6932
definition: Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range bedstraw-beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range fir-beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range beech-hornbeam forests
narrower: Balkan Range [Festuca drymeja] beech forests

Balkan Range bedstraw-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69321
definition: Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the lower montane levels of the Balkan Range, often very tall, accompanied by a typical [Fagetalia cortège] that includes [Galium odoratum], [Cardamine bulbifera], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Veronica montana], [Mercurialis perennis], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Sanicula europaea], [Lunaria rediviva].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range neutrophile beech forests

Balkan Range fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69322
definition: Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Picea abies] forests of the higher montane levels of the Balkan Range, of extremely limited and local distribution in the central part of the chain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range neutrophile beech forests

Balkan Range beech-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69323
definition: Forests of [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus] or [Carpinus betulus] and [Carpinus orientalis] of the Balkan Range, widespread, though on limited surfaces, in the main chain, in the Anti-Balkan and in neighbouring hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range neutrophile beech forests

Balkan Range [Festuca drymeja] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69324
definition: Dry, acidocline forests of [Fagus moesiaca] or [Fagus sylvatica] of the Balkan Range, with an understorey dominated by [Festuca drymeja] and comprising [Galium rotundifolium] and [Luzula luzuloides], together with a reduced representation of [Galium odoratum] and the [Fagion] cortège.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range neutrophile beech forests

Balkan Range subalpine beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6933
definition: Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca], with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] and [Acer heldreichii], sometimes with a small admixture of [Abies alba] or [Picea abies], invaded by [Adenostyletalia] species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range beech forests

Balkan Range thermophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6934
definition: [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, mostly developed on warm slopes or shallow soils in which the beech is accompanied by thermophilous trees or shrubs, often of Illyrian origin, such as [Corylus colurna], [Acer hyrcanum], [Fraxinus ornus], [Ostrya carpinifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range beech forests
narrower: Balkan Range [Ostrya]-beech forests
narrower: Moesian Constantinople hazel beech forests

Balkan Range [Ostrya]-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69341
definition: Thermophile [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior], limited to a few areas, in particular, of the western Anti-Balkan.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range thermophile beech forests

Moesian Constantinople hazel beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.69342
definition: [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the western Balkan Range of eastern Serbia, known at least from the Suva Planina, developed on shallow calcareous soils of sunny slopes, with [Corylus colurna], [Acer hyrcanum], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Pyrus pyraster], [Malus sylvestris], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus mougeotii], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Primula veris], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Helleborus odorus], [Geranium macrorrhizum], [Galium mollugo], [Melica uniflora]. These formations have clear affinities with the communities of 41.1D52, included in the Dacian beech forest ensemble of the southern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan Range thermophile beech forests

South-Dinaric beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.694
definition: Moesian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the southern Dinarides, north of the Metohija depression, in contact with Illyrian beech forests of unit 41.C.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian [Fagus] forests

Hellenic [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6A
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Pindus north to the Smolikas and the Grammos, and of the Chassia, Olympus and Ossa groups, with reduced medio-European character and high endemism, characterised by the presence of [Abies borisii-regis], [Abies alba], [Buxus sempervirens], [Juniperus communis], [Taxus baccata], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Cynosurus echinatus], [Doronicum caucasicum], [Galium laconicum], [Lathyrus venetus] and [Helleborus cyclophyllus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Pindus Hellenic beech forests
narrower: Olympian Hellenic beech forests

Pindus Hellenic beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6A1
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica-Abies borisii-regis] forests of reduced medio-European character and high endemism, mostly characteristic of the central Pindus (Noto Pindhos, "Southern Pindus"), with local occurrences in the northern Pindus, in particular in the Smolikas and the Grammos.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hellenic [Fagus] forests

Olympian Hellenic beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6A2
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies borisii-regis] forests, characterized like those of unit 41.161 by their reduced medio-European character and high endemism, isolated, west of the main Pindian range of Hellenic beech forests, in mountains of the Chassia and Olympus groups, in particular in the Andichasia, Olympus and Pieria ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hellenic [Fagus] forests

Mediterraneo-Moesian [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6B
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests, more thermophile than those of G1.69 and G1.6A, occurring in the transition zone between the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels of Thrace and Macedonia, characterised by the presence of numerous species of the [Quercion frainetto].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland

Illyrian [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills. In these areas they are in contact with, or interspersed among, medio-European beech forests. Typical herb species are [Dentaria] spp., [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Hacquetia epipactis], [Lamium orvala] and others.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Illyrian woodrush-beech forests
narrower: Illyrian neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Illyrian thermophile beech forests
narrower: Illyrian subalpine beech forests

Illyrian woodrush-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C1
definition: Strongly acidophile [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, of weakly expressed Illyrian character, with possible outliers in the southeastern Alps and the mid-Pannonic hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Fagus] forests

Illyrian neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C2
definition: Neutrophile, neutrocline, acidocline and basicline [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Illyrian montane fir-beech forests

Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C21
definition: Neutrophile and basicline [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the collinar level of the Dinarides and pre-Dinarides, of the southeastern pre-Alpine hills of Slovenia, of the southern Transdanubian hills of Hungary and, very locally, of pre-Alpine thermophile hills in valleys of Carinthia and Friuli Venezia Giulia, with [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Anemone trifolia], [Vicia oroboides], [Lathyrus venetus], [Cardamine enneaphyllos] ([Dentaria enneaphyllos]), [Primula vulgaris], [Hacquetia epipactis], [Ruscus hypoglossum], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Tilia tomentosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian neutrophile beech forests

Illyrian montane fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C22
definition: Neutrophile, acidocline and basicline [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the montane level of the Dinarides; related forests of the southeastern Alps, characterized by the presence of a distinctively Illyrian cortège in the undergrowth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Illyrian low-montane acidocline fir-beech forests
narrower: Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-beech forests
narrower: Illyrian high-montane fir-beech forests

Illyrian low-montane acidocline fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C221
definition: Neutrophile and acidocline forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the lower and middle montane levels of the Dinarides and, locally, of the southeastern Alps, with [Petasites albus], [Lamiastrum flavidum] and an Illyrian cortège that includes [Lamium orvala] and [Anemone trifolia], associated to acidocline species such as [Oxalis acetosella], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Luzula luzuloides] and several ferns.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane fir-beech forests

Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C222
definition: Neutrocline or basicline forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the lower and middle montane levels of the Dinarides and the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and Carinthia, with [Anemone trifolia], [Helleborus niger], [Oxalis acetosella], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Sorbus aria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane fir-beech forests

Illyrian high-montane fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C223
definition: Neutrocline or basicline forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba], [Picea abies] and [Larix decidua] of the upper montane levels of the Dinarides and, locally, the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and Carinthia, often low-growing or krummholz, with [Anemone trifolia], [Saxifraga rotundifolia], [Aposeris foetida], [Cardamine trifolia], [Helleborus niger], [Oxalis acetosella], [Petasites albus], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Lonicera alpigena].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane fir-beech forests

Illyrian thermophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C3
definition: Thermophilous and often calcicolous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills, characterized by the presence of [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] or [Fraxino orni-Ostryion] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Illyrian coastal beech forests
narrower: Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests

Illyrian coastal beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C31
definition: Thermophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests forming, between Mediterranean [Ostrya] forests and montane beech forests, a sublittoral belt, stretching from Istria to Albania, and characterized by the massive occurrence of [Sesleria autumnalis] and the presence of many Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species, including [Fraxinus ornus], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Acer obtusatum], [Quercus pubescens], [Sorbus aria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian thermophile beech forests

Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C32
definition: Thermophilous Illyrian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of inland areas of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, of the southeastern pre-Alps and the mid-Pannonic hills, characterized by the presence of [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] or [Fraxino orni-Ostryion] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian thermophile beech forests
narrower: Illyrian hop-hornbeam beech forests
narrower: Illyrian [Helleborus odorus] beech forests
narrower: Illyrian [Acer obtusatum] beech forests

Illyrian hop-hornbeam beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C321
definition: Thermophilous Illyrian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of limestones and dolomites of the pre-Dinaric hills of Slovenia and of the southeastern pre-Alpine hills of Slovenia and Carinthia, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis] and a species-rich herb-layer comprising numerous [Quercetalia pubescentis] characteristics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests

Illyrian [Helleborus odorus] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C322
definition: Thermophilous Illyrian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the northern Dinarides and pre-Dinarides and of the southern mid-Pannonic or sub-Pannonic hills, north to the Hungarian Mecsek and Tolna hills, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Fraxinus ornus] and [Carpinus betulus] in the canopy, [Helleborus odorus], [Tamus communis], [Chaerophyllum aureum], [Ruscus hypoglossum], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Potentilla micrantha] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests

Illyrian [Acer obtusatum] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C323
definition: Thermophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of inland areas of the central Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests

Illyrian subalpine beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6C4
definition: Local [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the tree-limit in the upper montane or subalpine level of the high Dinarides, with extremely limited outliers in the southeastern Alps, not forming a clear belt, contrary to more western formations of the [Aceri-Fagion], though, like them, characterized by the frequent admixture of [Acer pseudoplatanus] in the canopy and of [Adenostyletalia] megaphorb species in the understorey. [Acer heldreichii], [Sorbus chamaemespilus], [Salix appendiculata], [Myrrhis odorata], [Cicerbita alpina], [Aconitum paniculatum], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Petasites albus], [Stellaria nemorum] are noteworthy accompaniers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Fagus] forests

Dacian [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D
definition: [Fagus sylvatica], or, locally, [Fagus orientalis], [Fagus moesiaca], [Fagus taurica], forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry, and of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux. Characteristic species include [Symphytum cordatum], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], [Silene heuffelii], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Euphorbia carniolica], [Aconitum moldavicum], [Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii], [Primula elatior ssp. leucophylla], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Galium kitaibelianum], [Moehringia pendula], [Festuca drymeja].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: East Carpathian acidophile beech forests
narrower: East Carpathian neutrophile beech forests
narrower: East Carpathian subalpine beech forests
narrower: East Carpathian calciphile beech forests
narrower: South Carpathian thermophilous beech forests

East Carpathian acidophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D1
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the eastern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, developed on acid soils, in particular podsols and brown acid soils, mostly limited to rather small surfaces within the more extensive neutrophilous forest complexes, characterized by a species-poor acidophilous flora that includes [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Calamagrostis hirundinacea], [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Galium rotundifolium], [Galium kitaibelianum], [Galium baillonii], [Veronica officinalis], [Blechnum spicant], [Pteridium aquilinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Dacian woodrush-beech forests
narrower: Dacian [Galium kitaibelianum] beech forests
narrower: Dacian [Galium rotundifolium] beech forests

Dacian woodrush-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D11
definition: Widely distributed acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the eastern and southern Carpathians, accompanied by a cortège in which the acidophile species characteristic of the [Calamagrostio-Fagenion] clearly predominate over the edaphically less restricted species of the [Symphyto-Fagion]; [Luzula luzuloides], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Veronica officinalis], in particular, are often abundant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian acidophile beech forests

Dacian [Galium kitaibelianum] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D12
definition: Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the central zone of the southern Romanian Carpathians, limited to small surfaces, characterized by the presence of thermophilous species such as [Galium kitaibelianum], [Galium baillonii] and [Potentilla micrantha].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian acidophile beech forests

Dacian [Galium rotundifolium] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D13
definition: Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests, mostly of high mountains in the southwestern Carpathians, with [Galium rotundifolium] and an admixture of acidophilous and neutrophilous [Fagetalia] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian acidophile beech forests

East Carpathian neutrophile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D2
definition: [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, with typical [Fagetalia] species, developed on neutral, basicline and sometimes acidocline substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Dacian [Symphytum] beech forests
narrower: Dacian hairy sedge beech-hornbeam forests

Dacian [Symphytum] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D21
definition: [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills accompanied by a cortège of typical [Fagetalia] species supplemented by regional Dacian elements, including [Symphytum cordatum], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Aconitum moldavicum], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Silene heuffelii], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Euphorbia carniolica], [Crocus heuffelianus], [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Festuca drymeja], widely distributed in all mountains and high hills of the region on neutral, basicline and sometimes acidocline substrates. [Fagus orientalis] and [Fagus taurica] may locally enter the canopy in sub-Carpathic ranges of Moldavia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian neutrophile beech forests
narrower: Dacian [Dentaria glandulosa] beech forests
narrower: Dacian [Pulmonaria rubra] fir-beech forests
narrower: Dacian [Leucanthemum] beech forests

Dacian [Dentaria glandulosa] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D211
definition: Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica] forests, sometimes with a small admixture of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Picea abies] and [Abies alba], with a rich [Fagetalia] flora and regionally characteristic Dacian species including [Symphytum cordatum], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Pulmonaria rubra], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Ranunculus carpaticus], widespread on rich soils throughout the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians, where they form the zonal forests of the lower and middle montane belt, between 600 and 1100 metres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian [Symphytum] beech forests

Dacian [Pulmonaria rubra] fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D212
definition: Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests with a rich [Fagetalia] flora and Dacian regional species such as [Pulmonaria rubra], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Symphytum cordatum], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Campanula abietina], widely distributed throughout the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians, on rich brown, leached or acid soils of steep slopes at altitudes comprised between 700 and 1300 m.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian [Symphytum] beech forests

Dacian [Leucanthemum] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D213
definition: Acidocline [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] forests of the high southeastern Carpathians, occupying the upper fringe of the montane beech forests, at altitudes between 800 and 1350 metres, on acid brown soils, with [Leucanthemum waldsteinii] and a cortège otherwise typical of the [Symphyto-Fagenion], including [Oxalis acetosella], [Symphytum cordatum], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Cardamine glanduligera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian [Symphytum] beech forests

Dacian hairy sedge beech-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D22
definition: Forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or sometimes [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus], occasionally of [Fagus sylvatica] without [Carpinus betulus], of the montane level of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, accompanied by an eastern [Carpinion] cortège that includes [Tilia cordata], [Prunus avium], [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Melampyrum bihariense], [Aposeris foetida], [Stellaria holostea], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Galium schultesii], [Carex pilosa], [Dactylis glomerata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian neutrophile beech forests

East Carpathian subalpine beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D3
definition: Local [Fagus sylvatica] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] forests of the tree-limit in the upper montane or subalpine level of the high southern Carpathians, developed where subalpine [Picea abies] forests do not form an uninterrupted zone, less well individualised than more western formations of the [Aceri-Fagion], though, like them, characterized by the admixture of [Acer pseudoplatanus] in the canopy and of [Adenostyletalia] megaphorb species in the understorey.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian [Fagus] forests
narrower: Dacian subalpine beech-spruce forest
narrower: Dacian subalpine gooseberry beech forests

Dacian subalpine beech-spruce forest
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D31
definition: Neutrophile to weakly acidophile [Fagus sylvatica-Picea abies] forests with a mixed cortège composed of [Fagetalia] species, in particular [Symphyto-Fagion] characteristics, and of [Vaccinio-Piceetalia] and [Adenostyletalia] species, of the subalpine or upper montane level of high mountains of the southern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian subalpine beech forests

Dacian subalpine gooseberry beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D32
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] forests with [Acer pseudoplatanus] characterized by the presence of [Ribes uva-crispa], [Glechoma hirsuta], [Lamium maculatum] and [Ulmus glabra], on very damp slopes of the subalpine or upper montane level of the southern and southwestern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: East Carpathian subalpine beech forests

East Carpathian calciphile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D4
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] forests developed on limestones of the eastern and southern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, harbouring a strongly calciphile and thermophile cortège.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian [Fagus] forests

South Carpathian thermophilous beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D5
definition: [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the southwestern and southern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, with southern European floristic elements, including [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Festuca drymeja], [Helleborus odorus], [Tilia tomentosa], [Corylus colurna], of Illyrian or Moesian affinities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian [Fagus] forests
narrower: South Carpathian [Aremonia] beech forests
narrower: South Carpathian [Corylus colurna] beech forests
narrower: South Carpathian [Helleborus odorus] beech forests
narrower: South Carpathian [Festuca drymeja] beech forests

South Carpathian [Aremonia] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D51
definition: Neutrophile or basicline montane [Fagus sylvatica] forests widespread in the southwestern Carpathians, characterized by the presence of thermophile species of Illyrian affinities, in particular, [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Potentilla micrantha], [Fraxinus ornus], [Tamus communis] and the extreme rarefaction of typical [Symphyto-Fagion] Carpathian species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: South Carpathian thermophilous beech forests

South Carpathian [Corylus colurna] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D52
definition: Neutrophile low montane [Fagus moesiaca] forests with [Corylus colurna] and a cortège of southern species, including [Primula columnae], [Fraxinus ornus], [Lathyrus venetus], [Knautia drymeia], [Ruscus hypoglossum], occupying small surfaces in a few localities of the southwestern Carpathians, south to the Rtanj range of eastern Serbia; they are related to Moesian formations of unit 41.19, in particular unit 41.1934.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: South Carpathian thermophilous beech forests

South Carpathian [Helleborus odorus] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D53
definition: Neutrophile to weakly acidophile [Fagus moesiaca] forests, of low mountains and hills of the southwestern Romanian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian ranges, with a cortège of southern, in part Illyrian, species, including [Helleborus odorus], [Asperula taurina], [Daphne laureola], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Tamus communis], [Tilia tomentosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: South Carpathian thermophilous beech forests

South Carpathian [Festuca drymeja] beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6D54
definition: Weakly acidophile to acidophile [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the upper part of sunny slopes of the mountains and hills of the southern and southwestern Carpathians, with an herb layer dominated by [Festuca drymeja] and in which [Luzula luzuloides] is always present and the [Symphyto-Fagenion] species poorly represented.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: South Carpathian thermophilous beech forests

Pontic [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E
definition: [Fagus orientalis] forests of the Pontic Range and its satellite chains, extending into southeastern Central Europe in the Stranja-Istranca Range and the eastern Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Western Pontic beech forests
narrower: Western sub-Pontic beech-oak forests

Western Pontic beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E1
definition: [Fagus orientalis] forests of the western Pontic Range, the Stranja-Istranca Range and the eastern Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Fagus] forests
narrower: Eastern Balkan Range oriental beech forests
narrower: Stranja oriental beech forests
narrower: Western Pontic rhododendron-oriental beech forests
narrower: Western Pontic calciphile beech forests
narrower: Western Pontic neutrocline fir-beech forests
narrower: Western Pontic calciphile fir-beech forests

Eastern Balkan Range oriental beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E11
definition: Beech forests of the eastern Balkan Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] and with an understorey formed in part by a Euxinian cortège, impoverished in comparison to that of more southern and eastern communities, though fairly similar to that of unit 41.1E21, comprising, as most characteristic taxa, [Primula vulgaris ssp. sibthorpii] ([Primula rosea], [Primula sibthorpii]), [Trachystemon orientalis] and [Scilla bithynica]. and the absence of other southern Euxinian elements that occur in the Stranja.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic beech forests

Stranja oriental beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E12
definition: [Fagus orientalis] forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic beech forests
narrower: Stranja bearberry tree-oriental beech forests
narrower: Stranja rhododendron-oriental beech forests

Stranja bearberry tree-oriental beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E121
definition: Beech forests of the Stranja-Istranca mountains dominated by [Fagus orientalis], less rich in lauriphyllous shrubs than those of 41.1E122, more similar to those of 41.1E11, although slightly richer in Euxinian elements, with a cortège that includes, locally, [Vaccinium arctostaphylos], otherwise formed primarily by [Primula vulgaris ssp. sibthorpii] ([Primula rosea]), [Trachystemon orientalis] and [Scilla bithynica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Stranja oriental beech forests

Stranja rhododendron-oriental beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E122
definition: Beech forests of the Stranja-Istranca mountains dominated by [Fagus orientalis], often accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Tilia tomentosa], [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Quercus polycarpa], [Acer platanoides], [Acer campestre], [Ulmus glabra], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], [Prunus avium], with an understorey rich in lauriphyllous shrubs of Euxinian affinities, comprising, in particular, [Rhododendron ponticum], [Daphne pontica], [Prunus laurocerasus] ([Laurocerasus officinalis]), [Pyracantha coccinea], [Ilex aquifolium], [Ruscus hypoglossum], and with the Euxinian [Primula vulgaris ssp. sibthorpii] ([Primula rosea]), [Trachystemon orientalis], [Teucrium cuneifolium], [Cyclamen coum], [Epimedium pubigerum], [Hypericum calycinum] and [Scilla bithynica] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Stranja oriental beech forests

Western Pontic rhododendron-oriental beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E13
definition: Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis], accompanied by [Quercus iberica], [Acer cappadocium], [Acer trautvetteri], with a lauriphile-rich one- to six-metre high understorey of [Rhododendron ponticum], [Rhododendron flavum] and [Ilex colchica] with [Hedera colchica], [Smilax excelsa], [Ruscus hypoglossum], [Daphne pontica], [Vaccinium arctostaphylos], [Crataegus pentagyna], [Aristolochia pontica], forming a massive belt at altitudes extending from sea level to 1100-1200 metres, under precipitations of 1000-2000 mm and on siliceous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic beech forests

Western Pontic calciphile beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E14
definition: Rare forests limited to calcareous outcrops of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] accompanied by [Stephylea pinnata], [Buxus sempervirens], [Taxus baccata], [Euonymus latifolius ssp. caucanus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic beech forests

Western Pontic neutrocline fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E15
definition: Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] accompanied by [Abies bornmuelleriana] occupying sites at altitudes above the rhododendron-beech forests of unit 41.1E14, accompanied by a similar floral cortège.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic beech forests

Western Pontic calciphile fir-beech forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E16
definition: Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] with [Abies bornmuelleriana] limited to calcareous outcrops within the fir-beech belt formed by the forests of unit 41.1E15, and at altitudes above the rhododendron-beech forests of unit 41.1E14, with a species-rich cortège characterized by the presence of [Telekia speciosa], [Aristolochia bodamae], [Arum ponticum], [Hieracleum platytaenium], [Campanula lactiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Pontic beech forests

Western sub-Pontic beech-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6E2
definition: Forests of the western Pontic Range composed of [Fagus orientalis], often with [Quercus dshorochensis], [Quercus syspirensis], [Quercus anatolica] or [Quercus iberica], [Carpinus betulus] and a presence of [Abies bornmuelleriana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pontic [Fagus] forests

Dobrogea [Fagus] forest
type: Concept
notation: G1.6F
definition: Relict beech forests of the Macin Mountains, of extremely insular distribution, isolated within the steppe climate of the Romanian Dobrogea, far from the main beech regions of the Carpathians, with [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus taurica] ([Fagus taurica var. dobrogica]), [Tilia tomentosa], [Tilia cordata], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae], [Carpinus betulus], [Populus tremula], [Ulmus glabra], [Fagetalia] species and southern European species, including [Potentilla micrantha], [Scutellaria altissima], in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland

Crimean [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6G
definition: Beech forests of the northern slopes of the southernmost mountain range of the Crimean Peninsula at altitudes between 600 m and 1100 m, on Jurassic substrates, under a climate regime of cool temperatures and moderate precipitation; the beeches are in almost pure stands or occasionally mixed with [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus glabra], with a poorly developed understorey that may include [Euonymus latifolius], [Taxus baccata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland

Caucasian [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6H
definition: Beech, beech-hornbeam and beech-fir forests of the Caucasus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland

Caspian [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6I
definition: Forests of [Fagus orientalis] on north slopes of the Elburz Mountains, at the 1400-1800 metre level, under the climatic influence of the Caspian Sea, with cool temperatures and moderate annual precipitation, typically with abundant snowfall; the beech is either accompanied by [Acer insigne], [Alnus subcordata], [Carpinus betulus], [Quercus castaneifolia], [Sorbus torminalis], [Taxus baccata], [Ulmus glabra], or growing in pure formations, the presence of other tree species diminishing towards the upper altitudinal levels; a luxurient understorey includes [Ilex hyrcanica], [Daphne pontica], [Vaccinium arctostaphylos].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland

Eastern oro-Mediterranean [Fagus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.6J
definition: Isolated beech forests of the Taurus system in western and southern Anatolia (Muraldag, Garur Daglari).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Fagus] woodland

Thermophilous deciduous woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.7
definition: Forests or woods of submediterranean climate regions and supramediterranean altitudinal levels, and of western Eurasian steppe and substeppe zones, dominated by deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous [Quercus] species or by other southern trees such as [Carpinus orientalis], [Castanea sativa] or [Ostrya carpinifolia]. Thermophilous deciduous trees may, under local microclimatic or edaphic conditions, replace the evergreen oak forests in mesomediterranean or thermomediterranean areas, and occur locally to the north in central and western Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: Western [Quercus pubescens] woods and related communities
narrower: Cyrno-Sardinian [Quercus pubescens] woods
narrower: Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods
narrower: Italo-Illyrian [Ostrya carpinifolia] sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods
narrower: Southeastern sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods
narrower: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Afro-Iberian thermophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: [Quercus trojana] woodland
narrower: Mediterranean [Quercus macrolepis] woodland
narrower: Steppe [Quercus] woods
narrower: [Quercus pyrenaica] woodland
narrower: Mixed thermophilous woodland
narrower: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Western [Quercus pubescens] woods and related communities
type: Concept
notation: G1.71
definition: [Quercus pubescens] forests and woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of France, west of the Alpine arc, and of northeastern Spain, with irradiations to southern Germany and Belgium. Low medio-European forests of [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] occupying warm exposures beyond the range of [Quercus pubescens] and linked to the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] by the presence of [Buxus sempervirens] or other thermophile calcicolous plants, including [Limodorum abortivum], [Melittis melissophyllum]. In the Carpathians they are represented by the alliance [Genisto germanicae-Quercion] with species [Avenella flexuosa], [Calluna vulgaris], [Festuca ovina], [Genista] spp., [Luzula luzuloides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Western [Quercus pubescens] woods
narrower: Sub-Mediterranean [Quercus petraea-Q. robur] woods
narrower: [Quercus palensis] woods
narrower: Eu-Mediterranean white oak woods

Western [Quercus pubescens] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.711
definition: [Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens] forests and woods of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of France, and of thermal stations in more northerly locations of Western Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus pubescens] woods and related communities
narrower: Southwestern [Quercus pubescens] woods
narrower: Northern [Quercus pubescens] woods

Southwestern [Quercus pubescens] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7111
definition: [Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens] forests and woods of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus pubescens] woods

Northern [Quercus pubescens] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7112
definition: [Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens] forests and woods of thermal stations in the nemoral zone of France, Belgium, Luxembourg and western Germany.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus pubescens] woods

Sub-Mediterranean [Quercus petraea-Q. robur] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.712
definition: Continental thermophilous [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] woods of Lorraine, the Ardenne periphery, southern Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic outside of the area of dominance of pure [Quercus pubescens] but accompanied by the thermophile, calcicolous, sub-Mediterranean cortège of the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae], and sometimes including [Quercus pubescens] or hybrids of [Quercus pubescens] with either [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus pubescens] woods and related communities

[Quercus palensis] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.713
definition: [Quercus pubescens ssp. palensis] forests and woods of the Pyrenees and northeastern Spain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus pubescens] woods and related communities

Eu-Mediterranean white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.714
definition: [Quercus pubescens] forests occupying fresh stations within the mesomediterranean zone, usually on ubacs and relatively deep soils, accompanied by [Quercus ilex] and an associated vegetation characteristic of the [Quercion ilicis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus pubescens] woods and related communities

Cyrno-Sardinian [Quercus pubescens] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.72
definition: Woods of Sardinia and Corsica dominated by [Quercus pubescens], sometimes accompanied by [Quercus virgiliana], [Quercus congesta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland

Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73
definition: Often varied forests of the supra-Mediterranean (mostly lower supra-Mediterranean), and occasionally meso- or thermo-Mediterranean, levels of Greece, Italy, Dalmatia, the Black Sea coasts and western Asia, in which [Quercus pubescens] or its allies are the dominant deciduous oaks, usually associated with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus] and other species; white oak ([Quercus pubescens], [Quercus virgiliana])-dominated woods, with an [Ostryo-Carpinion] or [Orno-Cotinion] cortège, of thermic sub-Mediterranean enclaves within the sub-continental [Quercion frainetto] and [Carpinion illyricum] zones of the Balkan peninsula, Pannonia and the southern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Northern Italic [Quercus pubescens] woods
narrower: Italo-Sicilian [Quercus pubescens] woods
narrower: Hellenic [Quercus pubescens] woods
narrower: Aegean [Quercus anatolica] woods
narrower: Aegean [Quercus brachyphylla] woods
narrower: Dalmatian white oak woods
narrower: Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods
narrower: Euxinian white oak woods

Northern Italic [Quercus pubescens] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.731
definition: Forests of [Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens], [Fraxinus ornus], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus betulus], and, locally, [Carpinus orientalis], occupying the lower supra-Mediterranean (100-500 metres) level of the central and northern Apennines, the Ligurian ranges and the Alpine foothills of Italy, with local impoverished irradiations to the upper supra-Mediterranean level on calcareous soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods

Italo-Sicilian [Quercus pubescens] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.732
definition: Forests of [Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis] of the supra-Mediterranean level of the southern Italian peninsula and of Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods

Hellenic [Quercus pubescens] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.733
definition: Forests of [Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Ostrya carpinifolia] of the lower supra-Mediterranean level of Thessaly, Macedonia, Thrace, and locally, on calcareous soils, of western Greece and southern Albania, with northward penetration into the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia along the Vardar valley.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods

Aegean [Quercus anatolica] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.734
definition: Usually open woods formed by [Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica], often associated with [Quercus macrolepis], of Lesbos and Samothrace.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods

Aegean [Quercus brachyphylla] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.735
definition: Stands of [Quercus brachyphylla], often associated with [Quercus macrolepis] or [Quercus ilex], of the Peloponnese and Crete.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods

Dalmatian white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.736
definition: [Quercus pubescens]- or [Quercus virgiliana]-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, from central Albania, through Dalmatia, north to the Istrian peninsula, Slovenia and the Triestine Karst with [Quercus cerris], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cotinus coggygria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods

Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.737
definition: Azonal white-oak dominated woods with a sub-Mediterranean accompanying flora, occupying thermic oases within the sub-continental [Quercion frainetto] and [Carpinion illyricum] zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods
narrower: Thracian white oak-oriental hornbeam woods
narrower: Moesian white oak woods
narrower: Intra-Carpathian insular [Quercus virgiliana] woods
narrower: Pannonian [Quercus pubescens] woods
narrower: Illyrian white oak woods

Thracian white oak-oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7371
definition: [Quercus pubescens]-[Quercus virgiliana] woods of the Black Sea plains and hills of Turkey in Europe, and of the northern Thracian plain of southern and southeastern Bulgaria, where they are represented by mostly insular patches, particularly in the middle Maritsa and Tundja hills, the eastern and northern Rhodope foothills. The oaks are accompanied by [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer campestre] or [Tilia tomentosa] and by Mediterranean floral elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods

Moesian white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7372
definition: Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus virgiliana] woods of the southern Dinarides, the Balkan Range, and neighbouring regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods
narrower: Moesian white oak-oriental hornbeam woods
narrower: Lydian greenweed-white oak woods
narrower: Moesian [Paeonia peregrina]-white oak woods
narrower: Moesian [Galium dasypodium]-white oak woods
narrower: Acanthus white oak woods
narrower: Moesian [Echinops]-white oak woods

Moesian white oak-oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73721
definition: Thermophilous sub-Mediterranean oak woods of Serbia and Bulgaria, with [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus cerris], [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer monspessulanum], [Acer hyrcanum], [Coronilla emerus], [Syringa vulgaris], [Cornus mas], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Arabis hirsuta], [Oryzopsis virescens], [Helleborus odorus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian white oak woods

Lydian greenweed-white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73722
definition: [Quercus pubescens] oak woods of dolomites of the Golo Bardo range of western Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian white oak woods

Moesian [Paeonia peregrina]-white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73723
definition: Meso-xerophile, neutrophile [Quercus pubescens] woods of the limestone plateaux of the Romanian Dobrogea, of the Bulgarian Dobrudja and associated plateaux, of the Sredna Gora of central Bulgaria, accompanied by [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], with [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer, and an herb layer rich in [Paeonia peregrina], [Ornithogalum fimbriatum], [Mercurialis ovata], [Myrrhoides nodosa], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian white oak woods

Moesian [Galium dasypodium]-white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73724
definition: Xerophile, neutrophile [Quercus pubescens] woods on rendzine soils of the limestone plateaux of the Dobrogea, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Prunus moldavica] in the shrub layer and [Galium dasypodum], [Asparagus verticillatus], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Carex michelii], [Zerna inermis] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian white oak woods

Acanthus white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73725
definition: [Quercus pubescens] woods of steep sunny slopes of the Danubian Iron Gate region, with [Syringa vulgaris], [Echinops bannaticus], [Scutellaria pichleri], [Symphytum ottomanum], [Jansion heldreichii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian white oak woods

Moesian [Echinops]-white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73726
definition: Xerophile, neutrophile [Quercus pubescens] woods on sunny slopes of the Danube Iron Gates region, with [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Quercus petraea], [Quercus frainetto] in the tree layer, [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer and [Echinops bannaticus], [Lychnis coronaria], [Lathyrus venetus], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Chrysanthemum corymbosum] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian white oak woods

Intra-Carpathian insular [Quercus virgiliana] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7373
definition: Xerophile, neutrophilous [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus virgiliana] woods distributed in insular patches on steep south-facing slopes of intra-Carpathian hills of Romania, in particular, of the foothills bordering the lower Danubian basin of Romania, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Amygdalus nana], [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer and [Astragalus monspessulanus], [Carex humilis], [Dictamnus albus], [Geranium sanguineum], [Astragalus austriacus] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods

Pannonian [Quercus pubescens] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7374
definition: Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean woods of the periphery and hills of the Pannonic plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods
narrower: Pannonian white oak-manna tree woods
narrower: Pannonian karst white oak low woods

Pannonian white oak-manna tree woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73741
definition: Thermophilous oak woods mainly on southern slopes and on calcareous soils of Hungary, southern Moravia, northeastern Austria and southern Slovakia, dominated by [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus cerris] and [Quercus petraea], accompanied by [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], with a well-developed species-rich undergrowth composed mainly of sub-Mediterranean elements, including [Viburnum lantana], [Colutea arborescens], [Cornus mas], [Vicia sparsiflora], [Oryzopsis virescens], [Dictamnus albus], [Carex hallerana], [Mercurialis ovata], [Limodorum abortivum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonian [Quercus pubescens] woods

Pannonian karst white oak low woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73742
definition: Low woods of [Fraxinus ornus] and [Quercus pubescens] on steep southern slopes of calcareous hills of Hungary, southern Moravia, northeastern Austria and southern Slovakia, with a well-developed shrub layer comprising [Cotinus coggygria], [Coronilla emerus ssp. emeroides], [Euonymus verrucosus] and an understorey including [Geranium sanguineum], [Iris graminea], [Euphorbia polychroma], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Carex humilis], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Tamus communis], [Anthericum ramosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonian [Quercus pubescens] woods

Illyrian white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7375
definition: Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus pubescens] woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Drava and Sava basin, with a cortège of the [Ostryo-Carpinion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods
narrower: Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods
narrower: Illyrian oriental hornbeam white oak woods

Illyrian hop-hornbeam white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73751
definition: Mostly low woods of sunny, shallow-soil limestone and dolomite slopes of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of northern Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, dominated by [Quercus pubescens] with [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea], [Ostrya carpinifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian white oak woods

Illyrian oriental hornbeam white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.73752
definition: [Quercus pubescens]-dominated facies of mixed woods of oriental hornbeam, hop-hornbeam, ashes and oaks of the [Carpinetum orientalis illyricum] of the Drava and Sava basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian white oak woods

Euxinian white oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.738
definition: Forests of [Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica] of the southern Crimean coast, of the western Caucasus and tthe Noworossijsk Black Sea coast and the western Great Caucasus Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Quercus pubescens] woods

Italo-Illyrian [Ostrya carpinifolia] sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.74
definition: Often varied forests of the supra-Mediterranean and occasionally meso- or thermo-Mediterranean, levels of northern Italy, the Drava and Sava basin and the western Balkan peninsula, dominated by oaks other than [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus macrolepis], [Quercus trojana] or their allies, and, in particular, by [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea] and their allies, usually associated with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus] and other species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Northern Italian [Quercus cerris] woods
narrower: Dalmatian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods
narrower: Illyrian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods

Northern Italian [Quercus cerris] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.741
definition: Supra-Mediterranean, occasionally mesomediterranean, forests of the northern Italian peninsula, dominated by [Quercus cerris], with [Quercus petraea], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Italo-Illyrian [Ostrya carpinifolia] sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods

Dalmatian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.742
definition: Thermophile oak woods of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, from central Albania, through Dalmatia, north to the Istrian peninsula, dominated by [Quercus cerris] or [Quercus petraea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Italo-Illyrian [Ostrya carpinifolia] sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods
narrower: Dalmatian [Quercus cerris] woods
narrower: Dalmatian [Quercus petraea] woods

Dalmatian [Quercus cerris] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7421
definition: [Quercus cerris]-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, with [Quercus pubescens], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cotinus coggygria] and a cortège similar to that of the white oak woods of unit 41.736.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dalmatian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods

Dalmatian [Quercus petraea] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7422
definition: [Quercus petraea]-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Quercus pubescens], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus aria], [Tilia platiphyllos], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cotinus coggygria], represented, in particular, by rare and localized [Quercus petraea] forests of the Triestine Karst, Slovenia and Istria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dalmatian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods

Illyrian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.743
definition: Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus cerris] and [Quercus petraea] woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Drava and Sava basin, with a cortège of the [Ostryo-Carpinion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Italo-Illyrian [Ostrya carpinifolia] sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods
narrower: Illyrian hop-hornbeam mixed oak woods
narrower: Illyrian black pea sessile oak woods

Illyrian hop-hornbeam mixed oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7431
definition: [Quercus cerris]- or [Quercus petraea]-dominated facies of the [Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae] hop-hornbeam oak woods of unit 41.73751.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods

Illyrian black pea sessile oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7432
definition: Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus petraea] woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Drava and Sava basin, occupying sunny steep slopes, with [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus aria] and a cortège of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] that includes [Lathyrus niger], [Melitis melissophyllum], [Serratula tinctoria], together with [Carex flacca], [Galium sylvaticum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods

Southeastern sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.75
definition: Forests of strongly sub-Mediterranean character, dominated by subthermophilous oak species, such as [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto], sometimes [Quercus petraea], [Quercus pseudocerris], [Quercus boissieri], characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level of the southern part of the eastern Mediterranean peninsulas and of southern Asia Minor.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Southern Italic subthermophilous oak woods
narrower: Southern Hellenic subthermophilous oak woods
narrower: Eastern Mediterranean subthermophilous oak woods

Southern Italic subthermophilous oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.751
definition: Forest formations of [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] or, locally, [Quercus petraea], of the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines and of Monte Gargano.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods
narrower: Southern Italic [Quercus cerris] woods
narrower: Southern Italic [Quercus frainetto] woods
narrower: Southern Italic [Quercus petraea] woods

Southern Italic [Quercus cerris] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7511
definition: [Quercus cerris]-dominated forest formations of the supra-Mediterranean, montane and, locally, meso-Mediterranean levels of the Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines, with a distribution centreed on the Basilicata, and of Monte Gargano, on siliceous or calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italic subthermophilous oak woods

Southern Italic [Quercus frainetto] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7512
definition: [Quercus frainetto]-dominated or rich forest formations of the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines, extending north to Latium, Tuscany and Molise, mostly on siliceous or decarbonated substrates of the supra-Mediterranean level.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italic subthermophilous oak woods

Southern Italic [Quercus petraea] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7513
definition: [Quercus petraea]-dominated forest formations of the Calabrian Apennines and Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Italic subthermophilous oak woods

Southern Hellenic subthermophilous oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.752
definition: Forest formations dominated by [Quercus cerris], by [Quercus frainetto], or both, of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods
narrower: Southern Hellenic [Quercus cerris] woods
narrower: Southern Hellenic [Quercus frainetto] woods

Southern Hellenic [Quercus cerris] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7521
definition: Forest formations dominated by [Quercus cerris] of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Hellenic subthermophilous oak woods

Southern Hellenic [Quercus frainetto] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7522
definition: Forest formations dominated by [Quercus frainetto], of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Hellenic subthermophilous oak woods

Eastern Mediterranean subthermophilous oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.753
definition: Oak woods of the supra-Mediterranean and mesic mesomediterranean zones of the Taurus, the Amanus, the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains, Palestine, Syria and southern Anatolia, dominated by [Quercus pseudocerris] or [Quercus boissieri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern sub-thermophilous [Quercus] woods

Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76
definition: Xerophile or xero-mesophile forests of [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], of [Quercus petraea] and related deciduous oaks, locally of [Quercus pedunculiflora] or [Quercus virgiliana], of the sub-continental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, of the supra-Mediterranean level of continental Greece, except the extreme south, and of supra-Mediterranean Anatolia. In most of their range they constitute the lowest altitudinal tier of forest vegetation; in Greece and adjacent areas, however, they occur above the forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion]. In western Carpathians they have the northern boundary of occurrence and here are represented by the alliance [Quercion confertae cerris] with species [Lathyrus niger], [Melica picta], [Serratula tinctoria], [Veronica officinalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Helleno-Moesian [Quercus cerris] forests
narrower: Helleno-Moesian [Quercus frainetto] forests
narrower: Helleno-Moesian [Quercus dalechampii] forests.
narrower: Helleno-Moesian montane oak forests
narrower: Helleno-Moesian [Quercus virgiliana] forests
narrower: Helleno-Moesian [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests
narrower: Helleno-Moesian [Quercus polycarpa] forests
narrower: Moesio-Danubian thermophilous oak forests
narrower: Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods
narrower: Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods
narrower: Western Anatolian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Helleno-Moesian [Quercus cerris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.761
definition: Extensive [Quercus cerris]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the Pelagonids, the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodopids, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece), of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and of Albania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Helleno-Moesian [Quercus frainetto] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.762
definition: Extensive [Quercus frainetto]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the Pelagonids, the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodopids, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece), of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and of Albania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Helleno-Moesian montane oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.764
definition: Rare forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the Pelagonids, the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodopids, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece, of the hornbeam-durmast oak belt of southwestern Bulgaria, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania, dominated by rare, endemic oak species, in particular [Quercus protoroburoides], or by highly disjunct populations of more northern species, in particular [Quercus petraea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Helleno-Moesian [Quercus petraea] forests
narrower: Rila [Quercus protoroburoides] forests

Helleno-Moesian [Quercus petraea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7641
definition: Rare [Quercus petraea]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the Pelagonids, the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodopids, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece and of the hornbeam-durmast oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Moesian montane oak forests

Rila [Quercus protoroburoides] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7642
definition: Endemic [Quercus protoroburoides] forests of the upper montane level of Rila.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Moesian montane oak forests

Helleno-Moesian [Quercus dalechampii] forests.
type: Concept
notation: G1.763
definition: [Quercus dalechampii]-dominated forests of the hills and mountain slopes of the Pelagonids, the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodopids. They include, in particular, the xero-mesophile [Quercus dalechampii]-dominated forests, sometimes mixed with [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] or [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia] or [Fraxinus ornus] often present and sometimes abundant, widespread in the durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Rhodopides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, drier than the [Carpinus betulus]-[Quercus dalechampii] forests of unit 41.2C35. [Ruscus aculeatus] is often present and sometimes subdominant in their undergrowth. They also include local formations of the upper supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece, mostly of the Pindus and of crystalline or metamorphic ranges of the southern Moeso-Macedonian mountains and Rhodopides, likewise altitudinally inserted between [Quercus frainetto] and beech forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Helleno-Moesian [Quercus virgiliana] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.765
definition: Local [Quercus virgiliana]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the Pelagonids, the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodopids, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean [Quercion frainetto] level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece) and of the "[Querceta frainetti]" component of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Helleno-Moesian [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.766
definition: Local [Quercus pedunculiflora]-dominated forests of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Helleno-Moesian [Quercus polycarpa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.767
definition: Local [Quercus polycarpa]-dominated forests of the supra-Mediterranean [Quercion frainetto] level of Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Moesio-Danubian thermophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.768
definition: Xerophile or xero-mesophile forests of [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea] and related deciduous oaks, of the subcontinental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak and hornbeam-durmast oak belts of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular on the slopes of the Balkan Range and its associated hills and plateaux; irradiations extend into southern Romania. The associated flora has a marked southeastern European character and includes [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Piptatherum virescens], [Paeonia peregrina], [Mercurialis ovata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Moesio-Danubian xerothermal oak forests
narrower: Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam-durmast oak forests
narrower: Dobrogean oriental hornbeam-lime-oak forests

Moesio-Danubian xerothermal oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7681
definition: Oak forests of the lower level of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of the central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly dominated by [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus cerris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Danubian thermophilous oak forests
narrower: Moesio-Danubian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests
narrower: Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam [Quercus cerris] forests
narrower: Moesio-Danubian mixed oak [Quercus frainetto] forests

Moesio-Danubian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76811
definition: Meso-xerophile, neutrophile forests of [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus cerris] of the sub-continental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak belt of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular on the northern and southern slopes of the Balkan Range and their associated hills and plateaux, extending to low mountains of the Danube Iron Gates region of Romania, accompanied by [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Cornus mas], [Lychnis coronaria], [Rubus tomentosus], [Lathyrus niger], [Lathyrus venetus], [Helleborus odorus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Danubian xerothermal oak forests

Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam [Quercus cerris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76812
definition: Meso-xerophile, neutrophile forests of [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus ornus] and [Carpinus orientalis] of the subcontinental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak belt of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular of the lower Danube basin and its fringing plateaux, extending north into Romania to low mountains of the Danube Iron Gates region and of the southwestern Dobrogea, with [Cornus mas], [Cotinus coggygria] and sub-Mediterranean species, including [Mercurialis ovata], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Piptatherum virescens], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Danubian xerothermal oak forests

Moesio-Danubian mixed oak [Quercus frainetto] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76813
definition: Meso-xerophile, neutrophile mixed oak forests of [Quercus frainetto], accompanied by some [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus polycarpa], [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus virgiliana], [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Tilia tomentosa] in the tree layer, [Cornus mas], [Cotinus coggygria] in the shrub layer and many sub-Mediterranean species, including [Paeonia peregrina], [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], [Lychnis coronaria], in the herb layer, limited to small insular surfaces in the lower Danube valley of Bulgaria and in the Romanian Dobrogea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Danubian xerothermal oak forests

Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam-durmast oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7682
definition: Forests mostly dominated by [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus petraea] s.l., of the upper level of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of the central and eastern Balkan peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Danubian thermophilous oak forests
narrower: Central Moesian [Quercus dalechampii]-oriental hornbeam forests
narrower: Moesio-Danubian bedstraw sessile oak forests

Central Moesian [Quercus dalechampii]-oriental hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76821
definition: Xero-mesophile [Quercus dalechampii]-dominated forests, sometimes mixed with [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] or [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia] or [Fraxinus ornus] often present and sometimes abundant, widespread in the durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Balkan Range and neighbouring hills, drier than the [Carpinus betulus]-[Quercus dalechampii] forests of 41.2C35. [Ruscus aculeatus] is often present and sometimes subdominant in the undergrowth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam-durmast oak forests

Moesio-Danubian bedstraw sessile oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76822
definition: Acidophile [Quercus petraea] s.l. forests of the southern and southwestern pre-Carpathian foothills, with [Galium pseudaristatum], [Luzula luzuloides], [Veronica officinalis], [Poa nemoralis], [Festuca heterophylla] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam-durmast oak forests

Dobrogean oriental hornbeam-lime-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7683
definition: Oak forests of the Romanian Dobrogea dominated by [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus polycarpa] or [Quercus pedunculiflora], rich in [Carpinus orientalis], [Tilia tomentosa], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior], of mixed Moesian and Pontic affinities, developed in stations ecologically intermediate between those that support [Carpinion betuli] forests of 41.72 and those that harbour steppe forests of 41.7A.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesio-Danubian thermophilous oak forests
narrower: Dobrogean paeonia sessile oak forests
narrower: Dobrogean sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-ash forests
narrower: Dobrogean [Quercus pedunculiflora]-lime-oriental hornbeam forests

Dobrogean paeonia sessile oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76831
definition: Neutrophile [Quercus dalechampii] forests, limited to low hills of the Romanian Dobrogea, accompanied by [Fraxinus excelsior ssp. excelsior], [Fraxinus excelsior ssp. coriariifolia] ([Fraxinus coriariifolia]), [Fraxinus ornus], [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus orientalis] in the tree layer, with [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer, and [Paeonia peregrina] and other sub-Mediterranean species, including [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dobrogean oriental hornbeam-lime-oak forests

Dobrogean sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-ash forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76832
definition: Xero-mesophile, neutrophile [Quercus dalechampii] and [Quercus polycarpa] forests of the northern Dobrogean plateaux, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fraxinus coriariifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], accompanied by numerous sub-Mediterranean species including [Nectaroscordum dioscoridis], [Lychnis coronaria], [Digitalis lanata], [Myrrhoides nodosa], [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], and a few [Fagetalia] species, such as [Zerna benekenii], [Pulmonaria obscura], [Cardamine bulbifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dobrogean oriental hornbeam-lime-oak forests

Dobrogean [Quercus pedunculiflora]-lime-oriental hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76833
definition: Xero-mesophile, neutrophile mixed [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests of the northern Dobrogea plateaux, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fraxinus ornus] in the tree layer, numerous sub-Mediterranean species, including [Ornithogalum fimbriatum], [Viola jordanii], [Paeonia peregrina], [Myrrhoides nodosa], [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], and a few [Fagetalia] species, [Zerna benekenii], [Pulmonaria obscura], in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dobrogean oriental hornbeam-lime-oak forests

Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.769
definition: Sub-continental thermo-xerophile [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris]-Quercus petraea] forests of the foothills bordering the lower Danube depression of southern Romania, with the continental [Acer tataricum] and lacking typically sub-Mediterranean species such as [Carpinus orientalis] and [Ruscus aculeatus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Getic white cinquefoil [Quercus cerris] forests
narrower: Getic early sedge [Quercus frainetto] forests
narrower: Getic crocus [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests
narrower: Getic [Q. frainetto]-[Q. cerris]-[Q. petraea] forests
narrower: Getic [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus petraea] [s.l.] forests
narrower: Pre-Carpathian [Quercus cerris]-[Quercus petraea] [s.l.] forests

Getic white cinquefoil [Quercus cerris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7691
definition: Xero-mesophile, weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus cerris], of the plains of southern Romania, with [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Cornus mas], [Potentilla alba], [Lychnis coronaria], [Viola hirta], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Getic early sedge [Quercus frainetto] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7692
definition: Xero-mesophile, acidophile [Quercus frainetto] forests of Muntenia and Oltenia, with [Acer campestre], [Pyrus pyraster], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Carex praecox], [Genista tinctoria], [Veronica officinalis], [Poa angustifolia], [Lychnis coronaria], [Calamagrostis epigejos].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Getic crocus [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7693
definition: Xero-mesophile, weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus cerris] and [Quercus frainetto] of the plains in the southern of Romania, with [Acer campestre] and [Acer tataricum], accompanied by [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Crocus flavus], [Lychnis coronaria], [Genista tinctoria], [Lathyrus niger], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum], [Polygonatum latifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Getic [Q. frainetto]-[Q. cerris]-[Q. petraea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7694
definition: Weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus petraea] s.l. of the southern and western pre-Carpathian foothills, accompanied by [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Fraxinus ornus], [Cornus mas], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Lathyrus niger], [Lychnis coronaria], [Helleborus odorus], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Sedum maximum], [Sedum cepaea], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Getic [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus petraea] [s.l.] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7695
definition: Weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus petraea] s.l. of the southern pre-Carpathian foothills, with a shrub layer composed of [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Ulmus minor], [Cornus mas], and an herb layer of [Carex praecox], [Carex caryophyllea], [Genista tinctoria], [Potentilla micrantha], [Lychnis coronaria], [Galium pseudaristatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Pre-Carpathian [Quercus cerris]-[Quercus petraea] [s.l.] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7696
definition: Weakly acidophile to neutrophile forests of [Quercus petraea] s.l. and [Quercus cerris] of the southern pre-Carpathian foothills, with [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Sorbus torminalis], sometimes [Tilia tomentosa], [Cerasus avium], [Fagus sylvatica], [Fraxinus ornus], participating in the tree layer, accompanied by [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare] in the shrub layer and [Genista tinctoria], [Lathyrus niger], [Silene viridiflora], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Chrysanthemum corymbosum] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A
definition: Subcontinental thermo-xerophile oak forests of southeastern Bulgaria and European Turkey, developed in the Euxinian Stranja-Istranca and eastern Balkan Range and in the peri-Mediterraneo-steppic hills rising from the northern Thracian plain or fringing it.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Euxino-Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests
narrower: Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus virgiliana] forests
narrower: Thracian [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests
narrower: Stranja [Quercus polycarpa] forests
narrower: Southeastern Thracian thermophilous oak forests

Euxino-Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A1
definition: [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing Balkan Range, eastern Rhodope or Stranja foothills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods
narrower: Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests
narrower: Sub-Euxinian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests

Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A11
definition: Mostly fragmentary forests of the northern Thracian plain, its isolated hills and the fringing foothills of the Balkan Range, the eastern Rhodopes and the northwestern Stranja dominated by [Quercus frainetto] or sometimes [Quercus cerris], accompanied by [Carpinus orientalis], [Crataegus monogyna] and a thermophile, sub-Mediterranean cortège that includes [Physospermum cornubiense], [Lathyrus niger], [Lychnis coronaria], [Heptaptera triquetra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euxino-Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests

Sub-Euxinian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A12
definition: Forests of the inner hills and eastern foothills of the Stranja dominated by [Quercus cerris] or [Quercus frainetto], sometimes with [Quercus hartwissiana], accompanied by [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus mas], [Poa nemoralis], [Dactylis glomerata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euxino-Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests

Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus virgiliana] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A2
definition: Forests of [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus virgiliana] of the northern thracian basin, located mainly on relatively dry hills up to 800 metres, and usually accompanied by a species cortège similar to those of 41.76A1, including [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus mas], [Poa nemoralis], [Dactylis glomerata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Thracian [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A3
definition: Mesophile [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests of the northern Thracian plain developed on moist nutrient-rich soils, with [Acer tataricum], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cotinus coggygria], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Physospermum cornubiense], [Lathyrus niger], [Lychnis coronaria]. They have been submitted to intensive clearing and are now represented only by very fragmentary stands or single trees in a very resricted area.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Stranja [Quercus polycarpa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A4
definition: [Quercus polycarpa] forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range and of high mountains of the eastern Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods
narrower: Stranja [Primula rosea]-[Quercus polycarpa] forests
narrower: Stranja [Fagus orientalis]-[Quercus polycarpa] forests

Stranja [Primula rosea]-[Quercus polycarpa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A41
definition: [Quercus polycarpa]- or [Quercus polycarpa] and [Quercus frainetto]-dominated forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range, accompanied by a cortège comprised of numerous Euxinian elements, rich in [Primula vulgaris ssp. rosea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Stranja [Quercus polycarpa] forests

Stranja [Fagus orientalis]-[Quercus polycarpa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A42
definition: [Quercus polycarpa]-[Fagus orientalis] forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range, accompanied by a species-rich cortège of the [Querceta polycarpae] that includes numerous Euxinian elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Stranja [Quercus polycarpa] forests

Southeastern Thracian thermophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.76A5
definition: Subcontinental xero-thermophile forests of the Istranca southern spurs, rich in Euxinian and Mediterranean elements, dominated by [Quercus petraea ssp. dschorochense] and [Quercus cerris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

Western Anatolian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.76B
definition: Sub-continental, supra-Mediterranean, thermo-xerophile oak forests of western Anatolia with [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], [Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica], [Quercus dshorochensis], [Castanea sativa], [Tilia tomentosa], [Mespilus germanica], [Geranium asphodeloides], [Aristolochia pallida], [Achillea grandiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Anatolian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Afro-Iberian thermophilous [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.77
definition: Iberian and North African forests and woods dominated by [Quercus faginea], [Quercus canariensis] or [Quercus afares]. The humid formations of southwestern Iberia (units G1.772 and G1.773) are forest types of unique character in Europe and of extreme biological importance; also highly distinctive and vulnerable are the Baetic and Valencian formations listed under subunits G1.7714 and G1.7715.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests
narrower: Portuguese [Quercus faginea] forests
narrower: Andalusian [Quercus canariensis] forests
narrower: Catalonian [Quercus canariensis] stands
narrower: Balearic [Quercus faginea] woods

Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.771
definition: Xero-mesophile [Quercus faginea] formations of slopes and plateaux of middle elevations of the Spanish Meseta and associated ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Afro-Iberian thermophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Western Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests
narrower: Central Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests
narrower: Eastern Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests
narrower: Baetic [Quercus faginea] forests
narrower: Valencian [Quercus faginea] forests

Western Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7711
definition: [Quercus faginea] forests of the supra-Mediterranean, sub-humid level of the Cantabrian periphery and upper Ebro basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests

Central Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7712
definition: [Quercus faginea] forests of the meso-supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range, upper Douro basin and neighbouring regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests

Eastern Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7713
definition: [Quercus faginea] forests of the meso-supra-Mediterranean levels of the Maestrazgo, interior Catalonia and adjacent Aragon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests

Baetic [Quercus faginea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7714
definition: Southern forests of the sub-humid to humid supra-Mediterranean level of calcareous Baetic ranges, limited to a few enclaves in the Serrania de Ronda and the ranges of the upper Guadalquivir basin, dominated by [Quercus faginea] associated with [Acer granatense], [Acer monspessulanum], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Taxus baccata] and sometimes [Quercus pyrenaica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests

Valencian [Quercus faginea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7715
definition: [Quercus faginea] forests of ubacs of the southern Valencian mountains (Aitana, Montcabrer, Benicadell), with [Acer granatense], [Fraxinus ornus] and [Taxus baccata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests

Portuguese [Quercus faginea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.772
definition: Humid, epiphyte-clad, dense, relict [Quercus faginea] forests of Portugal, restricted to a very few isolated localities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Afro-Iberian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Andalusian [Quercus canariensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.773
definition: Humid and hyper-humid, luxuriant [Quercus canariensis] forests of the sierras of extreme southern Spain, limited to the Aljibe and a very few localities in the Serrania de Ronda.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Afro-Iberian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Catalonian [Quercus canariensis] stands
type: Concept
notation: G1.774
definition: Formations of Catalonia rich in [Quercus canariensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Afro-Iberian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

Balearic [Quercus faginea] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.775
definition: Relict formations of Mallorca dominated by, or rich in, [Quercus faginea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Afro-Iberian thermophilous [Quercus] forests

[Quercus trojana] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.78
definition: Supra-Mediterranean, and occasionally meso-mediterranean woods dominated by the semideciduous [Quercus trojana] or its allies. Other typical species include [Quercus pubescens], [Carpinus orientalis], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Cistus creticus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Dactylis glomerata], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Helictotrichum convolutum] and [Ostrya carpinifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak woods
narrower: Apulian Trojan oak woods

Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.781
definition: Usually low formations dominated by [Quercus trojana], often with junipers or maples, of Macedonia, Thrace and Thessaly, north to Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania and the the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Vardar valley.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus trojana] woodland

Apulian Trojan oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.782
definition: Relict woods, sometimes of considerable height, of [Quercus trojana] and [Quercus pubescens], often with an admixture of [Quercus ilex] and its associated vegetation (Murge: e.g. bosco delle Pianelle, foresta Gaglione).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus trojana] woodland

Mediterranean [Quercus macrolepis] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.79
definition: Woods dominated by the semideciduous [Quercus macrolepis], often fairly open, of the mostly meso-Mediterranean zone of Greece, Albania, western Asia, and, very locally, southern Italy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Hellenic valonia oak woods
narrower: Apulian valonia oak woods

Hellenic valonia oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.791
definition: [Quercus macrolepis] formations of continental Greece and its archipelagoes, as well as of ajacent Albania; well developed forests exist, in particular, in the Ionian islands and on Lesbos; more modified, grove-like, stands, exist on the maritime slopes of the low mountains bordering the gulf of Arta and in western Etolia, in the northwestern Peloponnese, in Thessaly, in Attica, in Thrace, in Crete.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean [Quercus macrolepis] woodland

Apulian valonia oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.792
definition: Relict [Quercus macrolepis] formations of Salento (Tricase).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean [Quercus macrolepis] woodland

Euro-Siberian steppe [Quercus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1
definition: Xero-thermophile oak woods of continental affinities of the wooded steppe zone of Pannonia and the Ponto-Sarmatic region, and their irradiations into regions or sites of high local continentality west and north of the Ponto-Pannonic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Steppe [Quercus] woods
narrower: White cinquefoil oak woods
narrower: Tartar maple steppe oak woods
narrower: Sub-Euxinian steppe woods

White cinquefoil oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A11
definition: Xero-thermophile oak woods of central Europe, Pannonia and the northern approaches to the Ponto-Sarmatic wooded steppe zone with a flora of moderate thermophily and high continental affinities, mostly characteristic of sandy soil along the edges of the eastern steppeland and of clay soils in northern and western woodland areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian steppe [Quercus] woods
narrower: Western white cinquefoil sessile oak woods
narrower: Pannonic turkey oak-sessile oak woods
narrower: Pannonic hairy greenweed sessile oak woods
narrower: Sarmatic cinquefoil oak woods
narrower: Getic thermophilous sessile oak forests
narrower: Moravian serpentine oak woods

Pannonic turkey oak-sessile oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A112
definition: Well-developed woods of the Pannonic basin, in Hungary, southern Slovakia, western Romania and Serbia, installed on deep brown forest soil, between 200 m and 500 m altitude, dominated by [Quercus petraea], [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus polycarpa] and [Quercus cerris], with an underdeveloped shrub layer and a grassy understorey composed most frequently of [Festuca heterophylla], [Poa nemoralis], [Melica uniflora], accompanied by [Lychnis coronaria], [Potentilla alba], [Vicia cassubica], [Serratula tinctoria], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum], [Digitalis grandiflora].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White cinquefoil oak woods

Steppe [Quercus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A
definition: Xero-thermophile oak woods of continental affinities of the wooded steppe zone of Pannonia and the Ponto-Sarmatic region, and their irradiations into regions or sites of high local continentality west and north of the Ponto-Pannonic region. The substrate consists of 'Loess' (Chernozem soils). Different [Quercus] spp. dominate in the tree layer, which is rich in continental steppic vegetation elements and geophytes of the [Aceri tatarici-Quercion] and [Potentillo albae-Quercion], e.g. [Carex michelii], [Dactylis polygama], [Geum urbanum], [Lathryrus niger], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Pulmonaria mollis ssp. mollis], [Tanacetum corymbosum], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Convallaria majalis], [Dictamnus albus], [Festuca rupicola] and [Potentilla alba].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Euro-Siberian steppe [Quercus] woods
narrower: Irano-Anatolian steppe [Quercus] woods

Western white cinquefoil sessile oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A111
definition: Cinquefoil oak woods of the Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Vistula and upper Danube basins, including the northern and central Bohemian Basin and the southern flank of the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathians in Moravia, forming the northern and westernmost irradiations of the complex, with [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Pinus sylvestris], [Sorbus torminalis], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Viburnum lantana], [Corylus avellana], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Prunus spinosa], [Juniperus communis], [Carpinus betulus], [Pyrus communis], [Primula veris], [Campanula persicifolia], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Lathyrus niger], [Geranium sanguineum], [Potentilla alba], [Pulmonaria angustifolia], [Ranunculus polyanthemos], [Serratula tinctoria], [Silene nutans], [Veronica officinalis], [Veronica chamaedrys], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Carex montana], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White cinquefoil oak woods

Pannonic hairy greenweed sessile oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A113
definition: Uncommon thermophilous [Quercus petraea] woods of the Pannonic basin, developed in Hungary, in particular in the Central Hungarian Range, extending to Lower Austria, southwestern Moravia, southern Slovakia and western Romania, on andesite, granite or slate substrates and slightly acidic soils of south-facing slopes, somewhat transitional to acidophilous oak woods of unit 41.57. [Quercus petraea] is monodominant in the tree layer or associated with [Quercus polycarpa]; the understorey, almost devoid of a shrub layer, is composed of an admixture of oak forest species and siliceous rock sward elements; [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Veronica officinalis], [Hieracium bauhinii], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Anthericum ramosum], [Sedum sexangulare] are frequent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White cinquefoil oak woods

Sarmatic cinquefoil oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A114
definition: Xero-thermophile oak woods dominated by [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur], of the central Sarmatic regions in Podolia, the central Russian plateaux, Bashkiria and the southern Urals, north of, and along the northern edge of, the Sarmatic wooded steppe zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White cinquefoil oak woods

Getic thermophilous sessile oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A115
definition: Thermophile [Quercus petraea] forests of hills and low mountains of central and southern Romania accompanied by a mixed sub-Mediterranean flora including [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Festuca drymeja], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Ruscus aculeatus], [Carex sylvatica], [Dentaria bulbifera], [Viola reichenbachiana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White cinquefoil oak woods
narrower: Getic-pre-Carpathic [Festuca drymeia] oak forests
narrower: Getic-pre-Carpathic [Aremonia] oak forests

Getic-pre-Carpathic [Festuca drymeia] oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1151
definition: Acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests with an herb layer dominated by [Festuca drymeja], of hills and low mountains of central and southern Romania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Getic thermophilous sessile oak forests

Getic-pre-Carpathic [Aremonia] oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1152
definition: Weakly acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests of the southwestern hills and low mountains of Romania, with [Acer campestre], [Sorbus torminalis] in the tree layer, [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare] in the shrub layer and [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Helleborus odorus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Sedum cepaea], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Silene viridiflora], [Lychnis coronaria], [Carex sylvatica], [Dentaria bulbifera] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Getic thermophilous sessile oak forests

Moravian serpentine oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A116
definition: Xero-thermophile oak woods of serpentines of the middle Jihlava Valley of southwestern Moravia, dominated by [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] with well developed shrub and field layers; the former comprises, in particular, [Prunus mahaleb] and [Berberis vulgaris], the latter species of thermophilous oak forests and forest edges, species of dry grasslands, in particular, [Carex humilis], [Festuca pallens] and [Koeleria macrantha], serpentinophilous ferns, notably [Asplenium cuneifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: White cinquefoil oak woods

Tartar maple steppe oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A12
definition: Xero-thermophile oak woods constituting the climax woodland element of the Pannonian and Ponto-Sarmatic wooded steppe biome, with a flora richer in southern, Euxinian and Sarmatic elements than that of the cinquefoil oak woods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian steppe [Quercus] woods
narrower: Pannonic steppe oak woods
narrower: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak woods
narrower: Getic tartar maple steppe oak woods

Pannonic steppe oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A121
definition: Oak woods of the geographically isolated Pannonic basin wooded steppe zone, separated from the main Ukraino-Russian belt by the Carpathian arc.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tartar maple steppe oak woods
narrower: Pannonic loess steppe oak woods
narrower: Pannonic alkali steppe oak woods
narrower: Pannonic sand steppe oak woods

Pannonic sand steppe oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1213
definition: Oak woods of sandy substrates of the Pannonic plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic steppe oak woods

Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A122
definition: Xero-thermophilous oak woods of the southern wooded steppe zone, extending from northern Bulgaria and eastern Romania through the Ukraine and southern Russia to the Urals and the lower Volga.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tartar maple steppe oak woods
narrower: Pontic [Acer tataricum]-[Q. pedunculiflora] steppe woods
narrower: Pontic [Acer tataricum]-[Quercus pubescens] steppe woods
narrower: Pontic [Acer tataricum]-[Q. cerris]-[Q. pedunculiflora] steppe woods
narrower: Sarmatic [Acer tataricum]-[Quercus robur] steppe woods
narrower: Sarmatic [Acer tataricum]-[Q. robur]-[Q. petraea] steppe woods

Pontic [Acer tataricum]-[Q. pedunculiflora] steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1221
definition: Subcontinental, xerophile-thermophile wooded steppe oak woods on leached chernozem soils of low hills and plains of southern and southeastern Romania and northeastern Bulgaria, with [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Acer tataricum], [Pyrus pyraster] in the tree layer, [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare] in the shrub layer and [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Pulmonaria mollis], [Thalictrum minus], [Fragaria viridis], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Viola hirta], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]) in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak woods

Pontic [Acer tataricum]-[Quercus pubescens] steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1222
definition: Subcontinental, xerophile-thermophile wooded steppe oak woods, on leached chernozem soils, of low hills and plains of eastern and southern Romania, with [Quercus pubescens], [Acer tataricum], [Pyrus pyraster] in the tree layer, [Cotinus coggygria] in the shrub layer and [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Carex michelii], [Thalictrum minus], [Festuca rupicola], [Vicia tenuifolia] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak woods

Pontic [Acer tataricum]-[Q. cerris]-[Q. pedunculiflora] steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1223
definition: Subcontinental, xerophile-thermophile woods of [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Quercus cerris], [Acer tataricum], [Pyrus pyraster] on leached chernozem soils of the plains of southern Romania, with [Prunus spinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna] in the shrub layer and [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Iris variegata], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Fragaria viridis], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Lychnis coronaria] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak woods

Pannonic loess steppe oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1211
definition: Oak woods on black or brown soils over loess substrates of the Pannonic basin and its hills, dominated by [Quercus cerris], [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea]; the upper part of the well-stratified shrub layer is composed mainly of [Acer tataricum] and [Acer campestre], the herb layer of [Festuca rupicola], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Melica altissima], [Nepeta pannonica], [Phlomis tuberosa], [Pulmonaria mollissima], [Doronicum hungaricum], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]). Formerly extending in the entire Pannonic basin, from Hungary and southern Slovakia to the Srijem area of northeastern Croatia and northwestern Serbia and the Deliblat region of northeastern Serbia, these forests have been reduced to a few dozen remnant stands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic steppe oak woods

Pannonic alkali steppe oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1212
definition: Rare oak woods of the Danube basin lowlands developed in the transition zone between inundation areas and loess plateaux, on soils with a higher water table in spring. [Acer tataricum], growing with great vitality, reaches the second tree layer. Characteristic understorey species are [Carex michelii], [Pulmonaria mollissima], [Doronicum hungaricum] accompanying [Alopecurus pratensis], [Melica altissima], [Festuca rupicola], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Geranium robertianum], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Corydalis bulbosa] ([Corydalis cava]), [Ranunculus ficaria], [Viscaria vulgaris]; tall herbs ([Peucedanum officinale], [Galatella punctata]) and other species ([Artemisia pontica], [Limonium gmelinii i.a].) penetrate the wood from the bordering grasslands on alkaline soil. Only a few stands of this community remain, in Hungary and Transsylvania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic steppe oak woods

Sarmatic [Acer tataricum]-[Quercus robur] steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1224
definition: Continental xerophile woods of [Quercus robur] and [Acer tataricum] on leached chernozems of low hills of northeastern Romania, with [Acer campestre], [Pyrus pyraster], [Prunus avium] in the tree layer, [Prunus spinosa], [Euonymus europaeus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Prunus fruticosa], [Amygdalus nana] in the shrub layer and [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Viola hirta], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Sedum maximum], [Fragaria viridis] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak woods

Sarmatic [Acer tataricum]-[Q. robur]-[Q. petraea] steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A1225
definition: Subcontinental forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Acer tataricum] on grey soils of north-facing low hills of the wooded steppe region of northeastern Romania, with [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Prunus avium], [Acer campestre], in the tree layer, [Cornus sanguinea], [Euonymus europaeus], [Rhamnus catharticus] in the shrub layer and [Carex pilosa], [Stellaria holostea], [Asarum europaeum], [Mercurialis perennis] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak woods

Getic tartar maple steppe oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A123
definition: Xero-thermophile oak woods of the pre-Carpathian hills fringing the lower Danube and Prut basins.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tartar maple steppe oak woods

Sub-Euxinian steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A13
definition: Thermophilous oak woods of the wooded steppe zones of northern Crimea and the northern piedmont of the Caucasus, in the transition region from the Euro-Siberian steppes to the Euxinian montane vegetations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euro-Siberian steppe [Quercus] woods

Irano-Anatolian steppe [Quercus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7A2
definition: Xero-thermophile oak woods of the Mediterraneo-steppic transition zone of central and eastern Anatolia and Iran.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Steppe [Quercus] woods

[Quercus pyrenaica] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica]-dominated forests of the Iberian peninsula and, locally, southwestern France.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Central Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Cantabrian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Maestrazgan [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Baetic [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: French [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Central Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B1
definition: Supra- and sometimes meso-Mediterranean [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of western Iberia, the Leonese interior, the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Montes de Toledo and the Sierra Morena.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus pyrenaica] woodland
narrower: Sub-Atlantic Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Iberian sub-continental [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Sub-Atlantic Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B11
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the Orensano-Sanabrian and Leonese mountains and of the western Cordillera Central.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Sub-Atlantic sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Sub-Atlantic humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Sub-Atlantic sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B111
definition: Supra- and meso-Mediterranean sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains and the Sierra de Gata complex.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Sub-Atlantic humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B112
definition: Supra-Mediterranean humid to hyper-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the Orensano-Sanabrian and Leonese mountains, the Serra da Estrela and the Sierra de Gata complex.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Iberian sub-continental [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B12
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the central and eastern Cordillera Central and of the Northern and Eastern Iberian Ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Sub-continental sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Sub-continental humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Sub-continental sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B121
definition: Supra-Mediterranean sub-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of Bejar, Gredos, Guadarrama, Ayllon and of the Northern and Eastern Iberian Ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian sub-continental [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Sub-continental humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B122
definition: Supra-Mediterranean humid to hyper-humid [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the Sierra de Ayllon, the northern Iberian Range and, very locally, the Castillian flank of the Cantabrian chain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian sub-continental [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B13
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the southern Hercynian ranges, limited to enclaves of the Montes de Toledo system and Sierra Morena satellites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central Iberian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Lower Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
narrower: Upper Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Lower Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B131
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the meso-Mediterranean level of the Montes de Toledo and Sierra Morena systems.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Upper Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B132
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica] forests developed above 1000 metres in the highest ranges of the Montes de Toledo (Villuercas, Rocigalgo) and in a few satellites of the Sierra Morena (Sierra Madrona, Sierra Palomera).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mariano-Oretanian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests

Cantabrian [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B2
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica] formations of medio-European character, of the collinar and montane levels of the Cantabrian chain and its satellite ranges west to the Sierra de Picos de Ancares in Galicia, characteristic of areas with comparatively low precipitation, in the rain shadow of the coastward ranges or the interior oro-Cantabrian hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus pyrenaica] woodland

Maestrazgan [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B3
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of the sub-Mediterranean siliceous enclaves of the Maestrazgo and eastern Catalonian ranges, reduced to a very few relicts in the Penagolosa and Prades massifs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus pyrenaica] woodland

Baetic [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B4
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of siliceous supra-Mediterranean areas with sub-humid climate of the western Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Alfacar, the northern flancs of the Sierra de Cazulas and the Sierra Tejeda; in more humid locations [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Acer granatense] accompany [Quercus pyrenaica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus pyrenaica] woodland

French [Quercus pyrenaica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7B5
definition: [Quercus pyrenaica] forests of southwestern France north to the Sologne where they constitute relatively estensive formations on poor soils, with [Betula pendula], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Holcus mollis], [Molinia caerulea], [Teucrium scorodonia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus pyrenaica] woodland

Mixed thermophilous woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C
definition: Nonalluvial deciduous or semideciduous forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean climate regions and supra-Mediterranean altitudinal levels, and of western Eurasian steppe and substeppe zones of Ostryo-Carpinion alliance, dominated by [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer] spp., [Fraxinus] spp., [Tilia] spp. or [Celtis australis]; like the thermophilous oak woods of unit G1.7, they may, under local microclimatic or edaphic conditions, replace the evergreen oak forests in mesomediterranean or thermo-Mediterranean areas, and irradiate far north into medio-European or sub-Atlantic regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: [Ostrya carpinifolia] woods
narrower: [Carpinus orientalis] woods
narrower: Thermophilous [Acer] woods
narrower: Thermophilous [Tilia] woods
narrower: [Celtis australis] woods
narrower: Thermophilous [Fraxinus] woods
narrower: Pannonic [Juniperus] - [Populus] steppe woods
narrower: Sub-Mediterranean and Pannonic mixed woods
narrower: Western Asian wild fruit tree steppe woods
narrower: Southern Mediterranean chasm woods

[Ostrya carpinifolia] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C1
definition: Forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean, sometimes mesomediterranean, climate regions and supra-Mediterranean altitudinal levels dominated by [Ostrya carpinifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland
narrower: Mesomediterranean Gallo-Italic hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Montane hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Illyrian hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Anatolian hop-hornbeam woods

Mesomediterranean Gallo-Italic hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C11
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated ravine forests of the mesomediterranean [Quercus ilex] zone of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ostrya carpinifolia] woods

Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C12
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, the Mediterranean and Adriatic slope of the southeastern Alps, the Dinarides, the Hellenides, the Apennines and the large central Mediterranean islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ostrya carpinifolia] woods
narrower: Southwestern Alpine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Southeastern Alpine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Eastern Adriatic supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Apennine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Corsican supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Southern Tyrrhenian supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods

Southwestern Alpine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C121
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods

Southeastern Alpine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C122
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Mediterranean and Adriatic slope of the southeastern Alps, in the Gardesano- Dolomitic and Veneto-Julian sectors of Italy and extreme northwestern Slovenia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods

Eastern Adriatic supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C123
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] zone of the Adriatic region of the western Balkan peninsula and of Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods

Apennine supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C124
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the northern and central Apennines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods

Corsican supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C125
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of Corsica, limited to the northeastern part of the island.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods

Southern Tyrrhenian supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C126
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the southern Appenines, Sardinia and Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Supra-Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods

Montane hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C13
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the montane [Fagion medio-europaeum], [Fagion illyricum], [Fagion moesiacum], [Fagion dacicum], [Fagion hellenicum], developed at the upper limit of the altitudinal range of the forests of units 41.812 or 41.814, with an accompanying flora usually formed by a combination of beech forest and thermophilous oak forest species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ostrya carpinifolia] woods

Illyrian hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C14
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Sava and Drava basin, with irradiations into the southeastern Alps, in particular, in the Karawanken and in the eastern Dinarides, extending from southern Austria to Bosnia-Herzegovina.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ostrya carpinifolia] woods
narrower: Illyrian white oak hop-hornbeam woods
narrower: Illyrian spring heath hop-hornbeam woods

Illyrian white oak hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C141
definition: Mostly low woods of sunny, shallow-soil limestone and dolomite slopes of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of northern Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, dominated by [Ostrya carpinifolia], facies of the [Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae] hop-hornbeam oak woods of unit 41.73751.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian hop-hornbeam woods

Illyrian spring heath hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C142
definition: [Ostrya carpinifolia] woods of generally steep dolomite or limestone slopes and screes of the [Carpinion illyricum] region of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending north to Austria in the Drava basin, the Karawanken and, very locally, the middle Inn Valley, with [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus aria], [Acer obtusatum], a rich shrub layer formed by [Viburnum lantana], [Juniperus communis], [Berberis vulgaris], [Rosa] spp., [Amelanchier ovalis], [Clematis vitalba] and an herb layer dominated by [Sesleria albicans] and [Carex humilis] on rocky slopes, by [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]) on scree slopes; [Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus] is often abundant and [Daphne blagayana] is notable in some stands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian hop-hornbeam woods

Anatolian hop-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C15
definition: Uncommon [Ostrya carpinifolia]-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Taurus, the Amanus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ostrya carpinifolia] woods

[Carpinus orientalis] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C2
definition: [Carpinus orientalis]-dominated facies of the thermophilous woods of units 41.73, 41.74, 41.76, particularly abundant in Greece, the middle Balkan peninsula, Anatolia and the Caucasus. Often of secondary nature, they replace oak forests on eroded soil after deforestation, especially on calcareous soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland
narrower: Inner Illyrian oriental hornbeam woods
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods
narrower: Anatolio-Caucasian oriental hornbeam woods

Inner Illyrian oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C21
definition: Thermophilous [Carpinus orientalis]-dominated woods of the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] and [Fagion illyricum] regions of northern and central Bosnia-Herzegovina, where they occupy sunny calcareous slopes, and of the Sava-Drava interfluve hills, between the Papuk Range and the Fruska Gora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carpinus orientalis] woods

Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C22
definition: [Carpinus orientalis]-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Balkan peninsula, south to Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carpinus orientalis] woods
narrower: Helleno-Pelagonide oriental hornbeam woods
narrower: Moesian oriental hornbeam woods
narrower: Lilac oriental hornbeam woods
narrower: Oryzopsis oriental hornbeam woods
narrower: Eastern Adriatic oriental hornbeam woods

Helleno-Pelagonide oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C221
definition: Low woods of northern Greece, Albania, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and southwestern Bulgaria, including the northern and eastern foothills of the Rhodopes, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods

Moesian oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C222
definition: Low woods of Serbia and central Bulgaria, in particular, the foothills of the Balkan Range, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods

Lilac oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C223
definition: Low woods of eastern Serbia, western Bulgaria and the Banat, Oltenia and Muntenia in southwestern Romania, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], rich in [Syringa vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods

Oryzopsis oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C224
definition: Low woods of northern Bulgaria, the Banat and Oltenia, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis], with [Fraxinus ornus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Oryzopsis holciformis], [Oxytropis virescens], [Stachys leucoglossa], [Paeonia peregrina], [Salvia ringens], [Cornus mas], [Quercus pubescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods

Eastern Adriatic oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C225
definition: Woods of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] region of the western Balkan peninsula, developed in the supra-Mediterranean level of the Triestine Riviera, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, northern Albania, dominated by [Carpinus orientalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic oriental hornbeam woods

Anatolio-Caucasian oriental hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C23
definition: [Carpinus orientalis]-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Caucasus, the foothills of the Pontic Range, the Taurus, the Amanus and Alaouites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carpinus orientalis] woods

Thermophilous [Acer] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C3
definition: Supra-Mediterranean thermophilous woods dominated by [Acer] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland
narrower: Andalusian [Acer granatense] woods
narrower: Balearic [Acer granatense] woods
narrower: North African [Acer monspessulanum] forests
narrower: Moesian thermophilous maple woods

Andalusian [Acer granatense] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C31
definition: Supra-Mediterranean formations of the mountains of the upper Guadalquivir, with [Acer granatense], [Acer monspessulanum], [Quercus faginea], [Quercus pyrenaica], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Taxus baccata], [Daphne laureola], [Paeonia officinalis ssp. humilis]. Vestiges of this type of vegetation also survive in the Serrania de Ronda.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous [Acer] woods

Balearic [Acer granatense] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C32
definition: Formations, extremely rare if not extinct, of the mountains of Majorca (Puig de Maçanella, Puig Major), dominated by [Acer granatense], with [Quercus faginea], [Amelanchier ovalis ssp. comafredensis], [Ilex aquifolium var. balearica], [Helleborus foetidus var. balearicus], [Sorbus aria], [Primula acaulis var. balearica], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Tamus communis], [Taxus baccata], [Hedera helix], [Smilax aspera var. balearica], [Paeonia cambessedesii], several of which are relict endemic taxa of very limited distribution and low numbers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous [Acer] woods

North African [Acer monspessulanum] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C33
definition: Low (eight metres tall) [Acer monspessulanum]-dominated forest of the Djebel Zaghouan in the Tunisian Dorsale, with a dominated stratum of [Quercus ilex].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous [Acer] woods

Moesian thermophilous maple woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C34
definition: Low [Acer monspessulanum]- or [Acer campestre]-dominated woods of the xerothermic oak belt of the Balkan peninsula, in Albania, the western F.Y.R. of Macedonia, southern Serbia and western and southern Bulgaria, in particular, of the northeastern Rhodope foothills and the northwestern Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous [Acer] woods

Thermophilous [Tilia] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C4
definition: Supra-, sub- or mesomediterranean and Euro-Siberian steppe woods dominated by [Tilia] spp., for the most part, supra-, meso- or sub-Mediterranean [Tilia] spp. -dominated facies of the thermophilous woods of units 41.73, 41.74, 41.76, 41.7A.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland
narrower: Silver lime woods
narrower: Oro-Pannonic steppe ash-lime woods

Silver lime woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C41
definition: [Tilia tomentosa]-dominated facies of mixed deciduous forests of southern Central Europe and the northern and middle part of the Balkan peninsula, mostly within the [Quercion frainetto] environment, but also locally developed in conjunction with eastern [Carpinion betuli] forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous [Tilia] woods
narrower: Moesian silver lime woods
narrower: Silver lime-hornbeam woods
narrower: Voivodinian sand steppe lime woods

Moesian silver lime woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C411
definition: [Tilia tomentosa]-dominated facies of mixed deciduous forests of Moesian hills of the Balkan peninsula, in particular, [Tilia tomentosa] woods of the sub-Mediterranean hornbeam-durmast oak belt of Bulgaria and Northern Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silver lime woods

Silver lime-hornbeam woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C412
definition: [Tilia tomentosa] lime forests of the plains of Muntenia, near Bucharest, evolution stages of mixed forests of [Quercus robur] ([Quercus petraea]), [Carpinus betulus], [Tilia tomentosa], [Fraxinus] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silver lime woods

Voivodinian sand steppe lime woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C413
definition: [Tilia tomentosa] steppe woods of Pannonic affinities developed on dry sands of Deliblat, with [Quercus robur], [Prunus mahaleb], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer campestre], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Viburnum lantana], [Lonicera xylosteum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Silver lime woods

Oro-Pannonic steppe ash-lime woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C42
definition: Loosely closed forests mainly of [Tilia platyphyllos] and [Fraxinus excelsior] developed on shallow soils of exposed crests of limestone mountains (more rarely on andesite rocks) of the Northern Hungarian Range, with an herb layer of [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Galium erectum], [Cruciata glabra], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Erysimum odoratum], [Sisymbrium strictissimum], [Aconitum anthora], accompanied by endemics among which [Hesperis vrabelyiana], [Carduus collinus] and by other regionally rare species with disjunct distribution, such as [Waldsteinia geoides], [Melica altissima], [Carex brevicollis]. They constitute relict forests, most probably of the Boreal era, and are of great biological value.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous [Tilia] woods

[Celtis australis] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C5
definition: Thermophilous woods dominated by, or rich in, [Celtis australis]. Forests dominated by [Celtis australis] may have been an important component of Mediterranean woodland, in particular in North Africa, but appear to have been destroyed almost everywhere and to be represented only by individual trees and small stands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland

Thermophilous [Fraxinus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C6
definition: Nonalluvial, non-ravine meso-, supra- or sub-Mediterranean thermophilous woods dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia] or [Fraxinus ornus], often mixed with [Quercus pubescens] or [Quercus pyrenaica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland
narrower: Sicilian narrow-leaved ash woods
narrower: Iberian narrow-leaved ash woods
narrower: Manna tree woods

Sicilian narrow-leaved ash woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C61
definition: [Fraxinus angustifolia] woods of western Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous [Fraxinus] woods

Iberian narrow-leaved ash woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C62
definition: [Fraxinus angustifolia] woods of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous [Fraxinus] woods

Manna tree woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C63
definition: Thermophilous [Fraxinus ornus] woods, characteristic, in particular, of the Banat hills and the pre-Balkanic plateaux and hills of the lower Danube basin, dominated by [Fraxinus ornus] with [Cornus sanguinea], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia tomentosa], [Ulmus minor], [Carpinus orientalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous [Fraxinus] woods

Pannonic [Juniperus] - [Populus] steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C7
definition: [Populus alba] woods of sands, in particular sand dunes, of the Danube-Tisza confluence of the Pannonic plain. The shrub layer includes [Juniperus communis], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Rubus caesius], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Berberis vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland
narrower: Pannonic privet juniper-poplar steppe woods
narrower: Pannonic sedge juniper-poplar steppe woods
narrower: Pannonic gypsophila juniper-poplar steppe woods

Pannonic privet juniper-poplar steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C71
definition: Closed [Populus alba] forests of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with a species-rich and strongly developed shrub layer and an herb layer comprising [Lithospermum officinale], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Asparagus officinalis], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Poa angustifolia], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Poa pratensis], [Senecio integrifolius], [Silene nutans], [Verbascum lychnitis] and [Solanum dulcamara var. pusztarum], frequently with the mosses [Dicranum scoparium] and [Hypnum cupressiforme].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic [Juniperus] - [Populus] steppe woods

Pannonic sedge juniper-poplar steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C72
definition: [Populus alba] woods of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with an herb layer dominated by [Carex liparocarpos], accompanied by [Potentilla arenaria], [Thesium ramosum], [Viola rupestris var. arenaria], [Galium verum], [Lithospermum officinale], [Medicago falcata], [Phleum phleoides], [Pimpinella saxifraga], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Taraxacum officinale], [Colchicum arenarium], [Iris humilis ssp. arenaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic [Juniperus] - [Populus] steppe woods

Pannonic gypsophila juniper-poplar steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C73
definition: [Populus alba] woods of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with an herb layer formed by [Gypsophila fastigiata ssp. arenaria], [Stipa capillata], [Ephedra distachya], [Alkanna tinctoria], [Potentilla arenaria], [Scabiosa ochroleuca] and sometimes stands of [Calamagrostis epigejos].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic [Juniperus] - [Populus] steppe woods

Sub-Mediterranean and Pannonic mixed woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C8
definition: Nonalluvial deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean or supra-Mediterranean regions of the Mediterranean basin, and of the Pannonic plain, formed by [Tilia] spp., [Fraxinus] spp., [Quercus] spp., [Carpinus] spp., [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Acer] spp., [Sorbus] spp., [Populus] spp., [Celtis australis] and occasionally, [Fagus] spp., in varied combinations and dominance.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland
narrower: Sub-Mediterranean mixed woods
narrower: Pannonic mixed karstic woods

Sub-Mediterranean mixed woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C81
definition: Mixed woods of [Tilia] spp., [Fraxinus] spp., [Quercus] spp., [Carpinus] spp., [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Sorbus] spp., [Populus] spp. and occasionally, [Fagus] spp. of the Mediterranean, supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae], [Ostryo-Carpinion] and [Quercion frainetto] zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Mediterranean and Pannonic mixed woods

Pannonic mixed karstic woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C82
definition: Mixed woods of dolomitic substrates of the periphery and hills of the Pannonic plain, in Hungary, southern Slovakia and Croatia, characterized by the juxtaposition of beech wood and thermophile oak wood species, rich in relict species of disjunct distribution such as [Calamagrostis varia], [Allium victorialis], [Rubus saxatilis], [Primula auricula ssp. hungarica], and therefore of great biogeographical significance.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Mediterranean and Pannonic mixed woods

Western Asian wild fruit tree steppe woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7C9
definition: Usually open or very open stands of [Pistacia] spp., [Amygdalus] spp., [Malus] spp., [Pyrus] spp., [Prunus] spp., [Juglans regia] and other fruit or nut-bearing trees, often associated with [Acer] spp., [Rosa] spp., [Crataegus] spp., of the steppes and subdesert fringes of eastern Anatolia, Iran, Syria and Afghanistan, with a probable outpost in the central plains of Cyprus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland

Southern Mediterranean chasm woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.7CA
definition: Brushy liana-rich woods of deep ravines of Crete, formed by [Ficus carica], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Celtis tournefortii], [Cotinus coggygria], [Rhus coriaria], [Amelanchier ovalis ssp. cretica], [Sorbus aria ssp. cretica], [Sorbus umbellata], restricted to a few calcareous cliffs. They appear to have affinities with the Irano-Turanian steppe woods of unit 41.89 and with the southern Palaearctic ravine and valley tropical dry woodland of units 4B.4 and 4B.5.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed thermophilous woodland

[Castanea sativa] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D
definition: Supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and old established plantations with semi-natural undergrowth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous deciduous woodland
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic [Castanea sativa] forests
narrower: Aegean [Castanea sativa] forests
narrower: Eastern Adriatic [Castanea sativa] forests
narrower: Illyrian [Castanea sativa] forests
narrower: Liguro-Insubrian [Castanea sativa] forests
narrower: Italo-Sicilian [Castanea sativa] forests
narrower: Cyrno-Sardinian [Castanea sativa] forests
narrower: Galloprovincial [Castanea sativa] forests
narrower: Gallo-Iberian [Castanea sativa] forests
narrower: Euxinian [Castanea sativa] forests

Helleno-Balkanic [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D1
definition: [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of the Balkan peninsula, of northern Greece, including the Chalkidike peninsula, with irradiations in the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] zone. They appear to represent the main area of indigenousness of the species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Aegean [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D2
definition: [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Peloponnese, the Aegean islands, Crete and western Asia Minor, occupying scattered, relatively rare localities in the supra-Mediterranean level of mountains ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Eastern Adriatic [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D3
definition: Sub-Mediterranean [Castanea sativa]-dominated acidophilous forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of the Balkan peninsula, distributed, in particular, in the Slovenian coastal mountains, in Istria, on the islands of Krk and Cres, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Montenegro, within an area of undoubted indigenousness of the species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Illyrian [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D4
definition: [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] zone, locally, notably in Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending into the [Fagion illyricum] zone, apparently constituting, with the subthermophilous oak region of the Balkans, a centre of indigenousness of the species. Extensive stands are recorded, in particular, from northwestern Croatia, neighbouring Slovenia, northern, central and eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Liguro-Insubrian [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D5
definition: [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the collinar level of the southern slope of the Alps of Italy and southern Switzerland, with a cortège characteristic of medio-European acidophilous oak forests; resulting from ancient introductions, they are particularly abundant on the margins of the Piedmont plains, where they constitute, in some valleys, an almost continuous forest mantle, extending up to 800 m, sometimes 1000 m, and in the Insubrian region. They occur more sparsely west to the Ligurian Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Italo-Sicilian [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D6
definition: [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Apennines, of lesser hill ranges of the Italian peninsula and of Sicily, at the 200-800 m level and mostly on siliceous soils, for the most part resulting from ancient introductions, probably indigenous in some areas, in particular, Etna and the Euganean hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Cyrno-Sardinian [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D7
definition: [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of Corsica and Sardinia, where they may be indigenous and are fairly widespread, particularly in the San Petrone massif of Corsica and in eastern central Sardinia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Galloprovincial [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D8
definition: [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of southeastern France, in particular, of the Maures, the Cévennes and the eastern Pyrenees, where they may be, in part, indigenous and are characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level, with a cortège of acidophilous [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Gallo-Iberian [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7D9
definition: [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Iberian peninsula, southwestern and central France, probably entirely resulting from ancient introductions, common in northwestern Iberia, in Catalonia, in the mountains of central and western Iberia, in Andalucia and, mostly as substitutes of southwestern Atlantic medio-European oak forests in the northwestern piedmont of the Pyrenees and southwestern France, fairly rare in the rest of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Euxinian [Castanea sativa] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.7DA
definition: [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the foothills and piedmont of the Pontic Range and the Caucasus, characteristic, in particular, of the 100-1100 m level of the Colchidian hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Castanea sativa] woodland

Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.8
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] on acid soils with an herb layer mostly constituted by the ecological groups of [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Holcus mollis], and of [Maianthemum bifolium], [Convallaria majalis], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Hypericum pulchrum], [Luzula pilosa], and the mosses [Polytrichum formosum] and [Leucobryum glaucum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: Atlantic [Quercus robur] - [Betula] woods
narrower: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] - [Quercus] forests
narrower: Atlantic [Quercus petraea] woods
narrower: Aquitano-Ligerian [Quercus] forests on podsols
narrower: Aquitano-Ligerian [Quercus] forests on leached or acid soils
narrower: Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Medio-European acidophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Insubrian acidophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Portuguese [Quercus robur] forests
narrower: Continental [Quercus petraea] forests

Atlantic [Quercus robur] - [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.81
definition: Acidophilous forests of the Baltic-North Sea plain, composed of [Quercus robur], [Betula pendula] and [Betula pubescens], often mixed with [Sorbus aucuparia] and [Populus tremula], on very oligotrophic, often sandy and podsolised or hydromorphic soils; the bush layer, poorly developed, includes [Frangula alnus]; the herb layer, formed by the group of [Deschampsia flexuosa], always includes [Molinia caerulea] and is often invaded by bracken. Forests of this type often prevail in the northern European plain, from Jutland to Flanders; they occupy more limited edaphic enclaves in the Ardennes and the middle and upper Rhenish ranges, in northwestern France, Normandy, Brittany, the Paris basin, the Morvan and Great Britain. East of the Elbe, in the Baltic lowlands, they are represented, east to Mecklenburg, by stands transitional, to a greater or lesser extent, to those of unit G4.71.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland

Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] - [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.82
definition: Forests analogous to those of the [Ilici-Fagion] but dominated by [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur], often accompanied by [Fagus sylvatica]. They differ from unit G1.81 by the representation of the group of [Maianthemum bifolium] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland
narrower: Sub-Atlantic sessile oak forests
narrower: Armorican acidophile oak forests
narrower: Northern dune oak woods

Sub-Atlantic sessile oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.821
definition: Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests with [Fagus sylvatica] of the Baltic and North Sea plains, north to southern Scandinavia and east to Poland, of Picardy, Normandy, Perche, the Paris region, western Morvan, Argonne, middle Belgium.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] - [Quercus] forests

Armorican acidophile oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.822
definition: [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] forests of Brittany, generally richer in epiphytes, mosses and evergreen shrubs than the forests of unit 41.521, transitional to unit 41.53.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] - [Quercus] forests

Northern dune oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.823
definition: [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea]-dominated woods of dunes and dune slacks of the North Sea coasts, of very local and relict occurrence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic acidophilous [Fagus] - [Quercus] forests

Atlantic [Quercus petraea] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.83
definition: Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] woods of the British Isles, with low, low-branched, trees, with many ferns, mosses, lichens and evergreen bushes; the herb layer is formed by the group of [Deschampsia flexuosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland
narrower: Irish sessile oak woods
narrower: British sessile oak woods

Irish sessile oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.831
definition: [Quercus petraea] woods of Ireland, particularly rich in evergreen bushes, including [Arbutus unedo].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Quercus petraea] woods

British sessile oak woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.832
definition: Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] woods of western Britain, mostly found in Scotland, Cumbria, Wales and southwestern England, with a few outliers in northern England, in particular in Yorkshire.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic [Quercus petraea] woods

Aquitano-Ligerian [Quercus] forests on podsols
type: Concept
notation: G1.84
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur] and, sporadically [Quercus pyrenaica] or hybrids, on podsols of southwestern France, with an herb layer constituted by the group of [Deschampsia flexuosa], with [Molinia caerulea] and [Peucedanum gallicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland

Aquitano-Ligerian [Quercus] forests on leached or acid soils
type: Concept
notation: G1.85
definition: Silicicolous thermocline forests of [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], [Pyrus communis], [Malus acerba], [Ilex aquifolium], [Mespilus germanica] with an undergrowth of [Ruscus aculeatus], [Festuca heterophylla], [Pulmonaria longifolia], [Melica uniflora] and the [Deschampsia flexuosa] and [Convallaria majalis] groups of the [Quercion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland

Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.86
definition: Forests or tall coppice of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] of the Pyrenees and northwestern Iberia, with an often species-poor herb layer formed by the groups of [Deschampsia flexuosa] and of [Hypericum pulchrum], by [Ruscus aculeatus] and often various ericaceous plants including [Daboecia cantabrica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland
narrower: Pyrenean acidophilous oak forests
narrower: Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests
narrower: Luso-Galician collinar acidophilous oak forests
narrower: Luso-Galician montane acidophilous oak forests

Pyrenean acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.861
definition: [Quercus petraea] forests of the Pyrenees and northwestern Iberia, often with [Tilia platyphyllos], [Prunus avium], [Quercus robur], [Betula pendula], [Sorbus torminalis], [Castanea sativa] and with [Rhamnus frangula], [Ilex aquifolium], [Mespilus germanica], [Corylus avellana], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Teucrium scorodonia], [Melampyrum pratense], [Lathyrus montanus], [Luzula sylvatica], [Luzula forsteri], [Deschampsia flexuosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous [Quercus] forests

Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.862
definition: Cantabrian and peri-Cantabrian acidophilous [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] forests, sometimes rich in [Betula celtiberica], [Quercus pyrenaica] or [Castanea sativa], with [Teucrium scorodonia], [Blechnum spicant], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Veronica officinalis], [Hypericum pulchrum], [Lathyrus montanus], [Melampyrum pratense], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Stellaria holostea], [Oxalis acetosella], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Dryopteris affinis], [Dryopteris aemula], [Oreopteris limbosperma], [Polypodium vulgare], [Ulex europaeus], [Ulex gallii], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Daboecia cantabrica], [Erica cinerea], [Erica vagans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Eastern Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests
narrower: Western Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests
narrower: Oro-Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests

Eastern Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8621
definition: Cantabro-Euskaldian collinar to montane [Quercus robur] forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests

Western Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8622
definition: Galicio-Asturian collinar to montane [Quercus robur] forests, richer in western Iberian species such as [Linaria triornitophora], [Omphalodes nitida], [Saxifraga spathularis], than the forests of unit 41.5621.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests

Oro-Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8623
definition: Oro-Cantabrian montane [Quercus petraea] forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests

Luso-Galician collinar acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.863
definition: Galician and northern Portuguese collinar [Quercus robur] forests, with [Ilex aquifolium], [Frangula alnus], [Pyrus communis], [Laurus nobilis], [Crataegus monogyna].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Mesophile Luso-Galician collinar oak forests
narrower: Humid Luso-Galician collinar oak forests

Mesophile Luso-Galician collinar oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8631
definition: Mesophile collinar [Quercus robur] forests, widely distributed in Galicia and northern Portugal.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Luso-Galician collinar acidophilous oak forests

Humid Luso-Galician collinar oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8632
definition: Meso-hygrophile [Quercus robur] forests, limited to valley situations in contact with riparian forests, of Galicia and northern Portugual, accompanied by a cortège rich in ferns, with [Betula celtiberica] and the northwestern Iberian endemic [Narcissus cyclamineus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Luso-Galician collinar acidophilous oak forests

Luso-Galician montane acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.864
definition: Galician and extreme northern Portuguese (Serra do Gerez) montane [Quercus robur] forests, characterized by the presence of [Betula celtiberica], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Saxifraga spathularis], [Melampyrum pratense] and the absence of thermophile, in particular lauriphyllous, species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous [Quercus] forests

Medio-European acidophilous [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.87
definition: Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes of [Quercus robur], or of either or both oaks and [Fagus sylvatica], accompanied by a cortège of sub-Atlantic and submeridional acidophile species (e.g. [Pinus sylvestris], [Carpinus betulus]), developed in central and southern-central Europe, outside of the main Atlantic-influenced range of the [Quercion]. [Quercus]-dominated acidophilous forests of the western Hercynian ranges and their periphery, developed in more Atlantic conditions as substitution forests of the [Luzulo-Fagion] beech forests have been associated with them because of a shared contingent of sub-Atlantic accompanying species and similarities in overall appearance.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland
narrower: Woodrush oak forests
narrower: Western Hercynian thermophile acidophilous oak forests
narrower: Illyro-Pannonic thermophile acidophilous oak forests

Woodrush oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.871
definition: Mesophile, meso-xerophile or meso-hygrophile, mesothermal acidophilous forests of [Quercus petraea] or sometimes [Quercus robur], of central European or northwestern medio-European affinities, usually with [Luzula luzuloides], distributed in the Western and Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and northeastern Alpine periphery and the northern and western Carpathian periphery.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European acidophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Western Hercynian woodrush-hawksbeard oak forests
narrower: Central European dyer's greenweed oak forests
narrower: Pre-Carpathian beech-sessile oak forests
narrower: Central European hygrophile acidophilous oak forests

Western Hercynian woodrush-hawksbeard oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8711
definition: Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of the western Hercynian ranges and their periphery, developed on dry, sandy or stony shallow soils, or as substitution forests of [Luzulo-Fagion] beech forests, in the collinar and submontane level of the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Palatinate hills, the Kraischgau and Neckar hills, the Odenwald, the Spessart, the Rhenish Schist Ranges including the Ardenne-Eifel, the hills of Westphalia and southern Lower Saxony, the hills and plateaux of Lorraine, Champagne and Burgundy, the eastern Morvan, with a shrub layer comprising [Sorbus aucuparia], [Frangula alnus], often [Ilex aquifolium], and an herb layer that includes [Luzula luzuloides], [Teucrium scorodonia], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Hieracium laevigatum], [Hieracium lachenalii], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Hieracium glaucinum], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Hypericum pulchrum], [Lathyrus linifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodrush oak forests

Central European dyer's greenweed oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8712
definition: Mesophile or meso-xerophile, mesothermal acidophilous forests of [Quercus petraea] or sometimes [Quercus robur], mixed in some parts of the range with [Pinus sylvestris] and sometimes [Castanea sativa], of central European affinities, with a cortège of acidophilous species accompanied by thermophile elements, and usually with [Luzula luzuloides] and [Genista tinctoria], distributed in the Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and eastern Alpine periphery, in particular, in Bavaria, lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Carinthia, and the northern and western Carpathian periphery.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodrush oak forests
narrower: Central Hercynian dyer's greenweed oak forests
narrower: Peri-Bohemian dyer's greenweed oak forests
narrower: Dacian dyer's greenweed oak forests

Central Hercynian dyer's greenweed oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.87121
definition: Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of the collinar and submontane levels of siliceous slopes of the Swabian and Franconian Jura, of the Swabo-Bavarian and Franconian plateaux, of the southern German Hercynian hills, east of the Black Forest-Spessart line and west of the Bayerischerwald, and of the hills of Upper Austria, forming a western group of communities within the dyer's greenweed forest complex, characterized, in particular, by the importance in the herb layer of sub-Atlantic indicators, among which [Lathyrus linifolius], [Hypericum pulchrum], various [Hieracium] spp., [Melampyrum pratense] or [Teucrium scorodonia], [Holcus mollis]. [Luzula luzuloides], [Genista germanica], [Genista tinctoria], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Campanula persicifolia] are characteristic or abundant constituents of the undergrowth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European dyer's greenweed oak forests

Peri-Bohemian dyer's greenweed oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.87122
definition: Acidophilous forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes with [Castanea sativa] or [Abies alba], developed on siliceous bedrock, gravels, loams, moraines, with shallow, often podsolised soils, on relatively dry, often south-facing slopes and hilltops of the collinar and submontane levels of the Bohemian Quadrangle, its piedmont and associated plateaux and ranges of southern Poland, Saxony, Saxe-Anhalt, Thuringe, the upper Palatinate, of the northeastern Alpine periphery in Lower Austria, Styria, the Burgenland, Carinthia, of the sub-Pannonic hills of Slovenia, western Transdanubia and the Central Hungarian Range, of the Western and Northern Carpathian foothills, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa] ([Avenella flexuosa]), [Hieracium murorum], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European dyer's greenweed oak forests

Pre-Carpathian beech-sessile oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8713
definition: Mesophile, acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests rich in [Fagus sylvatica], widespread within the range of eastern and central greenweed-sessile oak acidophilous forests, in particular on high foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, mostly as transition communities to the beech-hornbeam forests, with a sparse herb layer that includes many mesophile species characteristic of the [Fagetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodrush oak forests

Central European hygrophile acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8714
definition: Meso-hygrophile, acidophile [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] forests characteristic of the central and eastern range of the [Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetum petraeae] s.l. greenweed-sessile oak acidophilous forests, in particular within and around the Bohemian Quadrangle and on peri-Pannonic or pre-Carpathian plateaux and low hills of the eastern Carpathian system, with an herb layer often dominated by monospecific swards of social gramineous species, in particular, [Molinia arundinacea] or [Carex brizoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodrush oak forests
narrower: Peri-Bohemian giant moorgrass sessile oak forest
narrower: Pre-Carpathian quaking sedge-pedunculate oak forests
narrower: Pre-Carpathian purple moorgrass-pedunculate oak forests

Peri-Bohemian giant moorgrass sessile oak forest
type: Concept
notation: G1.87141
definition: Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of Bohemia, Styria, the Burgenland, Transdanubia, the Slovakian Zahory and southern Poland, with [Molinia caerulea ssp. arundinacea]. Some communities, in particular in Styria, the Burgenland, ("[Pino-Quercetum roboris molinietosum]") and in the Zahory ("[Molinio-Pinetum zahoricum]") are rich in [Pinus sylvestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European hygrophile acidophilous oak forests

Pre-Carpathian quaking sedge-pedunculate oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.87142
definition: Meso-hygrophile, acidophile, [Quercus robur] forests of the plain of the Somes and the Crisul of northwestern Romania, of the basins of the Transylvanian Plateau and of the Getic foothills of Oltenia and Muntenia, developed on old terraces and depressions with argilous substrates, with an herb layer dominated by [Carex brizoides], accompanied by other hygrophile species, including [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Glechoma hederacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European hygrophile acidophilous oak forests

Pre-Carpathian purple moorgrass-pedunculate oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.87143
definition: Meso-hygrophile, acidophile [Quercus robur] forests of argilous depressions of the Somes basin of northwestern Romania, with an herb layer dominated by [Molinia caerulea], accompanied by [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Gentiana pneumonanthe], [Achillea ptarmica], [Serratula tinctoria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European hygrophile acidophilous oak forests

Dacian dyer's greenweed oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.87123
definition: Mesophile or meso-xerophile [Quercus petraea]-dominated acidophilous oak forests of the foothills of the Apuseni mountains and of the Southern Carpathians, of the western and southern foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, and of the Transylvanian Plateau, accompanied by the cortège of Central European acidophilous species mixed with thermophile elements typical of the [Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetum petraeae], in particular, [Luzula luzuloides], [Genista tinctoria], [Genista germanica], [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Veronica officinalis], [Galium vernum], [Lychnis viscaria] ([Viscaria vulgaris]), [Hieracium racemosum], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Hieracium umbellatum] supplemented by Dacian species, such as [Melampyrum bihariense], [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Lathyrus venetus], [Galium pseudaristatum], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Crocus banaticus], and usually with distributed Melin the Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and northeastern Alpine periphery and the northern and western Carpathian periphery.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European dyer's greenweed oak forests

Western Hercynian thermophile acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.872
definition: Xerophile [Quercus petraea] woods on sunny escarpments with dry superficial, siliceous, often schistous soils of the Rhine rift and the schistous Hercynian ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European acidophilous [Quercus] forests

Illyro-Pannonic thermophile acidophilous oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.873
definition: Strongly thermophile acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of the peri-Pannonic hills and of the Illyrian basins of the Drava and Sava, constituting a transition between the slightly thermophilous submeridional forests of unit 41.57 and the thermophilous oak sub-Mediterranean or steppe forests of unit 41.7.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European acidophilous [Quercus] forests
narrower: Black broom-oak forests
narrower: Wild service tree-oak forests
narrower: Illyro-Pannonic chestnut-sessile oak forests
narrower: Illyrian birch-sessile oak acidophilous forests

Black broom-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8731
definition: Xero-mesophile, thermophile, acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests, occupying generally small surfaces on warm, south-facing, steep, siliceous, gneiss, shist or granite slopes of the Danube trough of Upper Austria, the Lower Austrian Waldviertel, the Bohemian basin, the western foothills of the Apuseni mountains, the Olt valley in the Getic piedmont of the Southern Carpathians, the southeastern foothills of the Carpathian Curve, with [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]) in the shrub layer and acidophilous species in the subshrub and herb layers, including [Genista tinctoria], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Luzula luzuloides], [Veronica officinalis], [Deschampsia flexuosa] ([Avenella flexuosa]), [Convallaria majalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyro-Pannonic thermophile acidophilous oak forests

Wild service tree-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8732
definition: Subcontinental acidophilous and xerophilous forests of [Quercus petraea] accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], [Tilia cordata], [Sorbus torminalis] and occasionally, mostly under the influence of forestry practices, [Pinus sylvestris], characteristic of central Bohemia and southwest Moravia, extending to the Waldviertel and Weinviertel of Lower Austria and to Transdanubia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyro-Pannonic thermophile acidophilous oak forests

Illyro-Pannonic chestnut-sessile oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8733
definition: Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests rich in [Castanea sativa] of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Mecsek hills of southern Hungary and the Crisanian pre-Carpathic hills of northwestern Romania, developed on very acid substrates under warm humid climates or microclimates and accompanied by a mixed and regionally variable cortège composed of acidophile [Quercion robori-petraeae] species, mesophile [Carpinion betuli] species and thermophile [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyro-Pannonic thermophile acidophilous oak forests
narrower: Pre-Carpathian chestnut-sessile oak forests
narrower: Illyrian chestnut-sessile oak forests

Pre-Carpathian chestnut-sessile oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.87331
definition: Mesophile, acidophile forests of [Quercus petraea], accompanied by [Castanea sativa], [Carpinus betulus], [Fagus sylvatica], [Tilia cordata], [Betula pendula], [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Prunus avium], [Populus tremula], [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus robur], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Sorbus torminalis], limited to small surfaces in low siliceous sub-Pannonic mountains of the eastern Carpathian system, in the Baia Mare and Pocruia area, with an understorey composed of acidophilous species, including [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista tinctoria], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Luzula luzuloides], together with neutrophilous elements such as [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Bromus benekenii], [Circaea lutetiana], [Salvia glutinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Daphne mezereum], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis sylvestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyro-Pannonic chestnut-sessile oak forests

Illyrian chestnut-sessile oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.87332
definition: [Quercus petraea] forests of extremely acid substrates and warm humid climates of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, including the Mecsek hills of southern Hungary, in which [Castanea sativa] plays an exceptionally important role. Their canopy is extremely mixed, including, in addition to the two species already mentioned, [Carpinus betulus], [Fagus sylvatica], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer campestre], [Sorbus torminalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Prunus avium], [Malus sylvestris], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia cordata], [Populus tremula]. The understorey comprises a combination of acidophilous, thermophilous and [Fagetalia] species among which [Rubus hirtus], [Melampyrum pratense], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Veronica officinalis], [Genista tinctoria], [Luzula luzuloides], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Lathyrus montanus], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Lembotropis nigricans], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Aposeris foetida], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Primula vulgaris], [Helleborus dumetorum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyro-Pannonic chestnut-sessile oak forests

Illyrian birch-sessile oak acidophilous forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8734
definition: Acidophilous [Betula pendula]-[Quercus petraea] forests of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Cytisus procumbens], [Helleborus odorus], [Omalotheca sylvatica] ([Gnaphalium sylvaticum]), [Danthonia decumbens], [Carex digitata], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Veronica officinalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyro-Pannonic thermophile acidophilous oak forests

Insubrian acidophilous [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.88
definition: Acidophilous forests of [Quercus petraea], often mixed with [Castanea sativa], of the southern foothills of the Alps in Liguria, Piedmont and Lombardy. The herbaceous layer is often dominated by [Festuca ovina] (s.l.) and the undergrowth includes, in addition to plants characteristic of the [Quercion], transgressives of the [Fagion] and of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae]. These forests are a western extension of the Illyrian forests of units G1.87332 and G1.8734.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland

Portuguese [Quercus robur] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.89
definition: Relict forests of [Quercus robur] of central Portugal, often mixed with [Quercus suber], [Quercus pyrenaica] or [Castanea sativa] and with a luxuriant understory rich in lauriphyllous and xerophyllous lustrous-leaved shrubs and small trees such as [Prunus lusitanica], [Arbutus unedo], [Viburnum tinus], [Ilex aquifolium], [Laurus nobilis], [Myrtus communis] and [Ruscus aculeatus], limited to the basins of the Mondego and the Zezere, reduced to a very few, extremely fragile stands of exceptional biological and aesthetic value.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland

Continental [Quercus petraea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.8A
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Quercus]-dominated woodland

Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]
type: Concept
notation: G1.9
definition: Forests or woods dominated by [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]. Excludes swamp woods (G1.4), woods on wet peat (G1.5) and riparian woods (G1.1).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain
narrower: [Populus tremula] woodland
narrower: [Sorbus aucuparia] woodland
narrower: Inland dune [Quercus] - [Betula] woods
narrower: [Populus tremula] and [Betula] woods with [Sambucus]

[Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain
type: Concept
notation: G1.91
definition: Woods and thickets dominated by [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens], their allies, or other arborescent [Betula] spp., on non-marshy terrain. [Molinia arundinacea] may dominate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]
narrower: Atlantic lowland and collinar [Betula] woods
narrower: British sub-boreal [Betula] woods
narrower: Hercynio-Alpine [Betula] woods
narrower: Corsican [Betula] woods
narrower: Montane [Betula celtiberica] woodlands
narrower: Mount Etna [Betula] stands
narrower: Oroboreal [Betula] woods and thickets
narrower: Eurasian boreal [Betula] woods
narrower: Siberian steppe [Betula] woods
narrower: Ponto-Caspian [Betula] woods

Atlantic lowland and collinar [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.911
definition: Pioneer and subclimax [Betula pendula] or [Betula pubescens] formations of the North Sea-Baltic plains, the lower Hercynian slopes, the periphery of the Paris Basin, southwestern France, northwestern Iberia, Insubria and Illyria, within the range of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic acidophilous oak woods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain
narrower: Humid birch woods
narrower: Medio-European dry acidophilous birch woods
narrower: Iberian acidophilous birch woods
narrower: Insubrian acidophilous birch woods
narrower: Heavy-metal birch woods
narrower: Dune birch woods
narrower: Illyrian birch woods

Humid birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9111
definition: Formations usually formed by [Betula pubescens], with [Molinia caerulea] and sometimes [Deschampsia flexuosa], developed on podsolised or hydromorphic soils, as substitution facies of oak and birch woods, or colonization stages, in particular, of [Molinion] grasslands or humid heaths.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lowland and collinar [Betula] woods
narrower: Northern humid birch woods
narrower: Aquitano-Ligerian humid birch woods

Northern humid birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91111
definition: Widespread [Betula pendula]-dominated formations characteristic of the North Sea-Baltic plain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Humid birch woods

Aquitano-Ligerian humid birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91112
definition: Southern [Betula pendula] formations common, in particular, in the Sologne and neighbouring areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Humid birch woods

Medio-European dry acidophilous birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9112
definition: Formations usually formed by [Betula pendula], or, in the British Isles, [Betula pubescens], with [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Agrostis capillaris] ([Agrostis tenuis]), [Festuca ovina], [Vaccinium myrtillus], developed notably on sands, gravels, moraines and decalcified alluvions of nemoral northern and middle European plains and hills, as substitution facies of acidophilous oak woods ([Fago-Quercetum], [Blechno-Quercetum petraeae], [Rusco-Quercetum], [Luzulo-Quercetum]), occasionally of oak-hornbeam woods (particularly mixed Atlantic bluebell oak forests, [Endymio-Carpinetum]), or colonization stages of dry heaths and decalcified dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lowland and collinar [Betula] woods

Iberian acidophilous birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9113
definition: Medio-European acidophilous birch woods of the collinar and lower montane levels of northwestern Iberia, formed by [Betula pendula] or [Betula celtiberica] as substitution stages of acidophilous oak woods.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lowland and collinar [Betula] woods

Insubrian acidophilous birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9114
definition: Birch woods of the collinar and lower montane levels of northern Italy, dispersed in the Alpine foothills where they constitute substitution stages of the Insubrian acidophilous oak woods ([Castaneo-Quercetum] p.), on the fluvioglacial terraces of the Po system, as facies of the acidophilous pine-birch-oak woods, and in the Euganean hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lowland and collinar [Betula] woods

Heavy-metal birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9115
definition: Subclimax birch woods occupying soils intoxicated by heavy metals, with an herb layer that may include metallophytes and habitually calciphile species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lowland and collinar [Betula] woods

Dune birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9116
definition: Birch woods formed by [Betula pubescens], [Betula pendula] and [Populus canescens] with [Viola hirta], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Polygonatum odoratum], in calcareous North Sea and Baltic dunes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lowland and collinar [Betula] woods

Illyrian birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9117
definition: [Betula pendula]-dominated woods of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina and of neighbouring regions, in part birch facies of the acidophilous [Betula pendula]-[Quercus petraea] forests of unit 41.5734, in part pioneer formations in forest clearings and other recolonisation areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Atlantic lowland and collinar [Betula] woods

British sub-boreal [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.912
definition: Birch woods, often extensive and pure, formed by [Betula pubescens] ([Betula odorata], [Betula carpatica]) or [Betula pendula], beyond and above the present range of oak woods in Scotland and northern England.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain

Hercynio-Alpine [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.913
definition: Birch stands of the montane and subalpine levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, mostly subclimax formations of stations with anomalous edaphic and microclimatic conditions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain
narrower: Alpine timberline birch woods
narrower: Birch block forests
narrower: Pyrenean birch woods
narrower: Apennine birch woods
narrower: Illyro-Moesian montane birch woods
narrower: Carpathian birch woods
narrower: Intra-Carpathian dune oak-birch woods

Alpine timberline birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9131
definition: Tree-limit birch stands, of local distribution in the Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine [Betula] woods

Birch block forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.9132
definition: Birch stands, mostly of [Betula pubescens] ([Betula carpatica], [Betula tortuosa]), occupying, in the Alps, the Jura and the Hercynian ranges, cold stations on cliff-base rocky screes and boulder-falls through which cold air flows.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine [Betula] woods

Pyrenean birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9133
definition: Birch-dominated formations of the Pyrenees, locally frequent in all vegetation levels.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine [Betula] woods

Apennine birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9134
definition: Isolated birch stations of the Apennines, in the Abruzzi, bosco di Manziana (Latium), monti Alburni, monti Picentini.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine [Betula] woods

Illyro-Moesian montane birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9135
definition: [Betula pendula] stands of the montane and subalpine levels of mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, the Dinarides and the northwestern Hellenides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine [Betula] woods
narrower: Balkano-Rhodopide birch woods
narrower: Dinaro-Pelagonide birch woods

Balkano-Rhodopide birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91351
definition: [Betula pendula] stands of the montane and subalpine levels of the Balkan Range and the Rhodopides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyro-Moesian montane birch woods

Dinaro-Pelagonide birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91352
definition: [Betula pendula] stands of the montane and subalpine levels of mountains of the western Balkan Peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyro-Moesian montane birch woods

Carpathian birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9136
definition: [Betula pendula] woods of montane level of the eastern Carpathian system forming as pioneer stands in felled areas of spruce, beech and mixed beech-fir and beech-fir-spruce forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine [Betula] woods
narrower: Carpathian rowan birch woods
narrower: Carpathian aspen birch woods

Carpathian rowan birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91361
definition: [Betula pendula]-dominated woods of the upper montane level of the Southern Carpathians and the Eastern Carpathians, on superficial brown acid soils of steep slopes in the zone of mixed spruce forests, rich in [Sorbus aucuparia] and accompanied by [Picea abies], [Oxalis acetosella], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Salix silesiaca], [Calamagrostis arundinacea] and some [Fagetalia] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian birch woods

Carpathian aspen birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91362
definition: [Betula pendula]-dominated woods situated on sandy brown weathered soils of steep slopes and hilltops of the lower montane level of the Apuseni mountains, in particular of the Plopis and Gilau mountains, with [Populus tremula] and representatives of the [Epilobion angustifolii], and of the [Fagetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian birch woods

Intra-Carpathian dune oak-birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9137
definition: Woods dominated by [Betula pendula] accompanied by [Quercus robur] with psammophyllous species in the herb layer, characteristic of the inland dunes of the eastern rim of the eastern intra-Carpathian basin of Romania, in the region of St. Gheorghe, at Reci in the Kovasna district.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine [Betula] woods

Corsican [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.914
definition: [Betula pendula] formations of the upper montane level of Corsica, forming extensive subclimax belts on rocky, rapidly eroding soils at the upper forest limit, as well as transition communities in the evolution of laricio pine or beech forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain

Montane [Betula celtiberica] woodlands
type: Concept
notation: G1.915
definition: Formations of the upper montane and supra-Mediterranean levels of Iberia dominated by the endemic [Betula celtiberica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain
narrower: Cantabrian [Betula celtiberica] woodlands
narrower: Western [Betula celtiberica] woodlands
narrower: Sorian and Guadarraman [Betula celtiberica] woodlands

Cantabrian [Betula celtiberica] woodlands
type: Concept
notation: G1.9151
definition: Climax tree-limit [Betula celtiberica] woods of the Cantabrian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Betula celtiberica] woodlands

Western [Betula celtiberica] woodlands
type: Concept
notation: G1.9152
definition: Upper montane and supra-Mediterranean climax formations of the western Cordillera Central (Serra da Estrela) and the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains, limited to tree-limit situations and humid ravines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Betula celtiberica] woodlands

Sorian and Guadarraman [Betula celtiberica] woodlands
type: Concept
notation: G1.9153
definition: Humid supra-Mediterranean climax formations of the eastern Cordillera Central (Guadarrama) and of the Northern Iberian Range (Sorian mountains), restricted to relict stations on rainy ubacs and in humid ravines.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Montane [Betula celtiberica] woodlands

Mount Etna [Betula] stands
type: Concept
notation: G1.916
definition: Endemic [Betula aetnensis] formations of Mount Etna lavas, limited to the 1200-2000 metre level, mostly within the 1600-1750 metre range, at northern to eastern exposures. The accompanying cortège includes [Adenocarpus complicatus], [Genista aetnensis], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Festuca circummediterranea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain

Oroboreal [Betula] woods and thickets
type: Concept
notation: G1.917
definition: Timberline birch woods and thickets dominating the subalpine belt of the mountains of the boreal taiga zone or the transition zone between taiga and tundra or polar deserts in the Atlantic or Pacific influenced extreme western and extreme eastern regions of the northern Palaearctic, formed by [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] ([Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa], [Betula kusmisscheffii]) or [Betula ermani].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain
narrower: Boreo-Atlantic birch woods and thickets
narrower: Oro-Scandian birch woods

Boreo-Atlantic birch woods and thickets
type: Concept
notation: G1.9171
definition: Boreal and subarctic [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods and thickets of Iceland, extreme southwestern Greenland and oceanic western Norway, distributed in lowlands, in valleys and at the foot of mountain slopes, in relatively humid, sheltered situations. In Iceland and Greenland they constitute the only form of boreal woodland. Their stature varies with microclimates, dense low scrubs prevailing along the coasts, in wind-exposed localities and in the most oceanic areas, taller brushes and woods forming further inland and in more continental districts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oroboreal [Betula] woods and thickets
narrower: Boreo-Atlantic crowberry-bog bilberry birch woods
narrower: Boreo-Atlantic small fern birch woods
narrower: Icelandic bog bilberry-hairgrass birch woods
narrower: Boreo-Atlantic cranesbill birch woods

Boreo-Atlantic crowberry-bog bilberry birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91711
definition: Woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] of Iceland and western Norway with an ericoid-dominated undergrowth, formed mainly by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], dominant in Iceland, and [Vaccinium uliginosum], dominant in Norway, accompanied by [Calluna vulgaris], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Betula nana], [Deschampsia flexuosa], mosses and, in Iceland, [Juncus trifidus], [Kobresia myosuroides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Atlantic birch woods and thickets

Boreo-Atlantic small fern birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91712
definition: Woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] of Iceland and of the oceanic southern boreal and oceanic middle boreal zones of Norway, developed on moist moraine podsols, with a field layer dominated by ferns.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Atlantic birch woods and thickets

Icelandic bog bilberry-hairgrass birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91713
definition: Woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] of the lowlands of Iceland, occupying thick, relatively rich soils, with a heath-grassland undergrowth dominated by [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Agrostis capillaris], [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Salix callicarpaea] ([Salix arctica]), [Salix lanata], [Salix phylicifolia], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Galium verum], [Hierochloe odorata], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Juncus trifidus], [Kobresia myosuroides], [Lycopodium annotinum], [Equisetum pratense].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Atlantic birch woods and thickets

Boreo-Atlantic cranesbill birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91714
definition: Herb-rich woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] occupying relatively rich mull sandy moraine soils in climatically favourable regions of western Norway and Iceland, with affinities to the oro-Scandinavian calcicline mountain birch woods of unit 41.B725.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreo-Atlantic birch woods and thickets

Oro-Scandian birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.9172
definition: [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods and thickets of the boreo-alpine and arcto-alpine mountains of Fennoscandia, distributed mostly in the subalpine, subfjell belt, which they dominate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oroboreal [Betula] woods and thickets
narrower: Oro-Scandian crowberry-lichen birch woods
narrower: Oro-Scandian bilberry-hairgrass birch woods
narrower: Oro-Scandian bilberry-dwarf cornel birch woods
narrower: Oro-Scandian small-fern birch woods
narrower: Oro-Scandian cranesbill-stone bramble birch woods
narrower: Oro-Scandian tall-herb birch woods
narrower: Oro-Scandian tall-fern birch woods

Oro-Scandian crowberry-lichen birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91721
definition: Low (2-3 m) [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the subalpine belt of northern, western and inner mountains of Fennoscandia with a lichen-rich ericoid-dominated undergrowth formed by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Phyllodoce caerulea], accompanied by junipers ([Juniperus nana]), dwarf birch ([Betula nana]), willows ([Salix] spp.).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Scandian birch woods

Oro-Scandian bilberry-hairgrass birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91722
definition: Medium-tall (4-7 m) [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of sandy moraine podsols of the subalpine belt of the mountains of Fennoscandia, with a moss-rich grass and heath undergrowth formed by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum] and [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by [Dicranum fuscescens], [Dicranum scoparium], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi]; their cortège includes [Betula nana], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Linnaea borealis], [Pedicularis lapponica], [Solidago virgaurea], [Trientalis europaea], and sparse taller shrubs, in particular, of [Juniperus communis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Scandian birch woods

Oro-Scandian small-fern birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91724
definition: [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains, often with some spruce or pine, and with an understorey dominated by [Gymnocarpium dryopteris]; accompanying species include [Dryopteris assimilis], [Thelypteris phegopteris], [Oxalis acetosella], [Cerriphyllum piliferum], [Hylocomium umbratum], [Lophocolea bidentata], in addition to the cortège of the woods of unit 41.B722.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Scandian birch woods

Eurasian boreal [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.918
definition: Birch woods of the taiga belt, of the wooded tundra belt, and of the taiga-nemoral forest transition zone of Eurasia, formed by [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens] s.l. or [Betula platyphylla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain

Siberian steppe [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.919
definition: Open, often parklike, woods of [Betula pendula], [Betula platyphylla] or [Betula pubescens] s.l. of the transition zone between steppe and taiga of Siberia, east of the range of the nemoral deciduous forests of the Sarmatic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain

Ponto-Caspian [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91A
definition: Birch forests of the northern Black Sea basin, Anatolia, the Caucasus and neighbouring regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Betula] woodland not on marshy terrain

Oro-Scandian bilberry-dwarf cornel birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91723
definition: Low to medium tall (to 6 m) [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the mountains of Norway and northern Finland, extending from the subalpine belt down, in western Norway, to the fjords, developing in somewhat warmer and wetter areas and occupying thick humus layers on weak podsols of sandy more nutrient-rich moraines than those of units 41.B721 and 41.B722, with an undergrowth dominated by [Cornus suecica], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by taller shrubs, primarily of [Juniperus communis] and [Salix] spp.; accompanying species include [Linnaea borealis], [Solidago virgaurea], [Trientalis europaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Molinia caerulea], [Luzula sylvatica], [Thelypteris limbosperma], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Blechnum spicant], [Dryopteris expansa], [Dicranum scoparium], [Dicranum majus], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Cladonia] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Scandian birch woods

Oro-Scandian cranesbill-stone bramble birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91725
definition: Tall (10-11 m) woods of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by [Salix] spp., [Sorbus] spp., of the subalpine belt of mountains of Fennoscandia, occupying relatively rich mull soils of sand moraines in climatically favourable regions, with a low herb-rich undergrowth dominated by [Geranium sylvaticum] and [Rubus saxatilis]. There is an often well developed understorey of taller shrubs, in particular, [Juniperus communis] and [Salix] spp. and a poorly developed moss and lichen layer. The species cortège comprises [Campanula rotundifolia], [Alchemilla vulgaris], [Cornus suecica], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Fragraria vesca], [Galium boreale], [Galium verum], [Geum rivale], [Hieracium] spp., [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Prunella vulgaris], [Poa nemoralis], [Poa pratensis], [Hierochloe odorata], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Melica nutans], [Trientalis europaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Elymus caninus] ([Roegneria canina]), [Carex bigelowii], [Carex vaginata], [Coeloglossum viride], [Dactylorhiza maculata], [Luzula multiflora], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Equisetum arvense], [Equisetum palustre], [Hylocomium splendens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Scandian birch woods

Oro-Scandian tall-herb birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91726
definition: Tall (up to 12 m) woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains dominated by [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], with [Salix] spp., [Sorbus aucuparia], [Prunus padus] and an undergrowth dominated by tall herbs, comprising, together with abundant [Geranium sylvaticum], [Trollius europaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Cirsium helenioides], [Cicerbita alpina], [Epilobium angustifolium], [Ranunculus platanifolius]. The well-developed taller shrub understorey is dominated by [Juniperus communis], accompanied by [Salix] spp.; dwarf shrubs are often absent and the moss and lichen layer is very poorly developed; ferns are common. The species cortège includes [Alchemilla] spp., [Astragalus alpinus], [Myosotis decumbens], [Paris quadrifolia], [Silene dioica], [Solidago virgaurea], [Stellaria nemorum], [Valeriana sambucifolia], [Vicia biflora], [Milium effusum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Carex vaginata]. These woods occupy well-drained, mull-rich soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Scandian birch woods

Oro-Scandian tall-fern birch woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.91727
definition: Tall [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains, occasionally accompanied by [Alnus incana], [Prunus padus], [Salix] spp., with a fern-rich field layer dominated by [Athyrium filix-femina], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Dryopteris expansa], accompanied by [Athyrium distentifolium], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Thelypteris limbosperma] and tall herbs; the species cortège includes [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Solidago virgaurea], [Stellaria nemorum], [Viola biflora], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Ribes rubrum], [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Deschampsia cespitosa]; tall-fern hirch woods are developed on sandy moraines with good water supply.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Scandian birch woods

[Populus tremula] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.92
definition: Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by [Populus tremula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]
narrower: Inner Alpine [Populus tremula] woods
narrower: Lowland nemoral [Populus tremula] woods
narrower: Montane [Populus tremula] stands
narrower: Sub-Mediterranean [Populus tremula] stands
narrower: Boreal [Populus tremula] woods
narrower: Anatolian [Populus tremula] forests

Inner Alpine [Populus tremula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.921
definition: Woods of [Populus tremula] and [Corylus avellana], accompanied by a xerophile flora, of dry inner valleys of the Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Populus tremula] woodland

Lowland nemoral [Populus tremula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.922
definition: Pioneer and subclimax [Populus tremula] formations of plains and hills of nemoral Europe, in particular the North Sea-Baltic plain and lower Hercynian slopes, within the range of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic acidophilous oak woods, and of the adjacent large alluvial systems, such as that of the Po.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Populus tremula] woodland

Montane [Populus tremula] stands
type: Concept
notation: G1.923
definition: [Populus tremula] formations of the montane level of nemoral and Mediterranean mountains of Europe, occurring, in particular, within the beech belt of high southern mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Populus tremula] woodland

Sub-Mediterranean [Populus tremula] stands
type: Concept
notation: G1.924
definition: [Populus tremula] formations occurring within the sub- or supra-Mediterranean environment of the mixed deciduous broad-leaved forests of, in particular, the [Quercion frainetto].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Populus tremula] woodland

Boreal [Populus tremula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.925
definition: [Populus tremula] stands of the taiga zone and of the transition zone between taiga and nemoral woods of Fennoscandia and the northern Sarmatic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Populus tremula] woodland

Anatolian [Populus tremula] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.926
definition: [Populus tremula] stands, sometimes vast, of the southern slopes of inner Pontic ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Populus tremula] woodland

[Sorbus aucuparia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.93
definition: Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by [Sorbus aucuparia], characteristic in particular of the Scottish Highlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]

Inland dune [Quercus] - [Betula] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.94
definition: Natural woods, usually birch-oak or, east of the Elbe, [Pinus sylvestris], developing on Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]

[Populus tremula] and [Betula] woods with [Sambucus]
type: Concept
notation: G1.95
definition: Open woodlands dominated by [Betula pendula]. The tree and shrub layers are species-poor, with frequent occurrence of [Sambucus racemosa]. The herb layer is usually well developed, relatively species-rich, the most common species are [Poa nemoralis], [Hordelymus europaeus], [Anemone nemorosa], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Luzula luzuloides], [Galium odoratum], [Rosa tomentosa], [Epilobium montanum], [Euphorbia amygdaloides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine woodland with [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]

Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.A
definition: Woods, typically with mixed canopy composition, on rich and moderately rich soils. Includes woods dominated by [Acer], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Quercus] (especially [Quercus petraea] and [Quercus robur]), [Tilia] and [Ulmus]. Excludes acid [Quercus] woodland (G1.8) and woodland with a large representation of southern species such as [Fraxinus ornus] or [Quercus pubescens] (G1.7).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
narrower: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland
narrower: [Carpinus betulus] woodland
narrower: Ravine and slope woodland
narrower: [Tilia] woodland
narrower: Non-riverine [Ulmus] woodland
narrower: Mixed deciduous woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas
narrower: Eurosiberian [Acer] woods

[Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1
definition: Atlantic, medio-European and eastern European forests dominated by [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], on eutrophic or mesotrophic soils, with usually ample and species-rich herb and bush layers. [Carpinus betulus] is generally present. They occur under climates too dry or on soils too wet or too dry for beech or as a result of forestry practices favouring oaks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland
narrower: Mixed Atlantic [Quercus] forests with [Hyacinthoides non-scripta]
narrower: Aquitanian [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] and [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] forests with [Primula elatior]
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests with [Stellaria]
narrower: Famennian [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Sub-Atlantic calciphile [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Southern Alpine [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Pyreneo-Cantabrian [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] forests
narrower: Illyrian [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Pannonic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Southeastern European [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Mixed Atlantic [Quercus] forests with [Hyacinthoides non-scripta]
type: Concept
notation: G1.A11
definition: Atlantic forests of the British Isles, western Belgium and northwestern France, mostly on more or less water-retaining soils, characterized by a diverse tree layer, dominated by [Quercus robur] and rich in [Fraxinus excelsior], and by an herb layer rich in species of the group of [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], in particular [Narcissus pseudonarcissus], [Gagea spathacea], [Tamus communis], [Primula vulgaris], [Luzula forsteri]. [Allium ursinum], [Primula elatior], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Anemone nemorosa], [Lamium galeobdolon] characterise variants linked to soil acidity and hygromorphy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils

Aquitanian [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] and [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A12
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Carpinus betulus] of valley bottoms and cool, damp lower slopes of southwestern France, south to the Pyrenean piedmont, with [Sorbus torminalis], [Ruscus aculeatus] and many thermocline, acidocline and Mediterraneo-Atlantic species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils

Sub-Atlantic [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] forests with [Primula elatior]
type: Concept
notation: G1.A13
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur], sometimes [Quercus petraea], rich in [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Carpinus betulus], developed on more or less wet, meso-eutrophic soils, in regions of moderate Atlantic influence, from southern Champagne and Lorraine north to lower Rhenania, Westphalia and Hanover, characterized by the abundance of species of the ecological groups of [Primula elatior], of [Lamium galeobdolon], of [Anemone nemorosa] and by the absence of [Hyacinthoides non-scripta].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
narrower: Arum ash-oak forests
narrower: Corydalis ash-oak forests
narrower: Garlic ash-oak forests

Arum ash-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A131
definition: Typical neutrocline and acidocline [Quercus robur]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests with primrose, developed on silts, marls and clays, characterized by the presence of the ecological group of [Arum maculatum], including [Ranunculus ficaria], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Adoxa moschatellina], [Ribes rubrum], [Glechoma hederacea], [Listera ovata], or of the group of [Galium odoratum], with [Rosa arvensis], [Mercurialis perennis], [Sanicula europaea], [Melica uniflora], [Ornithogalum pyrenaicum], or by the abundance of [Lamium galeobdolon].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] forests with [Primula elatior]

Corydalis ash-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A132
definition: [Quercus robur]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests occupying damp colluvions at the bottom of slopes in valleys within sub-Atlantic forests, characterized by the presence of the group of [Anemone ranunculoides], [Corydalis solida], [Gagea lutea] and [Lathraea squamaria] or of [Aconitum vulparia], transitional to ravine or alluvial forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] forests with [Primula elatior]

Garlic ash-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A133
definition: Sub-Atlantic [Quercus robur]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests rich in [Allium ursinum], of alluvial terraces and adjacent colluvions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Fraxinus] - [Quercus] forests with [Primula elatior]

Sub-Atlantic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests with [Stellaria]
type: Concept
notation: G1.A14
definition: Sub-Atlantic and medio-European forests of [Quercus robur] and [Quercus petraea], with [Carpinus betulus], developed on meso-oligotrophic soils, less hydromorphic than those occupied by the often sympatric forests of unit 41.23, characterized by the replacement of the groups of [Primula elatior] and [Lamium galeobdolon], well represented in the forests of unit 41.23, by those of [Deschampsia flexuosa] and of [Maianthemum bifolium], transgressives from the [Quercion]. They constitute the prevalent oak-hornbeam forests of the Münster basin, the Rhenish and Mosan regions, the northwestern Hercynian lands, Lorraine and the eastern Paris basin, Burgundy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
narrower: Northwestern oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Lorraine marl oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Burgundy collinar oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Burgundy plain oak-hornbeam forests

Northwestern oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A141
definition: Typical sub-Atlantic [Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of northern Europe, north to southern Norway, southern Sweden and southern Finland, and of the eastern Paris basin and Lorraine, with [Stellaria holostea], [Carex brizoides], [Narcissus pseudonarcissus], [Polygonatum verticillatum], [Potentilla sterilis], [Ranunculus nemorosus], [Poa chaixii], [Luzula sylvatica], [Luzula luzuloides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests with [Stellaria]

Lorraine marl oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A142
definition: Oak-hornbeam forests of Lorraine marls, with [Quercus robur], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Sorbus torminalis], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Galium odoratum], [Carex umbrosa], [Pulmonaria obscura] and [Ornithogalum pyrenaicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests with [Stellaria]

Burgundy collinar oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A143
definition: [Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of the mesozoic hills and plateaux of northwestern Burgundy (Nivernais, Langres plateau, Barrois, Morvan piedmont).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests with [Stellaria]

Burgundy plain oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A144
definition: [Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of the Saone plain in southern Burgundy and Bresse, of the southern Lyonnais and of the Limagne basin, including the outstanding multicentury-old stands of Côteaux and similar stations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests with [Stellaria]

Famennian [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A15
definition: Sub-Atlantic forests of [Quercus robur] and [Quercus petraea], mostly low-canopied, with [Carpinus betulus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Betula pendula], [Populus tremula] in the subcanopy or the understorey, developed on soils with an alternating hydric regime, mostly clays derived from the alteration of Devonian schists, characterized by the abundance of [Carex flacca] and the coexistence of acidocline and calcicline species, typical of the sub-Hercynian Fagne-Famenne depression where they constitute a highly distinctive, almost continuous, forest-belt.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils

Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A16
definition: [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] forests of eutrophic or mesotrophic soils of subcontinental and continental northern and central Central Europe and of Eastern Europe. [Carpinus betulus] is generally present in their western representatives, widespread in Central Europe and western Eastern Europe. They are richer in lime, [Tilia cordata], than the sub-Atlantic forests of units 41.23, 41.24 and 41.25. They are of more northern character in their area of mutual approach than the Balkanic forests of unit 41.2C. Their southern limit of occurrence follows the Carpathian arc, the northern rim of the Podolian plateaux, and, farther east, the southern limit of nemoral forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
narrower: Wood bedstraw oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Mixed lime-oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Boreonemoral spruce-lime-oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Peri-Carpathian lime-oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Bohemian oak-hornbeam and oak-lime forests
narrower: Carpathian hairy sedge oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Sub-Pannonic primrose oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Central sub-Carpathian oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Western boreal mixed deciduous forests
narrower: Northern middle Russian oak-lime forests

Wood bedstraw oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A161
definition: [Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of regions with subcontinental climate within the central European range of [Fagus sylvatica], such as the Upper Rhine plain, the rain shadows of the Harz, Rh”n and Spessart, the Swabian-Franconian basin, the Bavarian plateau and Thuringe, the Austrian northern pre-Alps and the Wienerwald, the Polish central lowlands and adjacent hills of Silesia, Great Poland and Kujawy, dominated by [Quercus petraea] and with [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], [Acer campestre], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Convallaria majalis], [Carex montana], [Carex umbrosa], [Festuca heterophylla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Mixed lime-oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A162
definition: Lime-oak forests of Central and Eastern Europe developed in regions of continental climate east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], but within that of [Carpinus betulus], in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, with [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Carpinus betulus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Boreonemoral spruce-lime-oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A163
definition: [Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Tilia cordata] forests of northern nemoral or boreonemoral regions of northeastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe, east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], north of the range of the forests of unit 41.262 from which they differ by an admixture of [Picea abies] and other boreal species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Peri-Carpathian lime-oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A164
definition: [Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Tilia cordata] forests of the northern flank of the northern and northeastern Carpathians (Poloninskij Chrebet), west to northern Moravia, differing from those of unit 41.262 by the presence of [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] in the tree layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Bohemian oak-hornbeam and oak-lime forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A165
definition: [Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of plains and low hills of the Bohemian basin and adjacent areas of northeastern Lower Austria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Carpathian hairy sedge oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A166
definition: [Quercus petraea]-[Tilia cordata]-[Carpinus betulus]-[Fagus sylvatica] forests of the collinar level of the Carpathians, of southern Moravia, of the flysch hills of northeastern Lower Austria, of the Hainburger Berge and Leitha hills of northeastern Burgenland and of the volcanic hills of northern Hungary.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Sub-Pannonic primrose oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A167
definition: [Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur]-[Carpinus betulus]-[Acer campestre] forests of warm hills of the Pannonic domaine, in southern Moravia, southern Slovakia, the eastern Lower-Austrian Weinviertel and Marchfeld, the hills of western Transdanubia and the mid-Pannonic range of central Transdanubia, outside of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], with [Quercus cerris], [Cornus mas], [Sorbus torminalis], [Ulmus minor], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Viola mirabilis], [Viola alba], [Viola suavis], [Primula veris], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Polygonatum multiflorum], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Pulmonaria mollis ssp. mollis], [Pulmonaria murinii], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Serratula tinctoria], [Convallaria majalis], [Carex curvata], [Carex michelii], [Melica uniflora], [Poa nemoralis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Central sub-Carpathian oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A168
definition: [Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of hills, valleys and plateaux of the southern flank of the eastern section of the Western Carpathian arc, in Slovakia and northern Hungary, within the range of [Fagus sylvatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Waldsteinia oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Scorpion-vetch oak-hornbeam forests

Waldsteinia oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1681
definition: [Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of the Slovakian-Hungarian karst.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central sub-Carpathian oak-hornbeam forests

Scorpion-vetch oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1682
definition: [Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of eastern Slovakia, with [Coronilla elegans] ([Coronilla latifolia]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central sub-Carpathian oak-hornbeam forests

Western boreal mixed deciduous forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A169
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Corylus avellana] and sometimes [Fagus sylvatica] and/or [Carpinus betulus], of the southern Fennoscandian and Baltic regions of transition and interdigitation between taiga and nemoral deciduous forests. They usually constitute deciduous forests enclaved in a taiga environment, near the limits of the ranges of [Fagus sylvatica] and/or [Carpinus betulus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Northern middle Russian oak-lime forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A16A
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur] of the northern nemoral zone and of enclaves in the southern boreal zone of Eastern Europe, with [Tilia cordata] and no [Carpinus betulus]. They are characteristic of the Baltic States, eastern Belarus, the Ukraine and Russia, east to the Volga, outside of the range of [Carpinus betulus]. They also occur within the geographical range of hornbeam on soils unfavourable to its growth. [Quercus robur] and [Tilia cordata] are accompanied by [Acer platanoides], [Populus tremula], [Picea abies], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Euonymus europaeus], [Daphne mezereum], [Galium odoratum], [Anemone nemorosa] and boreal herbs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-continental [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Sub-Atlantic calciphile [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A17
definition: Often low, open, xerophile forests dominated by [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], developed on superficial to deep soils associated with calcareous substrates in Hercynian southern central Germany, eastern and southern Belgium, eastern and central France; located within the range of the [Pulmonario-Carpinenion], they offer similarities to the [Galio-Carpinenion] and generally constitute substitution forests of the [Cephalanthero-Fagion], either regressive phases brought about by coppicing or recolonisation phases permitted by abandonment of [Bromion] grasslands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
narrower: Sub-Atlantic calciphile privet oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Sub-Atlantic xerophile [Anthericum] oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Sub-Atlantic calciphile squill ash-oak forests

Sub-Atlantic calciphile privet oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A171
definition: Generally low forests and woods characteristic of superficial calcareous soils on often steep sunny slopes of Hercynian southern central Germany, southern Belgium and eastern France, with [Quercus robur] (usually dominant), [Quercus petraea], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Corylus avellana], [Cornus sanguinea], [Cornus mas], [Crataegus laevigata], [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa], [Euonymus europaeus], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Daphne laureola], [Primula veris], [Viola hirta], [Mercurialis perennis], [Scilla bifolia], [Orchis mascula], [Carex digitata], [Carex montana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic calciphile [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Sub-Atlantic xerophile [Anthericum] oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A172
definition: Low, open forests and woods characteristic of steeep, sunny slopes on slightly calcareous schists in the Ardenne-Eifel periphery, with [Quercus petraea] (dominant), [Carpinus betulus], [Quercus robur], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus aria], [Pyrus pyraster], [Malus sylvestris], [Prunus avium], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Stellaria holostea], [Anemone sylvestris], [Silene nutans], [Silene inflata], [Campanula persicifolia], [Anthericum liliago], [Melica nutans], [Carex montana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic calciphile [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Sub-Atlantic calciphile squill ash-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A173
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur] and [Fraxinus excelsior], rich in ligneous species, in particular, [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Ulmus glabra] ([Ulmus scabra]), [Taxus baccata], [Acer campestre], [Cornus mas], [Pyrus pyraster], [Daphne laureola], characteristic of well-drained, often deep, sometimes rocky, moist or partly dry calcareous soils on gentle slopes of the south Paris basin and adjacent regions, with [Arum italicum], [Asarum europaeum], [Doronicum plantagineum], [Helleborus foetidus], [Hepatica triloba], [Orobanche hederae], [Lilium martagon], [Carex montana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Atlantic calciphile [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Southern Alpine [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A18
definition: Fragmentary mesophile or meso-hygrophile formations of the Insubrian pre-Alps, the northern Apennines, the Ligurian Apennines, the Esterel and the Tanneron and very locally, the southern French Alps (forˆt du Saou, Dr“me), with [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia cordata] and [Carpinus betulus], developed on deep soils in conditions of sufficient atmospheric and edaphic humidity. They represent a transition between the medio-European formations of the [Pulmonario-Carpinenion] and [Galio-Carpinenion] on the one hand, the southeastern formations of the [Carpinion illyricum], and perhaps the southwestern formations of the [Polysticho-Corylenion], on the other hand.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils

Pyreneo-Cantabrian [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A19
definition: Forests dominated by [Quercus robur], or, in parts of the Pyrenees and in the Oro-Cantabrian interior, [Quercus petraea], with [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Corylus avellana], [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Prunus avium], [Ulmus glabra], many shrubs and lianas, abundant [Hedera helix], many ferns, such as [Polystichum setiferum], [Dryopteris affinis], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Asplenium scolopendrium], and with [Arum italicum], [Veronica montana], [Hypericum androsaemum], [Primula vulgaris], [Pulmonaria longifolia], [Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis], [Isopyrum thalictroides], [Ajuga reptans], [Carex sylvatica], [Bromus racemosus], [Melica uniflora], of the collinar, submontane and, in a somewhat impoverished form with [Crataegus laevigata], montane levels of the piedmont of the Cordillera Cantabrica, in Navarra, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya, Cantabria, Asturias and Castilla-Leon, as well as of the submontane level of the northern slope, and locally in Navarra and Catalonia, the southern slope of the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils

Illyrian [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1A
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], sometimes [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus] occupying the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, with outliers in south Hungarian mid-Pannonic and peri-Pannonic hills, south of Lake Balaton, in southern Carinthia and Styria and in valleys and hills, particularly karst valleys, of the western Balkan peninsula south to Montenegro, Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, characterized by higher continentality than in the sub-Mediterranean and by higher temperatures than in middle Europe; they are intermediate between those of central Europe and those of the Balkans and merge northwards into the Pannonic oak woods. Constituting a centre of diversity, they have a much higher species richness than the Central European oak woods. [Acer tataricum], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Epimedium alpinum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Helleborus dumetorum ssp. atrorubens], [Knautia drymeia] are characteristic. Outliers of these forests also occur in Frioul and the northern Apennines; they have been included in unit 41.28.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
narrower: Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Illyrian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Illyrian sub-Mediterranean oak-hornbeam forests

Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1A1
definition: Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus] occupying well-drained ground in the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending to the southern Hungarian mid-Pannonic and peri-Pannonic hills, to southern Carinthia and Styria, Frioul and the northern Apennines, and to valleys and hills of the western Balkan peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Illyrian calcicline sessile oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Illyrian neutrocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Illyrian acidocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests

Illyrian calcicline sessile oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1A11
definition: Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus] occupying limestones and rendzinas, often on skeletal soils, in the basins of the Drava and Sava, north to the hills of southwestern Transdanubia and the upper Drava basin of southern Carinthia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests

Illyrian neutrocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1A12
definition: Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus], occupying brown soils in the basins of the Drava and Sava, north and west to Friuli Venezia Giulia and the northern Apennines, southern Styria and southern Hungary, extending south in valleys and hills of the western Balkan peninsula to Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests

Illyrian acidocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1A13
definition: Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus], occupying well-drained acid soils in the basins of the Drava and Sava.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian sessile oak-hornbeam forests

Illyrian pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1A2
definition: [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of the Illyrian basin, in particular, humid forests of non-carbonated pseudogleys and gleys of valleys of the Drava and Sava basins of Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, forming in contact with riverine forests of the [Alno-Padion], but on somewhat higher ground, vicariants of the Pannonic forests of unit 41.2B1.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Illyrian sub-Mediterranean oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1A3
definition: [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of sub-Mediterranean regions of the southeastern pre-Alps and karstic reliefs of Slovenia, northwestern Croatia and extreme northeastern Italy, where they occupy north-facing doline slopes and cool vales, much richer in thermophile elements than the forests of unit 41.2A1.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Pannonic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1B
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] with [Carpinus betulus] occupying anomolous stations, in particular, on humid peri-riverine ground or on acid bedrock, in the hills of the Pannonic plains and their periphery, including Styria, the Burgenland, the Alf”ld, the western Transdanubian hills, the mid-Transdanubian ridge, the western Slovakian Danube plain and the eastern Slovakian lowlands, thus, in the zone of contact between zonal medio-European and Illyrian [Carpinion] communities with both of which they share characteristics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
narrower: Pannonic hygrophile ash-oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Peri-Pannonic acidophile oak-hornbeam forests

Peri-Pannonic acidophile oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1B2
definition: [Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of eastern peri-Alpic regions, western Transdanubia, the Transdanubian mid-Pannonic ridge and adjacent areas of Slovakia, developed on acidic rocks, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Mycelis muralis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Southeastern European [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C
definition: Forests of [Carpinus betulus] and [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus dalechampii], sometimes with [Quercus cerris] or [Quercus frainetto], of the flanks and piedmont of the eastern and southern Carpathians and of the plateaux of the western Ukraine; azonal, often isolated oak-hornbeam woods of the Moesian [Quercion frainetto] zone, of the eastern Pannonic and western Pontic steppe woods zone and of the pre-Pontic hills of southeastern Europe. They are characterized by an admixture of sub-Mediterranean [Quercion frainetto] species, and, in the east, of Euxinian species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus] - [Fraxinus] - [Carpinus betulus] woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
narrower: Dacian oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Moldo-Muntenian oak-lime-hornbeam forests
narrower: Moesian oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Southern Sarmatic oak-lime-hornbeam forests

Pannonic hygrophile ash-oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1B1
definition: [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor] forests of deep nutrient-rich gley soils of the Pannonic plains and hills of Styria, the Burgenland, the Alf”ld, the northern Hungarian Sator Range, the western Slovakian Danube plain and the eastern Slovakian lowlands, often developed in contact with riverine forests of the [Alno-Padion], occupying slightly higher ground, Pannonic vicariant of the Illyrian forests of unit 41.2A2. [Carex brizoides], [Anemone nemorosa], [Corydalis solida], [Galanthus nivalis] are abundant in the herb layer, which is particularly rich in vernal ephemerals, including [Gagea spathacea], [Gagea lutea], [Gladiolus imbricatus], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Crocus neapolitanus], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Helleborus dumetorum], [Adoxa moschatellina], [Anemone ranunculoides], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Scilla vindobonensis], [Leucojum vernum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pannonic [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Dacian oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C1
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] of the Transylvanian plateau, the foothills of the Apuseni Mountains and the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana and Maramures, with a [Carpinion] cortège that includes [Prunus avium], [Tilia cordata], [Stellaria holostea], [Carex pilosa], [Galium schultesii], [Festuca heterophylla], [Ranunculus auricomus] accompanied by regional differential species such as [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Melampyrum bihariense], [Aposeris foetida].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Dacian [Melampyrum biharense] oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Dacian [Lathyrus hallersteinii] oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Dacian tatar maple oak-hornbeam forests

Dacian [Melampyrum biharense] oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C11
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of the Transylvanian plateau and the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana, developed on basicline deep brown soils of depressions and gentle slopes, under a weakly sub-Atlantic climate, with a species-rich herb layer formed by [Carpinion betuli] species, including [Melampyrum bihariense], [Helleborus purpurascens], [Lathyrus transsilvanicus], [Aposeris foetida], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Aconitum moldavicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian oak-hornbeam forests

Dacian [Lathyrus hallersteinii] oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C12
definition: Forests of [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] of the peripherial hills of the Transylvanian plateau, including the western foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, the northern foothills of the Southern Carpathians, the Brasov basin and the eastern foothills of the Apuseni Mountains, locally of the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana, developed on acidocline leached brown soils of shady slopes, with [Carex pilosa], [Galium schultesii], [Stellaria holostea], [Helleborus purpurascens], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Aposeris foetida], [Festuca drymeja], and in the more thermophile communities, [Aristolochia pallida], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Quercus cerris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian oak-hornbeam forests

Dacian tatar maple oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C13
definition: Forests of [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of low hills of the central Transylvanian plateau, with [Prunus avium], [Acer tataricum], [Acer campestre] in the tree layer, [Viburnum lantana], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Staphylea pinnata] in the shrub layer, [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Melittis melissophyllum], [Stellaria holostea], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Asarum europaeum] in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dacian oak-hornbeam forests

Moldo-Muntenian oak-lime-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C2
definition: Forests of [Quercus petraea] s.l., [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus], usually with [Tilia tomentosa], of the plateaux and eastern Carpathian foothills of Moldavia, of the Dobrojea plateau, of the plateaux, Southern Carpathian foothills and, locally, plains of Muntenia and Oltenia, west to the western Getic piedmont, characterized by a cortège richer in sub-Mediterranean or sub-Pontic species than that of the forests of unit 41.2C1.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests

Moesian oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C3
definition: Oak-hornbeam forests dominated by [Quercus petraea] s.l., [Quercus robur], [Quercus cerris], and sometimes [Quercus frainetto], of somewhat humid sites, shady slopes and narrow valleys of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania; they are characterized by a distinctly middle European cortège comprising [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Prunus avium], [Corylus avellana], [Euonymus europaeus], [Lonicera caprifolium], [Helleborus odorus], [Cruciata glabra] and [Ranunculus ficaria] to which are associated various sub-Mediterranean and Ponto-Pannonic elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Moesian mesophile oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Moesian thermophile oak-hornbeam forests

Moesian mesophile oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C31
definition: Forests dominated by [Quercus dalechampii], accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], widespread in the xero-mesophytic durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Balkan Range and its northern and northwestern spurs and satellites of northwestern Bulgaria and eastern Serbia, the Anti-Balkan (Sredna Gora) and neighbouring hills, the southeastern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodopides and the Sakar range of central Thrace, more humid than the [Carpinus orientalis]-[Quercus dalechampii] forests of unit 41.76831, accompanied by a distinctly middle-European cortège, comprising as local characteristics, [Acer campestre], [Prunus avium], [Corylus avellana], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus sanguinea], [Helleborus odorus], [Stellaria holostea], [Cruciata glabra], [Melica uniflora], [Poa nemoralis], [Dactylis glomerata], [Festuca heterophylla].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian oak-hornbeam forests

Moesian thermophile oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C32
definition: Oak-hornbeam forests dominated by [Quercus petraea] s.l., [Quercus cerris], and sometimes [Quercus frainetto], of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of Serbia, northern Bulgaria and the Southern Carpathian foothills and valleys of Romania, characterized by a strong representation of thermophile species, in particular, of species of the [Quercion frainetto] constellation, including [Tilia tomentosa], [Sorbus torminalis], [Pyrus pyraster], [Acer tataricum], [Cornus mas], [Nectaroscordum siculum], together with medio-European [Carpenion betuli] or [Fagetalia] species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Pre-Moesian [Galium kitaibelianum] oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Moesian [Quercus cerris] oak-hornbeam forests

Pre-Moesian [Galium kitaibelianum] oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C321
definition: Forests of [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] of the Olt, Jiu and Cerna valleys of the Getic piedmont of the Southern Carpathians, developed on sunny, moderate slopes and slightly acid leached brown soils, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Tilia cordata] and [Fagus sylvatica] sporadically present in the tree layer, and with a cortège that includes the characteristic [Galium kitaibelianum], [Galium baillonii], [Veronica bachofenii], the acidophile [Luzula luzuloides], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and the thermophile [Primula columnae], [Potentilla micrantha], [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Lychnis coronaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian thermophile oak-hornbeam forests

Moesian [Quercus cerris] oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C322
definition: Neutrophile forests dominated by [Quercus cerris] and [Carpinus betulus] of Serbia, northern Bulgaria and the western Romanian pre-Carpathian hills, with an herb layer composed of elements of the [Fagetalia], such as [Stellaria holostea], [Dentaria bulbifera], [Asarum europaeum] and from the [Quercetea pubescenti-petreae] including [Cornus mas], [Campanula persicifolia], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Coronilla varia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian thermophile oak-hornbeam forests

Southern Sarmatic oak-lime-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C4
definition: Oak-hornbeam forests of plains and plateaux of eastern foothills of the Eastern Carpathians of the Ukraine and northern Romanian Moldavia and of the central and southern parts of the Podolian plateau and its southern extensions in northern Moldavia, the northern Moldova Republic and the south-central Ukraine east to the Dniepr. They may be dominated by oak, usually [Quercus robur], or, in particular, in large portions of their central sector, by hornbeam, [Carpinus betulus]; the latter are included in unit 41.C.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Podolic pedunculated oak-hornbeam forests
narrower: Moldavian spindle oak-hornbeam forests

Podolic pedunculated oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C41
definition: Forests of [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of plains, plateaux and pre-Carpathic hills of northeastern Romania, the northern Moldova Republic, Podolia and the south-central Ukraine east to the Dniepr, with [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus glabra], [Ulmus laevis], [Ulmus minor], [Quercus petraea], [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Malus sylvestris], [Prunus avium], [Pyrus pyraster] and a predominantly medio-European field layer that includes [Asarum europaeum], [Pulmonaria officinalis], [Mercurialis perennis], [Stellaria holostea], [Carex pilosa], [Carex sylvatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Sarmatic oak-lime-hornbeam forests

Moldavian spindle oak-hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A1C42
definition: Neutrophile or acidocline forests of [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of humid depressions in river basins and low hills of northern Moldavia and the Moldova Republic, with [Tilia cordata], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer campestre], sometimes [Acer tataricum], [Euonymus nanus], [Euonymus europaeus], [Asarum europaeum], [Mercurialis perennis], [Stellaria holostea], [Geum urbanum], [Carex pilosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern Sarmatic oak-lime-hornbeam forests

Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.A2
definition: Nonalluvial Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and nemoral forests dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior], particularly characteristic of Britain, of the northwestern Iberian peninsula and of the Baltic moraine hills of Mecklenburg, but distributed also in other parts of central and southeast Europe. Pioneer secondary formations on abandoned cultivated land are included.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland
narrower: [Fraxinus] - [Sorbus aucuparia] - [Mercurialis perennis] forests
narrower: British [Fraxinus] - [Acer campestre] - [Mercurialis perennis] forests
narrower: Pyreneo-Cantabrian [Fraxinus] forests
narrower: Baltic [Fraxinus] - [Acer pseudoplatanus] forests with [Adoxa moschatellina]
narrower: Mixed Atlantic [Fraxinus] forests with [Hyacinthoides non-scripta]
narrower: Aquitanian [Fraxinus] forests
narrower: Sub-Atlantic [Fraxinus] forests
narrower: Lutetian calciphile [Fraxinus] forests
narrower: Post-cultural [Fraxinus] woods

[Fraxinus] - [Sorbus aucuparia] - [Mercurialis perennis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A21
definition: Forests and woodland of [Fraxinus excelsior], with some [Ulmus glabra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Quercus petraea], [Betula pubescens], [Sorbus aucuparia] and an understorey dominated by [Corylus avellana], often accompanied by [Crataegus monogyna] or occasionally [Crataegus laevigata], characteristic of submontane climates and moist soils on calcareous bedrocks of the northern and western British Isles, particularly in valley heads of the upland fringes, distributed in Ireland, Scotland, northern England, Wales and locally Devon. Ferns ([Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris] spp., [Blechnum spicant]), grasses ([Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Poa trivialis], [Arrhenatherum elatius], [Dactylis glomerata], [Holcus lanatus], [Holcus mollis], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum]), [Oxalis acetosella] are abundant and characteristic in the field layer, often with [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], [Mercurialis perennis], tall herbs ([Crepis paludosa], [Crepis mollis], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Conopodium majus], [Trollius europaeus]) and an extensive and diverse bryophyte flora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland

British [Fraxinus] - [Acer campestre] - [Mercurialis perennis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A22
definition: Forests and woodland of [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Quercus robur] (in the southwest), or [Quercus petraea], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Ulmus glabra] (in the northwest), with an understorey dominated by [Corylus avellana], frequently accompanied by [Crataegus monogyna], [Crataegus laevigata], [Acer campestre], [Sambucus nigra], characteristic of often calcareous base-rich soils in relatively warm and dry lowlands of southern Britain, distributed mostly in southern and central England, eastern Wales, southern and eastern Scotland. The field layer comprises [Mercurialis perennis], [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], [Circaea lutetiana], [Geum urbanum], [Arum maculatum], [Viola riviniana], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Sanicula europaea], [Lamium galeobdolon], [Carex sylvatica]; [Primula vulgaris] and [Glechoma hederacea], [Anemone nemorosa], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Hedera helix], [Geranium robertianum], [Allium ursinum], [Teucrium scorodonia] characterize geographical and edaphic subtypes. In humid northern and western Britain, outside of the range of [Fagus sylvatica] and [Carpinus betulus], the separation between this unit and the ravine forests of unit 41.41, developed on unstable screes and colluvions, is poorly marked.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland

Pyreneo-Cantabrian [Fraxinus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A23
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of the Pyreneo-Cantabrian ash-oak forests (unit 41.29).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland

Baltic [Fraxinus] - [Acer pseudoplatanus] forests with [Adoxa moschatellina]
type: Concept
notation: G1.A24
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior] forests of Baltic moraine hills (Mecklenburg), possibly related to the peri-Alpine slope-foot forests of 41.43.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland

Mixed Atlantic [Fraxinus] forests with [Hyacinthoides non-scripta]
type: Concept
notation: G1.A25
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of the mixed Atlantic bluebell oak forests (unit 41.21), including ash-dominated facies of British oak-bracken-bramble woodland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland

Aquitanian [Fraxinus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A26
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of Aquitanian ash-oak forests (41.22).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland

Sub-Atlantic [Fraxinus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A27
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of sub-Atlantic oxlip oak forests (unit 41.23), characteristic, in particular, of forests on imperfectly drained marls and schistoid clays.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland

Lutetian calciphile [Fraxinus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A28
definition: [Fraxinus excelsior]-dominated facies of calciphile oak-ash forests (unit 41.273), characteristic of the French Paris basin, particularly on chalk deposits; their affinities are with the southeastern British formations of unit 41.31.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland

Post-cultural [Fraxinus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.A29
definition: Pioneer formations of [Fraxinus excelsior] occupying abandoned agricultural land.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Fraxinus] woodland

[Carpinus betulus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.A3
definition: Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland
narrower: Western [Carpinus betulus] woodland
narrower: Eastern [Carpinus betulus] woodland

Western [Carpinus betulus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.A31
definition: Woods of Western Europe and northern and central Central Europe, north to southern Denmark, Bornholm and southeastern Sweden, within the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum] and the [Carpinion betuli], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, uncommon, generally low, habitually secondary. Scandinavian stands, characteristic of diabases, basalts and greenstones, often dominated by tall [Carpinus betulus], have a field layer dominated by abundant [Anemone nemorosa], [Stellaria nemorum] and [Hedera helix].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carpinus betulus] woodland

Eastern [Carpinus betulus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.A32
definition: Forests of southeastern Central Europe and of Eastern Europe, within the range of the [Carpinion illyricum], of the [Fagion moesiacum] and of the [Fagion dacicum], as well as of areas east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, more widespread and developed than those of unit 41.A1, sometimes primary.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Carpinus betulus] woodland
narrower: Illyrian hornbeam forests
narrower: Dacio-Moesian hornbeam forests
narrower: Sarmatic hornbeam forests

Illyrian hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A321
definition: Forests of southeastern Central Europe, within the range of the [Carpinion illyricum], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, in particular [Carpinus betulus]-dominated communities of the Carinthian [Helleboro nigri-Carpinetum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Carpinus betulus] woodland

Dacio-Moesian hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A322
definition: Neutrophile or weakly acidophile forests of southeastern Central Europe, within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum], the [Fagion dacicum] and, locally, of the [Quercion frainetto], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, with [Carpinion] species in the herb layer; they occur in various conditions on hills and in plains, as substitution for mixed forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], [Carpinus betulus], [Tilia] spp., [Fraxinus excelsior].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Carpinus betulus] woodland

Sarmatic hornbeam forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A323
definition: Forests of Eastern Europe, east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica], dominated by [Carpinus betulus], alone or with a small admixture of other species, in particular, [Carpinus betulus] forests of the Podolian plateaux.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern [Carpinus betulus] woodland

Ravine and slope woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4
definition: Cool, moist forests with a multispecific tree layer (especially maples [Acer] spp., lime [Tilia] spp., ash [Fraxinus] spp. ) of variable dominance, most often on more or less abrupt slopes. They are of considerable biohistorical and biogeographical importance, as examples of the mixed forests of the Atlantic period, preserved in stations inaccessible to beech domination. Vegetation of alliance [Tilio-Acerion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland
narrower: Medio-European ravine forests
narrower: Hercynian slope forests
narrower: Peri-Alpine mixed [Fraxinus] - [Acer pseudoplatanus] slope forests
narrower: Pyreneo-Cantabrian mixed [Ulmus] - [Quercus] forests
narrower: Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed [Tilia] forests
narrower: Southeastern European ravine forests
narrower: Euxinian ravine forests

Medio-European ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A41
definition: Atlantic and medio-European collinar and submontane forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], [Quercus robur], on unstable scree or colluvions of abrupt, shady and humid slopes, with abundant ferns, characterized by the presence of the ecological group of [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Mercurialis perennis]. They are characteristic of the hills, mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Northern Carpathians, the Alps, the hills of the Pannonic plain, within the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum]. Sub-Atlantic forests of calcareous hills of the Paris Basin, of Burgundy, of the Plateau de Langres, somewhat intermediate between these formations and those of unit 41.45 are included, in view of their restriction to situations of cool microclimates without marked summer drought, in particular, north-facing slopes and the lack of thermophilous species characteristic of the [Tilenion platiphylli].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ravine and slope woodland
narrower: Calcicline ash-sycamore ravine forests
narrower: Acidophile ash-sycamore-lime ravine forests
narrower: Tall herb mixed sycamore forests

Calcicline ash-sycamore ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A411
definition: Atlantic and medio-European collinar and submontane forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], on unstable scree or colluvions of abrupt, shady and humid slopes, with a very complete ensemble of typical ravine forest species, including [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Actaea spicata], [Lunaria rediviva], [Helleborus viridis], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], accompanied by calciphile species and particularly by calciphile ferns. They are characteristic of the hills, low mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Northern Carpathians, the Alps, the hills of the Pannonic plain, within the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European ravine forests
narrower: Hartstongue ash-sycamore ravine forests
narrower: Honesty ash-sycamore ravine forests
narrower: Corydalis ash-sycamore ravine forests
narrower: Goatsbeard ash-sycamore ravine forests
narrower: Alpine hepatica-sycamore ravine forests

Hartstongue ash-sycamore ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4111
definition: Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], of calcareous block screes and rocky slopes, in shady, humid ravines of the hills, low mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Paris Basin, the western, northern and locally eastern and southeastern pre-Alps, the Northern Carpathians, the Vertes, Bakony and Bükk hills of the Pannonic plain, characterized by the dominance in the understorey of [Asplenium scolopendrium] and the presence of [Ribes uva-crispa], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Asplenium viride], [Cystopteris fragilis], [Polystichum aculeatum], [Moehringia muscosa], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Valeriana tripteris], [Adenostyles alpina]; accompanying subdominants are shared with other ravine forests, in particular, [Mercurialis perennis], [Lunaria rediviva], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], [Galium odoratum], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Ctenidium molluscum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcicline ash-sycamore ravine forests

Honesty ash-sycamore ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4112
definition: Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], on unstable screes, richer in fine soil than those that support the forests of unit 41.4111, in ravines, at higher altitudes, on steep slopes of the collinar to montane, but mostly submontane, level of the Vosges, the mid-German and Bohemian Quadrangle Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the northern pre-Alps, the northern Carpathians, the sub-Pannonic Matra and Bükk ranges, with [Anthriscus nitidus], [Campanula latifolia], [Hesperis matronalis ssp. matronalis], [Lunaria rediviva], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], [Mercurialis perennis], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Urtica dioica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcicline ash-sycamore ravine forests

Corydalis ash-sycamore ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4113
definition: Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], on fine soil and humus-rich colluvions of ravines and cool, shady, humid slopes of the submontane level of the Black Forest, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, the Franconian and Swabian Jura, the northern and eastern pre-Alps, with [Corydalis bulbosa], [Corydalis intermedia], [Corydalis pumila], [Corydalis solida], [Allium ursinum], [Gagea lutea], [Galanthus nivalis], [Leucojum vernum], [Narcissus pseudonarcissus], [Scilla bifolia], [Lathraea squamaria], [Ranunculus ficaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcicline ash-sycamore ravine forests

Goatsbeard ash-sycamore ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4114
definition: Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], restricted to small surfaces on erosion-fashioned slope bases in shady ravines and valleys of the submontane level of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the extreme Western Carpathians, the Jura, the northern and eastern pre-Alps, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, with [Aruncus dioicus] dominant, [Petasites albus], [Veronica montana], [Circaea alpina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Dryopteris affinis] and the mosses [Blasia pusilla], [Conocephalum conicum], [Fissidens taxifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcicline ash-sycamore ravine forests

Alpine hepatica-sycamore ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4115
definition: Mixed forests of ravines and slopes of the intermediate Middle Alps, known, in particular, from the Swiss Valais.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcicline ash-sycamore ravine forests

Acidophile ash-sycamore-lime ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A412
definition: Ravine forests on siliceous screes and colluvions of the great western Hercynian ranges, the Ardenne-Eifel system, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, the Harz, the southwestern Bohemian Quadrangle, dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia cordata], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Quercus petraea], [Carpinus betulus], [Ulmus glabra], with an impoverished cortège that includes, with ravine forest species, acidophilous [Fagetalia] species, including [Luzula luzuloides], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Deschampsia flexuosa], and an abundance of acidophile ferns and mosses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European ravine forests

Tall herb mixed sycamore forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A413
definition: Mixed forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], with [Ulmus glabra], [Fagus sylvatica], [Fraxinus excelsior], and an understorey rich in tall herbs, of slopes, ravines and avalanche corridors of the montane to subalpine levels of the northern pre-Alps, the greater Hercynian ranges and the Northern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Medio-European ravine forests

Hercynian slope forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A42
definition: Mixed forests of colluvions and screes of humid, shady river valley slopes of the Hercynian ranges and the Western Carpathians, transitional between ravine forests and [Carpinion betuli] communities, formed by [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Fagus sylvatica], [Ulmus glabra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ravine and slope woodland

Peri-Alpine mixed [Fraxinus] - [Acer pseudoplatanus] slope forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A43
definition: Mixed forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Ulmus glabra], developed on colluvial deep soils at the foot of very rainy slopes and on rarely inundated river sediments of the submontane to high montane levels of the northern pre-Alps and their piedmont, with [Prunus avium], [Prunus padus], [Alnus incana], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus], [Quercus robur], [Corylus avellana], [Mercurialis perennis], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Carex pendula], [Equisetum telmateia], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Primula elatior], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Cardamine trifolia], [Carex sylvatica], [Paris quadrifolia], [Stachys sylvatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ravine and slope woodland

Pyreneo-Cantabrian mixed [Ulmus] - [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A44
definition: Mixed forests of [Ulmus glabra], [Acer campestre], [Acer opalus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fagus sylvatica], [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus mougeotii], [Alnus glutinosa], [Pinus sylvestris], [Hedera helix], with an understorey comprising numerous shrubs, such as [Corylus avellana] and [Crataegus monogyna], and a rich and luxuriant herb layer including numerous ferns, characteristic of the bottom colluvions of steep, shaded valleys, canyons and gorges of the collinar to montane levels of the Pyrenean and Cantabrian ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ravine and slope woodland

Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed [Tilia] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A45
definition: Thermophilous forests of [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra], [Fagus sylvatica] with [Euonymus latifolius], [Corylus avellana], most typical of the warm valleys of the Alpine system and some peripheral ranges, characterized by [Asperula taurina], [Cyclamen purpurascens] and numerous transgressives of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae]. These remarkable relict forests are particularly characteristic of the föhn valleys of the Insubrian and northern Alps; they occur in similar situations in the Jura and the Hercynian ranges, north to the Harz.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ravine and slope woodland
narrower: Northern Alpine föhn ash-lime forests
narrower: Dealpine mixed thermophile oak-maple-lime forests
narrower: Southern Alpine mixed lime forests
narrower: Sub-Pannonic mixed lime slope forests

Northern Alpine föhn ash-lime forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A451
definition: Forests dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos] and [Fraxinus excelsior], sometimes by [Acer pseudoplatanus], with [Ulmus glabra], characteristic of warm, humid föhn valleys of the northern face of the Alps. [Corylus avellana] often dominates the understorey, which also includes [Tamus communis], and an abundance of [Asperula taurina ssp. taurina], [Mercurialis perennis], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Galium odoratum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Viola reichenbachiana] and [Cyclamen purpurascens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed [Tilia] forests

Dealpine mixed thermophile oak-maple-lime forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A452
definition: Forests dominated by [Acer pseudoplatanus] and [Tilia platyphyllos] developed on unstable substrates of steep slopes in warm and summer-dry regions and microclimatic stations in the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the northern and northeastern pre-Alps and neighbouring plateaux.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed [Tilia] forests

Southern Alpine mixed lime forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A453
definition: Thermophilous forests of [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra] of warm valleys with high rainfall of the southern Alps, where, within a context of warmer regional climate, they are associated with relatively cool stations, such as north-facing slopes, in contrast with their warm-exposure linked northern counterparts.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed [Tilia] forests

Sub-Pannonic mixed lime slope forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A454
definition: Forests of [Tilia platyphyllos], sometimes with [Fraxinus excelsior], of steep slopes of submontane to high montane levels of the Hungarian Central Range and of adjacent Carpathian hills of middle Slovakia. Forests of the same area, similarly dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos] and [Fraxinus excelsior], but with the character of steppe forests and developed on exposed crests, have been listed under unit 41.842 (oro-Pannonic steppe ash-lime forests, [Tilio-Fraxinetum]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed [Tilia] forests
narrower: Sub-Pannonic mixed ash-lime slope forests
narrower: Sub-Pannonic mixed whitebeam-lime forests

Sub-Pannonic mixed ash-lime slope forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4541
definition: Forests dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos ssp. subrubra] and [Fraxinus excelsior] developed on unstable limestone block slopes with humus rich, deep soils, of submontane regions of the Hungarian Central Range and middle Slovakia, with a well developed shrub layer and and an herb layer characterized by [Waldsteinia geoides], [Scutellaria columnae], [Gagea minima] and the endemic [Hesperis vrabelyiana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Pannonic mixed lime slope forests

Sub-Pannonic mixed whitebeam-lime forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4542
definition: Very rare forests of [Tilia platyphyllos] of very steep ravine slopes of higher montane levels of the Northern Hungarian Range, developed in the absence of the Carpathian [Picea abies] subalpine belt, with an understorey comprising numerous locally rare, relict species, including [Viola biflora], [Valeriana tripteris], [Cimicifuga europaea] ([Cimicifuga foetida]), and the endemic [Sorbus austriaca ssp. hazslinszkyana] ([Sorbus hazslinszkyana]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Sub-Pannonic mixed lime slope forests

Southeastern European ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A46
definition: Ravine and steep slope forests of the Dinarides, the Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Pelagonids, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodopids, the Pindus, the Thessalian mountains, within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum], [Fagion hellenicum], [Fagion dacicum] and [Fagion illyricum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ravine and slope woodland
narrower: Hellenic ravine and slope forests
narrower: Moesian ravine and slope forests
narrower: Illyrian ravine forests
narrower: Eastern Carpathian ravine forests

Hellenic ravine and slope forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A461
definition: Ravine and steep slope forests of the southern Pelagonids, Moeso-Macedonian mountains and Rhodopids, of the Pindus, of the Thessalian mountains, within the range of the southern [Fagion moesiacum] and of the [Fagion hellenicum], in areas of strong sub-Mediterranean influence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European ravine forests

Moesian ravine and slope forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A462
definition: Ravine forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides, the Pelagonids, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodopids, within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European ravine forests
narrower: Moesian beech-ash-sycamore ravine forests
narrower: Moesian horse-chestnut ravine forests
narrower: Moesian ash-oak slope forests

Moesian beech-ash-sycamore ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4621
definition: Forests of [Fagus moesiaca], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] of scree or rock slopes and ravines of the beech and durmast oak belts of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopids and the Serbian mountains, of predominantly medio-European affinities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian ravine and slope forests
narrower: Moesian [Geranium macrorrhizum] ravine forests
narrower: Moesian beech-hornbeam-ostrya ravine forests
narrower: Moesian ash-sycamore ravine forests

Moesian [Geranium macrorrhizum] ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A46211
definition: Forests of [Fagus sylvatica], of screes, boulder slopes and rock outcrops of the beech forest belt of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopids and neighbouring mountain systems, with [Geranium macrorrhizum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian beech-ash-sycamore ravine forests

Moesian beech-hornbeam-ostrya ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A46212
definition: Forests of [Fagus moesiaca], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ostrya carpinifolia], and sometimes [Carpinus betulus], [Acer hyrcanum], [Fraxinus ornus], of gorges and ravines of the hornbeam-durmast oak forest belt of the Balkan Range and the Rhodopids.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian beech-ash-sycamore ravine forests

Moesian ash-sycamore ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A46213
definition: Forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus moesiaca], [Quercus dalechampii], of deep, moist soil, rocks and screes of slopes and ravines of the Balkan Range, particularly its southern flank, of Rila and of Serbian mountains, with [Acer hyrcanum], [Sambucus nigra], [Clematis vitalba], [Humulus lupulus], [Galium odoratum], [Sanicula europaea], [Arum maculatum], [Alliaria petiolata], [Scutellaria altissima], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Dactylis glomerata ssp. aschersoniana] ([Dactylis polygama]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian beech-ash-sycamore ravine forests

Moesian horse-chestnut ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4622
definition: Forests of [Aesculus hippocastanum], [Fagus moesiaca], [Juglans regia], [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus betulus], with a field layer of medio-European affinities, forming in rare localities in narrow, humid and warm valleys and gorges of the submontane, montane or high montane levels of the Moesian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian ravine and slope forests
narrower: Balkan Range horse-chestnut ravine forests
narrower: Pelagonid horse-chestnut ravine forests

Balkan Range horse-chestnut ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A46221
definition: Forests of [Aesculus hippocastanum], [Fagus moesiaca], [Tilia tomentosa], [Ulmus glabra], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Juglans regia], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa], with [Acer campestre], [Fraxinus ornus], [Staphylea pinnata], [Corylus avellana], [Dactylis glomerata], [Poa nemoralis] of humid and warm valleys of the 250-400 metre upper submontane level of the northern piedmont of the eastern Balkan Range (Derven-Balkan), southeast of Preslav, in an extremely exiguous region that represents a very remarkable outlier of the range of the southeastern European endemic [Aesculus hippocastanum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian horse-chestnut ravine forests

Pelagonid horse-chestnut ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A46222
definition: Forests of [Aesculus hippocastanum], [Fagus moesiaca], [Juglans regia], [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus betulus], with a field layer of medio-European affinities, forming in rare localities in narrow, humid and warm valleys and gorges of the montane or high montane levels of the Pelagonids in Albania and the northwestern part of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian horse-chestnut ravine forests

Moesian ash-oak slope forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4623
definition: Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior] and southeastern European oaks, in particular [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus cerris], accompanied by thermophilous small trees, [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia], developed on scree and rock slopes within the durmast oak belt of Moesian mountains, more thermophilous than those of unit 41.4621.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian ravine and slope forests
narrower: Balkan ash-oak slope forests
narrower: Rhodopid ash-oak-ostrya slope forests

Balkan ash-oak slope forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A46231
definition: Thermophile forests dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus ornus], of scree and rock slopes of the southern flank of the Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian ash-oak slope forests

Rhodopid ash-oak-ostrya slope forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A46232
definition: Thermophile forests of [Quercus dalechampii] and [Ostrya carpinifolia], with [Fraxinus excelsior], [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], of scree and rock slopes of the foothills of the Rhodopes and of the sub-Mediterranean Struma and Mesma valleys of southwestern Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian ash-oak slope forests

Illyrian ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A463
definition: Ravine forests of the Dinarides and of the southeastern Alpine periphery, within the range of the [Fagion illyricum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European ravine forests

Eastern Carpathian ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A464
definition: Forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra] accompanied by a cortège of hygrophile species, including [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Polystichum aculeatum], [Polystichum lobatum], [Aruncus dioicus], [Lunaria rediviva], [Moehringia muscosa], [Moehringia pendula], [Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii], on calcareous substrates of narrow humid valleys and steep slopes of the eastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European ravine forests
narrower: Dacian [Phyllitis] beech ravine forests
narrower: Dacian ash-sycamore ravine forests
narrower: Dacian [Geranium macrorrhizum] beech ravine forests

Dacian [Phyllitis] beech ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4641
definition: Mixed forests of [Fagus sylvatica] accompanied by [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra] and with an herb layer comprising many hygrophile species, such as [Asplenium scolopendrium] ([Phyllitis scolopendrium]), [Polystichum aculeatum], [Lunaria rediviva], [Moehringia muscosa], [Moehringia pendula], [Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii], installed on calcareous rocks, stony rendzines and lithosoils of shady and half-shaded, often damp, steep slopes and narrow humid valleys of the Eastern Carpathians and Southern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian ravine forests

Dacian ash-sycamore ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4642
definition: Mixed forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra], [Acer platanoides], accompanied by an herb layer rich in hygrophile species, such as [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Lunaria rediviva], [Cardamine impatiens], [Polystichum setiferum], [Cystopteris fragilis], on calcareous substrates of humid narrow valleys and steep slopes of the eastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian ravine forests

Dacian [Geranium macrorrhizum] beech ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A4643
definition: Forests of [Fagus sylvatica] accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], and [Fraxinus ornus] in the tree layer, [Corylus avellana] in the scrub layer, [Geranium macrorrhizum], [Arabis procurrens], [Doronicum columnae], [Silene heuffelii], [Helleborus purpurascens], [Asplenium scolopendrium] in the herb layer, on the calcareous screes of gorges of the western Southern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian ravine forests

Euxinian ravine forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A47
definition: Ravine forests of the Pontic Range, the Caucasus, Crimea, the Hyrcanic region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Ravine and slope woodland

[Tilia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.A5
definition: [Tilia] spp.-dominated forests and woods of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral and boreal zones. Ravine forests, on screes or colluvions, dominated by these species are listed in unit G1.A2, riverine forests in unit G1.2 and G1.3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland
narrower: Western [Tilia] forests
narrower: Sub-boreal [Tilia] forests
narrower: East-European [Tilia] forests
narrower: Trans-Volgan [Tilia] forests
narrower: Crimean [Tilia] forests

Western [Tilia] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A51
definition: Rare [Tilia]-dominated stands of nemoral western and central Europe, within the range of [Fagus sylvatica], often [Tilia]-dominated facies of lime-rich oak-hornbeam forests. They are distributed, in particular, in the Bohemian basin, in southern Scandinavia and in the British Isles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Tilia] woodland

Sub-boreal [Tilia] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A52
definition: [Tilia]-dominated forests of the northern nemoral zone and of enclaves in the southern boreal zone of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and Russia, east to the Volga, outside of the range of [Fagus sylvatica] and mostly of [Carpinus betulus]. [Tilia cordata] may be accompanied by [Quercus robur], [Acer platanoides], [Populus tremula], [Picea abies], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Euonymus europaeus], [Daphne mezereum], [Galium odoratum], [Anemone nemorosa] and boreal herbs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Tilia] woodland

East-European [Tilia] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A53
definition: [Tilia]-dominated forests of eastern Central Europe and the southern nemoral zone of Russia, east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica] and, for the most part, of that of [Carpinus betulus], and west of the Volga, with [Quercus robur], [Acer platanoides] and [Ulmus montana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Tilia] woodland

Trans-Volgan [Tilia] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A54
definition: Forests of the nemoral zone of Russia, east of the Volga, with an eastward trend of diminishing [Quercus robur] and augmenting [Tilia cordata], and an often luxuriant shrub layer comprizing, in particular, [Corylus avellana]. Many, or most, are dominated by lime and listed here rather than under unit 41.26C.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Tilia] woodland

Crimean [Tilia] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A55
definition: [Tilia cordata]-dominated forests of the oak-hornbeam-lime forest complex occupying the central part of the Tauric chain of southern Crimea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Tilia] woodland

Non-riverine [Ulmus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.A6
definition: Forests and woods dominated by [Ulmus] spp. or [Acer] spp. of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral zone. Ravine forests, on screes or colluvions, dominated by these species are listed in unit G1.A2, riverine forests in unit G1.2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland
narrower: [Ulmus minor] woods
narrower: [Ulmus glabra] and [Ulmus laevis] woods

[Ulmus minor] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.A61
definition: [Ulmus minor] ([Ulmus carpinifolia], [Ulmus campestris]) or [Ulmus procera] woods of base- and nutrient-rich, often ruderal, terrain, dispersed along the western seaboard of Western Europe and in warm, dry, subcontinental areas of Central Europe, usually rich in species of southern affinities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Ulmus] woodland
narrower: Sweet violet elm woods
narrower: Thermo-Atlantic elm woods
narrower: British suckering elm woods
narrower: Sub-continental field elm woods

Sweet violet elm woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.A611
definition: Nitrophile [Ulmus minor] or [Ulmus procera] woods of the western seaboard of the European continent, from northern France to Poland, distributed, in particular, in the Paris Basin, in the maritime dunes of the Netherlands and Belgium, on the dikes of the Dutch fluviatile district and on the cretaceous low Meuse hills, sporadically also in suburban forests, parks and green spaces throughout its range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ulmus minor] woods

Thermo-Atlantic elm woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.A612
definition: [Ulmus minor] woods of the coasts of Normandy, Brittany and Vend‚e.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ulmus minor] woods

British suckering elm woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.A613
definition: Woods of the British Isles, mostly of the [Fraxinus]-[Acer]-[Mercurialis] type, invaded and dominated by suckering elms of the [Ulmus minor] group ([Ulmus carpinifolia], [Ulmus procera]); postcultural small-leaved elm groves are included.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ulmus minor] woods

Sub-continental field elm woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.A614
definition: [Ulmus minor] woods of dry, warm stations in regions of subcontinental climate of Central Europe, mostly secondary colonists of agricultural land on loess, marls, degraded chernozems or alluvial terrain, distributed in particular in southern German dry enclaves, in peri-Pannonic areas and in Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Ulmus minor] woods

[Ulmus glabra] and [Ulmus laevis] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.A62
definition: Non-riparian, non-ravine [Ulmus glabra] or [Ulmus laevis]-dominated formations of northern and central Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Ulmus] woodland

Mixed deciduous woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas
type: Concept
notation: G1.A7
definition: Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests limited mainly to the mountains bordering the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland
narrower: Euxinian mixed mesic forests
narrower: Sub-Euxinian mixed [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Caucasian [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
narrower: Hyrcanian mixed mesic forests

Euxinian mixed mesic forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A71
definition: Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests of the Pontic Range of northern Anatolia and the Stranja-Istranca of Thrace, with outlyers in the eastern Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas
narrower: Western Euxinian mixed forests

Western Euxinian mixed forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A711
definition: Species-rich mixed forests of mountains of the western Pontic Range and the mountains of the western and southwestern Black Sea region, including the eastern Balkan Range, the Stranja-Istranca, typically with a varied, multispecific shrub layer and herb layer comprising many Euxinian elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Euxinian mixed mesic forests
narrower: Thracio-Euxinian mixed forests

Thracio-Euxinian mixed forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A7111
definition: Species-rich mixed forests of mountains of the western and southwestern Black Sea region, including the eastern Balkan Range, the Stranja-Istranca, composed of [Quercus polycarpa], [Quercus cerris], [Carpinus betulus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Sorbus torminalis], [Fagus orientalis], with a varied, multispecific shrub layer and herb layer comprising many Euxinian elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Euxinian mixed forests

Sub-Euxinian mixed [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A72
definition: Mixed forests of inner slopes of the Pontic Range generally in conditions of lower humidity and temperature than those of the Euxinian mixed forests of unit 41.H1, rich in species of [Quercus] and usually accompanied by [Carpinus betulus] or [Carpinus orientalis], sometimes with conifers. Characteristic species include [Quercus dshorochensis], [Quercus syspirensis], [Quercus anatolica], [Quercus iberica], [Quercus macranthera], [Acer cappadocium], [Fagus orientalis], [Abies bornmuelleriana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas

Caucasian [Quercus] - [Carpinus betulus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A73
definition: Mixed forests rich in hornbeam, oak or beech, of slopes of the Central Caucasus of Georgia, with [Prunus avium], [Pyrus caucasica], [Corylus avellana], [Euonymus europaeus], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Lathyrus roseus], [Dactylis glomerata], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Melica nutans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas

Hyrcanian mixed mesic forests
type: Concept
notation: G1.A74
definition: Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests of the region bordering the southern periphery of the Caspian Sea, including its coastal plain and the northern slopes of the Elburz system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas

Eurosiberian [Acer] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.A8
definition: Forests and woods dominated by [Acer] spp. of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral zone, in particular, maple-dominated, pioneer, young and perturbed stands of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic varied oak-hornbeam and ash forests of units G1.A1 and G1.A2.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland

Non-riverine [Alnus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G1.B
definition: Nonriparian, nonmarshy woods dominated by [Alnus] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: [Alnus cordata] woods
narrower: Nemoral [Alnus] woods
narrower: Boreal and boreonemoral [Alnus] woods

[Alnus cordata] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.B1
definition: [Alnus cordata]-dominated formations of slopes with deep, loose, moist soils, endemic to the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines and the Castaniccia and San Petrone ranges of Corsica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Alnus] woodland

Nemoral [Alnus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.B2
definition: Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the nemoral or boreonemoral zones dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus incana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Alnus] woodland
narrower: Atlantic [Alnus glutinosa] woods
narrower: Central European dry alder woods
narrower: Sarmatic dry alder woods
narrower: Rhodopide grey alder woods

Atlantic [Alnus glutinosa] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.B21
definition: Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of Atlantic regions of the nemoral zone dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus incana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral [Alnus] woods

Central European dry alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.B22
definition: Dry [Alnus incana] or [Alnus glutinosa] woods of nemoral Central Europe, in particular, great horsetail dry alder woods of Poland, dense alder stands of steep valley slopes of Great Poland, dominated by [Alnus incana] alone or by [Alnus glutinosa] and [Alnus incana] together, with a rich undergrowth composed predominantly of ruderal and riparian species; characteristic or abundant species include [Equisetum telmateia], [Lamium maculatum], [Myosotis sparsiflora], [Corylus avellana], [Chaerophyllum temulentum], [Urtica dioica], [Cardamine amara], [Veronica hederifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral [Alnus] woods

Sarmatic dry alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.B23
definition: Dry alder woods of the nemoral and boreonemoral regions of Lithuania, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, in particular, nettle grey alder woods, tall herb-rich dry [Alnus incana] forests on comparatively fertile acid brown forest soils, recorded from the northern part of the Valday Upland and Lithuania, with [Urtica dioica], [Anthriscus sylvestris], [Mnium cuspidatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral [Alnus] woods

Rhodopide grey alder woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.B24
definition: [Alnus incana] woods of the subalpine level of the western Rhodopes, substitution facies of [Picea abies] forests, usually developed in wetter stations than those occupied by [Betula pendula] or [Populus tremula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral [Alnus] woods

Boreal and boreonemoral [Alnus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.B3
definition: Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus incana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Non-riverine [Alnus] woodland
narrower: Boreal [Alnus glutinosa] woods
narrower: Boreal [Alnus incana] woods

Boreal [Alnus glutinosa] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.B31
definition: Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by [Alnus glutinosa]. They are related to the shore woods of unit 44.24 and have a similar composition.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal and boreonemoral [Alnus] woods

Boreal [Alnus incana] woods
type: Concept
notation: G1.B32
definition: Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by [Alnus incana], appearing, in particular, as first recolonisation stage on rich damp soils of central and northern Fennoscandia. They are related to the shore woods of unit 44.23 and have a similar composition.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal and boreonemoral [Alnus] woods

Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations
type: Concept
notation: G1.C
definition: Cultivated deciduous broad-leaved tree formations planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in clearly unnatural stands, often as monocultures.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: [Populus] plantations
narrower: Deciduous exotic [Quercus] plantations
narrower: [Robinia] plantations
narrower: Other broadleaved deciduous plantations

[Populus] plantations
type: Concept
notation: G1.C1
definition: Plantations of species, hybrids or cultivars of the deciduous genus [Populus], in particular, [Populus nigra], [Populus nigra var. italica], [Populus deltoides], [Populus x canadensis], [Populus balsamifera], [Populus trichocarpa], [Populus candicans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations
narrower: Poplar plantations with megaphorb herb layer
narrower: Other poplar plantations

Poplar plantations with megaphorb herb layer
type: Concept
notation: G1.C11
definition: Old poplar plantations with a tall herb-rich undergrowth, substitution habitat for some riparian forest species of plants and animals.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Populus] plantations

Other poplar plantations
type: Concept
notation: G1.C12
definition: Poplar plantations devoid of tall herb-rich undergrowth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Populus] plantations

Deciduous exotic [Quercus] plantations
type: Concept
notation: G1.C2
definition: Cultivated formations of deciduous trees of genus [Quercus] (e.g. [Quercus rubra]) planted most often for the production of wood, composed of exotic species or of Palaeartic species out of their natural range
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations

[Robinia] plantations
type: Concept
notation: G1.C3
definition: Plantations and spontaneous formations of [Robinia pseudacacia]. Vegetation of alliances [Chelidonio-Robinion] and [Balloto nigrae-Robinion].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations

Other broadleaved deciduous plantations
type: Concept
notation: G1.C4
definition: Cultivated deciduous broad-leaved formations of trees of genera other than [Populus], [Quercus] and [Robinia], planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in artificial conditions with a considerably modified accompanying cortège.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations

Fruit and nut tree orchards
type: Concept
notation: G1.D
definition: Stands of trees cultivated for fruit or flower production, providing permanent tree cover once mature. Extensively cultivated and old orchards are habitats supporting rich flora and fauna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved deciduous woodland
narrower: [Castanea sativa] plantations
narrower: [Juglans] groves
narrower: [Prunus amygdalus] groves
narrower: Fruit orchards
narrower: Other high-stem orchards

[Castanea sativa] plantations
type: Concept
notation: G1.D1
definition: Land planted in broad-leaved winter-deciduous chestnuts ([Castanea]), of sub-Mediterranean affinities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fruit and nut tree orchards

[Juglans] groves
type: Concept
notation: G1.D2
definition: Land planted in broad-leaved winter-deciduous walnuts ([Juglans]), of temperate affinities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fruit and nut tree orchards

[Prunus amygdalus] groves
type: Concept
notation: G1.D3
definition: Land planted in broad-leaved winter-deciduous almond trees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fruit and nut tree orchards

Fruit orchards
type: Concept
notation: G1.D4
definition: High-stem orchards of apple, pear, plum, apricot, peach, cherry and other [Rosaceae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fruit and nut tree orchards

Other high-stem orchards
type: Concept
notation: G1.D5
definition: Land planted in deciduous trees, other than those of units G1.D1-G1D4, cultivated for fruit, leaves or flowers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fruit and nut tree orchards

Broadleaved evergreen woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2
definition: Temperate forests dominated by broad-leaved sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous evergreen trees, or by palms. They are characteristic of the Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland, forest and other wooded land
narrower: Mediterranean evergreen [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Eurasian continental sclerophyllous woodland
narrower: Macaronesian [Laurus] woodland
narrower: [Olea europaea] - [Ceratonia siliqua] woodland
narrower: [Phoenix] groves
narrower: [Ilex aquifolium] woods
narrower: Canary Island heath woodland
narrower: Highly artificial broadleaved evergreen forestry plantations
narrower: Evergreen orchards and groves

Mediterranean evergreen [Quercus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1
definition: Woodland with dominant evergreen arborescent [Quercus], e.g. [Quercus alnifolia], [Quercus coccifera], [Quercus ilex], [Quercus rotundifolia], [Quercus suber].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved evergreen woodland
narrower: [Quercus suber] woodland
narrower: [Quercus ilex] woodland
narrower: [Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] woodland

[Quercus suber] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.11
definition: West-Mediterranean silicicolous forests dominated by [Quercus suber], usually more thermophile and hygrophile than those of unit G2.12.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean evergreen [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests
narrower: Southwestern Iberian [Quercus suber] forests
narrower: Northwestern Iberian [Quercus suber] woodland
narrower: Aquitanian [Quercus suber] woodland

Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.111
definition: Mostly meso-Mediterranean [Quercus suber] forests of Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, France and northeastern Spain. They are most often degraded to arborescent matorral (unit 32.11).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus suber] woodland
narrower: Provençal cork-oak woodland
narrower: Corsican cork-oak woodland
narrower: Sardinian cork-oak forests
narrower: Central Italian cork-oak forests
narrower: Southern Italian cork-oak forests
narrower: Catalan cork-oak woodland
narrower: Valencian cork-oak woodland
narrower: Balearic cork-oak woodland

Provençal cork-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1111
definition: Formations of crystalline Provence (Maures, Esterel), no longer represented by fully developed, mature stands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests

Corsican cork-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1112
definition: Formations of the lower meso-Mediterranean level of Corsica, developed on deep siliceous soils, mostly of the southeastern part of the island; better preserved than on the continent, they are nevertheless almost never represented by fully developed, extensive forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests

Sardinian cork-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.1113
definition: Extensive, widespread and varied forests of Sardinia, extending from sea level to about 900 m in non-calcareous mountains. [Quercus suber] is sometimes associated with [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus pubescens]. These forests include luxuriant, fully developed, mature formations, by far the best-preserved cork-oak forests in the central Mediterranean basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests

Central Italian cork-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.1114
definition: Very local, relict coastal forests of Toscany and Latium in which [Quercus ilex] often accompanies [Quercus suber].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests

Southern Italian cork-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.1115
definition: Very local formations of Calabria, Puglia and of northern and southeastern Sicily (Monte Scorace; Bosco di San Pietro, western Iblei), for the most part very degraded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests

Catalan cork-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1116
definition: [Quercus suber]-dominated facies appearing on the more oligotrophic soils within the meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] zone of Catalonia and the Pyrenean foothills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests

Valencian cork-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1117
definition: Isolated, relict formations of the Sierra Espadan, Valencia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests

Balearic cork-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1118
definition: [Quercus suber]-dominated facies appearing on deep siliceous soils of the thermo-Mediterranean [Quercus rotundifolia] formations of Menorca.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tyrrhenian [Quercus suber] forests

Southwestern Iberian [Quercus suber] forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.112
definition: [Quercus suber] forests, often with [Quercus faginea] or [Quercus canariensis], of the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus suber] woodland
narrower: Thermo-Mediterranean cork-oak woodland
narrower: Aljibian cork-oak forests
narrower: Eastern Andalusian cork-oak woodland
narrower: Extremaduran cork-oak woodland

Thermo-Mediterranean cork-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1121
definition: Subhumid thermo-Mediterranean forests and woodlands of the southwestern Iberian peninsula, occurring in sandy coastal areas of western Andalusia and the Algarve, as well as at lower elevations of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar, immediately below the following formation, and characterized by the presence of [Olea europaea var. sylvestris] and other thermo-Mediterranean elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Iberian [Quercus suber] forests

Aljibian cork-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.1122
definition: Luxuriant, fully developed, humid and hyper-humid meso- to thermo-Mediterranean forests occupying, with the more exiguous and even more umbrophilous [Quercus canariensis] formations, the higher elevations of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar and a few enclaves of the Sierra de Ronda, with elements of north African oak forests such as [Teucrium scorodonia ssp. baeticum] and [Ruscus hypophyllum]; they are best represented in the Sierra de Aljibe, and are, next to those of Sardinia, the best-preserved cork-oak forests of the Community.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Iberian [Quercus suber] forests

Eastern Andalusian cork-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1123
definition: Isolated, relict meso-Mediterranean forest of the Sierra de la Contraviesa, eastern Andalusia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Iberian [Quercus suber] forests

Extremaduran cork-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1124
definition: Meso-Mediterranean forests of the Sierra Morena, the Montes de Toledo system and lower southern slopes of the Cordillera Central (Extremadura and surrounding regions), only locally well developed, with lauriphyllous undergrowth or mantle.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Iberian [Quercus suber] forests

Northwestern Iberian [Quercus suber] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.113
definition: Very local, exiguous [Quercus suber] enclaves in the [Quercus pyrenaica] forest area of the valleys of the Sil and of the Mino (Galicia).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus suber] woodland

Aquitanian [Quercus suber] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.114
definition: Isolated [Quercus suber]-dominated stands occurring either as a facies of dunal pine-cork oak forests or in a very limited area of the eastern Landes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus suber] woodland

[Quercus ilex] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.12
definition: Forests dominated by [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia], often, but not necessarily, calcicolous.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean evergreen [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests
narrower: Aquitanian [Quercus ilex] woodland
narrower: [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.121
definition: Rich meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests, penetrating locally, mostly in ravines, into the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They are often degraded to arborescent matorral (unit 32.11), and some of the types listed below no longer exist in the fully developed forest state relevant to category 45; they have nevertheless been included, both to provide appropriate codes for use in 32.11, and because restoration may be possible.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus ilex] woodland
narrower: Northwestern Iberian holm-oak forests
narrower: Catalo-Provençal lowland holm-oak woodland
narrower: Catalo-Provencal hill holm-oak forest
narrower: Balearic holm-oak forests
narrower: Corsican lowland holm-oak woodland
narrower: Corsican hill holm-oak woodland
narrower: Sardinian holm-oak forests
narrower: Northern and central Italian holm-oak forests
narrower: Illyrian holm-oak woodland
narrower: Southern Italian holm-oak forests
narrower: Pantellerian and Maltese holm-oak woodland
narrower: Greek holm-oak woodland
narrower: Cretan holm-oak woodland

Northwestern Iberian holm-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.1211
definition: [Quercus ilex] forests with exuberant undergrowth of Mediterranean, often lauriphyllous, small trees, shrubs, and lianas, including [Laurus nobilis], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Arbutus unedo], [Phillyrea media], [Rosa sempervirens], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Hedera helix], often well-preserved on steep slopes of the calcareous mountains rising above the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Catalo-Provençal lowland holm-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1212
definition: Lower meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] formations of Catalonia, Languedoc, Provence and the lowlands of Tyrrhenian Italy rich in lauriphyllous and sclerophyllous shrubs and lianas, in particular [Viburnum tinus], [Arbutus unedo], [Smilax aspera], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Rubia peregrina]; they are mostly degraded to arborescent matorral, the few remaining groves of holm oaks with a forest-like canopy being generally heavily modified by intensive human use.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Catalo-Provencal hill holm-oak forest
type: Concept
notation: G2.1213
definition: Humid upper meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] formations of Montseny, Valles, Montserrat, Prades, Ports de Beseit, eastern Pyrenees, high Languedoc, Cévennes, upper Provence and southwestern Alps with an undergrowth poorer in shrubs, especially those of eu-Mediterranean affinities, and richer in often acidocline herbaceous species characteristic of supra-Mediterranean deciduous oak woods. Well-developed stands with full forest characteristics exist in several locations on the slopes of well-watered hills, in particular the tall, dense canopy of Montseny. Sparser, lower formations colonize many rocky hillsides in the entire upper meso-Mediterranean arc of the Gulf of Lions basin, locally ascending into the supra-Mediterranean level.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Balearic holm-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.1214
definition: Humid [Quercus ilex] formations, often well developed, of the higher mountains of northern Mallorca, in which the thermo-Mediterranean elements of the [Quercus rotundifolia] formations of lower altitude have given way to more hygrophilous elements such as [Viburnum tinus], [Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii], [Monotropa hypopitys], [Neottia nidus-avis], [Cephalanthera] spp.; they are rich in endemics, among which [Cyclamen balearicum], [Smilax aspera var. balearica], [Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris], [Paeonia cambessedesii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Corsican lowland holm-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1215
definition: [Quercus ilex] formations of the lower meso-Mediterranean level of Corsica with [Viburnum tinus], [Erica arborea], [Lonicera implexa], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Clematis flammula], [Smilax aspera], [Rubia peregrina]; generally degraded to arborescent matorral or dense coppice, they still include, mostly above 400 m of altitude, a few better-preserved woodland fragments.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Corsican hill holm-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1216
definition: [Quercus ilex] formations of the upper meso-Mediterranean level (500-600 m to 1100-1200 m) of Corsica with [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Viburnum tinus], [Ilex aquifolium], [Daphne laureola], [Teucrium scorodonia], [Helleborus lividus], [Cyclamen repandum], [Sanicula europaea], [Melica uniflora]; often installed on steep slopes, they include rather more stands with forest characteristics than the lowland formations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Southern Italian holm-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.121A
definition: Mostly upper meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex]-dominated formations of Calabria and Sicily with [Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii], [Teucrium siculum], [Carex distachya], [Cyclamen repandum], [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Cytisus villosus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Rubia peregrina], [Asplenium onopteris], [Luzula forsteri], [Lonicera etrusca], [Smilax aspera], [Rosa sempervirens] and, in some facies, [Chamaerops humilis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Phillyrea media], [Arbutus unedo]; like the preceding formations, they are usually degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice, but fine stands survive locally, particularly in Sicily, Puglia (e.g. Bosco delle Pianelle) and Calabria (e.g. Boschi di Badolato).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Pantellerian and Maltese holm-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.121B
definition: Relictual pockets of [Quercus ilex] woodland of Pantelleria and the Maltese Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Sardinian holm-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.1217
definition: Lower and upper meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests of Sardinia with [Viburnum tinus], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Clematis flammula], [Clematis cirrhosa], [Clematis vitalba], [Rosa sempervirens], [Tamus communis], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Cyclamen repandum], [Carex hallerana], [Carex distachya], [Luzula forsteri], [Hedera helix], [Lonicera implexa] and [Pistacia lentiscus] in more thermo-Mediterranean areas. Extensive, fully developed, mature stands survive in particular in the hinterland of the Golfo di Orosei, around Mount Gennargentu, in the Barbagia, the Iglesiente, the Sarrabus, the Catena di Margine, on Monte Albo. They occupy a wide altitudinal range, grading at the upper limit into the more sub-Mediterranean formations of unit 45.32.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Northern and central Italian holm-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.1218
definition: [Quercus ilex]-dominated formations of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coastal areas of the northern half of the Italian peninsula with [Phillyrea media], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Viburnum tinus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Daphne gnidium], [Fraxinus ornus], [Rosa sempervirens], [Lonicera implexa], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Myrtus communis], [Clematis flammula], [Tamus communis], [Carex olbiensis], [Luzula forsteri], [Cyclamen repandum] and often an admixture of [Quercus suber] or of the deciduous [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus cerris]; at higher altitude they take on a more montane character with a greater prevalence of sub-Mediterranean elements. Although these formations are, like most other continental holm-oak communities, mostly degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice, fully developed forests subsist very locally, in particular in Toscany and Latium and, to a lesser extent, in Veneto and Emilia-Romagna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Illyrian holm-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1219
definition: [Quercus ilex]-dominated forests and woods of the Adriatic coast of the Balkan peninsula, restricted to the Dalmatian archipelago and to a narrow coastal belt of the mainland extending from the gulf of Sarand‰ to Istria, with [Pistacia terebinthus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Coronilla emerus], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Laurus nobilis], [Viburnum tinus], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Rosa sempervirens], [Lonicera etrusca], [Clematis flammula], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Prunus mahaleb], and, in the most thermic stands, [Myrtus communis] and [Juniperus phoenicea]. They are mostly degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice; fully developed forests are recorded very locally in the Dalmatian archipelago, in particular on Rab, Lokrum, Mljet and Brioni.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Greek holm-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.121C
definition: [Quercus ilex]-dominated formations of peninsular Greece and the Ionian and Aegean archipelagoes, with the exception of those of Crete; associated with [Quercus ilex] are [Quercus coccifera], [Arbutus andrachne], [Arbutus unedo], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Olea europaea], [Juniperus oxycedrus]; arborescent matorrals (unit 32.1) occur throughout the area, though much less commonly than in the western Mediterranean; reasonably extensive, fully developed, mature forest stands do not appear to remain.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Cretan holm-oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.121D
definition: Uncommon [Quercus ilex] formations of Crete; small stands of arborescent matorral (unit 32.1), in which [Quercus ilex] may be associated with [Quercus coccifera] or [Quercus brachyphylla], occur sporadically, particularly on rocky slopes; orchard-like groves of old [Quercus ilex], [Quercus brachyphylla] and cultivated [Olea europaea] exist in the extreme west of the island; heavily grazed, they may be more akin to dehesa (unit 84.5) than to forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests

Supra-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.122
definition: [Quercus ilex] forests of the supra-mediterranean levels of northwestern Mediterranean and Adriatic hills and mountains, often mixed with deciduous oaks, [Acer] spp. or [Ostrya carpinifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus ilex] woodland

Aquitanian [Quercus ilex] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.123
definition: Isolated [Quercus ilex]-dominated stands occurring as a facies of dunal pine-holm oak forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus ilex] woodland

[Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.124
definition: Iberian forest communities formed by [Quercus rotundifolia]. Generally, even in mature state, less tall, less luxuriant and drier than the fully developed forests that can be constituted by the closely related [Quercus ilex], they are, moreover, most often degraded into open woodland or even arborescent matorral. Species characteristic of the undergrowth are [Arbutus unedo], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Rubia peregrina], [Jasminum fruticans], [Smilax aspera], [Lonicera etrusca], [Lonicera implexa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus ilex] woodland
narrower: Continental [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
narrower: Western [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
narrower: Andalusian [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
narrower: Southwestern [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
narrower: Valencian [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
narrower: Balearic [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Continental [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1241
definition: Forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] occupying mostly base-rich soils of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean areas of the central and eastern Meseta, the edges of the Ebro basin and of their bordering northern and eastern mountain ranges, under fairly continental, dry climates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
narrower: Meso-Mediterranean continental encinares
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean Iberian continental encinares
narrower: Northern supra-Mediterranean continental encinares
narrower: Oro-Cantabrian encinares

Meso-Mediterranean continental encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12411
definition: [Quercus rotundifolia] formations distributed over a large potential range on the Meseta and its margins, from the upper Ebro to the Valencian hinterland and the cold, dry plateaux of northeastern Andalusia. Well-preserved examples are rare, most of the forests on good soils having been replaced by cultivation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Supra-Mediterranean Iberian continental encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12412
definition: Basophilous, dry to subhumid woodland widespread in the supra-Mediterranean levels of the Castilian Duero basin, and of the northeastern mountains and plateaux associated with the Iberian Range. They are often rich in [Juniperus thurifera] and associate or alternate with juniper woodland and [Quercus faginea] or [Quercus pyrenaica] deciduous woodland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Northern supra-Mediterranean continental encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12413
definition: [Quercus rotundifolia] woods of superficial calcareous soils of crests, spurs and upper adret slopes of the upper Ebro basin and southern slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, locally entering also Euro-Siberian Cantabrian areas, with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Rosa agrestis], [Lonicera etrusca], [Spiraea hypericifolia ssp. obovata], [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus phoenicea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Oro-Cantabrian encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12414
definition: Relict, xerophile collinar-montane [Quercus rotundifolia] and [Quercus rotundifolia] x [Quercus ilex] forests developed on mostly calcareous, well-drained shallow soils of steep slopes and gorges in the Cordillera Cantabrica and a very few areas of Galicia, rich in [Cephalanthera] and [Epipactis] orchids.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Continental [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Western [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1242
definition: Forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] occupying mostly siliceous soils of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean areas of the western Meseta and neighbouring regions under more Atlantic, though generally dry, climates. Well-preserved examples are rare, most of the remaining wooded areas being under dehesa (84.5) regime.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
narrower: Luso-Extremaduran encinares
narrower: Castilian encinares
narrower: Cordilleran encinares
narrower: Villuercan encinares

Luso-Extremaduran encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12421
definition: Meso-Mediterranean [Quercus rotundifolia] formations widespread on the plains and plateaux of Extremadura, Alentejo and neighbouring regions, and in the Sierra Morena and the Montes de Toledo. It is almost entirely transformed into dehesa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Castilian encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12422
definition: More northern, upper meso-Mediterranean and lower supra-Mediterranean [Quercus rotundifolia] formations, poorer in Mediterranean species, of the western plateaux of Old Castile and adjacent southern Leon and Galicia; [Genista hystrix] is a physiognomically striking element. Also essentially eliminated as forest formations, these woodlands constitute, together with the preceding unit, the basis for the western Iberian dehesa, one of the most characteristic landscapes of the peninsula and an importand habitat of larger fauna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Cordilleran encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12423
definition: [Quercus rotundifolia] formations of the Cordillera Central, characteristic of cool meso-Mediterranean and sunny supra-Mediterranean slopes of the sierras de Guadarrama, de Gredos, de Bejar, de Ayllon and neighbouring areas; they extend east to siliceous enclaves of the Iberian Range. Adapted to a more continental climate than the two previous units, they are poorer in shrubs and lianas. They often constitute low, open woodland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Villuercan encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12424
definition: Summital [Quercus rotundifolia] elfin forests of the high elevations of the Montes de Toledo.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Andalusian [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1243
definition: Forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] developed in the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of Baetic mountains and foothills, and neighbouring interior plains. Well-preserved examples are extremely rare.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
narrower: Meso-Mediterranean basophilous Andalusian encinares
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean basophilous Andalusian encinares
narrower: Silicicolous Andalusian encinares

Meso-Mediterranean basophilous Andalusian encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12431
definition: Woodland dominated by [Quercus rotundifolia] with [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Daphne gnidium], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Crataegus monogyna], [Lonicera implexa], [Rubia peregrina], [Paeonia coriacea], [Paeonia broteroi], [Endymion hispanicus] that represents the potential, mature vegetation of a great part of Andalusia, in the Guadalquivir basin, coastal areas and Baetic ranges, on base-rich and often silt-laden soils, under meso-Mediterranean conditions. They have been largely replaced by cultivation and, where they subsist, are often very degraded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andalusian [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Supra-Mediterranean basophilous Andalusian encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12432
definition: Woodland dominated by [Quercus rotundifolia], with [Quercus faginea], [Acer monspessulanum], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Taxus baccata], [Berberis hispanica], [Crataegus monogyna], [Lonicera arborea], [Daphne laureola], [Rosa] spp., [Polygala boissieri], [Helleborus foetidus] and many orchids, of the supra-Mediterranean level (1400-1900 m) of calcareous Baetic ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andalusian [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Silicicolous Andalusian encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12433
definition: [Quercus rotundifolia]-dominated woodland characteristic of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada and of a few siliceous mountain ranges of the arid Iberian southeast. Totally destroyed in the Sierra Nevada, this community is still represented by well-preserved examples in the sierras de Carrascoy and Alhamilla, and to a lesser extent, in the Sierra de Cabrera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Andalusian [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Southwestern [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1244
definition: Forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] developed in the thermo-Mediterranean zone of Andalusia and neighbouring areas. Well-preserved examples are extremely rare.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
narrower: Basophilous southwestern encinares
narrower: Silicicolous southwestern encinares

Basophilous southwestern encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12441
definition: [Quercus rotundifolia] formations of thermo-Mediterranean calcareous slopes of the Quadalquivir basin and the coastal foothills of Baetic and arid southeastern ranges, with [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Chamaerops humilis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Smilax aspera], [Asparagus albus], [Rhamnus oleoides], [Quercus coccifera], [Clematis cirrhosa], [Aristolochia baetica], [Bupleurum gibraltarium] and, locally, [Maytenus senegalensis] or [Buxus balearica]. They have almost disappeared in forest form except in a few ranges of the arid Iberian Southeast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Silicicolous southwestern encinares
type: Concept
notation: G2.12442
definition: Formations of [Quercus rotundifolia] with [Myrtus communis], [Pulicaria odora], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Phillyrea angustifolia] and [Arbutus unedo] occupying the siliceous soil of the thermo-Mediterranean levels of eastern Andalusia between the Sea of Alboran and the coastal Tejeda, Almijara, Alpujarra and Gador ranges, a few granitic outcroppings of the Sierra Morena and limited enclaves of the Badajos region. They have almost entirely disappeared.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Valencian [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1245
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean, basophilous forests and woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] characteristic of the southeastern maritime façade of the Iberian peninsula in Valencia and Levante, rich in shrubs and lianas, with [Rubia peregrina ssp. longifolia], [Osyris quadripartita], [Chamaerops humilis], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Clematis flammula]. Well-preserved examples survived until recently in, among others, the Sierra del Ave y Cortes de Pallas, in the Pobla Tornesa, in Millares, in Montduver. This community now appears extinct in its full forest form.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

Balearic [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.1246
definition: Forests or woodland of [Quercus rotundifolia] occupying deep soils in the dry thermo-Mediterranean areas of the Balearic islands. Reasonably preserved examples are extremely rare.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus rotundifolia] woodland

[Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.13
definition: Forest or woodland formations dominated by arborescent [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos], [Quercus pseudococcifera]) or [Quercus alnifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mediterranean evergreen [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Greek [Quercus coccifera] forests
narrower: Italian [Quercus coccifera] woodland
narrower: Portuguese [Quercus coccifera] forest
narrower: Cyprian [Quercus coccifera] forest
narrower: Anatolian [Quercus coccifera] forest
narrower: Cyprian [Quercus alnifolia] forests

Italian [Quercus coccifera] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.132
definition: Very local [Quercus coccifera] formations of Puglia and southern Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] woodland

Portuguese [Quercus coccifera] forest
type: Concept
notation: G2.133
definition: Extremely isolated [Quercus coccifera]-dominated forest of Nazare, Monte de S. Bartolomeu, with [Phillyrea media], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Arbutus unedo], [Viburnum tinus], [Smilax aspera], [Asplenium onopteris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] woodland

Cyprian [Quercus coccifera] forest
type: Concept
notation: G2.134
definition: Arborescent [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos])-dominated formations of calcareous or ultra basic substrates of Cyprus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] woodland

Anatolian [Quercus coccifera] forest
type: Concept
notation: G2.135
definition: Arborescent [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos])-dominated forests or steppe-forests of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean Anatolia, with [Quercus brachyphylla], [Quercus infectoria], [Arbutus andrachne], [Acer syriacum], [Fontanesia philliraeoides], [Aristolochia altissima], [Cyclamen persicum], [Eryngium falcatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] woodland

Cyprian [Quercus alnifolia] forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.136
definition: Arborescent [Quercus alnifolia]-dominated formations of Cyprus, installed on basic eruptive substrates of the Troodos range, with [Acer sempervirens], [Teucrium kotschyanum], [Salvia cypria], [Crepis fraasii], [Sedum cyprium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] woodland

Greek [Quercus coccifera] forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.131
definition: Arborescent [Quercus coccifera]-dominated formations of peninsular Greece, of the Ionian and Aegean archipelagoes and of Crete. Extensive, fully-developed stands exist in several areas of Crete. The most representative forests occupy valleys in the 700-800 m range of the southern slopes of the Psiloriti mountains; [Acer orientale], [Cephalanthera cucullata] and [Epipactis cretica] are associated. Other forests are found in the Lefka and Lassithi mountains; [Pyrus amygdaliformis], [Prunus webbii], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Styrax officinalis] are characteristic of various Cretan stands. Outside of Crete, forest stands are found sporadically, in particular on Ikaria, Samothrace and Mount Athos, where [Quercus coccifera] is associated with [Quercus ilex], and at high elevations of Rhodes, where [Quercus coccifera] forms woodland fragments with arborescent [Phillyrea media]. In many areas remnant tall [Quercus coccifera] may form arborescent matorral, as for instance on Ossa; coppice-like formations of young trees also occur.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] woodland

Eurasian continental sclerophyllous woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.2
definition: Lauriphyllous and mixed lauriphyllous-xerophyllous evergreen forests of the Warm-Temperate Humid zones of the Eurasian continent and continental shelf islands and of humid enclaves within the Mediterranean zones. Lauriphyllous forests of the oceanic Macaronesian archipelagoes are listed separately under G2.3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved evergreen woodland
narrower: Mediterraneo-Atlantic [Laurus] - [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Ponto-Hyrcanian sclerophyllous forests

Mediterraneo-Atlantic [Laurus] - [Quercus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.21
definition: [Laurus nobilis]-dominated facies of evergreen oak forests characteristic of areas of warm-temperate humid conditions of the southern Atlantic coasts of the European continent and of humid microclimatic enclaves in the Mediterranean region, in particular, of coastal Asturias (cf. G2.1211), of Andalusia, of Istria and the Dalmatian coast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eurasian continental sclerophyllous woodland

Ponto-Hyrcanian sclerophyllous forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.22
definition: Communities of the Ponto-Caspian warm-temperate humid zone of the southern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, dominated by lauriphyllous or xero-lauriphyllous evergreen tree species, in particular, [Laurus nobilis], [Prunus laurocerasus] ([Laurocerasus officinalis]) and [Buxus hyrcanica], anomalous and often limited to exiguous enclaves within a predominantly deciduous forest environment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eurasian continental sclerophyllous woodland

Macaronesian [Laurus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.3
definition: Humid to hyper-humid, mist-bound, luxuriant, evergreen, lauriphyllous forests of the cloud belt of the Macaronesian islands, extremely rich in floral and faunal species, among which many are restricted to these communities. Genera such as [Picconia], [Semele], [Gesnouinia], [Lactucosonchus], [Ixanthus] are entirely endemic to these communities, while others, such as [Isoplexis], [Visnea] and [Phyllis] reach in them their maximum development; in addition, each of the formations of the various archipelagoes harbours distinctive endemic species. Laurel forests are the most complex and remarkable relict of the humid sub-tropical vegetation of the Mioceno-Pliocene late Tertiary of southern Europe. Areas of intact forests have been drastically reduced to a level below which the preservation of their elements could not be sustained.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved evergreen woodland
narrower: Azorean laurisilvas
narrower: Madeiran laurisilvas
narrower: Canary Island laurisilvas

Azorean laurisilvas
type: Concept
notation: G2.31
definition: Lauriphyllous forests of the Azores, with [Laurus azorica], [Myrica faya], [Frangula azorica], [Ilex perado ssp. azorica], [Juniperus brevifolia], [Picconia azorica], [Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica], [Euphorbia stygiana], [Viburnum tinus ssp. subcordatum], [Vaccinium cylindraceum], [Smilax divaricata]. The humid forests of the coastal areas ("[Myrico-Pittosporietum undulati] p.") have been totally or almost totally degraded, largely invaded by the introduced Australian [Pittosporum undulatum]. A better representation survives of the hyper-humid forests ([Culcito-Juniperion brevifoliae] p.) of higher elevations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian [Laurus] woodland

Madeiran laurisilvas
type: Concept
notation: G2.32
definition: Lauriphyllous forests of Madeira with [Laurus azorica], [Persea indica], [Ocotea foetens], [Apollonias barbujana], [Pittosporum coriaceum], [Clethra arborea], [Visnea mocanera], [Picconia excelsa], [Prunus lusitanica ssp. hixa], [Heberdenia excelsa], [Vaccinium padifolium], [Ilex perado ssp. perado], [Ilex canariensis], [Myrica faya], [Erica arborea], [Hedera canariensis], [Isoplexis canariensis], [Euphorbia mellifera], [Sambucus lanceolata], [Teline maderensis] ([Cytisus maderensis]), [Sonchus fruticosus], [Senecio auritus] ([Senecio maderensis]), [Ruscus streptophyllus], [Rubus bollei], [Semele androgyna], [Smilax canariensis], [Tamus edulis], [Carex peregrina] and many ferns. These forests, which still occupy a relatively large surface, of the order of 10,000 ha (15% of their former surface), are the habitat of the threatened endemic Madeiran Pigeon, [Columba trocaz].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian [Laurus] woodland

Laurisilvas of La Gomera
type: Concept
notation: G2.331
definition: Laurel forests of La Gomera, best preserved and most extensive of the archipelago, with large areas of humid [Persea indica] -[Laurus azorica] forests ([Lauro-Perseetum indicae]), particularly in high areas, and good examples of [Ocotea foetens]-dominated forests, hyper-humid and very rich in ferns and epiphytes ([Athyrio-Ocoteetum foetentis]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island laurisilvas

Laurisilvas of Tenerife
type: Concept
notation: G2.332
definition: Laurel forests of Tenerife, mostly restricted to the Anaga range and Los Silos, with a few smaller patches in Guimar ravines and at a few north slope sites in the La Esperanza-Agua Garcia area and the Barranco de San Antonio - Icod area. There are good representations of til ([Ocotea foetens]) forests (Anaga), as well as of drier [Picconia excelsa]-[Apollonias barbujana] forests (Los Silos).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island laurisilvas

Laurisilvas of La Palma
type: Concept
notation: G2.333
definition: Laurel forests of La Palma essentially restricted to a few large, deep ravines of the northern slope, particularly in the Las Sauces area, including both [Lauro-Perseetum] vinyatigo-laurel and [Athyrio-Ocoteetum] til stands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island laurisilvas

Laurisilvas of Hierro
type: Concept
notation: G2.334
definition: Laurel forests of Hierro, very small and limited to cliff sides in the Ensenada El Golfo area of the north coast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island laurisilvas

Laurisilvas of Gran Canaria
type: Concept
notation: G2.335
definition: Laurel forests of Gran Canaria, extinct. Very small, but fully expressed, fragments existed until very recently, notably at Los Tiles, but now appear to have been totally degraded.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island laurisilvas

[Olea europaea] - [Ceratonia siliqua] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.4
definition: Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo-Canarian woodland dominated by arborescent [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Ceratonia siliqua], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Myrtus communis] or, in the Canary Islands, by [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis] and [Pistacia atlantica]. Most formations will be listed as arborescent matorral F5.1, but a few stands have a sufficiently tall, closed canopy to qualify for this unit.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved evergreen woodland
narrower: Wild [Olea europaea] woodland
narrower: [Ceratonia siliqua] woodland
narrower: Canary Island [Olea europaea] woodland

Wild [Olea europaea] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.41
definition: [Olea europaea var. sylvestris]-dominated formations. A climax olive forest, with [Ceratonia siliqua] and [Pistacia lentiscus] exists on the north flank of Djebel Ichkeul in northern Tunisia. Elsewhere, the communities most resembling olive forest are found in southern Andalusia ([Tamo communis]-[Oleetum sylvestris], extinct?), in Menorca ([Prasio majoris]-[Oleetum sylvestris]), Sardinia, Sicily, Calabria, Crete.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Olea europaea] - [Ceratonia siliqua] woodland

Canary Island laurisilvas
type: Concept
notation: G2.33
definition: Lauriphyllous forests of the Canary Islands, with [Laurus azorica], [Picconia excelsa], [Persea indica], [Ocotea foetens], [Apollonias barbujana], [Visnea mocanera], [Pleiomeris canariensis] ([Myrsine canariensis]), [Ardisia bahamensis], [Prunus lusitanica], [Sambucus palmensis], [Euphorbia mellifera], [Ixanthus viscosus], [Rubus bollei], [Convolvulus canariensis], [Geranium canariensis], [Hedera canariensis], [Smilax aspera], [Smilax canariensis], [Canarina canariensis], [Semele androgyna], [Sideritis macrostachys], [Sideritis canariensis], [Cryptotaenia elegans], [Rubia peregrina], [Carex canariensis], [Asparagus fallax] and many ferns. They are the habitat of the threatened endemic laurel pigeons [Columba junoniae] and [Columba bollii], now limited to La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma. The laurel forests of each island harbour a distinctive set of endemic plants and animals, as exemplified by the species of the composite genus [Pericallis], the well-marked races of the chaffinch [Fringilla coelebs] or the carabid faunas. They are thus best listed separately. The total remnant surface of laurel forest for the four islands, La Gomera, Tenerife, La Palma and Hierro, does not exceed 5000 ha.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian [Laurus] woodland
narrower: Laurisilvas of La Gomera
narrower: Laurisilvas of Tenerife
narrower: Laurisilvas of La Palma
narrower: Laurisilvas of Hierro
narrower: Laurisilvas of Gran Canaria

[Ceratonia siliqua] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.42
definition: [Ceratonia siliqua]-dominated formations, often with [Olea europae var. sylvestris] and [Pistacia lentiscus]. The most developed examples, some truly forestlike, are to be found in Tunisia, on the slopes of the Djebel Ichkeul, where they constitute carob-dominated facies of the previous unit, in Mallorca ([Cneoro tricocci-Ceratonietum siliquae]), in eastern Sardinia, in southeastern Sicily, in Puglia, in Crete, in northeastern Algeria, in Cyrenaica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Olea europaea] - [Ceratonia siliqua] woodland

Canary Island [Olea europaea] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.43
definition: [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis] and [Pistacia atlantica] formations of the Canary Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Olea europaea] - [Ceratonia siliqua] woodland

[Phoenix] groves
type: Concept
notation: G2.5
definition: Woods, often riparian, formed by palm trees of the Mediterranean and Macaronesian zones, [Phoenix theophrasti] of Crete and western Anatolia, and [Phoenix canariensis] of the Canary Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved evergreen woodland
narrower: Cretan [Phoenix theophrasti] groves
narrower: Canary Island [Phoenix canariensis] groves
narrower: Anatolian [Phoenix theophrasti] groves

Cretan [Phoenix theophrasti] groves
type: Concept
notation: G2.51
definition: Relict [Phoenix theophrasti] woods of Crete, restricted to damp sandy coastal valleys; they include the extensive forest of Vai, where the luxuriant palm growth is accompanied by a thick shrubby undergrowth rich in [Nerium oleander], and about four other smaller coastal groves, notably on the south coast of the prefectorate of Rethimnon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phoenix] groves

Canary Island [Phoenix canariensis] groves
type: Concept
notation: G2.52
definition: Relict [Phoenix canariensis] woods of the Canary Islands, mostly characteristic of the bottom of barrancos and of alluvial soils, below 600 metres. Palm groves are now very rare, but still exist in all the islands, with particularly representative examples at Haria on Lanzarote, Vega del Rio Palmas on Fuerteventura, Fataga, Maspalomas and the Barranco de Tirajana in Gran Canaria, Valle Gran Rey in La Gomera, Masca in Tenerife and Brena Alta in La Palma.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phoenix] groves

Anatolian [Phoenix theophrasti] groves
type: Concept
notation: G2.53
definition: Relict [Phoenix theophrasti] woods of western Anatolia, restricted to a few coastal valleys.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Phoenix] groves

[Ilex aquifolium] woods
type: Concept
notation: G2.6
definition: Woods dominated by tall arborescent [Ilex aquifolium]. They occur in the supra-Mediterranean level of Sardinia and Corsica and in Atlantic mountains of northwestern Spain, mostly as a facies of relict yew-holly forests G3.9. Other scattered occurrences exist in the nemoral zone of western Europe, as facies of beech forest G1.6 or acidophilous oak forest G1.8.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved evergreen woodland

Canary Island heath woodland
type: Concept
notation: G2.7
definition: Very tall, forest-like, formations dominated by [Erica arborea], [Myrica faya], [Arbutus canariensis] or [Visnea mocanera], occurring naturally in the most wind-exposed and the driest stations within the "monte verde" of the Canary Island cloud belt; they also occur extensively as degradation stages of the [Laurus] woodland G2.3 or as secondary colonists.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved evergreen woodland
narrower: Canary Island fayal-brezal
narrower: [Visnea] - [Arbutus] forests
narrower: Hierran fayal

Canary Island fayal-brezal
type: Concept
notation: G2.71
definition: Tall [Erica arborea]-dominated formations of Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, Gran Canaria and Hierro, with [Myrica faya], [Ilex canariensis], [Rhamnus glandulosa], [Viburnum tinus ssp. rigidum], [Cedronella canariensis], [Bystropogon canariensis], [Isoplexis canariensis], [Urtica morifolia], [Teline canariensis], [Sonchus abbreviatus], [Hypericum glandulosum], [Gesnouinia arborea] and many species of the genus [Pericallis], including several island or local endemics that characterize several differentiated communities; among these are [Pericallis tussilaginis] ([Pericallis] = [Senecio]), [Pericallis webbii], [Pericallis cruenta], [Pericallis steetzii], [Pericallis murrayi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island heath woodland

[Visnea] - [Arbutus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G2.72
definition: Formations characterized by the abundance of [Arbutus canariensis] and [Visnea mocanera] occurring, in particular, in the Valle de Guimar and Los Silos of Tenerife, and in the Ladera de Jinama of Hierro.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island heath woodland

Hierran fayal
type: Concept
notation: G2.73
definition: Tall [Myrica faya] formation of the southern slope of Hierro, almost devoid of [Erica arborea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island heath woodland

Highly artificial broadleaved evergreen forestry plantations
type: Concept
notation: G2.8
definition: Cultivated evergreen broad-leaved tree formations planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in clearly unnatural stands, often as monocultures.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Broadleaved evergreen woodland
narrower: [Eucalyptus] plantations
narrower: Evergreen exotic [Quercus] plantations
narrower: Other evergreen broadleaved tree plantations

[Eucalyptus] plantations
type: Concept
notation: G2.81
definition: Plantations of trees of the Australian genus [Eucalyptus], in particular, [Eucalyptus globulus], [Eucalyptus camaldulensis], [Eucalyptus cladocalyx], [Eucalyptus delegatensis], [Eucalyptus nitens], [Eucalyptus radiata], [Eucalyptus astringens], [Eucalyptus bicostata], [Eucalyptus brockwayi], [Eucalyptus regnans], [Eucalyptus gomphocephala], [Eucalyptus grandis], [Eucalyptus maidenii], [Eucalyptus cornuta], [Eucalyptus fastigata], [Eucalyptus pauciflora], [Eucalyptus viminalis]. These plantations offer little support for indigenous biological diversity and constitute biological deserts as far as the fauna is concerned.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Highly artificial broadleaved evergreen forestry plantations

Evergreen exotic [Quercus] plantations
type: Concept
notation: G2.82
definition: Cultivated formations of deciduous trees of genus [Quercus] planted most often for the production of wood, composed of exotic species or of Palaeartic species out of their natural range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Highly artificial broadleaved evergreen forestry plantations

Other evergreen broadleaved tree plantations
type: Concept
notation: G2.83
definition: Cultivated evergreen broad-leaved formations of trees of genera other than [Eucalyptus] planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in artificial conditions with a considerably modified accompanying cortège.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Highly artificial broadleaved evergreen forestry plantations

Evergreen orchards and groves
type: Concept
notation: G2.9
definition: In Europe these are mostly olives and citrus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Broadleaved evergreen woodland
narrower: [Olea europaea] groves
narrower: Citrus orchards
narrower: [Phoenix] plantations
narrower: Other evergreen orchards

[Olea europaea] groves
type: Concept
notation: G2.91
definition: Mediterranean formations of [Olea europaea var. europaea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen orchards and groves

Citrus orchards
type: Concept
notation: G2.92
definition: Land planted in broad-leaved evergreen citrus trees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen orchards and groves

[Phoenix] plantations
type: Concept
notation: G2.93
definition: Formations dominated by planted or introduced palms, in particular, date palm ([Phoenix dactylifera]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen orchards and groves

Other evergreen orchards
type: Concept
notation: G2.94
definition: Land planted in evergeen trees, other than those of units G2.91-G2.93, cultivated for fruit, leaves or flowers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Evergreen orchards and groves

Coniferous woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3
definition: Woodland, forest and plantations dominated by coniferous trees, mainly evergreen ([Abies], [Cedrus], [Picea], [Pinus], [Taxus], Cupressaceae) but also deciduous [Larix]. Excludes mixed forests (G4) where the proportion of broadleaved trees exceeds 25%.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland, forest and other wooded land
narrower: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra] woodland
narrower: [Pinus uncinata] woodland
narrower: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
narrower: [Pinus nigra] woodland
narrower: Subalpine mediterranean [Pinus] woodland
narrower: Lowland to montane mediterranean [Pinus] woodland (excluding [Pinus nigra])
narrower: Canary Island [Pinus canariensis] woodland
narrower: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
narrower: [Picea] taiga woodland
narrower: [Pinus] taiga woodland
narrower: [Larix] taiga woodland
narrower: Boreal bog conifer woodland
narrower: Nemoral bog conifer woodland
narrower: Highly artificial coniferous plantations

[Abies] and [Picea] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.1
definition: Woodland dominated by [Abies] or [Picea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: Neutrophile medio-European [Abies] forests
narrower: Calciphilous [Abies alba] forests
narrower: Acidophilous [Abies alba] forests
narrower: Corsican [Abies alba] forests
narrower: Southern Apennine [Abies alba] forests
narrower: Moesian [Abies alba] forests
narrower: Balkano-Pontic [Abies] forests
narrower: Aegean [Abies] forests
narrower: [Abies pinsapo] forests
narrower: Relict [Abies nebrodensis] stands
narrower: Alpine and Carpathian subalpine [Picea] forests
narrower: Inner range montane [Picea] forests
narrower: Hercynian subalpine [Picea] forests
narrower: Southern European [Picea abies] forests
narrower: Enclave [Picea abies] forests
narrower: [Picea omorika] forests
narrower: [Picea orientalis] forests
narrower: [Abies] reforestation
narrower: [Picea abies] reforestation
narrower: Serpentine [Abies alba] forests [G3.1K Serpentine [Abies alba] forests Serpentine [Abies alba] forests

Neutrophile medio-European [Abies] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.11
definition: Fir ([Abies alba]) and fir-spruce forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the northern Apennines, in association with forests of the [Fagion medio-europaeum], of the [Fagion illyricum] or of the [Fagion dacicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Inner Alpine neutrophile fir forests
narrower: Neutrophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests
narrower: Pyrenean fir forests
narrower: East Carpathian high montane fir forests

Inner Alpine neutrophile fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.111
definition: Neutrophilous [Abies alba] and [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on brown soils of the intermediate or inner Alps, outside of the climatic range of the beech ([Fagus sylvatica]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Neutrophile medio-European [Abies] forests
narrower: Sorrel fir forests
narrower: Tall herb fir forests
narrower: Trochischantes fir forests

Sorrel fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1111
definition: Typical inner Alpine [Abies alba] forests with a predominance of mull-moder species such as [Veronica urticifolia] ([Veronica latifolia]), [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Oxalis acetosella], [Luzula nivea]; all fir forests of the intermediate and inner Alps can be included in this category with the exception of those that present clearly acidophilous or calciphilous facies and of the well-characterized local types listed immediately below.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inner Alpine neutrophile fir forests

Tall herb fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1112
definition: High altitude, upper montane, tall-herb rich inner-Alpine fir forests with [Adenostyles alliariae], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Cicerbita alpina], [Chaerophyllum villarsii], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Alnus viridis] and [Sorbus aucuparia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inner Alpine neutrophile fir forests

Trochischantes fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1113
definition: [Abies alba] forests of the Maritime Alps, distributed in particular in the Quatre-Cantons forest in the Tournairet massif, in the Haute-V‚subie, in the Peira Cava massif, in the middle and high Roya, with [Trochiscanthes nodiflora], [Galium sylvaticum], [Luzula pedemontana], [Aquilegia atrata], [Phyteuma halleri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inner Alpine neutrophile fir forests

Neutrophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.112
definition: Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies], [Fagus sylvatica] or both.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Neutrophile medio-European [Abies] forests
narrower: Peri-Alpine neutrophile fir forests
narrower: Illyrian neutrophile fir forests
narrower: Dacian neutrophile montane fir forests

Peri-Alpine neutrophile fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1121
definition: Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, within the area of distribution of the montane beech forests of the [Fagion medio-europaeum], dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies], [Fagus sylvatica] or both.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Neutrophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests
narrower: Peri-Alpine neutrophile spruce fir forests
narrower: Peri-Alpine neutrophile beech fir forests

Peri-Alpine neutrophile spruce fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.11211
definition: Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Picea abies] and with a species cortège composed by elements of the [Fagetalia] and of the [Piceetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Alpine neutrophile fir forests

Peri-Alpine neutrophile beech fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.11212
definition: Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the northern, western, southwestern and southern outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, developed in stations sufficiently favourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Fagus sylvatica] and [Picea abies] and with a species cortège identical to that of the montane beech forests of units 41.13, 41.14, 41.17.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Alpine neutrophile fir forests

Illyrian neutrophile fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1122
definition: Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the southeastern outer Alps and the Dinarides, within the area of distribution of the montane beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum], dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies], [Fagus sylvatica] or both.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Neutrophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests
narrower: Illyrian neutrophile spruce fir forests
narrower: Illyrian neutrophile beech fir forests

Illyrian neutrophile spruce fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.11221
definition: Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the southeastern outer Alps and the Dinarides, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Picea abies] and with a species cortège composed by elements of the [Fagetalia] and of the [Piceetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian neutrophile fir forests

Illyrian neutrophile beech fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.11222
definition: Neutrophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the southeastern outer Alps and the Dinarides, developed in stations sufficiently favourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Fagus sylvatica] and [Picea abies] and with a species cortège identical to that of the montane beech forests of units 41.13, 41.14, 41.17.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian neutrophile fir forests

Dacian neutrophile montane fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1123
definition: Neutrophile to acidophile forests of [Abies alba] and [Fagus sylvatica], often with [Picea abies], on very steep slopes of the montane level of the eastern and southern Carpathians, with a cortège of [Fagetalia] and [Symphyto-Fagenion] species, including [Pulmonaria rubra], [Dentaria glandulosa], [Symphytum cordatum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Actaea spicata], [Rubus hirtus], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Athyrium filix-femina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Neutrophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests

Pyrenean fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.113
definition: Montane [Abies alba] forests of inner valleys of the Pyrenees, and of other stations of relative continentality, unfavourable to beech, more acidophilous than those of units 42.111 and 42.112, with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Goodyera repens], [Galium rotundifolium] and a good representation of species of the neutrophilous beech forests, intermediate between this unit and unit 42.13.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Neutrophile medio-European [Abies] forests

East Carpathian high montane fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.114
definition: Forests dominated by [Abies alba] and [Picea abies], accompanied by [Fagus sylvatica] and characterized by the presence of boreal elements in the herb layer, of gentle slopes of the upper montane level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, with [Hieracium rotundatum], [Orthilia secunda], [Moneses uniflora], [Goodyera repens], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Neutrophile medio-European [Abies] forests

Calciphilous [Abies alba] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.12
definition: [Abies alba] and [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on calcareous soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Inner Alpine calcicolous fir forests
narrower: Outer Alpine calcicolous fir forests
narrower: Jurasso-Hercynian calcicolous fir forests
narrower: Dinaric calcareous block fir forests

Inner Alpine calcicolous fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.121
definition: Calcicolous [Abies alba] and [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the intermediate Alps, with [Carex alba], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Hepatica triloba], [Calamagrostis varia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous [Abies alba] forests

Outer Alpine calcicolous fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.122
definition: [Abies alba] facies of calcicolous [Picea abies]-[Abies alba] forests of the outer Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous [Abies alba] forests

Jurasso-Hercynian calcicolous fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.123
definition: [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] woods of calcareous soils of the eastern Black Forest foothills, the Baar Plateau and the piedmont of the Swabian Alb, rich in sedges and orchids.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous [Abies alba] forests

Dinaric calcareous block fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.124
definition: [Abies alba]-dominated fir forests of calcareous block slopes of the Dinarides of Slovenia, western Croatia, mostly in the Gorski Kotar, the Velebit and the Pljesevica, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending north to the Triglav range in the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and south in fragmentary form to the Piva Valley of Montenegro, with [Juniperus nana], [Calamagrostis hirundinacea], [Calamagrostis varia], [Cirsium erisithales], [Clematis alpina], ferns and mosses including [Leucobryum glaucum]. They include primaeval and near-natural forests of considerable biological and aesthetic value.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calciphilous [Abies alba] forests

Acidophilous [Abies alba] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.13
definition: [Abies alba] and [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on acid soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the northern Apennines, within the biogeographical range of beech forests of the [Fagion medio-europaeum], of the [Fagion illyricum] or of the [Fagion dacicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Inner Alpine acidophile fir forests
narrower: Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests
narrower: Alpenrose fir forests
narrower: Holy Cross fir forests
narrower: [Bazzania] fir forests

Inner Alpine acidophile fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.131
definition: Oligotrophic fir and fir-spruce forests of the intermediate or inner Alps, with [Luzula nivea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Festuca flavescens], [Saxifraga cuneifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Abies alba] forests

Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.132
definition: Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the northern Apennines, the Pyrenees, the Jura and the Hercynian arc, dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies], [Fagus sylvatica] or both.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Abies alba] forests
narrower: Peri-Alpine acidophile fir forests
narrower: Illyrian acidophile fir forests
narrower: Dacian acidophile beech fir forests

Peri-Alpine acidophile fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1321
definition: Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, the western Carpathians, the Jura, the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Black Forest, the Vosges, the Central Massif, the Pyrenees, locally of other mid-German Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Thüringer Wald, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] accompanied to a varying extent by [Picea abies] and with a species cortège combining elements of the [Piceetalia] with those of the [Fagetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests

Illyrian acidophile fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1322
definition: Acidophile fir forests of the montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides, developed in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech, dominated by [Abies alba] with a varying admixture of [Picea abies] and [Fagus sylvatica], with a species cortège composed by elements of the [Fagetalia] ([Fagion illyricum]) and of the [Piceetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests

Dacian acidophile beech fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1323
definition: Neutrophile to acidophile [Abies alba] or [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the montane beech-fir belt of the southeastern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, with a cortège comprising [Fagetalia] and [Symphyto-Fagenion] species including [Pulmonaria rubra], [Dentaria glandulosa], [Symphytum cordatum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Actaea spicata], [Rubus hirtus], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Athyrium filix-femina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine fir forests

Alpenrose fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.133
definition: High-altitude fir forests characteristic of ubacs of the Pyrenees and southwestern Alps, outside of the range of spruce, with [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Festuca flavescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Abies alba] forests
narrower: Pyrenean alpenrose fir forest
narrower: Alpine alpenrose fir forests
narrower: Block alpenrose fir forests

Pyrenean alpenrose fir forest
type: Concept
notation: G3.1331
definition: Fir forests of the lower subalpine level of the Pyrenees, with [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Homogyne alpina], [Lonicera nigra], [Polystichum lonchitis], [Rosa pendulina] ([Rosa alpina]), [Huperzia selago].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpenrose fir forests

Alpine alpenrose fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1332
definition: Fir forests of the lower subalpine level of the western Alps, with [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Lonicera caerulea], [Festuca flavescens], [Huperzia selago].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpenrose fir forests

Block alpenrose fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1333
definition: Block fir forests of the montane level of the Pyrenees and the southwestern Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpenrose fir forests

Holy Cross fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.134
definition: Upland fir, or fir-dominated fir-spruce or fir-pine-oak forests developed on mesotrophic acid soils of Little-Poland, in particular, of the Holy Cross mountains and of sub-Carpathic hills, with an undergrowth rich in ferns, bryophytes and lowland forest species shared with the deciduous forests of the [Tilio-Carpinetum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Abies alba] forests

[Bazzania] fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.135
definition: Fir-dominated [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the German, Swiss and Austrian outer Alps and their piedmont, and of the Carpathians, recorded from the Slovakian Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, with [Frangula alnus] and an herb and moss layer rich in [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Bazzania trilobata], [Blechnum spicant], [Dryopteris carthusiana] agg., [Oxalis acetosella], [Sphagnum palustre], [Sphagnum girgensohnii], [Hylocomium splendens], [Polytrichum formosum], [Thuidium tamariscinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acidophilous [Abies alba] forests

Corsican [Abies alba] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.14
definition: [Abies alba] woods and forests locally replacing, mostly in cool stations, the acidophilous beech forests of the montane level of Corsica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland

Southern Apennine [Abies alba] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.15
definition: Relict [Abies alba] woods associated with the beech forests of the [Geranio versicolori-Fagion] of the Lucano-Calabrian Apennines (Pollino, Sila, Aspromonte).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland

Moesian [Abies alba] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.16
definition: Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of the Rhodopides, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonids, within the geographical range of [Fagion moesiacum] forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Rhodopide fir forests
narrower: Moeso-Macedonian fir forests
narrower: Balkan Range fir forests
narrower: Pelagonide silver fir forests

Rhodopide fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.161
definition: Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of the Rhodopes and the northeastern Greek mountains, Pirin, Rila, Vitosha, within the geographical range of [Fagion moesiacum] forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian [Abies alba] forests
narrower: Falakron silver fir forests
narrower: Rhodope fir forests
narrower: Western Rhodopide fir forests

Falakron silver fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1611
definition: Very local, calciphilous, [Abies alba] forests of Falakron and the southern flank of the Rhodopes of extreme northern Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodopide fir forests

Rhodope fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1612
definition: Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], of the main Rhodope range, within the [Fagion moesiacum] zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodopide fir forests

Western Rhodopide fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1613
definition: Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of Pirin, Rila and Vitosha.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Rhodopide fir forests

Moeso-Macedonian fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.162
definition: Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian [Abies alba] forests

Balkan Range fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.163
definition: Forests of [Abies alba] or of [Abies alba] mixed with [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus nigra] of the Balkan Range system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian [Abies alba] forests

Pelagonide silver fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.164
definition: [Abies alba] forests of the the Pelagonid mountains south to extreme northern Greece, including the Varnous system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Moesian [Abies alba] forests

Balkano-Pontic [Abies] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.17
definition: Forests of [Abies nordmanniana], [Abies borisii-regis], [Abies bornmuelleriana] of the southern Balkans peninsula, the Pontic range and the Caucasus, often mixed with beech, or adjacent to beech forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: King Boris's fir forests
narrower: Bornmueller's fir forests
narrower: Nordmann's fir forests

King Boris's fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.171
definition: [Abies borisii-regis]-dominated fir forests of the southern Dinaric Alps, the northern Pindus, the central Pindus, the southern Rhodopes of Bulgaria and Greece, the Slavanka and Belaciza, adjacent to beech and beech-fir forests of the [Fagion hellenicum] or [Fagion moesiacum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Pontic [Abies] forests

Bornmueller's fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.172
definition: [Abies bornmuelleriana]-dominated forests of the Pontic Range and outlying massifs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Pontic [Abies] forests

Nordmann's fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.173
definition: [Abies nordmanniana]-dominated forests of the Caucasus and of the eastern Pontic Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkano-Pontic [Abies] forests

Aegean [Abies] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.18
definition: [Abies]-dominated fir or fir-pine forests of the northeastern Mediterranean basin, developed outside of, but in the immediate vicinity of beech [Fagus] spp., by [Abies cephalonica] and [Abies equi-trojani], outlier species of the group of [Abies alba] and [Abies nordmanniana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Grecian fir forests
narrower: Trojan fir forests

Grecian fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.181
definition: Endemic [Abies cephalonica] or mixed [Abies cephalonica] and [Abies borisii-regis] forests of the Peloponnese, Cephalonia, Parnassos, the southern Pindus, north to Panetolikon, Timfristos, Vardousia, Iti, Kallidromon and Othris, well outside of the range of beeches, [Fagus spp].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean [Abies] forests

Trojan fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.182
definition: Forests of [Abies equi-trojani] of the higher elevations of the Kaz Dag and of the Mustapha Kemal mountains in extreme western Anatolia, with [Epipogium aphyllum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Aegean [Abies] forests

[Abies pinsapo] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.19
definition: Fir or fir-cedar forests dominated by relict species of [Abies], including forests of [Abies pinsapo], [Abies marocana], [Abies numidica], [Abies cilicica] or [Abies nebrodensis], distributed along the rim of the southern Mediterranean basin, well outside the range of beech.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Ronda pinsapo fir forests
narrower: Bermeja pinsapo fir forests

Ronda pinsapo fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.191
definition: Calcicolous forests and stands of the endemic [Abies pinsapo] of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level of Andalucia, limited to the Serrania de Ronda and associated ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies pinsapo] forests

Bermeja pinsapo fir forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.192
definition: Forests and stands of the endemic [Abies pinsapo] of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level of Andalucia, developed on ultra basic serpentine outcroppings of the Sierra Bermeja and isolated stands of associated ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies pinsapo] forests

Relict [Abies nebrodensis] stands
type: Concept
notation: G3.1A
definition: Surviving stands of the endangered [Abies nebrodensis] in the Madonie mountains of Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland

Alpine and Carpathian subalpine [Picea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the lower subalpine level, and of anomalous stations in the montane level, of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps; in the latter, they are often in continuity with the montane spruce forests of unit G3.1C. The spruces, often stunted or columnar, are accompanied by an undergrowth of decidedly subalpine affinities. [Picea abies] forests of the lower subalpine level of the Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Bilberry spruce forests
narrower: Tall herb subalpine spruce forests
narrower: Moist subalpine spruce forests
narrower: Xerophile subalpine spruce forests
narrower: Cold station spruce forests
narrower: Carpathian spruce forests

Bilberry spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B1
definition: Mostly acidophilous, mesophile, subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps, with [Oxalis acetosella], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calamagrostis villosa] and the moss [Hylocomium splendens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and Carpathian subalpine [Picea] forests

Tall herb subalpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B2
definition: Tall-herb rich, hygrophile or meso-hygrophile, [Picea abies] forests of high altitude stations of the Alps, subjected to prolonged snow cover and frequent fogs, with [Adenostyles] spp., [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Ranunculus aconitifolius], [Aconitum vulparia], [Aconitum paniculatum], [Stellaria nemorum], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Cicerbita alpina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and Carpathian subalpine [Picea] forests
narrower: [Adenostyles glabra] subalpine spruce forests
narrower: [Adenostyles alliariae] subalpine spruce forests

[Adenostyles glabra] subalpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B21
definition: [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Larix decidua] forests of subalpine to high montane slopes of the Alps developed on base-rich and usually lime-rich substrates, in particular, on dolomites, limestones, calcschists, green schists, usually on steep rocky slopes, with an undergrowth dominated by [Adenostyles glabra] ([Adenostyles alpina]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall herb subalpine spruce forests

[Adenostyles alliariae] subalpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B22
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the subalpine level of the Alps developed in high precipitation regions on usually calcareous bedrock, sometimes on base-rich siliceous substrates such as flysch, with an undergrowth dominated by dense formations of tall herbs, in particular, [Adenostyles alliariae], [Cicerbita alpina], [Rumex alpestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall herb subalpine spruce forests

Moist subalpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B3
definition: Sphagnum-rich [Picea abies] forests of the Alps, developed on more or less peaty, humid but not waterlogged substrates, with [Listera cordata], [Sphagnum acutifolium], [Sphagnum quinquefarium], [Sphagnum girgensohnii]. Spruce forests developed in fens or swamps at the periphery of raised bogs or on waterlogged soils in forests are included in swamp forests of class 44, as unit 44.A411.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and Carpathian subalpine [Picea] forests

Xerophile subalpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B4
definition: [Picea abies] forests on dry adrets of the northern and northwestern Alps, with [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and a small admixture of [Vaccinium myrtillus] on siliceous soils over sandstones and carboniferous schists, with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Carex humilis] on lustrous schists, with [berberis vulgaris], [Valeriana montana], [Valeriana tripteris] on stabilised calcareous screes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and Carpathian subalpine [Picea] forests

Cold station spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B5
definition: [Picea abies] woods of anomalous stations at the montane or subalpine level of the Alps, in particular block forests of "ice cellars" (shaded rocky screes through which cold air flows), woods developed in valleys and depressions where cold air accumulates on clear nights, woods colonizing stabilised screes and narrow bands of rocks, woods on moist sites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and Carpathian subalpine [Picea] forests

Carpathian spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B6
definition: [Picea abies] forests, usually unmixed, forming, in most of the Carpathian arc, a lower subalpine belt between beech-fir or beech-fir-spruce forests of the montane level and the mugo pine upper subalpine zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine and Carpathian subalpine [Picea] forests
narrower: Western Carpathian subalpine spruce forests
narrower: Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

Western Carpathian subalpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B61
definition: Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian spruce forests
narrower: Western Carpathian acidophilous spruce forests
narrower: Carpathian holly-fern spruce forests

Western Carpathian acidophilous spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B611
definition: Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of siliceous soils of the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

Carpathian holly-fern spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B612
definition: Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of calcareous ranges in the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia, in particular of the calcareous Tatras.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B62
definition: Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the northern Eastern, the eastern and the southern Carpathians of the Ukraine and Romania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian spruce forests
narrower: Carpathian subalpine rhododenron spruce forests
narrower: Carpathian subalpine Bruckenthalia spruce forests
narrower: Carpathian high montane [Hieracium] spruce forests
narrower: Carpathian high montane [Bazzania] spruce forests
narrower: Carpathian [Leucanthemum] high montane spruce forests

Carpathian subalpine rhododenron spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B621
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the subalpine level, at 1550-1700 metres, of the Eastern Carpathians, with [Pinus mugo], [Pinus cembra], [Rhododendron myrtifolium], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major] and [Calamagrostis villosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

Carpathian subalpine Bruckenthalia spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B622
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the subalpine level (1600-1850m) of the Apuseni Mountains and the Southern Carpathians, with [Pinus mugo], [Pinus cembra], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina], [Campanula serrata], [Homogyne alpina] and [Calamagrostis villosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

Carpathian high montane [Hieracium] spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B623
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the upper montane level of the Eastern, Southern and Southwestern Carpathians, with a usually sparse herb layer mostly of acidophilous species including [Hieracium rotundatum], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Oxalis acetosella], [Campanula abietina], [Luzula luzuloides], [Luzula sylvatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

Carpathian high montane [Bazzania] spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B624
definition: [Picea abies] forest stands installed on wet, acid, peaty ground of the margins of bogs and marshes within the montane level of the Eastern and Southwestern Carpathians, with a mucinal layer of [Sphagnum palustre], [Sphagnum wulfianum], [Sphagnum squarrosum], [Bazzania trilobata]; regional species such as [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina], [Valeriana simplicifolia], [Salix silesiaca], are characteristic and [Listera cordata] is sometimes present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

Carpathian [Leucanthemum] high montane spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1B625
definition: [Picea abies] forests frequently installed along streamsides and inner valleys of lower montane levels of the Eastern and western Southern Carpathians, with a cortège including [Adenostyletalia] elements, in particular [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], [Athyrium distentifolium], [Stellaria nemorum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

Inner range montane [Picea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1C
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the montane level of the inner Alps, characteristic of regions climatically unfavourable to both beech and fir. Analogous [Picea abies] forests of the montane and collinar levels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians subjected to a climate of high continentality.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Acidophile montane inner Alpine spruce forests
narrower: Calciphile montane inner Alpine spruce forests
narrower: Bedstraw montane inner Alpine spruce forests
narrower: Tall herb montane inner Alpine spruce forests
narrower: Peatmoss montane inner Alpine spruce forests
narrower: Inner Carpathian spruce forests

Acidophile montane inner Alpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1C1
definition: Inner Alpine [Picea abies] forests of siliceous crystalline or schistous substrates, with [Calamagrostis villosa] and woodrushes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inner range montane [Picea] forests

Calciphile montane inner Alpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1C2
definition: Calcicolous inner Alpine [Picea abies] forests with [Calamagrostis varia], [Carex flacca], [Sesleria caerulea], [Hieracium trifidum], [Aster bellidiastrum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inner range montane [Picea] forests

Bedstraw montane inner Alpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1C3
definition: Xerophile, more or less mesotrophic inner Alpine [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Abies alba] forests, often characterized by an admixture of deciduous trees, in particular [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], and with a species-rich herb layer comprising [Oxalis acetosella], [Galium rotundifolium], [Galium odoratum], [Anemone nemorosa], [Doronicum austriacum], [Petasites albus], [Primula elatior], [Fragaria vesca], [Cardamine trifolia], [Carex montana] and [Melica nutans].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inner range montane [Picea] forests

Tall herb montane inner Alpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1C4
definition: Upper montane inner Alpine [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Abies alba] forests with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Berberis vulgaris] and an undergrowth rich in tall herbs, usually dominated by [Adenostyles glabra].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inner range montane [Picea] forests

Peatmoss montane inner Alpine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1C5
definition: Montane inner Alpine [Picea abies] forests of peaty soils, rich in [Sphagnum] spp. and with [Equisetum sylvaticum], [Listera cordata] and [Dryopteris dilatata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inner range montane [Picea] forests

Inner Carpathian spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1C6
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the montane and collinar levels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians, formed along the Proprad River valley between the High Tatras and the Low Tatras and subjected to a climate of high continentality.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inner range montane [Picea] forests

Hercynian subalpine [Picea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1D
definition: Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of high ranges of the central and eastern sections of the Hercynian arc, from the Harz to the Bohemian Quadrangle.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Subalpine spruce forests of the Bayerischer Wald
narrower: Subalpine spruce forests of the Harz and Erzgebirge
narrower: Subalpine spruce forests of the Sudeten

Subalpine spruce forests of the Bayerischer Wald
type: Concept
notation: G3.1D1
definition: Acidophilous [Picea abies] forest of the granitic domes of the Bayerischer Wald and the B”hmerwald, with [Abies alba], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella montana], [Calamagrostis villosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian subalpine [Picea] forests

Subalpine spruce forests of the Harz and Erzgebirge
type: Concept
notation: G3.1D2
definition: Spruce forests of the higher elevations of the Harz (above 750 m), the Thüringer Wald and the Erzgebirge.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian subalpine [Picea] forests

Subalpine spruce forests of the Sudeten
type: Concept
notation: G3.1D3
definition: Spruce forests of the higher elevations of the Sudeten (Krkonose or Riesengebirge, Orlicke Hory, Jeseniky).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian subalpine [Picea] forests

Southern European [Picea abies] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1E
definition: Outlying [Picea abies] formations of the Apennines, the southern Dinarides, the Balkan Range and the Rhodopides, at the southern limit of the range of the species and mostly south of its continuous range. [Pinus sylvestris] may be present, and undergrowth species may include [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Urtica dioica], [Rubus idaeus], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Poa nemoralis], [Daphne oleoides], [Calamagrostis arundinacea] and [Fragaria vesca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Southeastern Moesian [Picea abies] forests
narrower: Apennine spruce forests
narrower: Montenegrine [Picea abies] forests
narrower: Pelagonide [Picea abies] forests
narrower: Balkan Range [Picea abies] forests

Southeastern Moesian [Picea abies] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1E1
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the Rhodopide Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and Rhodope ranges and of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern European [Picea abies] forests
narrower: Aegeo-Rhodopean spruce forests
narrower: Central Rhodopide spruce forests
narrower: Moeso-Macedonian spruce forests

Aegeo-Rhodopean spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1E11
definition: Very local [Picea abies] forests of the Aegean-facing southernmost ridge of the main Rhodope ranges in extreme northern Greece, constituting part of the Kara-Dere Forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian [Picea abies] forests

Central Rhodopide spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1E12
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the Rhodopides, forming an extensive subalpine belt on Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and the Rhodopes; the isolated forests developed on the Aegean flank of the Iztocni-Rodope are listed in unit 42.2411.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian [Picea abies] forests

Moeso-Macedonian spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1E13
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, in particular, of the Osogovska Planina of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern Moesian [Picea abies] forests

Apennine spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1E2
definition: Relict woods of spontaneous [Picea abies] of the northern Apennines (Passo del Cerreto, Emilia-Romagna; Foce del Campolino sull'Abetone, Tuscany).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern European [Picea abies] forests

Montenegrine [Picea abies] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1E3
definition: Isolated subalpine and high montane [Picea abies] forests of the Ljubisnja range of Montenegro, developed on both siliceous and calcareous substrates, at altitudes comprised between 1150 and 1850 m on adrets and between 1100 and 1900 m on ubacs. They are species-rich on limestones with a cortège of medio-European affinities, except for the presence of [Laserpitium marginatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern European [Picea abies] forests

Pelagonide [Picea abies] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1E4
definition: Very local subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the Pelagonides, particularly of the southern Sar Planina of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, with smaller stands farther south in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, and in Albania.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern European [Picea abies] forests

Balkan Range [Picea abies] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1E5
definition: Rare and local [Picea abies] forests of the western and central Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southern European [Picea abies] forests

Enclave [Picea abies] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F
definition: Spontaneous [Picea abies] formations occupying outlying altitudinal or edaphic enclaves within the range of more predominant vegetation types, in particular the montane levels of the outer Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the subalpine levels of the Jura, the western Hercynian ranges and the Dinarides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: Subalpine Jura spruce forests
narrower: Subalpine Black Forest spruce forests
narrower: Peri-Alpine bazzania spruce forests
narrower: Hercynio-Alpine montane spruce forests
narrower: Dinaric spruce forests

Subalpine Jura spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F1
definition: Restricted [Picea abies] forests of subalpine affinities of the Jura, comprising truly subalpine formations of the Haut-Jura, well developed but of small extent because of relatively low altitude and competition with [Pinus uncinata] formations, tall herb spruce forests as well as cold station or "ice cellar" formations similar to those of the northern outer Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Enclave [Picea abies] forests

Subalpine Black Forest spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F2
definition: [Picea abies] forests of the Black Forest, characteristic of the subalpine level and of edaphic enclaves and cold stations, rich in [Bazzania trilobata], with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Listera cordata], [Lycopodium annotinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Enclave [Picea abies] forests

Peri-Alpine bazzania spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F3
definition: Edaphic [Picea abies] enclaves of the montane and submontane levels of the pre-Alps and the pre-Alpine plateaux rich in [Bazzania trilobata], in particular, block forests, boulder field forests, frost-pocket forests and woods on moist soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Enclave [Picea abies] forests

Hercynio-Alpine montane spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F4
definition: Spruce forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, of the mid-Pannonic hills, of the outer Western and Northern Carpathians, of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux, of the Jura system and of the Hercynian arc dominated by [Picea abies] with a varying admixture of [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica] or both. They include spruce or fir-spruce forests and spruce-dominated facies of montane or submontane beech-fir forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Enclave [Picea abies] forests
narrower: Medio-European montane spruce forests
narrower: Illyrio-Alpine montane beech spruce forests
narrower: Dacian beech-spruce forests

Medio-European montane spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F41
definition: Spruce and fir-spruce forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, of the mid-Pannonic hills, of the outer Western and Northern Carpathians, of the Jura system and of the Hercynian arc, including spruce facies of fir-beech forests of the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum]. Spruce-dominated facies of Alpine beech-fir forests of the range of the [Fagion illyricum] are listed separately in unit 42.2542.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine montane spruce forests

Illyrio-Alpine montane beech spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F42
definition: [Picea abies]-dominated facies of montane [Fagion illyricum] beech-fir forests of the southeastern outer Alps. Spruce-dominated forests of the same region replacing the beech-fir forests in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech and fir have been listed in unit 42.2541.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine montane spruce forests

Dacian beech-spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F43
definition: [Picea abies]-dominated forests of the montane level of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry, and of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux, within the range of [Fagion dacicum] beech-fir forests, of which they may constitute a facies or a substitute in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech and fir.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynio-Alpine montane spruce forests

Dinaric spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F5
definition: Spruce forests of the subalpine, montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides dominated by [Picea abies] with a varying admixture of [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica] or both. They include subalpine spruce forests, edaphic or microclimatic montane spruce or fir-spruce forests and, occasionally, spruce-dominated facies of montane or submontane [Fagion illyricum] and [Fagion moesiacum] beech-fir forests. They extend throughout the range, from the northern edge of the Dinarides in Slovenia south to the Tara, Povlen, Zlatibor, Golija, Zeljin and Kopaonik ranges, immediately to the north of the Metohija depression.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Enclave [Picea abies] forests
narrower: Illyro-Dinaric cold station spruce forests
narrower: Dinaric dolomite spruce forests
narrower: Dinaric acidophilous spruce forests
narrower: Moeso-Dinaric spruce forests

Illyro-Dinaric cold station spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F51
definition: [Picea abies]-dominated forests of montane and subalpine block slopes and of karst-dolines of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, within or immediately above the range of fir-beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaric spruce forests

Dinaric dolomite spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F52
definition: [Picea abies]-dominated forests of dolomite rendzina of the Dinarides of Croatia and western Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of fir-beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum], with a species cortège that combines raw humus species with calciphile and xerophile species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaric spruce forests

Dinaric acidophilous spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F53
definition: [Picea abies]-dominated forests of acid soils of the montane level of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, within or immediately above the range of fir-beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum], with a species cortège characteristic of the [Vaccinio-Piceetalia], often including many ferns.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaric spruce forests

Moeso-Dinaric spruce forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1F54
definition: Spruce forests of the southern Dinarides of Serbia, developed on both calcareous and siliceous substrates, in particular in the Tara, Povlen, Zlatibor, Golija, Zeljin and Kopaonik ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaric spruce forests

[Picea omorika] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1G
definition: [Picea omorika]-dominated forests of the Drina basin of central Serbia, occuring also in Bosnia and Hercegovina. [Picea abies], [Abies alba] and mosses [Dicranum scoparium], [Ctenidium molluscum], [Eurhynchium striatum], [Hylocomium splendens], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus] are usually also present. Other trees and shrubs are represented by [Salix caprea], [Pinus nigra], [Rosa pendulina]. The herb layer is relatively species-poor, the most frequently occuring species being [Valeriana montana], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Luzula sylvatica], [Hieracium transsilvanicum], [Gentiana asclepiadea], [Erica carnea], [Calamagrostis varia], [Veronica chamaedrys], [Lathyrus vernus], [Euphorbia amygdaloides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland

[Picea orientalis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1H
definition: [Picea orientalis]-dominated forests of the Caucasus and of the eastern Pontic Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland

[Abies] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.1I
definition: Plantations of native firs within or near their area of present or recent natural occurrence. Other plantations of these species and plantations of exotic firs are included under unit G3.F.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland
narrower: [Abies alba] reforestation
narrower: [Abies borisii-regis] reforestation
narrower: [Abies cephalonica] reforestation
narrower: [Abies pinsapo] reforestation
narrower: [Abies nebrodensis] reforestation

[Abies alba] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.1I1
definition: Plantations of [Abies alba] within its area of occurrence or north and west of it.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] reforestation

[Abies borisii-regis] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.1I2
definition: Plantations of [Abies borisii-regis] in Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] reforestation

[Abies cephalonica] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.1I3
definition: Plantations of [Abies cephalonica] in Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] reforestation

[Abies pinsapo] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.1I4
definition: Plantations of [Abies pinsapo] in Andalucia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] reforestation

[Abies nebrodensis] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.1I5
definition: Plantations of [Abies nebrodensis] in the mountains of northern Sicily.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] reforestation

[Picea abies] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.1J
definition: Plantations of [Picea abies] in or near the present or recent natural range of the species, including all Hercynian and peri-Hercynian formations accompanied by semi-natural undergrowth. Intensive, very dense and out-of-station plantations of [Picea abies] are included under unit G3.F.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland

Serpentine [Abies alba] forests [G3.1K Serpentine [Abies alba] forests Serpentine [Abies alba] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.1K
definition: [Abies alba]- and [Picea abies]-dominated forests on serpentines, usually at altitude 1400-1600 m in the Balkan peninsula. [Erica carnea] is also relatively abundant. Other typical species are [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Festuca heterophylla], [Daphne blagayana], [Thymus montanus], [Saxifraga rotundifolia], [Valeriana montana], [Doronicum austriacum], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Luzula sylvatica], [Luzula nemorosa], [Senecio nemorensis], [Melampyrum album], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Hypericum perforatum], [Luzula maxima], [Oxalis acetosella], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Pyrola secunda].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Abies] and [Picea] woodland

Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.2
definition: Forests of the subalpine and sometimes montane levels of the Alps and the Carpathians, dominated by [Larix decidua] or [Pinus cembra]; the two species may form either pure or mixed stands, and may be associated with [Picea abies] or, in the western Alps, [Pinus uncinata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: Eastern Alpine siliceous [Larix] and [Pinus cembra] forests
narrower: Eastern Alpine calcicolous [Larix] and [Pinus cembra] forests
narrower: Western [Larix], mountain pine and [Pinus cembra] forests
narrower: Alpine secondary [Larix] formations
narrower: Carpathian [Larix] and [Pinus cembra] forests
narrower: [Larix polonica] forests

Eastern Alpine siliceous [Larix] and [Pinus cembra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.21
definition: Subalpine [Larix decidua], [Pinus cembra], or [Larix decidua]-[Pinus cembra] forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the inner ranges, usually on siliceous substrates, with an often species-poor undergrowth comprising [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Luzula albida].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra] woodland

Eastern Alpine calcicolous [Larix] and [Pinus cembra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.22
definition: Subalpine and montane [Larix decidua], [Larix decidua]-[Picea abies], [Pinus cembra] or [Larix decidua]-[Pinus cembra] forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the outer ranges, on calcareous substrates, with a usually species-rich undergrowth including [Erica herbacea], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Rhododendron hirsutum] or [Pinus mugo].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra] woodland

Western [Larix], mountain pine and [Pinus cembra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.23
definition: Subalpine [Larix decidua], [Larix decidua]-[Pinus cembra], [Larix decidua]-mountain pine, [Pinus cembra] and [Pinus cembra]-mountain pine forests of the western, and mostly southwestern Alps, in regions where [Pinus uncinata] usually associates with [Larix decidua] and/or [Pinus cembra]. Characteristically xeric, open formations, they are best characterized by their understorey.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra] woodland

Alpine secondary [Larix] formations
type: Concept
notation: G3.24
definition: Formations of [Larix decidua] colonizing abandoned fields and pastures in lower levels of the Alps. Alpine [Larix decidua] plantations; plantations of [Larix decidua] out of range and of other [Larix] spp. or hybrids are included under unit G3.F.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra] woodland

Carpathian [Larix] and [Pinus cembra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.25
definition: Uncommon [Larix decidua] or [Pinus cembra] formations of the Carpathians, each occurring as a single dominant, together as codominants, or mixed with spruce ([Picea abies]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra] woodland
narrower: Western Carpathian larch and arolla forests
narrower: Inner Carpathian larch and arolla forests
narrower: Eastern Carpathian larch and arolla forests

Western Carpathian larch and arolla forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.251
definition: Timberline silicicolous [Larix decidua] and [Pinus cembra] formations of the Tatras.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian [Larix] and [Pinus cembra] forests

Inner Carpathian larch and arolla forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.252
definition: [Larix decidua] and [Pinus cembra] formations of the dry, inner Carpathian Proprad basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian [Larix] and [Pinus cembra] forests

Eastern Carpathian larch and arolla forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.253
definition: Local mixed forests of [Pinus cembra], [Picea abies] and [Pinus mugo], of the lower subalpine level (1650-1500 m), with regional species [Rhododendron myrtifolium], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Melampyrum saxosum], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian [Larix] and [Pinus cembra] forests
narrower: Eastern Carpathian larch forests
narrower: Eastern Carpathian arolla forests

Eastern Carpathian larch forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.2531
definition: [Larix decidua] woods on rocky calcareous substrates at the upper limit of the forest zone (1600-1750 metres) of the Southwestern Carpathians, sometimes with [Pinus cembra] and [Picea abies], and with an herb layer formed by [Saxifraga cuneifolia], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina], [Moneses uniflora], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Aquilegia transsilvanica], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Tricetum fuscum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian larch and arolla forests

Eastern Carpathian arolla forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.2532
definition: [Pinus cembra] and [Picea abies]-dominated formations of the subalpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, formed at the upper forest limit, with a herb layer dominated by spruce forest species and a shrub layer with [Pinus mugo] and [Juniperus nana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Eastern Carpathian larch and arolla forests

[Larix polonica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.26
definition: [Larix decidua ssp. polonica]-dominated facies of the white cinquefoil oak woods (units G1.7A111, G1.7A114) of Poland and the western Ukraine.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine [Larix] - [Pinus cembra] woodland

[Pinus uncinata] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.3
definition: Mostly subalpine forests of the Alps, the Jura, the Pyrenees and the Iberian Range, dominated by [Pinus uncinata], usually open and with a very developed shrubby understory.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: [Pinus uncinata] forests with [Rhododendron ferrugineum]
narrower: Xerocline [Pinus uncinata] forests
narrower: [Pinus uncinata] reforestation

[Pinus uncinata] forests with [Rhododendron ferrugineum]
type: Concept
notation: G3.31
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests of the western outer Alps, the Jura and Pyrenean ubacs, developed on siliceous or decalcified soils of the subalpine level with a predominately ericaceous undergrowh comprising [Rhododendron ferrugineum] (dominant), [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Homogyne alpina], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Lycopodium annotinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus uncinata] woodland
narrower: Outer Alpine alpenrose mountain pine forests
narrower: Jura alpenrose mountain pine forests
narrower: Pyrenean alpenrose mountain pine forests

Outer Alpine alpenrose mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.311
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests occupying hard limestone plateaux of the outer Alps, in the Chablais, the Aravis, the Bauges, the Chartreuse, the Vercors, the Dévoluy in which the almost pure calcareous bedrock is covered by a thick layer of raw humus supporting an acidophilous undergrowth dominated by [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum] accompanied by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Lycopodium selago], [Selaginella spinosa], [Cladonia rangiferina], [Homogyne alpina], [Bartsia alpina], [Astrantia minor].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus uncinata] forests with [Rhododendron ferrugineum]

Jura alpenrose mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.312
definition: Subalpine [Pinus uncinata] forests of the western Jura, similar to the Alpine formations of unit 42.411.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus uncinata] forests with [Rhododendron ferrugineum]

Pyrenean alpenrose mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.313
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests of ubacs of the Pyrenees developed on siliceous soils, or on decalcified soils in the calcareous ranges, in the more humid and snowy parts of the subalpine level, with a ground layer dominated by [Rhododendron ferrugineum] accompanied by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Rosa alpina], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Oxalis acetosella], [Juniperus nana], [Calluna vulgaris], [Dryopteris linneana], [Polystichum spinulosum], [Solidago virgaurea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus uncinata] forests with [Rhododendron ferrugineum]

Xerocline [Pinus uncinata] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.32
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests of the inner Alps, of the western outer Alps and the Jura, and of Pyrenean adrets, accompanied by a shrubby undergrowth in which [Rhododendron ferrugineum] is absent or rare, while [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Erica herbacea], [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Daphne striata], [Dryas octopetala] or [Polygala chamaebuxus] may be prominent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus uncinata] woodland
narrower: Inner Alpine mountain pine forests
narrower: Outer Alpine juniper-bearberry mountain pine forests
narrower: Ventoux mountain pine woods
narrower: Pyrenean adret mountain pine forests
narrower: Pasqueflower mountain pine forests
narrower: Mountain pine forests of the Iberian Range

Inner Alpine mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.321
definition: Subalpine or montane [Pinus uncinata]-dominated formations of the inner and intermediate Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Xerocline [Pinus uncinata] forests

Outer Alpine juniper-bearberry mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.322
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests of the calcareous ranges of the western pre-Alps (cf. unit 42.411) and the Jura, on less evolved soils than those of unit 42.411, which do not allow the development of [Rhododendron ferrugineum] heaths.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Xerocline [Pinus uncinata] forests

Ventoux mountain pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.323
definition: Spontaneous subsummital [Pinus uncinata] woods of the Ventoux, with [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica] and [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Xerocline [Pinus uncinata] forests

Pyrenean adret mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.324
definition: [Pinus uncinata]-dominated forests of adrets in the subalpine level of the Pyrenees, developed on both siliceous and calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Xerocline [Pinus uncinata] forests
narrower: Speedwell mountain pine forests
narrower: Pyrenean bearberry mountain pine forests

Speedwell mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.3241
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests of siliceous Pyrenean adrets, on schists, granites or gneises, with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista pilosa], [Cytisus purgans], [Cotoneaster integerrimus] and a predominantly acidophilous herb layer comprising [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Cruciata glabra], [Festuca eskia], [Veronica officinalis], [Silene rupestris], [Potentilla erecta], [Antennaria dioica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pyrenean adret mountain pine forests

Pyrenean bearberry mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.3242
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests of calcareous Pyrenean adrets with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Rhamnus alpinus], [Amelanchier vulgaris], [Dryas octopetala] and a predominantly calciphilous herb layer comprising [Festuca gautieri], [Valeriana montana], [Teucrium pyrenaicum], [Hepatica nobilis], [Hippocrepis comosa], [Polygala calcarea], [Sesleria caerulea], [Helectotrichon sedenense] ([Avena montana]), [Primula suaveolens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pyrenean adret mountain pine forests

Pasqueflower mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.325
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests of steep calcareous ubacs of the Pyrenees with very superficial soil and a mostly grassy herb layer comprising [Sesleria caerulea], [Festuca gautieri], [Pulsatilla alpina], [Valeriana montana], [Salix pyrenaica], [Hepatica nobilis], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Pyrola uniflora], [Listera cordata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Xerocline [Pinus uncinata] forests

Mountain pine forests of the Iberian Range
type: Concept
notation: G3.326
definition: Isolated outposts of [Pinus uncinata]-dominated formations in the Northern and Southern Iberian Ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Xerocline [Pinus uncinata] forests
narrower: Urbion mountain pine forests
narrower: Gudar mountain pine forests

Urbion mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.3261
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests of the Sierra de Urbion, usually associated with heaths of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Juniperus nana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain pine forests of the Iberian Range

Gudar mountain pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.3262
definition: [Pinus uncinata] forests of the Sierra de Gudar, in the Southern Iberian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain pine forests of the Iberian Range

[Pinus uncinata] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.33
definition: [Pinus uncinata] plantations in or near the natural range of the species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus uncinata] woodland

[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.4
definition: Forests of [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris] and [Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata] of the Nemoral and Mediterranean zones and of their transitions to the Steppe zone. Included are, in particular, the forests of Scotland, of the Alpine system, of the Mediterranean peninsulas, of the lowlands of Central Europe, of the East European Nemoral zone and its adjacent wooded steppes, formed by [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris], as well as those of Anatolia, of the Caucacus and of Crimea, formed by [Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata]. Excluded are the formations situated within the range of natural lowland occurrence of [Picea abies].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: Caledonian forest
narrower: Middle European [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Inner-Alpine [Ononis] steppe forests
narrower: Spring heath [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Inner Alpine [Minuartia laricifolia] steppe forests
narrower: Pyrenean mesophile [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Central Massif [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Southwestern Alpine mesophile [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Iberian calcareous [Pinus sylvestris] woods
narrower: Iberian silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Po terrace [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Ponto-Caucasian [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: European [Pinus sylvestris] reforestation

Caledonian forest
type: Concept
notation: G3.41
definition: Relict, indigenous Scots pine forests of endemic [Pinus sylvestris var. scotica], limited to the central and northeastern Grampians of Scotland. They are mostly open and have a ground layer usually rich in ericaceous species and mosses, in particular, [Hylocomium splendens], and often harbouring, together with abundant [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Goodyera repens], [Listera cordata], [Corallorhiza trifida], [Linnaea borealis], [Trientalis europaea], [Pyrola minor], [Moneses uniflora], [Orthilia secunda]. Accompanying, dominated, tree species include [Juniperus communis], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Betula pubescens], [Betula pendula], [Ilex aquifolium], [Populus tremula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
narrower: Heather Caledonian forest
narrower: Bilberry Caledonian forest
narrower: Moss Caledonian forest
narrower: Woodrush Caledonian forest
narrower: Peatmoss Caledonian forest

Heather Caledonian forest
type: Concept
notation: G3.411
definition: [Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a heath-like ground cover of [Erica cinerea] and [Calluna vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caledonian forest

Bilberry Caledonian forest
type: Concept
notation: G3.412
definition: [Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a heath-like ground cover of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Vaccinium vitis-idaea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caledonian forest

Moss Caledonian forest
type: Concept
notation: G3.413
definition: [Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a closed canopy and an understorey formed mostly by mosses, in particular [Scapania gracilis], [Diplophyllum albicans], [Thuidium tamariscinum] and the hepatic [Anastrepta orcadensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caledonian forest

Woodrush Caledonian forest
type: Concept
notation: G3.414
definition: [Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a ground cover rich in grass-like species, in particular [Luzula pilosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Agrostis capillaris], [Agrostis canina], [Festuca ovina], together with [Vaccinium] spp. and bryophytes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caledonian forest

Peatmoss Caledonian forest
type: Concept
notation: G3.415
definition: [Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests of damp hollows, with carpets of [Sphagnum] spp., [Molinia caerulea] and [Erica tetralix].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Caledonian forest

Middle European [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.42
definition: Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the lowlands of nemoral Europe, south of the main, boreal and boreonemoral, nonalpigenous, area of continuous natural lowland occurrence of [Picea abies], of adjacent wooded steppe regions, and of siliceous soils of the montane or collinar levels of the central European Hercynian ranges and the eastern Alpine system. Acidophilous mixed forests with vegetation of the alliance [Dicrano-Pinion] with [Festuca ovina] dominating in the herb layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
narrower: Subcontinental Scots pine forests
narrower: Hercynian Scots pine forests
narrower: Western Eurasian steppe pine forests
narrower: Baltic dune Scots pine woods
narrower: Eastern Alpine acidophilous Scots pine woods

Subcontinental Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.421
definition: Forests dominated by [Pinus sylvestris] of acid, often podsolised, sands of the plains and hills of middle Europe. Associated trees include [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Betula pendula], [Fagus sylvatica]; [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Dicranum undulatum] are usually prominent in the ground layer, [Molinia caerulea] may be abundant in humid stands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Central European Scots pine forests
narrower: Western lowland Scots pine forests

Central European Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4211
definition: Main-range acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe, where they reach their greatest dominance, and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, in areas of less xericity or continentality than those occupied by the steppe woods of unit 42.523. They are distributed from Franconia and the inner Bohemian basin, through eastern Germany, to western and central Poland, extending, more locally, in areas of greater prevalence of steppe woods, to eastern Poland, Belarus, the northern Ukraine and Russia to the eastern confines of the Nemoral zone of western Eurasia. They are very similar to some taiga formations of which they often represent an outpost beyond the boreal and boreonemoral range of [Picea abies]; their separation from boreo-nemoral taiga pine woods of unit 42.C is generally arbitrary and one of regional convenience.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental Scots pine forests
narrower: Subcontinental moss Scots pine forests
narrower: Subcontinental lichen Scots pine forests
narrower: Subcontinental moorgrass Scots pine forests
narrower: Subcontinental saw-wort Scots pine forests

Subcontinental moss Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.42111
definition: Moss-rich acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with [Leucobryum glaucum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hypnum cupressiforme].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European Scots pine forests

Subcontinental lichen Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.42112
definition: Lichen-rich acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with [Cladonia silvatica], [Cladonia gracilis], [Cladonia furcata], [Ptilidium ciliare], [Polytrichum commune], [Molinia caerulea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European Scots pine forests

Subcontinental moorgrass Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.42113
definition: Acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of humid podsols of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with [Polytrichum commune] and [Molinia caerulea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European Scots pine forests

Subcontinental saw-wort Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.42114
definition: Strongly pine-dominated facies of the mixed [Pinus sylvestris]-[Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea] Central European and Sarmatic forests of units 41.58 and 43.58, with [Carpinus betulus], [Corylus avellana], [Carex digitata], [Carex montana], [Melica nutans], [Serratula tinctoria], [Scorzonera humilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Central European Scots pine forests

Western lowland Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4212
definition: Relict woods of indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] of coarse sands in enclaves of cold subcontinental climate west of the main range of the subcontinental pine and pine-oak woodland, as in the Pays de Bitche basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental Scots pine forests

Hercynian Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.422
definition: Montane acidophilous woods of indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] forming local, edaphic or microclimatic enclaves, particularly on sandstones, on blocks and in steep valleys in the beech belt of Hercynian ranges, and in sub-Hercynian collinar systems, usually with [Vaccinium myrtillus] or lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Eastern Hercynian Scots pine forests
narrower: Black Forest Scots pine forests
narrower: Vosges Scots pine forests
narrower: Luxembourg sandstone Scots pine forests
narrower: Pale hawkweed Scots pine forests
narrower: Lower Austrian block heath pine woods

Eastern Hercynian Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4221
definition: Indigenous acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] enclave formations, in particular block woods and xeric slope woods, of the montane and submontane levels of the Erzgebirge, Fichtelgebirge, Sudeten, B”hmer Wald, Thüringer Wald.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian Scots pine forests

Black Forest Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4222
definition: Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] formations of the Black Forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian Scots pine forests

Vosges Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4223
definition: Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] formations of the mostly dry, acid sandstones of the Vosges, and of sandstone slabs capping rocky outcrops of the the Pays de Bitche.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian Scots pine forests

Luxembourg sandstone Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4224
definition: Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] formations of Luxembourg sandstone outcrops.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian Scots pine forests

Pale hawkweed Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4225
definition: Generally light [Pinus sylvestris] woods of deep-cut valleys of the Central Bohemian hills (valleys of the Vltava, the Otava and the Berounka rivers) and of southern Saxony, with the saxicolous [Hieracium pallidum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian Scots pine forests

Lower Austrian block heath pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.4226
definition: Isolated [Pinus sylvestris] formations of granite blocks of the pre-Hercynian Waldviertel of Lower Austria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Hercynian Scots pine forests

Western Eurasian steppe pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.423
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the wooded steppe belt of western Eurasia and of areas with extreme continental local climates of middle Europe outside of the Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Rhine steppe pine forests
narrower: Sarmatic steppe [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Carpathian steppe [Pinus sylvestris] woods
narrower: Pannonic steppe [Pinus sylvestris] woods

Rhine steppe pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4231
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] woods of areas with extreme continental local climates of middle Europe outside of the Alps, in particular formations with [Pinus sylvestris var. haguenensis] of the Rhine Valley and adjacent hills (Haguenau, Vosges du Nord, southern Rhine Palatinate).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Eurasian steppe pine forests

Sarmatic steppe [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4232
definition: Xerophilous [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the wooded steppe belt of the Sarmatic region of western Eurasia and of areas with extreme continental local climates of northeastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe, extending from northeastern and eastern Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, north-central and eastern Poland in the west, through Podolia and the southern Russian plateaux, to Bashkiria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Eurasian steppe pine forests

Carpathian steppe [Pinus sylvestris] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.4233
definition: Local xerophile [Pinus sylvestris] steppe woods of sub-Pannonic low Carpathian spurs of southwestern and southeastern Slovakia and of the Slovakian inner Carpathian basins, with [Cornus mas], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Melica nutans], [Luzula luzuloides], [Hypochoeris maculata], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea], [Lathyrus niger], [Vicia dumetorum], [Melittis melissophyllum], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Viola collina], [Achillea distans], [Euphorbia epithymoides], [Orchis purpurea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Eurasian steppe pine forests

Pannonic steppe [Pinus sylvestris] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.4234
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] sand steppe woods of the western Pannonic plain and its satellite basins, in particular, the Zahorie (Marchfeld) and the little Alf”ld.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Eurasian steppe pine forests

Baltic dune Scots pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.424
definition: [Pinus sylvestris]-dominated dune woods of the coasts of the southeastern Baltic, from the mouth of the Oder to the Gulf of Finland, with [Empetrum nigrum], [Moneses uniflora], [Linnaea borealis], [Listera cordata], [Goodyera repens], [Erica tetralix], [Calluna vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Eastern Alpine acidophilous Scots pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.425
definition: Acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the collinar and montane levels of the eastern Alps, of the northeastern Dinarides and of adjacent pre-Pannonic and Pannonic hill ranges, mostly subclimactic or anthropogenic, distributed in Lower Austria, Styria, the Burgenland, Slovenia, the pre-Noric hills and the edge of the Bakony Range in western Hungary.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Inner-Alpine [Ononis] steppe forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.43
definition: Xerophile, often calcicolous, open [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus sylvestris] and [Pinus uncinata] forests of the montane level of inner Alpine valleys submitted to extreme continental climate (upper Durance, Ubaye, upper Tin‚e, Val di Susa, Maurienne, Val d'Aoste, Alto Adige (Val Venosta), Upper Engadine, Vintschgau, Virgental), rich in leguminous plants such as [Ononis rotundifolia], [Ononis cenisia], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus purpureus], [Coronilla minima], [Onobrychis saxatilis] and with a shrub layer comprising [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus sabina], [Berberis vulgaris], [Amelanchier ovalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga

Spring heath [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.44
definition: Mesophile, mostly calcicolous, [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the intermediate Alps, the inner Alps, the northern and southeastern outer Alps, with outposts in northern peri-Alpine areas, in the Jura and in the Carpathians, generally characterised by the presence of [Erica herbacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
narrower: Alpine spring heath Scots pine forests
narrower: Carpathian relict calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Alpine spring heath Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.441
definition: Mesophile, mostly calcicolous, [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the intermediate Alps, and, locally, of the inner Alps, the northern, eastern and southeastern outer Alps, the Bavarian plateau, the serpentines of northern Bavaria, Bohemia, the Lake Constance area, the Baar plateau and the Jura, generally characterised by the presence of [Erica herbacea], accompanied by [Juniperus communis], [Berberis vulgaris], [Sorbus aria], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Lembotropis nigricans], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Goodyera repens], [Pyrola chlorantha], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Melampyrum pratense], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Carex alba], [Carex ornithopoda], [Carex humilis], [Carex flacca], [Molinia caerulea], [Calamagrostis varia], [Sesleria albicans]. They include numerous variants, as indicated in part by the associations listed above, most of them with [Erica herbacea], and could be further subdivided. Communities of the intermediate Alps and neighbouring regions form the core of the unit and are adapted to a variety of fairly oligotrophic substrates, mostly calcareous, but occasionally siliceous, with a northern or intermediate exposure. In inner Alpine valleys they occur on less dry sites and usually at higher altitudes than the forests of units 42.53 and 42.55. Isolated, edaphically specialised communities occupy dolomites and serpentines of the northeastern Alps, of adjacent external ranges and of the Bavarian plateau, with or without [Erica herbacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spring heath [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Carpathian relict calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.442
definition: Isolated, calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the western Carpathians, related to the spring heath Scots pine forests of the Alpine area, limited to a few small enclaves in the Strazov mountains, the Velka Fatra, the Pienini ([Pinus sylvestris]-[Calamagrostis varia] community, [Pinus sylvestris]-[Carex alba] community), the Slovakian inner-Carpathian basins and the Slovakian Erzgebirge. [Erica herbacea] and [Polygala chamaebuxus] are absent; the undergrowth includes a number of species of continental distribution and xerothermic affinities, some, western Carpathian endemics; characteristic are [Linum flavum], [Carex humilis], [Carex alba], [Calamagrostis varia], [Pulsatilla slavica], [Thymus carpathicus], [Primula auricula ssp. hungarica], [Globularia aphyllanthes], [Campanula carpatica], [Festuca tatrae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spring heath [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Inner Alpine [Minuartia laricifolia] steppe forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.45
definition: Xerophile, acidophilous, [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the montane level of southwestern inner Alpine valleys (Maurienne, Guisane, Dora-Riparia, Chisone) where they replace the formations of the [Ononido-Pinion] on strongly siliceous adrets, with [Deschampsia flexuosa] and [Minuartia laricifolia] dominant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga

Pyrenean mesophile [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.46
definition: Montane, mossy [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Pyrenees; characteristic of regions with a moderately dry, sunny climate, they occur, at all exposures but mostly on ubacs, in a wide belt on the south flank of the range, with limited outposts on the north flank. Characteristic is the abundance of wintergreens ([Pyrola chlorantha], [Pyrola minor], [Moneses uniflora], [Orthilia secunda]) and of mosses ([Hylocomium splendens], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus], [Pleurozium schreberi]); [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Luzula nivea], [Hepatica nobilis] are usually present.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
narrower: Pyrenean calcicolous mesophile Scots pine forests
narrower: Pyrenean siliceous mesophile Scots pine forests

Pyrenean calcicolous mesophile Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.461
definition: Calcicolous formations of [Pinus sylvestris] with [Sorbus aria], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Ribes alpinum], [Prunus mahaleb], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Polygala calcarea], [Helleborus foetidus], [Valeriana montana], [Festuca gautieri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pyrenean mesophile [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Pyrenean siliceous mesophile Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.462
definition: Silicicolous formations of [Pinus sylvestris] with [Sorbus aucuparia], [Salix caprea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Galium rotundifolium], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Melampyrum pratense], [Lathyrus linifolius] ([Lathyrus montanus]), [Potentilla erecta], [Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis], [Deschampsia flexuosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Pyrenean mesophile [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Central Massif [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.47
definition: Montane [Pinus sylvestris] forests of interior, relatively dry, regions of the Central Massif in the upper Loire basin (Velay and neighbouring regions) and the Causse M‚jean.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga

Southwestern Alpine mesophile [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.48
definition: Mesophile montane forests with wintergreens occupying a broad belt on the southwestern flank of the Alps from Dauphin‚ to the Maritime Alps, differentiated from the forests of unit G3.44 by the absence of [Erica herbacea]; the undergrowh usually comprises [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Centaurea scabiosa], [Tolpis staticifolia] ([Hieracium staticifolium]), [Calluna vulgaris], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Monotropa hypopitys], [Goodyera repens], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Neottia nidus-avis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga

Supra-Mediterranean [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.49
definition: [Pinus sylvestris]-dominated facies of the thermophilous, supra-Mediterranean oak woods (unit G1.7), alternated, mixed or imbricated with [Quercus pubescens] or [Quercus faginea] woods in the southwestern Alpine foothills, on the periphery of the Central Massif, along the southern flank of the Pyrenees and, locally, in the Ligurian and Insubrian Alps, in the western Alps of northern Dauphin‚ and Savoie, in the northern Apennines and on the northern flank of the Pyrenees. [Buxus sempervirens] is usually abundant in the undergrowth; other components of the shrub layer include [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Acer opalus], [Acer campestre], [Acer monspessulanum], [Euonymus latifolius], [Genista cinerea], [Juniperus communis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga

Iberian calcareous [Pinus sylvestris] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.4A
definition: Montane and oro-Mediterranean, xerocline, calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Iberian Range, the Baetic ranges and the southern flank of the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
narrower: Pyrenean hedgehog-heath Scots pine woods
narrower: Savin Scots pine forests

Pyrenean hedgehog-heath Scots pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.4A1
definition: Woods or prewoods of adrets in the montane level of calcareous ranges of the southern flank of the central Pyrenees, with usually low and contorted [Pinus sylvestris] accompanied by a hedgehog-heath (cf. unit 31.71) of [Echinospartum horridum], [Buxus sempervirens], [Juniperus hemisphaerica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian calcareous [Pinus sylvestris] woods

Savin Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4A2
definition: Oro-Mediterranean, calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Iberian Range and the Baetic ranges, often fairly open, and with a shrub layer that includes the prostrate [Juniperus sabina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian calcareous [Pinus sylvestris] woods
narrower: Iberian-Range calcicolous Scots pine forests
narrower: Baetic calcicolous Scots pine forests

Iberian-Range calcicolous Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4A21
definition: Oro-Mediterranean, calcicolous forests of [Pinus sylvestris var. iberica] of the Southern Iberian Range (Maestrazgo: Gudar, Jabalambre, Penyagolosa; serrania de Cuenca: sierra de San Felipe, Montes Universales), with a shrub layer constituted mainly by [Juniperus sabina]; secondary calcicolous Scots pine formations of lower altitude in the Iberian Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Savin Scots pine forests

Baetic calcicolous Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4A22
definition: Oro-Mediterranean forests of [Pinus sylvestris var. nevadensis] of the Baetic ranges, Sierra Magina, Sierra de Baza, Sierra Tejeda, Sierra del Trevenque (calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada), with a shrub layer of [Juniperus sabina] and [Juniperus nana] accompanied by [Ononis aragonensis], [Genista lobelii ssp. longipes], [Daphne oleoides] and [Prunus prostrata], on limestones and dolomites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Savin Scots pine forests

Iberian silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4B
definition: Montane and oro-Mediterranean, xerocline, silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central and the southern flank of the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
narrower: Pyrenean xerophile Scots pine forests
narrower: Iberian-Range silicicolous Scots pine forests
narrower: Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests
narrower: Cantabrian Scots pine forests

Pyrenean xerophile Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4B1
definition: Montane and lower subalpine [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus sylvestris] and [Pinus uncinata] forests of dry adrets of the southern flanks of the Pyrenees and of the Val d'Aran, with a shrub layer comprising [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Cytisus purgans], [Buxus sempervirens] and an herb layer dominated by [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by, among others, [Veronica officinalis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Iberian-Range silicicolous Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4B2
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] forests of siliceous ground in the oro- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Northern and Southern Iberian Ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4B3
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] forests of siliceous ground in the oro- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Summital Guadarraman silicicolous Scots pine forests
narrower: Lower Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests

Summital Guadarraman silicicolous Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4B31
definition: Oro-Mediterranean, summital, silicicolous forests of [Pinus sylvestris var. iberica] of the Sierra de Guadarrama, with [Juniperus nana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests

Lower Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4B32
definition: Supra-Mediterranean [Pinus sylvestris var. iberica] woods of the Cordillera Central (Guadarrama, Gredos), forming in particular as a substitution stage of [Quercus pyrenaica] woodland of which they largely retain the accompanying flora.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests

Cantabrian Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4B4
definition: Isolated [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Cantabrian mountain system, in the Cordillera Cantabrica, the Montes de Leon and the Serra do Geres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the eastern Carpathians and of the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, south to northern Greece, formed by the largely isolated, disjunct, southeastern forms ([Pinus sylvestris var. rhodopaea], [Pinus sylvestris var. illyrica], [Pinus sylvestris var. romanica]) of [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris], and often limited to azonal edaphic enclaves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga
narrower: Thessalo-Macedonian Scots pine forests
narrower: Rhodopide Scots pine forests
narrower: Balkan Range Scots pine forests
narrower: Southwestern Moesian Scots pine forests
narrower: Dinaric spring heath Scots pine forests
narrower: Dinaric calcicole Scots pine forests
narrower: Dinaric acidophile Scots pine forests
narrower: East Carpathian [Sesleria] Scots pine forests
narrower: East Carpathian bilberry Scots pine forests
narrower: East Carpathian [Daphne blagayana] Scots pine forests

Thessalo-Macedonian Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C1
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the mountains of northern Greece (Pieria, Olympus, Vermion, Voras, La‹la, Elatia range), often with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Sorbus aucuparia], and sometimes [Fagus sylvatica] or [Picea abies] in the tree layer and with [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Rubus idaeus] in the shrub layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Rhodopide Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C2
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] forests of Vitosha, the Rila, the Pirin and the Rhodope.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Balkan Range Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C3
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Southwestern Moesian Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C4
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Pelagonides and Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Bulgaria, in particular of ultra-basic trachytes and andesites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Moeso-Macedonian Scots pine forests
narrower: Pelagonian Scots pine forests

Moeso-Macedonian Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C41
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of western Bulgaria, and of trachytes and andesites of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Bregalnica basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Moesian Scots pine forests

Pelagonian Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C42
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] forests of trachytes and andesites of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Mavrovo range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southwestern Moesian Scots pine forests

Dinaric spring heath Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C5
definition: Thermophile [Pinus sylvestris] woods of serpentines, dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Aquilegia vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests
narrower: Dinaric serpentine Scots pine forests
narrower: Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests

Dinaric serpentine Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C51
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] woods of serpentines of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with [Daphne blagayana], [Rosa pendulina], [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Laserpitium krapfii], [Vicia villosa], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Pteridium aquilinum] and the serpentine plants [Asplenium cuneifolium ssp. serpentini], [Campanula cervicaria], [Crocus veluchensis], [Stachys scardica]. They are developed within the Illyrian and Moesian beech forest zones and generally occupy higher elevations and deeper soils than the serpentine [Pinus nigra] woods of unit 42.6212.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaric spring heath Scots pine forests

Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C52
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] woods of dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, with [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Genista januensis], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Buphthalmum salicifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Carex humilis], [Anthericum ramosum], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Hepatica nobilis], [Geranium sanguineum], [Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Carex alba]. They are developed within the Illyrian beech forest zone and often occupy somewhat higher elevations than the similar dolomite [Pinus nigra] woods of unit 42.6214.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaric spring heath Scots pine forests

Dinaric calcicole Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C6
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] woods on limestones of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, with [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Populus tremula], [Betula pendula], [Juniperus communis], [Cotoneaster nebrodensis], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Galium lucidum], [Luzula sylvatica], [Brachypodium pinnatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Dinaric acidophile Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C7
definition: Dry acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, with [Picea abies], [Abies alba], [Betula pendula] and an undergrowth dominated by [Leucobryum glaucum] accompanied by a species cortège characteristic of the [Vacinio-Piceetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

East Carpathian [Sesleria] Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C8
definition: Relict, preice age, forests developed on limestone substrates of the montane level of the Apuseni Mountains of the Southwestern Carpathians and of the Southern Carpathians, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], with numerous calcicolous species such as [Sesleria rigida], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. obscurum], [Thymus comosus], [Asperula capitata], [Dianthus spiculifolius], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Sorbus aria] and [Cotoneaster integerrimus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

East Carpathian bilberry Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4C9
definition: Montane silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the eastern and southern Carpathians, developed on superficial brown soil or bog soil, with a predominantly acidophilous herb layer including [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Luzula luzuloides], [Oxalis acetosella], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and [Dicranum scoparium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

East Carpathian [Daphne blagayana] Scots pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4CA
definition: Relict forests developed on amphibolitic substrates of the upper montane level of the Southern Carpathians, in particular the Cozia mountains, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris] and [Betula pendula], accompanied by regional species such as [Daphne blagayana], [Iris ruthenica], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] and [Anthemis carpatica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Southeastern European [Pinus sylvestris] forests

Po terrace [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4D
definition: Forests of [Pinus sylvestris] of the fluvioglacial terraces that constitute the high plains of the Po river system, with [Betula pendula], [Quercus pubescens], [Castanea sativa] and a ground layer with [Cytisus scoparius], [Calluna vulgaris], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Molinia caerulea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga

Ponto-Caucasian [Pinus sylvestris] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.4E
definition: Forests composed of pines of the [Pinus sylvestris] group, mostly included in [Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata] or its intermediates with [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris], sometimes in species [Pinus kochiana], [Pinus hamata] or [Pinus armena], of the Pontic Range, its satellites and inner Anatolian outposts, of the mountains of the Crimea and of the Caucasus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga

European [Pinus sylvestris] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.4F
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] plantations inside or near the present or recent natural nemoral and Mediterranean European range of the species. Other and very artificial [Pinus sylvestris] plantations are included under unit G3.F.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga

[Pinus nigra] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.5
definition: Forests dominated by pines of the [Pinus nigra] group.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: Alpino-Apennine [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: Western Balkanic [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: [Pinus salzmannii] forests
narrower: Corsican [Pinus laricio] forests
narrower: Calabrian [Pinus laricio] forests
narrower: [Pinus pallasiana] and [Pinus banatica] forests
narrower: [Pinus nigra] reforestation

Alpino-Apennine [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.51
definition: [Pinus nigra] sens strictu forests of the eastern Italian, Austrian and Slovenian Alps, of the Apennines and of Adriatic coasts of northern Italy. Distibuted in dry, sunny steep rocky slopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus nigra] woodland
narrower: Southern Alpine [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: Apennine [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: Lower Austrian [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: Northwestern Adriatic [Pinus nigra] forests

Southern Alpine [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.511
definition: [Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] ([Pinus nigra], [Pinus austriaca]) forests of dry, sunny, rocky steep slopes and cliffs of the southeastern pre-Alps (Carnian pre-Alps, Julian pre-Alps, Carso), between 200 and 1200 m altitude, with [Cyclamen purpurascens] and [Aquilegia einseleana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpino-Apennine [Pinus nigra] forests

Apennine [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.512
definition: Relict "Villetta Barrea pine" ([Pinus nigra ssp. italica]) stations of the Abruzzi (Costa Camosciara, Villetta Barrea), the Campanian Apennines (monti Picentini), the Pollino system (Orsomarso).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpino-Apennine [Pinus nigra] forests

Lower Austrian [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.513
definition: [Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] forests of dry, sunny, often rocky and steep dolomite or sometimes limestone slopes and cliffs of the eastern pre-Alps of Lower Austria, between 300 m and 1200 m altitude, with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cotoneaster] spp., [Berberis vulgaris], [Erica herbacea], [Daphne cneorum], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Melampyrum angustissimum], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Carex humilis], [Euphorbia saxatilis], [Sesleria albicans], [Calamagrostis varia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpino-Apennine [Pinus nigra] forests

Northwestern Adriatic [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.514
definition: [Pinus nigra] [s.s]. forests of the Adriatic coasts of northern Italy, in the gulf of Venice, apparently indigenous, and of glacial relict character.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpino-Apennine [Pinus nigra] forests

Western Balkanic [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.52
definition: Light, open forests of [Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] or [Pinus dalmatica] of the Dinarides, the Pelagonides and the Dalmatian coastal areas. The tree and shrub layer are not dense, therefore the herb layer is quite rich, dominated by [Potentilla opaca], [Euphorbia glabriflora], [Erica carnea], [Sesleria rigida], forming compact "meadows“ in the forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus nigra] woodland
narrower: Dinaro-Pelagonian [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: [Pinus dalmatica] forests

Dinaro-Pelagonian [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.521
definition: Forests of [Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] of the Dinarides and the Pelagonides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Balkanic [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: Moeso-Hellenic montane [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: Illyrian serpentine [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: Illyrian limestone [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: Illyrian dolomite [Pinus nigra] forests
narrower: Illyrian sub-Mediterranean [Pinus nigra] forests

Moeso-Hellenic montane [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5211
definition: [Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) pine woods of ultra-basic substrates, generally trachytes and andesites, of the Pelagonides of northwestern Greece, Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Mavrovo range, as well as of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Bregalnica basin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Pelagonian [Pinus nigra] forests

Illyrian serpentine [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5212
definition: [Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) woods of serpentines of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with [Daphne blagayana], [Rosa pendulina], [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Laserpitium krapfii], [Vicia villosa], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Pteridium aquilinum] and the serpentine plants [Asplenium cuneifolium ssp. serpentini], [Campanula servicaria], [Crocus veluchensis], [Stachys scardica], [Helleborus multifidus ssp. serbicus]. They are developed within the Illyrian and Moesian beech forest zones and generally occupy steeper, stonier slopes and lower elevations than the serpentine [Pinus sylvestris] woods of unit 42.5C51.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Pelagonian [Pinus nigra] forests

Illyrian limestone [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5213
definition: [Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) woods on limestones of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, uncommon black pine facies of the calcicole [Pinus sylvestris] woods of unit 42.5C6.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Pelagonian [Pinus nigra] forests

Illyrian dolomite [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5214
definition: [Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) woods of dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, with [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Genista januensis], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Buphthalmum salicifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Carex humilis], [Anthericum ramosum], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Hepatica nobilis], [Geranium sanguineum], [Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Carex alba]. They are developed within the Illyrian beech forest zone and often occupy somewhat lower elevations than the similar dolomite [Pinus sylvestris] woods of unit 42.5C52.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Pelagonian [Pinus nigra] forests

Illyrian sub-Mediterranean [Pinus nigra] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5215
definition: [Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) pine woods on dolomites and limestones of the sub-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] zone of the Dinarides, extending from sea level to about 1400m, and from the Velebit in the north to Montenegro in the south.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Dinaro-Pelagonian [Pinus nigra] forests

[Pinus dalmatica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.522
definition: Forests of [Pinus dalmatica] of Dalmatian coastal areas, limited to the sub-Mediterranean level of the Biokovo range and the Mediterranean zone of the Peljesac peninsula and of the islands of Brac and Hvar.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Balkanic [Pinus nigra] forests

[Pinus salzmannii] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.53
definition: [Pinus salzmannii] ([Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii], [Pinus nigra ssp. clusiana], [Pinus nigra ssp. mauretanica]) forests of Spain, the Causses and North Africa.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus nigra] woodland
narrower: Causses Salzmann's pine forests
narrower: Pre-Pyrenean Salzmann's pine forests
narrower: Northern-Iberian Salzmann's pine forests
narrower: Cordilleran Salzmann's pine forests
narrower: Southern-Iberian Salzmann's pine forests
narrower: Baetic Salzmann's pine forests

Causses Salzmann's pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.531
definition: Isolated [Pinus salzmannii var. cebennensis] woods of the southern edge of the Causses, with an undergrowth typical of supra-Mediterranean white oak forests at the upper limit and of evergreen oak forests at lower altitudes; [Buxus sempervirens] is usually abundant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus salzmannii] forests

Pre-Pyrenean Salzmann's pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.532
definition: Meso- and supra-Mediterranean [Pinus salzmannii var. pyrenaica] forests of Pyrenean foothills; they are extensive in the southeastern foothills, with outposts in the central foothills, in Catalonian ranges and, very locally, on the north side of the range (Valley of the Tˆt, Conflent). The understorey is formed by the cortège of [Quercus ilex] ([Juniperus oxycedrus], [Rosmarinus officinalis], [Quercus ilex]) at low altitudes, and by that of [Quercus pubescens] ([Buxus sempervirens], [Juniperus communis], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cornus sanguinea], [Lonicera etrusca]) at higher altitudes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus salzmannii] forests

Northern-Iberian Salzmann's pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.533
definition: Isolated [Pinus salzmannii var. pyrenaica] woods of the northern Iberian Range (Soria).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus salzmannii] forests

Cordilleran Salzmann's pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.534
definition: Isolated silicicolous [Pinus salzmannii var. iberica] woods of the Cordillera Central, limited to small enclaves in the Sierra de Gredos and associated ranges, in the Rio Tietar-Rio Alberche area.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus salzmannii] forests

Southern-Iberian Salzmann's pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.535
definition: Supra- and, locally, oro-Mediterranean [Pinus salzmannii var. hispanica] forests of the Southern Iberian Range, occupying extensive areas in the Serrania de Cuenca, the Maestrazgo and associated ranges, mostly on limestones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus salzmannii] forests

Baetic Salzmann's pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.536
definition: Supra- and, locally, oro-Mediterranean [Pinus salzmannii var. hispanica] forests of the Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, covering vast expanses, mostly on limestones, in the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, with outposts in the Sierra de Baza, the Sierra de Filabres and the calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus salzmannii] forests
narrower: Supra-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests
narrower: Oro-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests

Supra-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5361
definition: Forests of [Pinus salzmannii] accompanied by a cortège similar to that of thermophilous oak forests, including [Quercus rotundifolia], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Lavandula latifolia], [Erinacea anthyllis], [Rosmarinus officinalis], [Genista scorpius], [Crataegus monogyna], [Berberis hispanica], [Rosa pouzinii], [Daphne laureola], [Acer granatense], [Paeonia officinalis], of the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, the erra de Baza, the Sierra de Filabres and the calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baetic Salzmann's pine forests

Oro-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5362
definition: Oro-Mediterranean woods of [Pinus salzmannii], more open than those of 42.6361 and occupying very limited areas in the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, with a shrub layer of [Juniperus sabina] and [Juniperus nana], accompanied by [Ononis aragonensis], [Genista lobelii ssp. longipes], [Daphne oleoides] and [Prunus prostrata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Baetic Salzmann's pine forests

Corsican [Pinus laricio] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.54
definition: [Pinus laricio] forests of the mountains of Corsica. The nuthatch [Sitta whiteheadi] is endemic to these forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus nigra] woodland

Calabrian [Pinus laricio] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.55
definition: [Pinus laricio var. calabrica] forests of the Sila, the Aspromonte and Etna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus nigra] woodland

[Pinus pallasiana] and [Pinus banatica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.56
definition: Montane forests of [Pinus pallasiana], or of [Pinus banatica] ([Pinus nigra var. banatica]), of the southern Carpathians, the Balkan peninsula, Cyprus, Anatolia and Crimea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus nigra] woodland
narrower: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Banat pine forests
narrower: Cyprian Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Anatolian Pallas' pine forests

Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.561
definition: Montane forests of [Pinus pallasiana] of Greece and the Balkan peninsula.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pallasiana] and [Pinus banatica] forests
narrower: Taygetos Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Parnon Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Northern Peloponnese Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Southern Pindus Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Olympian Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Central Pindus Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Pelagonide Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Rhodopide Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Balkan Range Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Moeso-Macedonian Pallas' pine forests
narrower: Aegean Pallas' pine forests

Taygetos Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5611
definition: [Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests occupying steep rocky slopes of the montane level of the Taygetos mountains of the Peloponnese.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Parnon Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5612
definition: [Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests of the montane level of the Parnon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Northern Peloponnese Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5613
definition: [Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests of the montane level of the Killini, Chelmos mountains of the northern Peloponnese.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Southern Pindus Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5614
definition: Isolated [Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests of the montane level of mountains of the southern Pindus complex, in particular of the Giona group, and of outlying ranges in Beotia and Eubaea.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Olympian Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5615
definition: Forests dominated by [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana] occupying slopes and ridges of the 500 metre to 1500 metre belt of the Thessalian Mount Olympus, Pieria and Vourninos, extending from the upper limit of the Mediterranean forest and shrub level to, and into, the beech forest zone, accompanied by species characteristic of both the Mediterranean and montane levels, most extensive on the northern side, constituting the most important forest element of the Olympic system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Central Pindus Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5616
definition: Forests dominated by [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana] of the northern and central Pindus system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Pelagonide Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5617
definition: [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Pelagonides of north-central Greece, Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, north to the middle Treska Valley.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Rhodopide Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5618
definition: Scattered [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Rila, Pirin, Slavianka, Rhodopes, Vrondous and Falakron, most widespread in the Rhodope, in part accompanied by [Quercus dalechampii], [Ostrya carpinifolia] (southern Rhodopes), [Abies alba] or [Pinus sylvestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Balkan Range Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.5619
definition: Uncommon [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the beech and durmast oak levels of the western and central Balkan Range and its associated southern chains, sometimes accompanied by [Abies alba], by [Quercus dalechampii], or by [Ostrya carpinifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Moeso-Macedonian Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.561A
definition: [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Aegean Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.561B
definition: [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Aegean islands of Thasos and Samos.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' pine forests

Banat pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.562
definition: Relict thermophile forests of [Pinus banatica] ([Pinus nigra var. banatica]) developed on calcareous substrates of the montane level of the Southern Carpathians, in particular, of the Banat, with [Genista radiata], [Fraxinus ornus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Biscutella laevigata], [Ceterach officinarum], [Festuca xanthina], [Seseli rigidum], [Campanula kladniana], [Centaurea rhenana] and [Campanula divergens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pallasiana] and [Pinus banatica] forests

Cyprian Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.563
definition: Forests of [Pinus pallasiana var. caramanica] of the cold, snowy, high altitudes, above 1400 metres, of the Troodos Range, with [Euphorbia cassia] and numerous Cyprian endemics or near-endemics, among which [Platanthera holmboei], [Epipactis troodi], [Thlaspi cyprium] and [Jurinea cypria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pallasiana] and [Pinus banatica] forests

Anatolian Pallas' pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.564
definition: [Pinus pallasiana] forests of northwestern, southwestern and southern interior Anatolia, occurring between 1200 and 1800 metres altitude, in areas of only a few months of snow cover, moderate to low precipitation and up to six months of summer drought a year.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pallasiana] and [Pinus banatica] forests

[Pinus nigra] reforestation
type: Concept
notation: G3.57
definition: Plantations of pines of the [Pinus nigra] group, accompanied by semi-natural undergrowth formations. These are usually calciphilous communities when accompanying [Pinus nigra], acidophilous ones when with [Pinus laricio].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus nigra] woodland

Subalpine mediterranean [Pinus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.6
definition: Woods of [Pinus heldreichii], [Pinus leucodermis] or [Pinus peuce].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: [Pinus leucodermis] forests
narrower: [Pinus peuce] woods

[Pinus leucodermis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.61
definition: Local treeline formations of [Pinus heldreichii] or [Pinus leucodermis] restricted to the southern Balkans, northern Greece and southern Italy, usually open and with an undergrowth formed by stripped grasslands on dry, often stony or rocky soils.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine mediterranean [Pinus] woodland
narrower: Italian white-barked pine forests
narrower: Pindus white-barked pine forests
narrower: Olympus white-barked pine forests
narrower: Pelagonide white-barked pine forests
narrower: South Dinaric white-barked pine forests
narrower: Rhodopide white-barked pine forests

Italian white-barked pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.611
definition: Rare white-barked pine formations of high southern Italian mountains, limited to the Abruzzian Appenines (Montagna della Maiella), the Campanian Apennines (monti Picentini) and the Lucano-Calabrian Apennines (Pollino, monti Alpi di Latronico, monte la Spina, monti di Orsomarso, monte Montea, serra delle Ciavole).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus leucodermis] forests

Pindus white-barked pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.612
definition: White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Pindus, mostly on ophiolites, at altitudes above 1600 metres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus leucodermis] forests

Olympus white-barked pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.613
definition: White-barked pine formations of Mount Olympus, mostly on jurassic and triassic limestones at altitudes above 1350 metres, with an undergrowth including [Juniperus nana], [Daphne laureola], [Daphne mezereum], [Daphne oleoides], [Genista radiata], [Buxus sempervirens], [Cotoneaster integerrimus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus leucodermis] forests

Pelagonide white-barked pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.614
definition: White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Pelagonides of Albania, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece, south to the Vourinos and the Vermion.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus leucodermis] forests

South Dinaric white-barked pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.615
definition: White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and northern Albania, extending from the Prenj range to the Prokletije and other ranges immediately north of the Metohija depression.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus leucodermis] forests

Rhodopide white-barked pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.616
definition: [Pinus leucodermis] forests of the Pirin and the Slavianka Mountains, on calcareous substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus leucodermis] forests

[Pinus peuce] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.62
definition: [Pinus peuce] formations, restricted to the subalpine zone of the high mountains of the Balkan peninsula south to extreme northern Greece (Voras, Varnous, Rhodope).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subalpine mediterranean [Pinus] woodland
narrower: Pelagonide Macedonian pine woods
narrower: Southern Dinaric Macedonian pine woods
narrower: Rila and Pirin Macedonian pine forests
narrower: Rhodope Macedonian pine woods
narrower: Balkan Macedonian pine woods

Pelagonide Macedonian pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.621
definition: [Pinus peuce] forests of the subalpine zone of the high Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, Albania and northern Greece, recorded, in particular, from the Rudoka, Voras-Nidze and Varnous ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus peuce] woods

Southern Dinaric Macedonian pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.622
definition: [Pinus peuce] forests of the subalpine zone of the southern Dinarides of Montenegro and northern Albania, in the Prokleti and Metochi mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus peuce] woods

Rila and Pirin Macedonian pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.623
definition: Forests dominated by [Pinus peuce] of high altitudes of the Rila and Pirin ranges of Bulgaria, forming a belt of mixed or pure stands within the 1650 to 2100 metre zone and harbouring the largest populations of the species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus peuce] woods

Rhodope Macedonian pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.624
definition: [Pinus peuce]-dominated forests of the western Rhodope mountains of Bulgaria and of the Elatia region of Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus peuce] woods

Balkan Macedonian pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.625
definition: [Pinus peuce] forests of the central Balkan Range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus peuce] woods

Lowland to montane mediterranean [Pinus] woodland (excluding [Pinus nigra])
type: Concept
notation: G3.7
definition: Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic forests of thermophilous pines, mostly appearing as successional stages or plagioclimax replacements of Mediterranean evergreen broadleaved woodland G2.1 or G2.4. Long-established plantations of these pines, within their natural area of occurrence, and with an undergrowth basically similar to that of G2.1 and G2.4, are included.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: Maritime [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests
narrower: [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) forests
narrower: [Pinus pinea] forests
narrower: [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: [Pinus brutia] forests

Maritime [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.71
definition: Forests and plantations of [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] of southwestern France and the western Iberian peninsula not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland to montane mediterranean [Pinus] woodland (excluding [Pinus nigra])
narrower: Charente [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] - [Quercus ilex] forests
narrower: Aquitanian [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] - [Quercus suber] forests
narrower: Landes maritime pine plantations
narrower: Iberian [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests

Charente [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] - [Quercus ilex] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.711
definition: [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests with a subcanopy of [Quercus ilex], [Arbutus unedo] and sometimes [Quercus pubescens] or [Quercus robur] and an undergrowth of [Rubia peregrina], [Cistus salvifolius], [Daphne gnidium] and, in the more acid stands, [Ulex europaeus], [Cytisus scoparius], [Erica scoparia] or, in more calcareous ones, [Hedera helix], [Ruscus aculeatus], developed on mostly calcareous inner dunes of the low-rainfall coasts of Vend‚e, Charente-maritime and northern Gironde, including the islands of Noirmoutier, Yeu, R‚ and Ol‚ron.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maritime [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests

Aquitanian [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] - [Quercus suber] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.712
definition: [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests with a subcanopy of [Quercus suber], [Arbutus unedo] and sometimes [Quercus robur] and an undergrowth of [Erica cinerea], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Frangula alnus], [Rubia peregrina] and, in the more open stands, [Cistus salvifolius], [Cytisus scoparius], [Erica scoparia], [Calluna vulgaris] or, in more closed ones, [Hedera helix], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Ilex aquifolium], developed on acidocline inner dunes of the warmer, more humid coasts of the Marensin, between the Eyre and the Adour river mouths.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maritime [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests

Landes maritime pine plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.713
definition: [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] woodland of southwestern France other than the dunal formations listed in units 42.811 and 42.812.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maritime [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests

Iberian [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.714
definition: [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests of Galicia, Portugal and neighbouring areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Maritime [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests

[Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.72
definition: Forests of [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) of the western Mediterranean, mostly in siliceous meso-Mediterranean, upper meso-Mediterranean and supra-Mediterranean situations of Spain, Portugal, Corsica, southeastern France, northwestern Italy, Sardinia and Pantelleria not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland to montane mediterranean [Pinus] woodland (excluding [Pinus nigra])
narrower: Iberian mesogean pine forests
narrower: Corbières mesogean pine forests
narrower: Franco-Italian mesogean pine forests
narrower: Corsican mesogean pine forests
narrower: Sardinian mesogean pine forests
narrower: Pantellerian mesogean pine forests

Iberian mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.721
definition: [Pinus pinaster] forests of the Iberian peninsula, appearing mostly as substitution communities of [Quercus rotundifolia], [Quercus pyrenaica] or, locally, [Quercus suber], [Quercus faginea] woodlands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) forests
narrower: Northern-Iberian mesogean pine forests
narrower: Cordilleran mesogean pine forests
narrower: Southern-Iberian mesogean pine forests
narrower: Cazorlan mesogean pine forests
narrower: Southern Andalusian mesogean pine forests
narrower: Leonese mesogean pine forests
narrower: Catalonian mesogean pine forests

Northern-Iberian mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7211
definition: Very extensive [Pinus pinaster] forests of the Northern Iberian Range and neighbouring areas, occupying siliceous, often sandy substrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian mesogean pine forests

Cordilleran mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7212
definition: Extensive [Pinus pinaster] forests of the Cordillera Central and neighbouring areas, particularly developed on the southern slope of the range, occupying siliceous substrates, mostly gneiss and granite.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian mesogean pine forests

Southern-Iberian mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7213
definition: [Pinus pinaster] forests of the Southern Iberian Range and plateaux of eastern New Castile.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian mesogean pine forests

Cazorlan mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7214
definition: Extensive [Pinus pinaster] forests of the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Alcaraz and Sagra, mostly on Mesozoic limestones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian mesogean pine forests

Southern Andalusian mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7215
definition: [Pinus pinaster] forests of southern mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian mesogean pine forests

Leonese mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7216
definition: Isolated [Pinus pinaster] woods of Nogarejas and Castrocontrigo in southern Leon.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian mesogean pine forests

Catalonian mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7217
definition: [Pinus pinaster] forests of Catalonia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian mesogean pine forests

Corbières mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.722
definition: Isolated [Pinus pinaster]-dominated woods of the Corbières.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) forests

Franco-Italian mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.723
definition: [Pinus pinaster] forests of siliceous lower meso-Mediterranean areas of Provence, of marls and limestones of the upper meso-Mediterranean level of the Maritime Alps and the Ligurian Alps, and of mostly siliceous or clayey soils of the hills of Liguria and Tuscany.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) forests

Corsican mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.724
definition: [Pinus pinaster]-dominated forests of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of Corsica, mostly on granitic substrates; they are very developed, accompanied by a maquis-like understorey, in the meso-Mediterranean zone, mostly at its upper tier; they occur locally within the supra-Mediterranean zone, on adrets and at lower altitudes, as facies of laricio pine forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) forests

Sardinian mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.725
definition: [Pinus pinaster] formations on granitic substrates of northern Sardinia, with [Arbutus unedo], [Quercus ilex], [Rosmarinus officinalis], [Erica arborea], [Genista corsica], [Lavandula stoechas], [Rubia peregrina], [Calicotome spinosa], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Teucrium marum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) forests

Pantellerian mesogean pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.726
definition: [Pinus pinaster] woods of Pantelleria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster] ([Pinus mesogeensis]) forests

[Pinus pinea] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.73
definition: Mediterranean forests and old naturalised plantations of [Pinus pinea] not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71). Ancient introductions in many areas often makes the distinction between spontaneous forests and long-established formations of artificial origin difficult. These are thus included, while recent, obviously artificial groves are not.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland to montane mediterranean [Pinus] woodland (excluding [Pinus nigra])
narrower: Iberian stone pine forests
narrower: Balearic stone pine woods
narrower: Provence stone pine woods
narrower: Corsican stone pine woods
narrower: Sardinian stone pine forests
narrower: Sicilian stone pine forests
narrower: Italic stone pine forests
narrower: Hellenic stone pine forests
narrower: Albanian stone pine forests
narrower: Dalmatian stone pine forests
narrower: Pontic stone pine forests
narrower: Mediterranean Anatolian stone pine forests

Iberian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.731
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the Iberian peninsula, where they reach their greatest development.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests
narrower: Western Andalusian stone pine forests
narrower: Lusitanian stone pine forests
narrower: Castilian stone pine forests
narrower: Cordilleran stone pine forests
narrower: Catalonian stone pine forests
narrower: Morena stone pine forests
narrower: Manchegan stone pine forests

Western Andalusian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7311
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the lowlands of western Andalusia and adjacent areas, with [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium rosmarinifolium], [Calicotome villosa], [Cistus salvifolius], [Cistus crispus], [Erica scoparia], [Corema album], [Rhamnus oleoides], [Chamaerops humilis], [Juniperus phoenicea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian stone pine forests

Lusitanian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7312
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the coasts of Portugal, notably the Setubal peninsula, pure or with [Pinus pinaster].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian stone pine forests

Castilian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7313
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the plateaux of Old Castile in the provinces of Valladolid, Zamora, Avila and Segovia, pure or with [Pinus pinaster]; the undergrowth includes [Cistus laurifolius], [Cytisus scoparius], [Crataegus monogyna], [Salvia officinalis], [Lavandula latifolia], [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus thurifera] and tufts of [Corynephorus canescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian stone pine forests

Cordilleran stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7314
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the foothills of the Cordillera Central, particularly in areas between Guadarrama and Gredos, pure or with [Pinus pinaster]; the undergrowth, similar to that of evergreen oak forests, includes [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Retama sphaerocarpa], [Cytisus scoparius], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Lavandula pedunculata], [Helichrysum serotinum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian stone pine forests

Catalonian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7315
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of coastal and lowland Catalonia, often natural, and with an abundant shrub layer comprising [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Ulex australis], [Calicotome spinosa], [Cistus albidus], [Cistus monspeliensis], [Cistus salvifolius], [Cistus laurifolius].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian stone pine forests

Morena stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7316
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the Sierra Morena, largely represented by plantations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian stone pine forests

Manchegan stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7317
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the foothills of the Southern Iberian Range and the plateaux of La Mancha, also mostly of artificial origin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Iberian stone pine forests

Balearic stone pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.732
definition: [Pinus pinea] formations of the Balearic Islands, native only on Ibiza and Formentera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Provence stone pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.733
definition: [Pinus pinea] formations of Provence, possibly spontaneous on coastal sands and in the Maures area.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Corsican stone pine woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.734
definition: [Pinus pinea] formations of the littoral of Corsica, some of which may be of natural origin, in particular on old dunes of the east coast.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Sardinian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.735
definition: [Pinus pinea] formations of Sardinia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Sicilian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.736
definition: [Pinus pinea] formations of the Monti Peloritani, northwestern Sicily, of probable native origin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Italic stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.737
definition: Large [Pinus pinea] forests and ancient plantations of the Tyrhenian and Adriatic coasts of the Italian peninsula, in Liguria, Toscany, Latium, Campania, Emilia-Romagna (Ravenna) and Friuli-Venetia Giulia (Grado). At least the forests of the Adriatic coast, between Ravenna and the P“, are of natural origine, with a continuous record since post-glacial times.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Hellenic stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.738
definition: [Pinus pinea] woods of the littoral and coastal hills of the Peloponnese, Chalcidice, Crete and Aegean islands, rather local but probably in part, at least, spontaneous; a splendid example exists, in particular, on Skiathos.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Albanian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.739
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the southern Adriatic and Otranto Canal coastlands of Albania, where they form, in particular, considerable forests of varied composition on coastal sands between the Shkumbin and Seman rivers.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Dalmatian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.73A
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the eastern Adriatic coastlands, distributed, in particular, in Istria and the Gulf of Rijeka and in southern Croatia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Pontic stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.73B
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of Mediterranean enclaves on the southern Black Sea coast of Anatolia in extreme eastern Paphlegonia and in western and eastern Lazistan, some, at least, apparently indigenous. In Lazistan, they occur, in particular, on hill slopes, from sea level to the top of the coastal range, on eruptive rocks, with a rich undergrowth including [Cistus creticus], [Pistacia palaestina], [Juniperus oxycedrus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

Mediterranean Anatolian stone pine forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.73C
definition: [Pinus pinea] forests of the Aegean and east Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia and of their Mediterranean hinterland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus pinea] forests

[Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.74
definition: Woods of [Pinus halepensis], a frequent colonist of thermo- and calcicolous meso-mediterranean scrubs not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71). The distinction between spontaneous forests and long-established formations of artificial origin is often difficult. The latter are thus included here, while recent, obviously artificial groves are not.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland to montane mediterranean [Pinus] woodland (excluding [Pinus nigra])
narrower: Iberian [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: Balearic [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: Provenço-Ligurian [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: Corsican [Pinus halepensis] woods
narrower: Sardinian [Pinus halepensis] woods
narrower: Sicilian [Pinus halepensis] woods
narrower: Italic [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: Hellenic [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: Illyrian [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: East Mediterranean [Pinus halepensis] forests

Iberian [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.741
definition: [Pinus halepensis] forests of Spain, considered native for at least two-thirds of their considerable expanse; they are mostly restricted to eastern regions on the Mediterranean slope of the Catalonian mountains, the Maestrazgo, the pre-Baetic ranges of the upper Guadalquivir basin, the southern Andalusian mountains; they penetrate farther inland in the Ebro basin and around the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadalquivir systems. They appear to extend north along the coast of the French Golfe du Lion to the region of Agde.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests

Balearic [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.742
definition: [Pinus halepensis] formations of the Balearics, present and probably native on all the major islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests

Provenço-Ligurian [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.743
definition: Mostly lower meso-Mediterranean [Pinus halepensis] forests of Provence and of the lower slopes and coastlines of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, extensive and undoubtedly native.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests

Corsican [Pinus halepensis] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.744
definition: Rare and local [Pinus halepensis] woods of the Corsican coasts, some, at least, possibly natural.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests

Sardinian [Pinus halepensis] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.745
definition: [Pinus halepensis] formations of Sardinia, where certainly native woods occur on Isola di San Pietro and the Sulcis coast of Iglesiente.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests

Sicilian [Pinus halepensis] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.746
definition: [Pinus halepensis] formations of Sicily and peripheral islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests

Italic [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.747
definition: [Pinus halepensis] formations of the Italian peninsula; extensive, probably at least partially native ones, are individualised in the subdivisions below.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: Gargano [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: Metapontine [Pinus halepensis] forests
narrower: Umbrian [Pinus halepensis] forests

Gargano [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7471
definition: [Pinus halepensis] forests of monte Gargano and the Tremiti islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Italic [Pinus halepensis] forests

Metapontine [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7472
definition: [Pinus halepensis] forests of the Gulf of Taranto area, in particular of the Metapontine littoral.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Italic [Pinus halepensis] forests

Umbrian [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.7473
definition: [Pinus halepensis] forests of southern Umbria, in the Narni and Spoleto-Terni areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Italic [Pinus halepensis] forests

Hellenic [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.748
definition: [Pinus halepensis] formations of Greece, where the species is relatively widespread, particularly in Attica, Thessaly, the coasts of the Peloponnese and of central continental Greece, the Ionian islands, Chalcidici, the northern Sporades, Euboea and Skiros.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests

Illyrian [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.749
definition: [Pinus halepensis] forests and woods of the southern and central part of the meso-Mediterranean [Orno-Quercetum illicis] zone of the Balkan peninsula, extending in a narrow coastal and archipelagic band from the Gulf of Sarand‰ to northern Dalmatia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests

East Mediterranean [Pinus halepensis] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.74A
definition: Forests of [Pinus halepensis] of the Mediterranean coastal regions of the Middle East. Extensive and varied in the southern part of the region, they are represented further north by isolated outposts in the coastal region of Syria and in south central Anatolia, where [Pinus halepensis] occurs in the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the Cilician plain, apparently mixed with [Pinus brutia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus halepensis] forests

[Pinus brutia] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.75
definition: [Pinus brutia] forests of Crete, the eastern Aegean islands, extreme southeastern continental Europe, Anatolia, Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean coastal regions not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71). Eastern vicariants of Aleppo pine forests (unit G3.74), they comprise, however, taller, more luxuriant, and often extensive, formations. Disjunct formations of this pine or of related species, described from Crimea and the Caucasian region ([Pinus pityusa], [Pinus stankewiczii], [Pinus eldarica]) have been included.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lowland to montane mediterranean [Pinus] woodland (excluding [Pinus nigra])

Canary Island [Pinus canariensis] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.8
definition: Forests of endemic [Pinus canariensis], of the dry montane level at around 800 to 2000 m (locally down to 500 and up to 2500 m) in Tenerife, La Palma, Gran Canaria and Hierro, with [Chamaecytisus proliferus], [Adenocarpus foliolosus], [Cistus symphytifolius], [Lotus campylocladus], [Lotus hillebrandii], [Lotus spartioides], [Daphne gnidium], [Juniperus cedrus], [Micromeria] spp.; these forests, of which well-preserved examples have become rare, are the only habitat of [Fringilla teydea], [Dendrocopos major canariensis] and [Dendrocopos major thanneri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: [Pinus canariensis] - [Cistus symphytifolius] forests
narrower: [Pinus canariensis] - dry scrub forests
narrower: [Pinus canariensis] - heath forests
narrower: [Pinus canariensis] - [Adenocarpus viscosus] woods
narrower: [Pinus canariensis] - [Juniperus cedrus] woods

[Pinus canariensis] - [Cistus symphytifolius] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.81
definition: Climax [Pinus canariensis] forests of the main zone of altitudinal occurrence of the species, with an undergrowth characterized and often dominated by [Cistus symphytifolius] and comprising [Chamaecytisus proliferus], [Lotus campylocladus], [Lotus hillebrandii], [Lotus spartioides], [Juniperus cedrus], [Bystropogon origanifolius], [Argyranthemum adauctum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island [Pinus canariensis] woodland
narrower: Tenerife pine-rockrose forests
narrower: La Palma pine-rockrose forests
narrower: Gran Canaria pine-rockrose forests
narrower: Hierro pine-rockrose forests

Tenerife pine-rockrose forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.811
definition: [Pinus canariensis] forests of Tenerife, with [Lotus campylocladus], [Chamaecytisus proliferus]; they are the main habitat of the endangered [Dendrocopos major canariensis] and of [Fringilla teydea teydea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - [Cistus symphytifolius] forests

La Palma pine-rockrose forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.812
definition: [Pinus canariensis] forests of La Palma, with [Lotus hillebrandii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - [Cistus symphytifolius] forests

Gran Canaria pine-rockrose forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.813
definition: [Pinus canariensis] forests of Gran Canaria, with [Cistus symphytifolius var. leucophyllus] and [Lotus spartioides]; they are the main habitat of the threatened [Dendrocopos major thanneri] and [Fringilla teydea polatzeki].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - [Cistus symphytifolius] forests

Hierro pine-rockrose forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.814
definition: [Pinus canariensis] forests of Hierro, with [Lotus hillebrandii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - [Cistus symphytifolius] forests

[Pinus canariensis] - dry scrub forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.82
definition: Forests of dry, south-facing slopes of the Canary islands developed in the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt, transitional towards juniper formations and their degradation scrubs, with an undergrowth often formed by [Cistus monspeliensis], [Euphorbia obtusifolia ssp. regis-jubae], [Salvia canariensis], [Micromeria hyssopifolia], [Echium aculeatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island [Pinus canariensis] woodland
narrower: Tenerife pine-dry scrub woods
narrower: La Palma pine-dry scrub woods
narrower: Gran Canaria pine-dry scrub woods
narrower: Hierro pine-dry scrub woods

Tenerife pine-dry scrub woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.821
definition: Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Tenerife.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - dry scrub forests

La Palma pine-dry scrub woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.822
definition: Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of La Palma.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - dry scrub forests

Gran Canaria pine-dry scrub woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.823
definition: Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Gran Canaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - dry scrub forests

Hierro pine-dry scrub woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.824
definition: Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Hierro.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - dry scrub forests

[Pinus canariensis] - heath forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.83
definition: Forests of humid, fogbound north- and northwest-facing slopes in the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt, with an abundance of [Erica arborea] and [Myrica faya], and occasionally with [Ilex canariensis] and [Arbutus canariensis]; epiphytic lichens are abundant, as are dense carpets of mosses, in particular, [Hypnum cupressiforme]. These woods are the main habitat of [Regulus teneriffae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island [Pinus canariensis] woodland
narrower: Tenerife pine-heath forests
narrower: La Palma pine-heath forests
narrower: Gran Canaria pine-heath forests
narrower: Hierro pine-heath forests

Tenerife pine-heath forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.831
definition: Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Tenerife.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - heath forests

La Palma pine-heath forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.832
definition: Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of La Palma.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - heath forests

Gran Canaria pine-heath forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.833
definition: Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Gran Canaria, harbouring the endemic [Micromeria pineolens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - heath forests

Hierro pine-heath forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.834
definition: Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Hierro, harbouring the almost extinct [Adenocarpus ombriosus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - heath forests

[Pinus canariensis] - [Adenocarpus viscosus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.84
definition: Forests of the highest altitudes of the [Pinus canariensis] belt, invaded by species of the supra-Canarian level, in particular [Adenocarpus viscosus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island [Pinus canariensis] woodland
narrower: Tenerife pine-broom woods
narrower: La Palma pine-broom woods

Tenerife pine-broom woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.841
definition: High-altitude pine forests of Tenerife, with [Adenocarpus viscosus var. viscosus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - [Adenocarpus viscosus] woods

La Palma pine-broom woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.842
definition: High-altitude pine forests of La Palma, with [Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - [Adenocarpus viscosus] woods

[Pinus canariensis] - [Juniperus cedrus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.85
definition: [Pinus canariensis] and [Juniperus cedrus] forests of steep, rocky slopes of high altitudes of Tenerife and La Palma.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Canary Island [Pinus canariensis] woodland
narrower: Tenerife pine-juniper woods
narrower: La Palma pine-juniper woods

Tenerife pine-juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.851
definition: [Pinus canariensis] and [Juniperus cedrus] forests of the edges of Las Canadas del Teide.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - [Juniperus cedrus] woods

La Palma pine-juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.852
definition: [Pinus canariensis] and [Juniperus cedrus] forests of the summits of La Palma.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus canariensis] - [Juniperus cedrus] woods

Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
type: Concept
notation: G3.9
definition: Woods dominated by [Cupressus sempervirens], [Juniperus] spp. or [Taxus baccata] of the nemoral and Mediterranean mountains and hills.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: Western Palaearctic [Cupressus] forests
narrower: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods
narrower: Greek [Juniperus excelsa] woods
narrower: [Juniperus foetidissima] woods
narrower: [Juniperus drupacea] woods
narrower: [Tetraclinis articulata] forests
narrower: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods
narrower: Macaronesian [Juniperus] woods
narrower: [Juniperus oxycedrus] woods
narrower: [Juniperus phoenicea] woods
narrower: Hyrcanian [Platycladus orientalis] ([Thuja orientalis]) forests
narrower: [Cedrus] woodland

Western Palaearctic [Cupressus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.91
definition: Montane forests of the Mediterranean basin, of the Elburz and of the Sahara dominated by [Cupressus sempervirens], [Cupressus atlantica] or [Cupressus dupreziana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]

Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.92
definition: Forest formations dominated by [Juniperus thurifera] of Spain, southern France, Corsica and North Africa. Many communities may be better described as arborescent matorrals, see unit F5.136.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
narrower: Iberian Spanish juniper forests
narrower: Guadarraman Spanish juniper woods
narrower: Cantabrian Spanish juniper woods
narrower: Monegros Spanish juniper woods
narrower: Manchegan Spanish juniper woods
narrower: Baetic Spanish juniper woods
narrower: Pyrenean Spanish juniper woods
narrower: Southern Alpine Spanish juniper woods
narrower: Isère Spanish juniper woods
narrower: Corsican Spanish juniper woods

Iberian Spanish juniper forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.921
definition: [Juniperus thurifera] forests on calcareous substrates in the supra- Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range and neighbouring plateaux, dispersed throughout the entire system, in an arc extending from the province of Burgos to the Serrania de Cuenca and the mountains of Teruel; these constitute the main range of the species. [Pinus sylvestris] and [Pinus salzmannii] may accompany the juniper; [Juniperus hemisphaerica] and [Berberis hispanica] may be common in the undergrowth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods

Guadarraman Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.922
definition: Relict [Juniperus thurifera] woods of enclaves on the periphery of and within the Sierra de Guadarrama, occurring both on rare local limestone deposits and in a few siliceous stations.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods
narrower: Guadarraman calciphilous Spanish juniper woods
narrower: Guadarraman silicicolous Spanish juniper woods

Guadarraman calciphilous Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.9221
definition: Formations of [Juniperus thurifera] linked to local limestone deposits of the Sierra de Guadarrama area.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Guadarraman Spanish juniper woods

Guadarraman silicicolous Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.9222
definition: Anomalous silicicolous [Juniperus thurifera] formations of the Sierra de Guadarrama area, with [Juniperus oxycedrus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Guadarraman Spanish juniper woods

Cantabrian Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.923
definition: Relict, open [Juniperus thurifera] woodlands of dry, warm, rocky, calcareous southern slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, between the Rio Pisuerga and the Rio Luna, with [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus sabina], [Berberis vulgaris ssp. cantabrica], [Rhamnus alpinus], [Viburnum lantana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods

Monegros Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.924
definition: [Juniperus thurifera] woodlands on gypsiferous soils of the Ebro basin, with [Rhamnus lycioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods

Manchegan Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.925
definition: [Juniperus thurifera] woods on La Mancha clay soils of the Campo de Montiel.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods

Baetic Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.926
definition: Relict, open [Juniperus thurifera] formations of the pre-Baetic system in the Sierra Taibilla (Albacete, Murcia).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods

Pyrenean Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.927
definition: Relict [Juniperus thurifera] wood of the supra-Mediterranean level of the Montagne de Rie, on the northern flank of the central Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods

Southern Alpine Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.928
definition: [Juniperus thurifera] formations of warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopes of the southwestern Alps, in Dr“me, Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, between 700 and 1200, occasionally 1400, metres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods

Isère Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.929
definition: [Juniperus thurifera] formations of warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopes of the Isère valley, in the western Alps, between 300 and 500 metres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods

Corsican Spanish juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.92A
definition: Open montane forests of [Juniperus thurifera], sometimes mixed with [Pinus laricio], restricted to a few valleys in the interior of Corsica with extreme temperature ranges (Pinnera, Rudda, Pruniccia)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Spanish [Juniperus thurifera] woods

Greek [Juniperus excelsa] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.93
definition: Forest formations dominated by [Juniperus excelsa] or the closely allied [Juniperus macropoda] ([Juniperus polycarpos], [Juniperus seravshanica]) of the Irano-Turanian plateaux and mountains of Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, extending to Lebanon, the Caucasus, Crimea, Cyprus and the Balkanic peninsula, in the periphery of the Pelagonides and Rhodopides. Arborescent matorrals, somewhat more widespread in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions, are included as unit F5.1331.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
narrower: Northern Hellenic Grecian juniper woods
narrower: Peri-Rhodopide Grecian juniper woods
narrower: Paeonian Grecian juniper woods
narrower: Cyprian Grecian juniper woods
narrower: Anatolian Grecian juniper woods

Northern Hellenic Grecian juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.931
definition: [Juniperus excelsa] forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of the southern periphery of the Pelagonides, in particular of the mountains surrounding Lake Prespa in northern Greece where they occur up to 900-1000 m.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Greek [Juniperus excelsa] woods

Peri-Rhodopide Grecian juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.932
definition: Woods of [Juniperus excelsa], of the western and northern periphery of the Rhodopides, localized in the southwestern Bulgarian Struma trough, and in the northern foothills of the central Rhodope mountains near Krichim and Bachkovo, usually open, with deciduous forest elements including [Fraxinus ornus], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Carpinus orientalis], sometimes [Quercus pubescens], and many Mediterranean species, such as [Phillyrea latifolia], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Lonicera etrusca], [Achnatherum bromoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Greek [Juniperus excelsa] woods

Paeonian Grecian juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.933
definition: [Juniperus excelsa] forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of the northern periphery of the Pelagonides, in particular of the Vardar and Crna Reka valleys of the northern F.Y.R. of Macedonia, at an altitude of 100-400 metres.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Greek [Juniperus excelsa] woods

Cyprian Grecian juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.934
definition: Forests of [Juniperus excelsa] of the Troodos Range, where the species locally (Madari Peak, Papoutsa Peak) replaces [Pinus pallasiana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Greek [Juniperus excelsa] woods

Anatolian Grecian juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.935
definition: Pre-steppic, meso-Mediterranean and subalpine [Juniperus excelsa]-dominated forests of Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Greek [Juniperus excelsa] woods

[Juniperus foetidissima] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.94
definition: Forest formations dominated by [Juniperus foetidissima] of the Balkan peninsula, Cyprus, Anatolia, Transcaucasia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]

[Juniperus drupacea] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.95
definition: [Juniperus drupacea] woods of Greece and Asia Minor. Similar lower-growing formations take the appearance of arborescent matorral, included as unit F5.135.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]

[Tetraclinis articulata] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.96
definition: Forests of [Tetraclinis articulata], a species restricted to North Africa, southeastern Spain and the Maltese Islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]

Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.97
definition: Woods dominated by [Taxus baccata], often with [Ilex aquifolium], of very local occurrence in plains, hills and mountains of the Western Palaearctic nemoral zone and in the mountains of the Mediterranean basin, with isolated outliers in the southern and eastern Carpathian system and the northern Rhodopides (Mount Vitosha).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
narrower: Atlantic [Taxus baccata] woods
narrower: Corsican yew woods
narrower: Sardinian yew woods
narrower: Italic yew woods
narrower: Iberian yew woods
narrower: Provence yew woods
narrower: Alpino-Carpathian yew woods
narrower: Dinaric yew woods
narrower: Baltic yew woods
narrower: Vitosha yew woods

Atlantic [Taxus baccata] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.971
definition: [Taxus baccata] woods with [Sorbus aria] or [Mercurialis perennis] of dry valleys and scarps of the Chalk of southeastern England, and, very locally of the Durham Magnesium limestone; relict formations of Jutland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Corsican yew woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.972
definition: Formations of [Taxus baccata], [Ilex aquifolium], [Buxus sempervirens], restricted to cool, montane areas in the Tenda range, the San Pedrone range and the Cap Corse mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Sardinian yew woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.973
definition: [Taxus baccata] and [Ilex aquifolium] woods of the Catena del Marghine and the Mount Limbara system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Italic yew woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.974
definition: [Taxus baccata] and [Ilex aquifolium] of the Macerata region.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Iberian yew woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.975
definition: Occasional pure [Taxus baccata] formations of Spanish mountains, most often on steep shady slopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Provence yew woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.976
definition: [Taxus baccata] formations of southern France, similar to those of unit 42.A75.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Alpino-Carpathian yew woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.977
definition: [Taxus baccata] woods of the Alpine system and of the Carpathians, in part rare facies of the yew-beech formations, in part amphibolite-colonizing woods with [Picea abies] and [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Juniperus sabina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Dinaric yew woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.978
definition: Yew-dominated forests of the Dinarides, mostly yew-lime steep slope forests of northwestern Croatia, developed between 400 and 800 m on 30ø-80ø calcareous rock slopes with very shallow rendzina soils, also, locally, block forests within calcicolous fir forests of the Dinaric karst.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Baltic yew woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.979
definition: Pre-Sarmatic [Taxus baccata] formations of central Poland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Vitosha yew woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.97A
definition: Isolated [Taxus baccata] grove of Mount Vitosha, in Bulgaria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Western Palaearctic [Taxus baccata] woods

Macaronesian [Juniperus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.98
definition: Juniper-dominated formations of the Atlantic islands. All such formations are listed here whether wood-like or scrub-like in physiognomy; ericoid-dominated facies of the same formations are included under unit F4.3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
narrower: Canary Island juniper woods
narrower: Azorean juniper woods
narrower: Macaronesian Phoenician juniper woods

Canary Island juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.981
definition: [Juniperus cedrus] formations of the high altitudes of Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera, Gran Canaria, restricted to steep rocky slopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian [Juniperus] woods

Azorean juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.982
definition: Endemic [Juniperus brevifolia] formations of the Azores.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian [Juniperus] woods

Macaronesian Phoenician juniper woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.983
definition: [Juniperus phoenicea] formations of Tenerife, La Palma, Hierro, Gran Canaria, Gomera.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Macaronesian [Juniperus] woods

[Juniperus oxycedrus] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.99
definition: Woods dominated by [Juniperus oxycedrus] (s.l.). Most [Juniperus oxycedrus] formations are thickets, scrubs or, at most, arborescent matorrals, listed under units F5.131, F6.15, F6.25, F6.35 or, in dunal formations, unit B1.631. A few, however, qualify as woodland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]

[Juniperus phoenicea] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.9A
definition: [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. phoenicea] and [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia] forests of the Mediterranean and Saharo-Mediterranean regions. Exceptional, tall and dense formations, however, may be more appropriately characterised as woodland and listed in this unit. Mediterranean formations dominated by [Juniperus phoenicea] are scrubs, thickets or arborescent matorrals, listed under units F5.132, F6.15, F6.25, F6.35 or, in dunal formations, unit B1.632. Saharo-Mediterranean formations may more often take the appearance of an open or steppe forest.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]

Hyrcanian [Platycladus orientalis] ([Thuja orientalis]) forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.9B
definition: [Platycladus orientalis] ([Thuja orientalis], [Biota orientalis]) forests scattered in restricted areas of the Hyrcanian zone of the Elburz range of northern Iran, constituting a very isolated occurrence of the species; they develop in the same 2000 to 2500 metre altitudinal level as the [Cupressus sempervirens] formations, or mixed with them; [Crataegus monogyna], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Pyrus cordata], [Quercus castaneifolia] accompany the thuja.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]

[Cedrus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.9C
definition: Eastern Mediterranean and western North African forests dominated by [Cedrus libani], [Cedrus brevifolia] or [Cedrus atlantica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
narrower: [Cedrus libani] forests
narrower: [Cedrus brevifolia] forests

[Cedrus libani] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.9C1
definition: Forests of [Cedrus libani] of the Taurus system, of Paphlagonia and of the Levant.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cedrus] woodland
narrower: Lycian Taurus [Cedrus libani] forests
narrower: Central Taurus [Cedrus libani] forests
narrower: Paphlagonian [Cedrus libani] forests

Lycian Taurus [Cedrus libani] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.9C11
definition: Forests of [Cedrus libani] of the western Taurus, pure or mixed with [Acer sempervirens], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus montana], [Populus tremula], developed at between 1500 and 2000 metres on limestones and rendzinas under a cold and snowy climate. The undergrowth includes [Alliaria officinalis], [Oryzopsis holciformis] and the endemics [Paeonia turcica], [Pentapera bocquetii], [Ebenus boissieri], [Campanula michauxioides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cedrus libani] forests

Central Taurus [Cedrus libani] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.9C12
definition: Forests of [Cedrus libani] of the Pisidian, Isaurian and Cilician Taurus, of the western Anti-Taurus and of the Amanus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cedrus libani] forests

Paphlagonian [Cedrus libani] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.9C13
definition: Very local sub-Pontic forests of [Cedrus libani] of northeastern Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cedrus libani] forests

[Cedrus brevifolia] forests
type: Concept
notation: G3.9C2
definition: Forests of [Cedrus brevifolia], endemic to Cyprus where they are limited to the western summits of the Troodos range, in the 900-1400 metre range.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Cedrus] woodland

[Picea] taiga woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.A
definition: Boreal spruce or spruce-pine forests of Fennoscandia, northeastern Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus and European Russia, with G3.B constituting the westernmost section of the continuous Eurasian northern taiga belt.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: [Vaccinium myrtillus] western [Picea] taiga
narrower: Fern western [Picea] taiga
narrower: Small-herb western [Picea] taiga
narrower: Tall-herb western [Picea] taiga
narrower: Pretundra [Picea obovata] taiga

[Vaccinium myrtillus] western [Picea] taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A1
definition: Forests of [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], or [Picea] spp. and [Pinus sylvestris], of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, northeastern Poland, with an understorey dominated by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and mosses, developed on mesic moraine ground, on podsols with heavy raw humus. They constitute the most widespread and characteristic type of western spruce taiga in the boreal zone and extend to the boreonemoral zone. Accompanying small tree and shrub species include [Betula pubescens], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Empetrum] spp., [Juniperus communis], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Ledum palustre] (in the north), with a field layer comprising [Linnaea borealis], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Melampyrum pratense], [Solidago virgaurea], [Trientalis europaea], [Luzula pilosa], [Lycopodium annotinum], [Dicranum] spp., [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi]. In the boreo-nemoral zone, deciduous trees may accompany the conifers, in particular, [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], [Populus tremula].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Picea] taiga woodland
narrower: Subcontinental bilberry western spruce taiga
narrower: Suboceanic bilberry western spruce taiga
narrower: Continental bilberry western spruce taiga
narrower: Boreo-nemoral bilberry western spruce taiga

Subcontinental bilberry western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A11
definition: Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending in the sub-boreal zone, particularly in Scandinavia, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by [Picea abies], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], and with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Vaccinium myrtillus] western [Picea] taiga

Suboceanic bilberry western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A12
definition: Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements, in particular, [Betula pubescens], [Cornus suecica], [Plagiothecium undulatum], [Rhytidiadelphus loreus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Vaccinium myrtillus] western [Picea] taiga

Continental bilberry western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A13
definition: Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] or [Abies sibirica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Vaccinium myrtillus] western [Picea] taiga

Boreo-nemoral bilberry western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A14
definition: Forests of [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], or of [Picea] spp. and [Pinus sylvestris], accompanied by deciduous trees ([Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], [Populus tremula]), of boreonemoral Fennoscandia, boreonemoral Russia west of the Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, northeastern Poland, with an understorey dominated by [Vaccinium myrtillus]. [Picea abies] is the main tree dominant west of the Oka and Vetluga rivers, [Picea obovata] east of them.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Vaccinium myrtillus] western [Picea] taiga

Fern western [Picea] taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A2
definition: Forests of [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], or of [Picea] spp. with [Pinus sylvestris], of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with an understorey dominated by ferns accompanied by ericaceous shrubs or phanerogamic herbs, by mosses and lichens.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Picea] taiga woodland
narrower: Small fern western spruce taiga
narrower: Tall fern western spruce taiga

Small fern western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A21
definition: Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], of boreal Fennoscandia, boreal Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, extending into the boreonemoral region, in particular, in Fennoscandia, with an understorey dominated by [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Oxalis acetosella], ericaceous shrubs and mosses. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply and a higher humidity level than those of the bilberry forests of unit 42.C1, with a lower humidity level than the tall fern forests of unit 42.C22 and with a lower nutrient supply than the small herb forests of unit 42.C3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fern western [Picea] taiga
narrower: Subcontinental small fern western spruce taiga
narrower: Suboceanic small fern western spruce taiga
narrower: Continental small fern western spruce taiga

Subcontinental small fern western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A211
definition: Small fern spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending in the sub-boreal zone, particularly in Scandinavia, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by [Picea abies], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], and with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements. The dominant [Gymnocarpium dryopteris] and [Oxalis acetosella] are accompanied by, in particular, [Thelypteris phegopteris], [Dryopteris expansa], [Anemone nemorosa] and by the mosses [Brachythecium reflexum], [Hylocomium umbratum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Small fern western spruce taiga

Suboceanic small fern western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A212
definition: Small fern spruce forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements, in particular, [Thelypteris limbosperma], [Blechnum spicant], [Cornus suecica], [Luzula sylvatica], [Plagiothecium undulatum], [Rhytidiadelphus loreus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Small fern western spruce taiga

Continental small fern western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A213
definition: Small fern spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] or [Abies sibirica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Small fern western spruce taiga

Tall fern western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A22
definition: Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] and/or [Populus tremula], of southern boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with an understorey dominated by ferns, in particular, [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Dryopteris expansa], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], often with two tiers, one of taller ferns, one of medium-sized ferns, with a greater presence of herbs than of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and much [Oxalis acetosella], developing on mesic to moist moraines (podsol-acid brown forest earth). Accompanying species include [Betula pubescens], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Trientalis europaea], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Rubus saxatilis], [Stellaria nemorum], [Viola epipsila], [Paris quadrifolia], [Luzula pilosa], [Melica nutans], [Milium effusum], [Deschampsia flexuosa] [Equisetum sylvaticum], and mosses. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply than those of the bilberry forests of unit 42.C1 and of the small fern forests of unit 42.C21, with a lower nutrient supply than the small herb forests of unit 42.C3 and the tall herb forests of unit 42.C4, and with a higher humidity level than all except the latter. In the boreo-nemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], may form a second tree layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fern western [Picea] taiga

Small-herb western [Picea] taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A3
definition: Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] and/or [Populus tremula], of southern boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, extending locally in the middle and northern boreal zones, with an understorey dominated by dwarf-shrubs and a low-growing herb layer, characteristic of calcareous substrates and warm stations, developed on acid brown forest soils with mull, or on weakly podsolised soils, with a preference for low-lying areas with fine sediments and a good water supply, sometimes with a tendency to waterlogging. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply than those of the bilberry forests of unit G3.A1 and of the fern forests of unit G3.A2, and with a lower humidity level than the fern forests and the tall herb forests of unit G3.A4. Accompanying tree and shrub species include a predominance of [Sorbus aucuparia], [Vaccinium myrtillus], with [Alnus] spp., [Betula] spp., [Juniperus communis], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], a field layer dominated by [Oxalis acetosella], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Trientalis europaea], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Thelypteris phegopteris] accompanied by [Linnaea borealis], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Melampyrum pratense], [Solidago virgaurea], [Rubus saxatilis], [Viola riviniana], [Hieracium silvaticum] grp., [Pyrola] spp., [Paris quadrifolia], [Melica nutans], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Luzula pilosa], [Lycopodium annotinum], [Equisetum sylvaticum], and mosses. In the boreonemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], may form a second tree layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Picea] taiga woodland
narrower: Subcontinental small-herb western spruce taiga
narrower: Suboceanic small-herb western spruce taiga
narrower: Continental small-herb western spruce taiga
narrower: Boreo-nemoral small-herb western spruce taiga

Subcontinental small-herb western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A31
definition: Small herb spruce and spruce-pine forests of southern boreal and boreonemoral Fennoscandia and Eastern Europe, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending locally in the middle and northern boreal zones, particularly in calcareous regions, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by [Picea abies], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Small-herb western [Picea] taiga

Suboceanic small-herb western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A32
definition: Small herb spruce forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Small-herb western [Picea] taiga

Continental small-herb western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A33
definition: Small herb spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] or [Abies sibirica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Small-herb western [Picea] taiga

Boreo-nemoral small-herb western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A34
definition: Forests of [Picea abies], accompanied, in a second tree layer by deciduous trees, in particular, [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], sometimes with [Pinus sylvestris] and/or [Populus tremula] in the canopy, with a low understorey dominated by dwarf-shrubs and low-growing herbs, of which many are of nemoral affinities, often with a well-developed taller shrub layer that may include much [Sorbus aucuparia], characteristic of boreonemoral regions of Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States and northeastern Poland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Small-herb western [Picea] taiga

Northern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A41
definition: Tall herb forests of [Picea abies] of northern Fennoscandia and of northern Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, installed on calcareous substrates, with a species-rich understorey dominated by [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Cicerbita alpina], [Alnus incana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall-herb western [Picea] taiga

Southern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A42
definition: Tall herb forests of [Picea abies] of southern boreal and sub-boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, west of the western Ural piedmont, of Belarus and the Baltic States, developed on calcareous brown forest soils, with a species-rich understorey dominated by [Actaea spicata], [Campanula latifolia], [Mercurialis perennis], [Sambucus nigra], and ferns.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall-herb western [Picea] taiga

Tall-herb western [Picea] taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A4
definition: Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], of boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with a species-rich understorey dominated by tall herbs and ferns and with a significant component of deciduous trees, including [Betula pubescens], [Alnus incana], [Sorbus aucuparia]; the species cortège includes an abundance of [Oxalis acetosella] and [Sambucus nigra], [Actaea spicata], [Campanula latifolia], [Mercurialis perennis], [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Cicerbita alpina], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Crepis paludosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geum rivale], [Viola epipsila], [Melica nutans], [Milium effusum], [Paris quadrifolia], [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Trientalis europaea], [Trollius europaeus], [Equisetum pratense], [Equisetum sylvaticum], [Dryopteris expansa], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Matteuccia struthiopteris]. Tall-herb spruce forests occupy low-lying areas, slopes and ravines with fine sediment and good water supply, on calcareous brown forest soils. Their stations have a richer nutrient supply and a higher humidity level than those of the bilberry forests of unit G3.A1, of the fern forests of unit G3.A2 or of the small herb forests of unit G3.A3. In the boreonemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], may form a second tree layer.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Picea] taiga woodland
narrower: Northern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga
narrower: Southern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga
narrower: Oceanic tall-herb birch-spruce taiga
narrower: Continental tall-herb western spruce taiga

Oceanic tall-herb birch-spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A43
definition: Tall herb forests of [Picea abies] of calcareous brown soils of western Norway, developed under oceanic climate conditions with much [Betula pubescens] and an understorey harbouring western, oceanic species, sometimes dominated by [Matteuccia struthiopteris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall-herb western [Picea] taiga

Continental tall-herb western spruce taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A44
definition: Tall herb [Picea obovata] forests of boreal and boreonemoral Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, developed under continental climates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Tall-herb western [Picea] taiga

Pretundra [Picea obovata] taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.A5
definition: Sparse or patchy, often stunted, [Picea obovata] woods forming the timberline in the wooded tundra zone of eastern Europe, east of the White Sea and west of the Ural piedmont.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Picea] taiga woodland

[Pinus] taiga woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.B
definition: Boreal pine forests of Fennoscandia, northeastern Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus and European Russia, with G3.A constituting the westernmost section of the continuous Eurasian northern taiga belt.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: [Calluna vulgaris] - [Empetrum] western taiga
narrower: [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] [Pinus] and [Picea] - [Pinus] taiga
narrower: Herb-rich and grassy pine taiga
narrower: Lichen [Pinus] taiga

[Calluna vulgaris] - [Empetrum] western taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B1
definition: Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes accompanied by [Picea abies], with an ericoid-dominated, moss-rich or lichen-rich undergrowth mostly formed by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus] taiga woodland
narrower: Ling-crowberry birch-spruce-pine taiga
narrower: Barbilophozia birch-pine taiga
narrower: Oceanic Bazzania pine taiga

Ling-crowberry birch-spruce-pine taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B11
definition: Sparse, extensive forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris] and [Picea abies], with many birches and an understorey dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Vaccinium myrtillus] and, in the north, [Vaccinium uliginosum], with [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], lichens, notably of genus [Cladonia], mosses ([Dicranum]). They are, in particular, characteristic of cold, low evaporation regions of Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish mountains, up to the subalpine belt, occupying heavy raw humus on podsols.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] - [Empetrum] western taiga

Barbilophozia birch-pine taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B12
definition: Sparse woodlands of suboceanic subalpine Scandinavia dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], with much [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by some low-growing [Picea abies], with an undergrowth dominated by [Calluna vulgaris] and [Empetrum hermaphroditum], with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Betula nana], [Cornus suecica], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and thick cushions of lichens and mosses formed by [Cladonia islandica], [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia sylvatica], [Dicranum scoparium], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Barbilophozia lycopodioides], [Dicranum fuscescens], [Hylocomium splendens], [Sphagnum nemoreum]. They are installed on podsols with heavy raw humus in cool, submaritime, moist mostly northern boreal regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] - [Empetrum] western taiga

Oceanic Bazzania pine taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B13
definition: Sparse woods of low-growing [Pinus sylvestris], and some elements of birch, of maritime climate regions of western Norway, at subalpine levels, with an undergrowth dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], and with a species cortège characterized by the presence of [Cornus suecica], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Blechnum spicant], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Bazzania trilobata], [Leucobryum glaucum], [Racomitrium lanuginosum], [Rhytidiadelphus loreus], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum quinquefarium]; [Picea abies] is absent.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Calluna vulgaris] - [Empetrum] western taiga

Herb-rich and grassy pine taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B3
definition: Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes accompanied by [Picea abies], with a grass-, small herb-, tall herb- or fern-dominated undergrowth.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus] taiga woodland

Lichen [Pinus] taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B4
definition: Woods of [Pinus sylvestris] of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and northern Russia, with a very low, sparse, dwarf-shrub layer and a ground layer dominated by lichens mainly of genus [Cladonia], notably [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia alpestris], [Cladonia mitis]. Participating species include [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Cetraria islandica], [Dicranum polysetum], [Dicranum spurium], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Stereocaulon] spp., installed on podsols with a thin raw humus layer, often on sand sediment.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus] taiga woodland
narrower: Maritime lichen pine taiga
narrower: Southern boreal continental lichen pine taiga
narrower: Northern boreal lichen pine taiga
narrower: Boreal rock-outcrop pine woodland

Maritime lichen pine taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B41
definition: Lichen-carpeted [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the maritime climate region of western Norway, rich in [Racomitrium lanuginosum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichen [Pinus] taiga

Southern boreal continental lichen pine taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B42
definition: Lichen-carpeted [Pinus sylvestris] woods of areas of continental climate regions of Fennoscandia, of the Baltic States and of the southern boreal and boreonemoral zones of northern Russia, particularly characteristic of eastern Sweden and Finland. Dominant lichens are [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia alpestris], [Cladonia mitis] and, in coastal Åstland, [Cladonia uncialis]. Eastern Swedish and southeastern Norwegian stands harbour [Anemone sylvestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichen [Pinus] taiga

Northern boreal lichen pine taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B43
definition: Lichen-carpeted [Pinus sylvestris] woods of northern boreal Russia, the Kola peninsula and extreme northeastern Fennoscandia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichen [Pinus] taiga

Boreal rock-outcrop pine woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.B44
definition: Woods of [Pinus sylvestris] colonizing often small, level, glacier-fashioned granite, gneiss or acidic-sediment rock outcrops of southern and middle Fennoscandia, with dense lichen carpets, mostly of [Cladonia rangiferina], or a varied lichen and moss cover, accompanied by small shrubs, grasses and petrophile forbs, sometimes by abundant [Juniperus communis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lichen [Pinus] taiga

[Vaccinium vitis-idaea] [Pinus] and [Picea] - [Pinus] taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.B2
definition: Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, limited to southern and central Finland, central and northern Sweden and southeastern Norway, the Baltic States, southern boreal and boreonemoral Russia, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], often accompanied by [Picea abies], which may dominate or codominate, with an ericoid-dominated, moss-rich and lichen-rich undergrowth mostly formed by [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] with [Empetrum nigrum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum]. The species cortège includes [Betula pubescens], [Calluna vulgaris], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Pyrola chlorantha], [Goodyera repens], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Lycopodium complanatum], [Cladonia] spp., [Dicranum scoparium], [Dicranum polysetum], [Dicranum fuscescens], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi]. They occur on sandy moraines or calcareous sand sediments in low rainfall areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Pinus] taiga woodland

[Larix] taiga woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.C
definition: Boreal larch, forests of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States, Belarus and European Russia, occuring in limited, edaphic pockets within the area dominated by G3.A and G3.B.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: [Larix russica] taiga

[Larix russica] taiga
type: Concept
notation: G3.C1
definition: [Larix russica] ([Larix sukaczewii], [Larix sibirica]) forests of the western Eurasian taiga zone of European Russia west of the middle Pechora, middle Kama basins and the western piedmont of the Urals, developed in edaphic pockets of the dark taiga spruce forests and on steep river valley slopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: [Larix] taiga woodland

Boreal bog conifer woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.D
definition: Woods of [Pinus] spp. or [Picea] spp., sometimes mixed with [Betula pubescens], colonizing bogs and fens in the boreal and boreonemoral zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: Boreal [Pinus sylvestris] bog woods
narrower: Boreal sphagnum [Pinus sylvestris] fen woods
narrower: Boreal brown moss [Pinus sylvestris] fen woods
narrower: Boreal [Picea] and [Picea] - [Betula] fen and bog woods
narrower: Boreal [Picea] swamp woods

Boreal [Pinus sylvestris] bog woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D1
definition: [Pinus sylvestris]-dominated woods of bogs of the boreal regions of western Eurasia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal bog conifer woodland
narrower: Boreal Labrador tea Scots pine bog woods
narrower: Boreal heath Scots pine bog woods
narrower: Boreal cottonsedge Scots pine bog woods

Boreal Labrador tea Scots pine bog woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D11
definition: Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Ledum palustre], [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaedaphne calyculata] in eastern Finland, or [Betula nana] in the north, with [Eriophorum vaginatum]; the mucinal layer is dominated by [Sphagnum angustifolium] with [Sphagnum fuscum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum russowii], [Polytrichum strictum], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Aulacomnium palustre], characteristic of dry mires with relatively low-lying groundwater surface.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Pinus sylvestris] bog woods

Boreal heath Scots pine bog woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D12
definition: Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by the ericaceous shrubs [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and by [Betula nana], with [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Andromeda polifolia], [Empetrum nigrum], [Rubus chamaemorus], and a mucinal layer dominated by [Sphagnum fuscum] and [Pleurozium schreberi], accompanied by [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Cladonia rangiferina]. In Finland, this type of bog woods occupies entire mire areas. This type also occurs on hummocks in concentric raised bogs, on strings in the excentric bogs and aapa mires, and as marginal woodland around concentric raised bogs with treeless plateaux.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Pinus sylvestris] bog woods
narrower: Boreal ling Scots pine bog woods
narrower: Boreal cowberry Scots pine bog woods
narrower: Boreal bog rosemary Scots pine bog woods

Boreal ling Scots pine bog woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D121
definition: Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Calluna vulgaris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal heath Scots pine bog woods

Boreal cowberry Scots pine bog woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D122
definition: Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Empetrum nigrum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal heath Scots pine bog woods

Boreal bog rosemary Scots pine bog woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D123
definition: Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Andromeda polifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal heath Scots pine bog woods

Boreal cottonsedge Scots pine bog woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D13
definition: Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic, with a 5-7 m high tree layer formed of [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes with an important admixture of birch, a field layer dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], and a sphagnum carpet of, in particular, [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum fuscum], of raised bogs and aapa mire fringes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Pinus sylvestris] bog woods

Boreal sphagnum [Pinus sylvestris] fen woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D2
definition: [Pinus sylvestris]-dominated woods of fens of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic, with an understorey rich in or dominated by sedges, ericoid shrubs and acidophile or neutrocline sphagnum mosses.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal bog conifer woodland
narrower: Boreal globe sedge Scots pine fen woods
narrower: Boreal dwarf scrub Scots pine fen woods
narrower: Boreal neutrocline sphagnum Scots pine fen woods

Boreal globe sedge Scots pine fen woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D21
definition: Scots pine fen woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic, with a tree layer of [Pinus sylvestris], field layer dominated by [Carex globularis], a dwarf-shrub layer sparser than in Scots pine fen woods of unit 44.A242, and a ground layer dominated by the acidophilous sphagna [Sphagnum angustifolium] or [Sphagnum fuscum]. The species cortège comprises [Betula nana], [Andromeda polifolia], [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum] spp., [Ledum palustre], [Myrica gale], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Carex pauciflora], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Polytrichum commune], [Sphagnum magellanicum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal sphagnum [Pinus sylvestris] fen woods

Boreal leatherleaf Scots pine fen woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D222
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods of subcontinental regions of the boreal western Palaearctic, in particular, of Finland and northwestern Russia, with a shrub-dominated undergrowth rich in [Chamaedaphne calyculata] and [Ledum palustre].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal dwarf scrub Scots pine fen woods

Boreal bog bilberry Scots pine fen woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D223
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods of sub-Atlantic regions of the boreal western Palaearctic, in particular, of eastern Norway and Sweden, with a shrub-dominated undergrowth formed by ericoid shrubs of genera [Vaccinium] and [Empetrum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal dwarf scrub Scots pine fen woods

Boreal [Picea] and [Picea] - [Betula] fen and bog woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D4
definition: Woods of bogs and fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], generally accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with an understorey constituted by carpets of sphagnum or brown mosses associated with sedges or small shrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal bog conifer woodland
narrower: Boreal acidophile sphagnum spruce woods
narrower: Boreal neutrocline sphagnum spruce woods
narrower: Boreal brown moss spruce fen woods

Boreal neutrocline sphagnum spruce woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D42
definition: Woods of neutrocline to basicline fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], generally accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with an undergrowth rich in herbs, graminids and sphagna. The species cortège includes [Caltha palustris], [Galium palustre], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Pedicularis palustris], [Peucedanum palustre], [Solidago virgaurea], [Agrostis canina], [Carex dioica], [Carex echinata], [Carex vaginata], [Sphagnum centrale], [Sphagnum squarrosum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Calliergon cordifolium], [Calliergon richardsonii], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Helodium blandowii], [Mnium] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Picea] and [Picea] - [Betula] fen and bog woods

Boreal dwarf scrub Scots pine fen woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D22
definition: Oligotrophic, acidophile [Pinus sylvestris] woods of peat-forming fens, fen edges, bog edges, lake shores of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic with an understorey dominated by ericoid shrubs, in particular, [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Ledum palustre], associated with [Betula nana], and accompanied by an abundance of [Eriophorum vaginatum], of acidophilous sphagnum mosses, in particular, [Sphagnum fuscum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum russowii], and of lichens of genus [Cladonia]. The species cortège habitually includes [Picea abies], [Betula pubescens], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Molinia caerulea], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Polytrichum commune] and, regionally, [Chamaedaphne calyculata], [Erica tetralix], [Myrica gale], [Carex globulosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal sphagnum [Pinus sylvestris] fen woods
narrower: Boreal leatherleaf Scots pine fen woods
narrower: Boreal bog bilberry Scots pine fen woods

Boreal neutrocline sphagnum Scots pine fen woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D23
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] fen woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic, with a sparse tree layer and an undergrowth comprising a combination of ericoid shrub hummocks and wetter lawns and depressions, constituting a highly varied ensemble that may include neutrophile or even basicline species. Sedges, in particular [Carex lasiocarpa] and [Carex rostrata], may be prominent or dominant; the species cortege includes [Andromeda polifolia], [Betula nana], [Empetrum] spp., [Rubus chamaemorus], [Pedicularis palustris], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Carex dioica], [Carex echinata], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Molinia caerulea], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Drepanocladus badius], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Sphagnum fuscum], [Sphagnum platyphyllum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal sphagnum [Pinus sylvestris] fen woods

Boreal brown moss [Pinus sylvestris] fen woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D3
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods of rich fens of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic west to Finland with a brown-moss rich undergrowth formed of herbs, graminids and small shrubs. The species cortège includes [Betula nana], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Salix nigricans] ([Salix myrsinifolia]), [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Juniperus communis], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Angelica sylvestris], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Potentilla erecta], [Pedicularis palustris], [Solidago virgaurea], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex vaginata], [Carex dioica], [Carex caespitosa], [Equisetum palustris], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Sphagnum fuscum], [Tomentypnum nitens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal bog conifer woodland

Boreal acidophile sphagnum spruce woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D41
definition: Woods of bogs and acidic fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], generally accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with a field layer dominated by [Carex] spp., [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Potentilla palustris], and a ground layer dominated by acidophilous sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum recurvum] ([Sphagnum fallax]), [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum riparium]. The variable species cortège includes [Pinus sylvestris], [Salix] spp., [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Carex canescens], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex magellanica], [Carex nigra], [Carex rostrata], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Juncus filiformis], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Polytrichum commune], [Sphagnum girgensohnii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Picea] and [Picea] - [Betula] fen and bog woods

Boreal brown moss spruce fen woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D43
definition: Low, eutrophic fen woods of the western Palaearctic taiga dominated by [Picea abies], accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with an understorey rich in herbs, dwarf-shrubs, graminids and brown mosses. The species cortège includes [Betula nana], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Carex diandra], [Carex dioica], [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Carex vaginata], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Equisetum palustre], [Crepis paludosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geum rivale], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla palustris], [Saussurea alpina], [Saxifraga hirculus], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Drepanocladus] spp., [Helodium blandowii], [Hylocomium splendens], [Paludella squarrosa], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Tomentypnum nitens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Picea] and [Picea] - [Betula] fen and bog woods

Boreal [Picea] swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D5
definition: Woods of wet mineral or parapeaty soils of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], with an understorey formed by tall or short herbs, ferns, horsetails and gramineous species, sometimes associated with ericoid shrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal bog conifer woodland
narrower: Boreal fern spruce swamp woods
narrower: Boreal tall-herb spruce swamp woods
narrower: Boreal sedge-sphagnum spruce swamp woods
narrower: Boreal heath-horsetail spruce swamp woods

Boreal tall-herb spruce swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D52
definition: Spruce swamp woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] with an understorey of tall herbs, developed in wet depressions or along watercourses, mire variant of the tall-herb spruce forests of unit 42.C4.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Picea] swamp woods

Boreal heath-horsetail spruce swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D54
definition: Spruce swamp woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] with an understorey dominated by, or rich in, horsetails ([Equisetum] spp.) or horsetails and ericaceous shrubs.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Picea] swamp woods
narrower: Boreal northern bilberry spruce swamp woods
narrower: Boreal cloudberry spruce swamp woods
narrower: Boreal horsetail spruce swamp woods

Boreal cloudberry spruce swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D542
definition: Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the boreal western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] in the tree layer, with an understorey dominated by [Rubus chamaemorus] and a species cortège like that of unit 44.A4441, developed on oligotrophic soils with a high waterlevel.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal heath-horsetail spruce swamp woods

Boreal horsetail spruce swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D543
definition: Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] with an understorey dominated by [Equisetum sylvaticum] and [Sphagnum girgensohnii], accompanied by a species cortège that includes [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Carex vaginata], [Linnaea borealis] and many species in common with that of unit 44.A4441.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal heath-horsetail spruce swamp woods

Nemoral bog conifer woodland
type: Concept
notation: G3.E
definition: Woods of [Pinus] spp. or [Picea] spp., sometimes mixed with [Betula pubescens], colonizing bogs and fens in the nemoral zone. Conifer-dominated bog woodland occurs mainly in the boreal and boreonemoral zones, but extends into the nemoral, wooded steppe and steppe zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: [Pinus mugo] bog woods
narrower: Nemoral [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods
narrower: Balkan [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods
narrower: Steppe [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods
narrower: Nemoral peatmoss [Picea] woods
narrower: Nemoral bog [Picea] woods

[Pinus mugo] bog woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E1
definition: Woods or scrubs formed by erect or prostrate members of the [Pinus mugo] complex, namely the tall, single-stemmed [Pinus uncinata], the multi-stemmed, up to 8m tall, [Pinus rotundata], and the multi-stemmed, up to 2m tall, [Pinus mugo], developing on drier buttes and ridges of raised bogs, acid fens and transition moors of the Alps, the pre-Alpine plateaux and valleys, the Jura, the Carpathians, the higher Hercynian ranges and associated hills and depressions, with [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Sphagnum] spp. and sometimes [Betula nana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral bog conifer woodland

Boreal fern spruce swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D51
definition: Swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], with an understorey comprising wet woodland species, often dominated by ferns and herbs, notably, [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Dryopteris expansa], [Oxalis acetosella]; the species cortège includes [Betula pubescens], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Caltha palustris], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Galium palustre], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Paris quadrifolia], [Ranunculus repens], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Melica nutans], [Milium effusum], [Carex canescens], [Luzula pilosa], [Equisetum sylvaticum], [Equisetum arvense], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Bryum] spp., [Calliergon cordifolium], [Sphagnum] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Picea] swamp woods

Boreal sedge-sphagnum spruce swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D53
definition: Spruce swamp woods of boreonemoral and boreal regions of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], with a field layer rich in sedges, horsetails, short and tall herbs, developed on nutrient-rich gley substrates with wet fen mull at the surface, and near-surface flowing or stagnant groundwater. [Betula pubescens], [Alnus glutinosa], [Alnus incana] may participate in the tree layer, [Carex] spp., [Filipendula ulmaria], [Equisetum] spp., [Salix] spp., [Calla palustris] may dominate the herb and shrub layer, [Sphagnum] spp. dominate the ground layer; the species cortège includes [Phalaris arundinacea], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Chamaegrostis canescans], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Caltha palustris], [Cardamine amara], [Cornus suecica], [Vaccinium myrtillus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal [Picea] swamp woods

Boreal northern bilberry spruce swamp woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.D541
definition: Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] in the tree layer and an understorey dominated by hygrophile ericoid shrubs, [Vaccinium uliginosum] and [Vaccinium myrtillus], by [Equisetum sylvaticum] and by sphagnum carpets formed by [Sphagnum girgensohnii], [Sphagnum russowii], [Sphagnum angustifolium], developed on oligotrophic, hydromorphic soils with carr-peat or raw humus by lake-shores, on mire margins, in hollows and on slopes. The species cortège includes [Betula pubescens], [Betula nana], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Empetrum] spp., [Rubus chamaemorus], [Polytrichum commune], [Sphagnum fuscum] and, notably in eastern Scandinavia, [Ledum palustre], [Carex globularis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Boreal heath-horsetail spruce swamp woods

Nemoral [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E2
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of the plains of sub-boreal and northern nemoral central and eastern Europe, with isolated stations in the Hercynian system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral bog conifer woodland
narrower: Northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods
narrower: Hercynian Scots pine mire woods
narrower: Small reed Scots pine mire woods

Northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E21
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of the plains of northern Germany, northern Poland and the northern nemoral Sarmatic region, with [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Andromeda polifolia], [Myrica gale].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods
narrower: Inland northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods
narrower: Coastal northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods

Inland northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E211
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of nemoral and boreonemoral eastern Europe and of inland sites in the Baltic lowlands of northern central Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods

Coastal northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E212
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] formations of dunal depressions of the southern and southeastern Baltic coasts, with [Empetrum nigrum], [Erica tetralix], [Deschampsia flexuosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods

Hercynian Scots pine mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E22
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of the Hercynian system, best represented in the Bohemian Quadrangle, with rare outposts farther west to the Vosges, with [Betula pubescens], [Betula carpatica], [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods

Small reed Scots pine mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E23
definition: Peri-Hercynian [Pinus sylvestris] formations of mires with species-poor undergrowth, comprising [Vaccinium myrtillus], usually dominant, [Calamagrostis villosa], [Sphagnum girgensohnii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods

Balkan [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E3
definition: Isolated relict Scots pine mire woods of the Balkan peninsula, often with [Picea abies] and [Betula pubescens] and a sometimes species-rich cortège of fen, bog or transition mire species, including sphagna and cottonsedges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral bog conifer woodland
narrower: Illyrian Scots pine mire woods
narrower: Moesian Scots pine mire woods

Illyrian Scots pine mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E31
definition: Scots pine mire wood of the Han-Kram range in southern Bosnia, in the Illyrian beech forest zone, with [Picea abies], [Betula pubescens] and [Salix pentandra], accompanied by [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Salix caprea], [Salix cinerea], [Sphagnum] spp., [Carex] spp., [Molinia caerulea], [Agrostis canina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods

Moesian Scots pine mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E32
definition: Scots pine mire woods of the western Rhodope of Bulgaria and of western and eastern Serbia, with occasional [Picea abies] and [Betula pubescens]; the accompanying cortège is related to that of acid fens and transition mires; [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] characterize constituting communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Balkan [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods

Steppe [Pinus sylvestris] mire woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E4
definition: [Pinus sylvestris]-dominated mire woods of the wooded steppe and steppe zones of western Eurasia, in particular of the Ukraine, with [Betula pendula], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Salix] spp., [Chamaedaphne calyculata], [Carex pauciflora], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Sphagnum] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral bog conifer woodland

Nemoral peatmoss [Picea] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E5
definition: [Picea abies] woods rich in sphagnum and other wetness indicators, occupying fens or swamps at the periphery of raised bogs, as well as waterlogged soils in acidophilous spruce woods, frequent particularly in the montane and subalpine levels of hills and mountains of the high-precipitation areas of the Alpine periphery and in the lowlands at the edge of the spruce wood region of the boreal zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral bog conifer woodland
narrower: Peri-Alpine peatmoss spruce woods
narrower: Sub-boreal fen spruce woods

Peri-Alpine peatmoss spruce woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E51
definition: Montane and subalpine peaty soils [Picea abies] forests of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the great Hercynian ranges, and, very locally, the Dinarides, often dense, carpeted with sphagnum and mosses, accompanied occasionally by [Abies alba], and with an understorey of [Sorbus aucuparia], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Blechnum spicant], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Homogyne alpina] and [Listera cordata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral peatmoss [Picea] woods

Sub-boreal fen spruce woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E52
definition: Peaty soils [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Pinus sylvestris] forests of northern central and eastern Europe, south of the main, boreal and boreonemoral, area of continuous natural lowland occurrence of spruce, with [Listera cordata], [Moneses uniflora], [Sphagnum girgensohnii], and, in drier places, [Maianthemum bifolium], [Oxalis acetosella].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral peatmoss [Picea] woods

Nemoral bog [Picea] woods
type: Concept
notation: G3.E6
definition: [Picea abies] formations colonizing raised bogs of the nemoral region of Eurasia, with [Betula pubescens], [Betula carpatica], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Sphagnum magellanicum] and other sphagna.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nemoral bog conifer woodland

Highly artificial coniferous plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.F
definition: Plantations of exotic conifers or of European conifers out of their natural range, or of native species planted in clearly unnatural stands, typically as monocultures in situations where other species would naturally dominate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coniferous woodland
narrower: Native conifer plantations
narrower: Exotic conifer plantations

Native conifer plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.F1
definition: Plantations of Palaearctic conifers within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under "reforestation" in other relevant subdivisions of unit G3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Highly artificial coniferous plantations
narrower: Native fir, spruce, larch, cedar plantations
narrower: Native pine plantations
narrower: Native cypress, juniper, yew plantations

Native fir, spruce, larch, cedar plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.F11
definition: Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genera [Abies], [Picea], [Larix] or [Cedrus] within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under "reforestation" in the relevant subdivisions of unit 42.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Native conifer plantations

Native pine plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.F12
definition: Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genus [Pinus] within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under "reforestation" in the relevant subdivisions of unit 42.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Native conifer plantations

Native cypress, juniper, yew plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.F13
definition: Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genera [Cupressus], [Juniperus], [Taxus] within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under "reforestation" in the relevant subdivisions of unit 42.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Native conifer plantations

Exotic conifer plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.F2
definition: Plantations of non-Palaearctic species of conifers or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Highly artificial coniferous plantations
narrower: Exotic spruce, fir, larch, douglas fir, deodar plantations
narrower: Exotic pine plantations
narrower: Other exotic conifer plantations

Exotic spruce, fir, larch, douglas fir, deodar plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.F21
definition: Plantations of conifers of genera [Abies], [Picea], [Larix], [Pseudotsuga] or [Cedrus] formed of non-Palaearctic species or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Exotic conifer plantations

Exotic pine plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.F22
definition: Plantations of conifers of genus [Pinus] formed of non-Palaearctic species, or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Exotic conifer plantations

Other exotic conifer plantations
type: Concept
notation: G3.F23
definition: Plantations of conifers of genera other than [Pinus], [Abies], [Picea], [Larix], [Pseudotsuga] or [Cedrus], formed of non-Palaearctic species or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Exotic conifer plantations

Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4
definition: Forest and woodland of mixed broad-leaved deciduous or evergreen and coniferous trees of the nemoral, boreal, warm-temperate humid and mediterranean zones. They are mostly characteristic of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests, and of the montane level of the major mountain ranges to the south. Neither coniferous, nor broadleaved species account for more than 75% of the crown cover. Deciduous forests with an understorey of conifers or with a small admixture of conifers in the dominant layer are included in unit G1. Conifer forests with an understorey of deciduous trees or with a small admixture of deciduous trees in the dominant layer are included in unit G3.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland, forest and other wooded land
narrower: Mixed swamp woodland
narrower: Mixed taiga woodland with [Betula]
narrower: Mixed sub-taiga woodland with acidophilous [Quercus]
narrower: Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - [Betula] woodland
narrower: Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus] woodland
narrower: Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - acidophilous [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Mixed non-riverine deciduous and coniferous woodland
narrower: Mixed deciduous woodland with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
narrower: Mixed woodland with [Cupressaceae], [Taxaceae] and evergreen oak
narrower: Mixed mediterranean [Pinus] - thermophilous [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - thermophilous [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Mixed [Pinus nigra] - evergreen [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Mixed mediterranean pine - evergreen oak woodland
narrower: Mixed forestry plantations

Mixed swamp woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.1
definition: Broadleaved swamp woodland (G1.4 or G1.5) in combination with bog conifer woodland (G3.D or G3.E). Includes [Pinus] spp. or [Picea] spp. mixed with [Betula pubescens], [Alnus], [Populus] or [Quercus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed taiga woodland with [Betula]
type: Concept
notation: G4.2
definition: Boreal taiga conifer woodland (G3.A, G3.B or G3.C) mixed with a significant component of [Betula] woodland (G1.91).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed sub-taiga woodland with acidophilous [Quercus]
type: Concept
notation: G4.3
definition: The boreo-nemoral southern fringe of the taiga conifer woodland (G3.A, G3.B or G3.C) mixed with a significant component of acidophilous [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] woodland (G1.8).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland
narrower: Boreonemoral lichen-dwarf shrub mixed forests
narrower: Boreonemoral heath-grass mixed forests
narrower: Boreonemoral herb-rich mixed forests

Boreonemoral lichen-dwarf shrub mixed forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.31
definition: Forests of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests in which conifers, mostly [Pinus sylvestris], share the main canopy with deciduous trees, usually [Quercus robur], [Betula pendula] or [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by an undergrowth formed by lichens and dwarf, matted, ericoid shrubs. A number of subunits can be distinguished with species cortèges similar to those of conifer taiga forests of unit G3.B4 or of deciduous woods of unit G1.8, in particular, G1.81 and G1.821, or of unit G1.91721.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed sub-taiga woodland with acidophilous [Quercus]

Boreonemoral herb-rich mixed forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.33
definition: Forests of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests in which conifers, [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], [Pinus sylvestris], [Abies sibirica], share the main canopy with deciduous trees, mostly [Quercus robur], but also [Betula pendula] or [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by an undergrowth rich in forbs, ferns and mesophile grasses. A number of subunits can be distinguished with species cortèges similar to those of conifer taiga forests of units G3.A2-G3.A4, G3.B3 or of deciduous woods of units G1.A141, G1.918, G1.91724- G1.91726.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed sub-taiga woodland with acidophilous [Quercus]

Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - [Betula] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.4
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga (G3.4) intimately mixed with [Betula] woodland (G1.9).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - [Fagus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.5
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga (G3.4) intimately mixed with [Fagus] woodland (G1.6).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.6
definition: Forests in which [Fagus sylvatica] in western and central Europe or other [Fagus] species including [Fagus orientalis] in southeastern Europe and Pontic Asia (G1.6), is associated in the main canopy with fir [Abies] spp. and/or spruce [Picea] spp. (G3.1), sometimes with an admixture of other conifers, in particular, pines [Pinus] spp. Characteristic of the montane level of the major European mountains south of the boreal zone.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - acidophilous [Quercus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.7
definition: [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga (G3.4) intimately mixed with acidophilous [Quercus] woodland (G1.8).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland
narrower: Subcontinental nemoral [Pinus] - [Quercus] forests
narrower: Continental nemoral [Pinus] - [Quercus] forests

Subcontinental nemoral [Pinus] - [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.71
definition: Acidophilous forests in which [Quercus robur] and/or [Quercus petraea] are associated in the main canopy with [Pinus sylvestris], characteristic of sandy substrates and granitic arenas of subcontinental climate regions in the High-Palatinate, the Erzgebirge, the Vogtland, the southern Saxony hills, the western, northern and eastern Bohemian basin, Brandenburg, Poland, the western Ukraine and Lithuania, and of siliceous bedrock, gravels, loams, moraines, with shallow, often podsolised soils, on relatively dry, often south-facing slopes and hilltops of the collinar and submontane levels of the Bohemian quadrangle, the Carpathians, the eastern Alps and their associated plateaux.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - acidophilous [Quercus] woodland
narrower: Northeastern pine-oak forests
narrower: Cowberry pine-oak forests
narrower: Sheep fescue pine-oak forests

Boreonemoral heath-grass mixed forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.32
definition: Forests of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests in which conifers, [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], [Pinus sylvestris], [Abies sibirica], share the main canopy with deciduous trees, mostly [Quercus robur], but also [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens] or [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], and sometimes, in the extreme southwest of the region, [Fagus sylvatica], accompanied by an undergrowth formed by ericoid shrubs and grasses, in particular, [Deschampsia cespitosa]. A number of subunits can be distinguished with species cortèges similar to those of conifer taiga forests of units G3.A1, G3.B1 or G3.B2, or of deciduous woods of unit G1.8, in particular, G1.81 and G1.821, of units G1.621, G1.918, or G1.91722.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed sub-taiga woodland with acidophilous [Quercus]

Northeastern pine-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.711
definition: Acidophilous [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] forests of Brandenburg, Poland, the western Ukraine and Lithuania, most characteristic of diluvial sands in regions of subcontinental climate.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental nemoral [Pinus] - [Quercus] forests
narrower: Northeastern bilberry-smallreed pine-oak forests
narrower: Northeastern aspen pine-oak forests

Northeastern bilberry-smallreed pine-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.7111
definition: Mesophile acidophilous [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] forests of Brandenburg, northern Poland and Lithuania, characteristic of the more mesotrophic, well-drained sites within the range of the northeastern "[Pino-Quercetum]", with [Juniperus communis], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Chimaphila umbellata], [Trientalis europaea], [Melampyrum pratense], [Peucedanum oreoselinum], [Scorzonera humilis], [Pyrola chlorantha], [Danthonia decumbens], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Luzula multiflora], [Luzula pilosa], [Dicranum] spp., [Polytrichum] spp.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northeastern pine-oak forests

Northeastern aspen pine-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.7112
definition: Mixed forest stands of [Quercus robur], [Populus tremula], [Pinus sylvestris], [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens], characteristic of podsols and gley soils with high water table, within the range of the "[Pino-Quercetum]"; they have an impoverished species composition with little representation of the [Querco-Fagetea] and no thermophilous species; common or characteristic are [Juniperus communis], [Frangula alnus], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Trientalis europaea], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Luzula pilosa], [Calamagrostis canescens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Northeastern pine-oak forests

Cowberry pine-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.712
definition: Acidophilous forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] on sandy substrates and granitic arenas of subcontinental climate regions in the High-Palatinate, the Vogtland, Thuringe, the Erzgebirge, the southern Saxony hills, the western, northern and eastern Bohemian basin, with an undergrowth of [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Melampyrum pratense], [Luzula luzuloides]. and sometimes [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Lembotropis nigricans], ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Genista tinctoria], [Genista germanica], [Molinia arundinacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental nemoral [Pinus] - [Quercus] forests

Sheep fescue pine-oak forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.713
definition: Open woods of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] on eolian sands of Moravia and the Elbe valley of Bohemia, with an acidophilous or subacidophilous, subxerophilous, subthermophilous species cortège comprising numerous rare or theatened species. Characteristic species include [Corynephorus canescens], [Agrostis vinealis], [Festuca ovina], [Festuca psammophila], [Festuca vaginata], [Carex humilis], [Armeria elongata] and, in Moravia, [Dianthus pontederae], [Achillea collina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subcontinental nemoral [Pinus] - [Quercus] forests

Continental nemoral [Pinus] - [Quercus] forests
type: Concept
notation: G4.72
definition: Forests of the eastern part of the nemoral forest zone of western Eurasia in which [Quercus robur] is associated in the main canopy with [Pinus sylvestris], distributed in southern Belarus, the northern Ukraine and middle European Russia, most abundant in the upper Dnieper-Pripyat-Berezina Polesian basin, with smaller areas of occurrence on the Central Russian Plateau and the Pre-Volgan Plateau, extending south into the wooded steppe and steppe regions, in particular, along the Donetz.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - acidophilous [Quercus] woodland

Mixed non-riverine deciduous and coniferous woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.8
definition: Mixed non-riverine woodland without a significant [Pinus] component, comprising elements of [Fagus], [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia] (G1.6 or G1.9) together with [Abies] and [Picea] woodland (G3.1).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed deciduous woodland with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]
type: Concept
notation: G4.9
definition: Mixed non-riverine woodland without a significant [Pinus] component, comprising elements of meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland (G1.A) together with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae] woodland (G3.9).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed woodland with [Cupressaceae], [Taxaceae] and evergreen oak
type: Concept
notation: G4.A
definition: Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1) in combination with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae] woodland (G3.9).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed mediterranean [Pinus] - thermophilous [Quercus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.B
definition: Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic forests of thermophilous pines (G3.7) in combination with deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous [Quercus] species or by other southern trees such as [Carpinus orientalis], [Castanea sativa] or [Ostrya carpinifolia] (G1.7).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed [Pinus sylvestris] - thermophilous [Quercus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.C
definition: Forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean climate regions and supra-Mediterranean altitudinal levels, and of western Eurasian steppe and substeppe zones, in which deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous [Quercus] species, or sometimes [Carpinus] spp., [Ostrya carpinifolia], share the main canopy with [Pinus sylvestris], [Pinus pallasiana], [Pinus salzmannii], [Pinus nigra], thermophilous pines, junipers or cypresses. They constitute pine-oak facies of thermophilous deciduous woodland (G1.7).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed [Pinus nigra] - evergreen [Quercus] woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.D
definition: Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1) in combination with [Pinus nigra] woodland (G3.5).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed mediterranean pine - evergreen oak woodland
type: Concept
notation: G4.E
definition: Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1) in combination with lowland to montane mediterranean pine woodland (excluding woodland with significant [Pinus nigra]) (G3.7)
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Mixed forestry plantations
type: Concept
notation: G4.F
definition: Mixed plantations of coniferous and deciduous species where at least one constituent is exotic or outside its natural range, or if composed of native species then planted in clearly unnatural stands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland

Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice
type: Concept
notation: G5
definition: Stands of trees greater than 5 m in height or with the potential to achieve this height, either in more or less continuous narrow strips or in small (less than about 0.5 ha) plantations or small (less than about 0.5 ha) intensively-managed woods. Woodland and coppice that is temporarily in a successional or non-woodland stage but which can be expected to develop into woodland in the future. Excludes parkland (E7.1, E7.2).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Woodland, forest and other wooded land
narrower: Lines of trees
narrower: Small broadleaved deciduous anthropogenic woodlands
narrower: Small broadleaved evergreen anthropogenic woodlands
narrower: Small coniferous anthropogenic woodlands
narrower: Small mixed broadleaved and coniferous anthropogenic woodlands
narrower: Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands and regrowth
narrower: Coppice and early-stage plantations
narrower: Recently felled areas

Lines of trees
type: Concept
notation: G5.1
definition: More or less continuous lines of trees forming strips within a matrix of grassy or cultivated land or along roads, typically used for shelter or shading. Lines of trees differ from hedgerows (FA) in being composed of species that can grow to at least 5 m in height and are not regularly cut down to a height below 5 m.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice

Small broadleaved deciduous anthropogenic woodlands
type: Concept
notation: G5.2
definition: Plantations and small intensively-managed woods of deciduous broadleaved trees less than about 0.5 ha in area. If evergreen broadleaved species are present, they have a lower canopy cover than deciduous species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice

Small broadleaved evergreen anthropogenic woodlands
type: Concept
notation: G5.3
definition: Plantations and small intensively-managed woods of broadleaved evergreen trees less than about 0.5 ha in area. If deciduous broadleaved species are present, they have a lower canopy cover than evergreen species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice

Small coniferous anthropogenic woodlands
type: Concept
notation: G5.4
definition: Plantations and small intensively-managed woods of coniferous trees less than about 0.5 ha in area. If broadleaved species present, they have canopy cover less than 25%.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice

Small mixed broadleaved and coniferous anthropogenic woodlands
type: Concept
notation: G5.5
definition: Plantations and small intensively-managed woods less than about 0.5 ha in area, with mixed of coniferous and broadleaved trees. The proportion of conifers is in the range 25-75%.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice

Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands and regrowth
type: Concept
notation: G5.6
definition: Early stages of woodland regrowth or newly-colonizing woodland composed predominantly of young individuals of high-forest species that are still less than 5 m in height. Includes young native woodland replanted with indigenous trees and naturally-colonizing stands of non-native trees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice
narrower: Deciduous scrub woodland
narrower: Mixed scrub woodland
narrower: Coniferous scrub woodland
narrower: Raised bog pre-woods

Deciduous scrub woodland
type: Concept
notation: G5.61
definition: Early stages of deciduous tall forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands and regrowth

Mixed scrub woodland
type: Concept
notation: G5.62
definition: Early stages of mixed tall forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands and regrowth

Coniferous scrub woodland
type: Concept
notation: G5.63
definition: Early stages of conifer forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands and regrowth

Raised bog pre-woods
type: Concept
notation: G5.64
definition: Parts of raised bogs colonised by shrubs or small trees of [Pinus rotundata], [Pinus sylvestris var. turfosa], [Picea abies], [Betula pubescens], [Betula carpatica], eventually leading to bog woods of units G3.D or G3.E.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands and regrowth

Coppice and early-stage plantations
type: Concept
notation: G5.7
definition: Woodland treated as coppice without standards. Plantations with a dominant canopy of young trees that are still less than 5 m in height. Plantations of dwarf trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small-tree production, with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime, including short-rotation [Salix] beds for biomass production, Christmas tree crops, tree nurseries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice
narrower: Coppice
narrower: Early-stage broadleaved deciduous plantations
narrower: Early-stage broadleaved evergreen plantations
narrower: Early-stage coniferous plantations
narrower: Early-stage mixed broadleaved and coniferous plantations
narrower: Trees planted for early whole-tree harvesting

Coppice
type: Concept
notation: G5.71
definition: Regrowth stages of woodland treated in coppice without standards.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Coppice and early-stage plantations

Early-stage broadleaved deciduous plantations
type: Concept
notation: G5.72
definition: Early stages of plantations of dwarf broadleaved deciduous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coppice and early-stage plantations

Early-stage broadleaved evergreen plantations
type: Concept
notation: G5.73
definition: Early stages of plantations of dwarf broadleaved evergreen trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coppice and early-stage plantations

Early-stage coniferous plantations
type: Concept
notation: G5.74
definition: Early stages of plantations of dwarf coniferous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coppice and early-stage plantations

Early-stage mixed broadleaved and coniferous plantations
type: Concept
notation: G5.75
definition: Early stages of plantations of dwarf mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coppice and early-stage plantations

Trees planted for early whole-tree harvesting
type: Concept
notation: G5.76
definition: Plantations of dwarf trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime, including, among others, osier beds, Christmas tree crops, tree nurseries.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Coppice and early-stage plantations

Recently felled areas
type: Concept
notation: G5.8
definition: Land that recently has supported deciduous or coniferous woodland after the trees have been clear-felled or burnt. Includes woodland with successional vegetation dominated by tall herbs, grasses or shrubs, provided that these will soon be overtopped by a tree canopy.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice
narrower: Recently felled areas, formerly broadleaved trees
narrower: Recently felled areas, formerly coniferous trees
narrower: Recently felled areas, formerly mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees
narrower: Herbaceous clearings
narrower: Shrubby clearings

Recently felled areas, formerly broadleaved trees
type: Concept
notation: G5.81
definition: Recently felled broadleaved woods, in lowlands, uplands and mountain areas. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances [Atropion] and [Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Recently felled areas

Recently felled areas, formerly coniferous trees
type: Concept
notation: G5.82
definition: Recently felled coniferous woods, mostly in mountain areas. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances [Atropion] and [Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Recently felled areas

Recently felled areas, formerly mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees
type: Concept
notation: G5.83
definition: Recently felled mixed broadleaved and coniferous woods. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances [Atropion] and [Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Recently felled areas

Herbaceous clearings
type: Concept
notation: G5.84
definition: Short-lived herbaceous communities colonizing recent clearings.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Recently felled areas
narrower: Willowherb and foxglove clearings
narrower: Burdock and deadly nightshade clearings

Willowherb and foxglove clearings
type: Concept
notation: G5.841
definition: Communities of acid soils with raw humus, composed of [Epilobium angustifolium], [Digitalis purpurea], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Senecio sylvaticus], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Carex pilulifera].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Herbaceous clearings

Burdock and deadly nightshade clearings
type: Concept
notation: G5.842
definition: Formations of mull soils, with [Arctium nemorosum], [Atropa bella-donna], [Bromus ramosus], [Hypericum hirsutum], [Fragaria vesca], [Stachys alpina], [Digitalis lutea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Herbaceous clearings

Shrubby clearings
type: Concept
notation: G5.85
definition: Formations of [Salix caprea], [Sambucus nigra], [Sambucus racemosa], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Rubus] spp. succeeding the herbaceous formations in the regrowth of clearings.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Recently felled areas

Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats
type: Concept
notation: H
definition: Non-coastal habitats with less than 30% vegetation cover (other than in crevices of rocks, screes or cliffs) which are dry or only seasonally wet (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year). Subterranean non-marine caves and passages including underground waters and disused underground mines. Habitats characterised by the presence of permanent snow and surface ice other than marine ice bodies.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
narrower: Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies
narrower: Screes
narrower: Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops
narrower: H4
narrower: H5
narrower: H6

Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: H1
definition: Natural caves, cave systems, underground waters and subterranean interstitial spaces. Caves and their associated waters harbour varied, but paucispecific, communities of animals, fungi and algae that are restricted to them (troglobiont organisms), or are physiologically and ecologically capable of conducting their entire life cycle within them (troglophile organisms), or are dependent on them for part of the life cycle (subtroglophile organisms). Underground waters not associated with caves (stygon) and interstitial spaces harbour distinctive faunas.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats
narrower: Cave entrances
narrower: Cave interiors
narrower: Dark underground passages
narrower: Lava tubes
narrower: Underground standing waterbodies
narrower: Underground running waterbodies
narrower: Disused underground mines and tunnels

Cave entrances
type: Concept
notation: H1.1
definition: The exterior part of caves, including the twilight zone where light penetrating from the outer world is sufficient to permit human vision. In Western Carpathians vegetation of alliance [Erysimo wittmanii-Hackelion deflexae] occurs, with species such as [Campanula rapunculoides], [Cortusa matthioli] and [Hackelia deflexa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies

Cave interiors
type: Concept
notation: H1.2
definition: The interior part of caves, lacking light, with or without troglobiont or troglophile organisms. Excludes dark underground passages (H1.3).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies
narrower: Troglobiont vertebrate caves
narrower: Subtroglophile vertebrate caves
narrower: Troglobiont invertebrate caves
narrower: Troglophile invertebrate caves
narrower: Subtroglophile invertebrate caves
narrower: Caves without vertebrates or invertebrates

Troglobiont vertebrate caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.21
definition: Caves harbouring communities that include troglobic amphibians or fish, limited worldwide to a very small number of highly distinctive organisms, mostly relict forms of extremely limited distribution, including 15 species of amphibians, limited to North America and Europe, and about 38 species of fishes belonging to 13 families, notably, Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Bythitidae, Pimelodidae, Characidae, Cobitidae, Amblyopsidae, Clariidae, Ictaluridae, Trichomycteridae, Ophidiidae, Synbranchidae. Palaearctic representatives include a unique amphibian, as well as cyprinids and gobiid fishes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cave interiors
narrower: [Proteus anguinus] caves
narrower: Troglobiont fish caves

[Proteus anguinus] caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.211
definition: Caves of the Adriatic karst system of Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro, harbouring the relict amphibian [Proteus anguinus], the most remarkable of all troglobiont vertebrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Troglobiont vertebrate caves

Troglobiont fish caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.212
definition: Caves harbouring communities that include troglobic fish, limited in the Palaearctic region to representatives of the Cyprinidae and Gobiidae.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Troglobiont vertebrate caves

Subtroglophile vertebrate caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.22
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cave interiors
narrower: Continental subtroglophile vertebrate caves
narrower: Insular subtroglophile vertebrate caves

Continental subtroglophile vertebrate caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.221
definition: Caves of the main Eurasian and African landmasses essential to parts of the life-cycle of vertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subtroglophile vertebrate caves

Insular subtroglophile vertebrate caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.222
definition: Caves of the islands of Eurasia and North Africa essential to parts of the life-cycle of vertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Subtroglophile vertebrate caves

Troglobiont invertebrate caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.23
definition: Caves harbouring communities that include no troglobiont amphibians or fish, but include troglobiont invertebrates, limited worldwide to a relatively small number of species belonging to a limited number of groups, and including remarkable relict species. In the Palaearctic region, the majority are situated in the northern Mediterranean basin and the peri-Pontic region. Gastropoda, Opiliones, Chilopoda (Lithobiidae), Collembol, Coleoptera (Bathysciinae and Trechinae subfamilies) among the terrestrial faunas, Turbellaria, Gastropoda and Urodela, among the aquatic faunas, are characteristic of their communities, and essentially restricted to caves of temperate regions.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cave interiors
narrower: Troglobiont invertebrate temperate caves
narrower: Troglobiont invertebrate ice caves
narrower: Troglobiont invertebrate hydrothermal caves
narrower: Troglobiont invertebrate sulphur caves

Troglobiont invertebrate temperate caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.231
definition: Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, dry, humidified by seeps or crossed by permanent or temporary watercourses, but not retaining glaciers, and harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates, often including remarkable relict species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Troglobiont invertebrate caves

Troglobiont invertebrate ice caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.232
definition: Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates, and in which past and present conditions permit the retention of glaciers; they are rare, known in particular from the Carpathians of Romania and Slovakia, the Alps and the Jura.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Troglobiont invertebrate caves

Troglobiont invertebrate hydrothermal caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.233
definition: Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, warmed and humidified by geothermal waters, and harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Troglobiont invertebrate caves

Troglobiont invertebrate sulphur caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.234
definition: Deoxygenated, relatively warm caves, with atmospheres rich in carbon dioxide and sulphur vapour or methane and hydrogen sulfide, harbouring relict thermophile faunas of highly distinctive troglobiont and stygobiont invertebrates.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Troglobiont invertebrate caves

Troglophile invertebrate caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.24
definition: Caves harbouring communities that include no troglobiont organisms, but include troglophile invertebrates. Generally, they are caves crossed by watercourses or with rich trophic substratum, excavated in limestone afforested zones.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cave interiors

Subtroglophile invertebrate caves
type: Concept
notation: H1.25
definition: Caves essential to parts of the life-cycle (quiescence period) of invertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes), such as Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera; in general they are stably cool (or warm) and humid caves.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cave interiors

Caves without vertebrates or invertebrates
type: Concept
notation: H1.26
definition: Caves, often small and dry, devoid of significant troglobiont or troglophile zoocoenoses, and not harbouring significant subtroglophiles.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Cave interiors

Dark underground passages
type: Concept
notation: H1.3
definition: Cavities within cave systems that are much longer than wide or high and may join larger cavities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies

Lava tubes
type: Concept
notation: H1.4
definition: Caves formed in lava flows by open-ended tubes or passages resulting from the cooling of the surface whose molten interior continued to flow. Near the coast, they may contain salt water not connected to the sea and be colonized by specialized (anchihaline) communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies
narrower: Icelandic lava tubes
narrower: Macaronesian lava tubes
narrower: Tethyan lava tubes

Icelandic lava tubes
type: Concept
notation: H1.41
definition: Lava tubes of Iceland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lava tubes

Macaronesian lava tubes
type: Concept
notation: H1.42
definition: Lava tubes of of the Azores, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands. The very large tube created by the volcano La Corona of Lanzarote harbours unique communities of invertebrates, in particular, the decapod crustacean [Munidopsis polymorpha], endemic to that locality, and several crustaceans of the genus [Speleonectes].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lava tubes

Tethyan lava tubes
type: Concept
notation: H1.43
definition: Lava tubes of the Mediterranean Basin and of western Asia, including Etna, Vesuvius, the Phlegrean Fields, Ischia, the Lipari Islands, Pantelleria, the Aegean archipelago, Nemrut Dag in eastern Turkey, Damavand in northern Iran, Taftan in southern Iran, the volcanoes of Syria.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Lava tubes

Underground standing waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: H1.5
definition: Undergound waterbodies, without perceptible flow, which may be permanent or temporary, and may or may not be part of a cave system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies
narrower: Permanent underground standing waterbodies
narrower: Temporary underground standing waterbodies

Permanent underground standing waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: H1.51
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Underground standing waterbodies

Temporary underground standing waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: H1.52
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Underground standing waterbodies

Underground running waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: H1.6
definition: Undergound waterbodies, with perceptible flow, which may be permanent or temporary, and may or may not be part of a cave system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies
narrower: Permanent underground running waterbodies
narrower: Temporary underground running waterbodies

Permanent underground running waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: H1.61
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Underground running waterbodies

Temporary underground running waterbodies
type: Concept
notation: H1.62
definition: No description available.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Underground running waterbodies

Disused underground mines and tunnels
type: Concept
notation: H1.7
definition: Artificial underground spaces. They may constitute important substitution habitats for cave-dwelling bats and for significant subterranean invertebrates such as crustaceans, planarians etc.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies

Screes
type: Concept
notation: H2
definition: Accumulations of boulders, stones, rock fragments, pebbles, gravels or finer material, of non-aeolian depositional origin, unvegetated, occupied by lichens or mosses, or colonized by sparse herbs or shrubs. Included are screes and scree slopes produced by slope processes, moraines and drumlins originating from glacial deposition, sandar, eskers and kames resulting from fluvio-glacial deposition, block slopes, block streams and block fields constructed by periglacial depositional processes of downslope mass movement, ancient beach deposits constituted by former coastal constructional processes. Deposits originating from aeolian depositional processes (dunes) or from eruptive volcanic activity are not included; they are included in H5 and H6 respectively. High mountain, boreal and mediterranean unstable screes are colonized by highly specialised plant communities. They or their constituting species may also inhabit moraines and other depositional debris accumulations in the same areas. A very few communities form in lowland areas elsewhere.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats
narrower: Cold siliceous screes
narrower: Cold limestone screes
narrower: Temperate-montane acid siliceous screes
narrower: Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes
narrower: Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures
narrower: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Cold siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.1
definition: Noncalcareous screes of the mountains and uplands of the boreal zone, developed on siliceous substrates including basic to ultrabasic igneous or metamorphic substrates. Included are the screes of northern Europe including Iceland.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Screes

Cold limestone screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.2
definition: Unstable, gravelly, humus-poor, highly calcareous screes of the subalpine, low alpine and middle alpine levels of boreal and arctic mountains. Characteristic plants are [Arenaria norvegica] and a number of endemic species or species of restricted range, including [Arenaria humifusa], [Arenaria pseudofrigida], [Artemisia norvegica], [Papaver] species of the [Papaver radicatum] group, [Papaver relictum], [Papaver laestadianum], [Braya linearis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Screes

Temperate-montane acid siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3
definition: Siliceous screes of high altitudes and cool sites in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Screes
narrower: Alpine siliceous screes
narrower: Medio-European upland siliceous screes
narrower: Southeast European mountain siliceous screes

Alpine siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.31
definition: Siliceous, cool, damp screes of the subalpine and alpine levels of Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees and Corsica with [Androsace alpina], [Achillea nana], [Oxyria digyna], [Geum reptans], [Saxifraga bryoides], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Linaria alpina], [Oreochloa disticha], [Silene acaulis]. Vegetation of alliance [Androsacion alpinae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate-montane acid siliceous screes
narrower: Mountain sorrel screes
narrower: Rock jasmine screes
narrower: Brown woodrush screes
narrower: Cold silicate block screes
narrower: Carpatho-Balkanic saxifrage-speedwell-ragwort screes
narrower: Painted fescue screes

Mountain sorrel screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.311
definition: Stabilised silicate screes, poor in humus, of the Alpine system, the Pyrenees and Corsica, characterized by [Oxyria digyna] and with [Cerastium uniflorum], [Doronicum clusii], [Doronicum grandiflorum], [Poa laxa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine siliceous screes
narrower: Alpine mountain sorrel screes
narrower: Southwestern Alpine mountain sorrel screes
narrower: Pyrenean mountain sorrel screes
narrower: Corsican mountain sorrel screes
narrower: Carpathian mountain sorrel screes
narrower: Rhodopide mountain sorrel screes

Alpine mountain sorrel screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3111
definition: Siliceous, cool, damp [Oxyria digyna] screes of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain sorrel screes

Southwestern Alpine mountain sorrel screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3112
definition: Siliceous, cool, damp screes restricted to the southwestern Alps, comprising the endemic species [Viola valderia] and [Thlaspi limosellifolium].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain sorrel screes

Pyrenean mountain sorrel screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3113
definition: Stabilised silicate screes of the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain sorrel screes

Corsican mountain sorrel screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3114
definition: Silicate [Oxyria digyna] screes of high mountains of Corsica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain sorrel screes

Carpathian mountain sorrel screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3115
definition: Silicate [Oxyria digyna] screes of the Tatras and the high southeastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain sorrel screes

Rhodopide mountain sorrel screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3116
definition: Silicate [Oxyria digyna] screes of the high Rila and Pirin mountains, with [Poa cenisia ssp. contracta], [Geum reptans], [Satureja alpina], [Pedicularis verticillata], [Armeria alpina], [Luzula spicata], [Bellardiochloa violacea].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Mountain sorrel screes

Rock jasmine screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.312
definition: Communities of silicate screes of the high alpine and nival levels of the central Alps dominated by [Androsace alpina] or [Androsace wulfeniana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine siliceous screes

Brown woodrush screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.313
definition: Humid, humus-rich silicate screes of the Alps, the Carpathians and the Rhodopides, on slopes long-covered with snow, carpeted by the alpine woodrush, [Luzula alpinopilosa], accompanied by a cortège that constitutes an ecological variant of the snow patch communities of unit 36.1114, characterized by a stronger representation of scree species of the [Androsasetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine siliceous screes
narrower: Alpine woodrush screes
narrower: Carpathian woodrush screes
narrower: Rhodopide woodrush screes

Alpine woodrush screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3131
definition: Humid, humus-rich silicate screes of the Alps, on slopes long-covered with snow, carpeted by the alpine woodrush, [Luzula alpinopilosa], accompanied by a cortège that constitutes an ecological variant of the snow patch communities of unit 36.1114, characterized by a stronger representation of scree species of the [Androsasetalia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brown woodrush screes

Carpathian woodrush screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3132
definition: [Luzula alpinopilosa ssp. obscura] ([Luzula alpinopilosa] = [Luzula spadicea]) of the siliceous high Tatras and of the alpine level of the high southeastern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brown woodrush screes

Rhodopide woodrush screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3133
definition: Screes colonized by communities dominated by [Luzula alpinopilosa] ([Luzula spadicea]) and [Festuca picta] ([Festuca picturata], [Festuca violacea ssp. picta]), characteristic of slopes with prolonged snow-cover of Vitosha, Rila and Pirin.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Brown woodrush screes

Cold silicate block screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.314
definition: Communities of ferns and brambles, including [Gymnocarpium dryopteris] ([Dryopteris disjuncta]), [Cryptogramma crispa], [Athyrium distentifolium], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Cystopteris fragilis], colonizing nonstablized, shady subalpine silicate screes of the Alpine system with a high proportion of large blocks.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine siliceous screes

Carpatho-Balkanic saxifrage-speedwell-ragwort screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.315
definition: Stony silicate screes of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathian system and the high mountains of the Balkan peninsula, with [Saxifraga carpathica], [Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cymosa], [Saxifraga adscendens], [Veronica baumgartenii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine siliceous screes
narrower: Rhodopide ragwort screes
narrower: Carpathian saxifrage-speedwell acidophilous screes

Rhodopide ragwort screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3151
definition: Stony silicate screes of the alpine level of the Pirin with [Senecio doronicum] ([Senecio glaberrimus], [Senecio transylvanicus], [Senecio rochelianus]).
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpatho-Balkanic saxifrage-speedwell-ragwort screes

Carpathian saxifrage-speedwell acidophilous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.3152
definition: Stony silicate screes of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathian system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpatho-Balkanic saxifrage-speedwell-ragwort screes

Painted fescue screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.316
definition: [Festuca picta] screes of the siliceous high Tatras, the high mountains of the eastern Carpathian system, the Rhodopides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Alpine siliceous screes

Medio-European upland siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.32
definition: Siliceous screes of hills of western and central Europe, with [Epilobium collinum], [Galeopsis segetum], [Acetosella vulgaris], [Dalanum ladanum], [Petasites albus], [Tussilago farfara], [Senecio viscosus], [Anarrhinum bellidifolium], [Cryptogramma crispa]. Upland siliceous screes, often resulting from quarry activity, and colonised by very impoverished forms of the Alpine communities, usually rich in mosses, lichens and sometimes ferns, notably [Cryptogramma crispa], or pioneer psammophilous grasses, are included. Vegetation of alliance [Galeopsion segetum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate-montane acid siliceous screes

Southeast European mountain siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.33
definition: Siliceous screes of mountains of southeast Europe, with vegetation dominated by [Saxifraga bryoides], [Saxifraga adscendens], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Oxyria digyna], [Androsace hedraeantha] and [Poa cenisia]. [Cryptogramma crispa] and mosses occur. Other important species are [Vaccinium] spp., [Polygonum alpinum], [Pleuropteropyrum undulatum], [Lerchenfeldia flexuosa], [Senecio rupestris].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate-montane acid siliceous screes

Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.4
definition: Calcareous and calcschist screes of high altitudes and cool sites in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus. Usually sparse vegetation cover, unstabile, on steep slopes.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Screes
narrower: Alpine calcschist screes
narrower: [Thlaspi rotundifolium] screes
narrower: Fine calcareous screes
narrower: Carpathian calcareous screes
narrower: Rhodopide calcareous screes

Alpine calcschist screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.41
definition: Calcareous slate slope communities of the Alps, with [Draba hoppeana], [Campanula cenisia], [Saxifraga biflora], [Herniaria alpina], [Trisetum spicatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes

[Thlaspi rotundifolium] screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.42
definition: Unstable, hard limestone and dolomite coarse screes of the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, with [Thlaspi rotundifolium], [Papaver rhaeticum], [Papaver sendtneri], [Viola cenisia], [Linaria alpina], [Arabis alpina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes

Fine calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.43
definition: Fine-element calcareous screes of the alpine, subalpine and high montane levels of the Alps and neighbouring ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes
narrower: Butterbur screes
narrower: Mountain hawkbit screes

Butterbur screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.431
definition: High montane and subalpine, relatively humid, fine limestone and marl screes, with [Petasites paradoxus], [Valeriana montana], [Gypsophila repens].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fine calcareous screes

Mountain hawkbit screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.432
definition: Damp, marlo-calcareous screes of the alpine level of the Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Fine calcareous screes

Carpathian calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.44
definition: Calcareous screes of the Carpathians, represented by diverse communities of mostly very local occurrence, often with significant endemic species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes
narrower: West Carpathian calcareous screes
narrower: East Carpathian calcareous screes

West Carpathian calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.441
definition: Calcareous screes of high altitudes of the Tatras, with [Cerastium latifolium], [Cerastium tatrae], [Arabis alpina], [Hutchinsia alpina], [Sedum atratum], [Cystopteris montana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian calcareous screes

East Carpathian calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.442
definition: Calcareous screes of the eastern Carpathian system.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Carpathian calcareous screes

Rhodopide calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.45
definition: Screes of the Rhodope Mountains, with [Morina persica], [Sideritis scardica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes

Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures
type: Concept
notation: H2.5
definition: Siliceous screes of warm exposures in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus, and of Mediterranean mountains, hills and lowlands and, locally, of warm, sunny middle European upland or lowland sites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Screes
narrower: Pyreneo-Alpine thermo-siliceous screes
narrower: Oro-Cantabrian siliceous screes
narrower: Ibero-Pyrenean acidophile fern screes
narrower: Carpetano-Iberian siliceous screes
narrower: Nevadan siliceous screes
narrower: Central Mediterranean siliceous screes
narrower: Anatolian siliceous screes
narrower: Southeast European thermo-siliceous screes

Pyreneo-Alpine thermo-siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.51
definition: Siliceous screes of warm slopes of the subalpine level of the Alps and of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Pyrenees, usually composed largely of big stones or boulders, with [Senecio leucophyllus], [Taraxacum pyrenaicum], [Galeopsis pyrenaica], [Xatardia scabra], [Armeria alpina].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures

Oro-Cantabrian siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.52
definition: Siliceous screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica; floristically rich formations of the "dark" screes of the Cordillera are related to those under unit H2.64, though somewhat intermediate towards H2.54; other more species-poor ones, characterised by [Trisetum hispidum] and [Rumex suffruticosus], belong to the latter.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures

Ibero-Pyrenean acidophile fern screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.53
definition: Fern-dominated chaotic boulder fields of the altimontane, subalpine and oro-mediterranean zones of siliceous Iberian mountains, in particular, of the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures

Carpetano-Iberian siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.54
definition: Screes of the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Leonese mountains, with [Linaria saxatilis], [Linaria alpina], [Digitalis purpurea var. carpetana], [Senecio pyrenaicus ssp. carpetanus], [Rumex suffruticosus], [Santolina oblongifolia], [Conopodium bunioides], [Reseda gredensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures

Nevadan siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.55
definition: Siliceous screes of the high levels of the Sierra Nevada, very rich in endemics.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures
narrower: Nevadan foxglove screes
narrower: Nevadan violet screes

Nevadan foxglove screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.551
definition: Screes at the subsummital levels of the Sierra Nevada, between 1900 and 2900 metres, with [Senecio tournefortii var. granatensis], [Digitalis purpurea var. nevadensis], [Cirsium gregarium], [Solidago virgaurea ssp. alpestris], [Holcus caespitosus], [Crepis oporinoides], [Eryngium glaciale], [Linaria aeruginea var. nevadensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nevadan siliceous screes

Nevadan violet screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.552
definition: Screes of the summital region of the Sierra Nevada, at around 2800-3000 metres, with a very sparse community formed by [Viola crassiuscula], [Linaria glacialis], [Rhynchosinapis cheiranthos ssp. nevadensis], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Ranunculus parnassifolius], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Papaver suaveolens], [Holcus caespitosus], [Crepis oporinoides] and, in more stabilised areas, [Erigeron frigidus].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Nevadan siliceous screes

Central Mediterranean siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.56
definition: Siliceous screes of the Italian peninsula, of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and their associated islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures

Anatolian siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.57
definition: Screes of the mountains and steppe hills of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions of Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures

Southeast European thermo-siliceous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.58
definition: Warm dry screes of the Balkan Peninsula, with vegetation dominated by [Achnatherum calamagrostis] and [Melica ciliata].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous screes of warm exposures

Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures
type: Concept
notation: H2.6
definition: Calcareous and calcschist screes of warm exposures in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus, and of Mediterranean mountains, hills and lowlands and, locally, of warm, sunny middle European upland or lowland sites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Screes
narrower: Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes
narrower: Cevenno-Provençal screes
narrower: Pyrenean calcareous screes
narrower: Oro-Cantabrian calcareous screes
narrower: Iberian calciphile fern screes
narrower: Southern Iberian calcareous screes
narrower: Central Mediterranean calcareous screes
narrower: Eastern Mediterranean limestone screes
narrower: Eastern Mediterranean serpentine screes
narrower: Cyprian screes
narrower: Illyrian montane calcareous screes
narrower: Illyrian sub-Mediterranean screes
narrower: Illyrian montane serpentine screes
narrower: Illyrian [Achnatherum calamagrostis] screes
narrower: Anatolian calcareous screes
narrower: Eastern Carpathian calcareous thermophilous screes

Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.61
definition: Mostly coarse, unstablized, dry, sunny calcareous screes of the montane and subalpine levels of the Alps and of the uplands and lowlands of Central Europe. Vegetation of alliances [Stipion calamagrostis] and [Arabidion alpinae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures
narrower: Rough-grass screes
narrower: Submontane calcareous screes
narrower: Paris Basin screes

Rough-grass screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.611
definition: [Achnatherum calamagrostis] screes of warmer, lower parts of Alpine valleys and of the southwestern outer Alps.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes

Submontane calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.612
definition: Forb- or fern-dominated sunny calcareous screes of the montane or collinar levels of peri-Alpine ranges, particularly characteristic of the Jura, locally also of the middle European Hercynian ranges and of the southern Alpine periphery.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes
narrower: Hemp-nettle screes
narrower: French sorrel screes
narrower: Limestone fern screes
narrower: Vincetoxicum screes

Hemp-nettle screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6121
definition: Species-poor pioneer communities of warm sunny calcareous screes of the Jura, the Alpine system, the Carpathians and the middle European Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Galeopsis angustifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane calcareous screes

French sorrel screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6122
definition: Species-poor open pioneering communities of dry calcareous screes of the low to moderate altitudes of the Alpine system, the Jura and the middle European Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Rumex scutatus], often with [Silene vulgaris ssp. glareosa], [Silene hayekiana], [Hieracium bifidum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane calcareous screes

Limestone fern screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6123
definition: Open to closed fern swards of [Gymnocarpium robertianum] colonizing often slightly damp, more or less calcareous screes of the Jura and the middle European Hercynian ranges.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane calcareous screes

Vincetoxicum screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6124
definition: Species-rich thermophile pioneer scree communities of natural and anthropogenic station of the Alpine system, the Jura, the middle European Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Hautes Fagnes, and their vicinity, dominated by [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], often with [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Anthericum ramosum], [Knautia dipsacifolia] ([Knautia sylvatica]), [Calamagrostis varia], [Campanula rapunculoides], [Galium album], [Origanum vulgare].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Submontane calcareous screes

Paris Basin screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.613
definition: Calcareous screes of the Paris basin and its periphery, with [Leontodon hyoseroides], [Sisymbrium supinum], [Linaria supina], [Galeopsis angustifolia] and many rare or endemic plants, including [Viola hispida] (endangered endemic), [Galium timeroyi ssp. fleurotii], [Iberis violetii], [Iberis durandii], [Biscutella neustriaca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes

Cevenno-Provençal screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.62
definition: Supra-Mediterranean screes of Mediterranean southern France, common in the coastal ranges of the Marseille region (Allauch, Carpiagne, Puget, Marseilleveyre), rare on the Sainte-Baume, also represented in the Cévennes, with [Arenaria provincialis] ([Gouffeia arenarioides]), [Ptychotis heterophylla], [Linaria supina], [Centranthus ruber], [Centranthus lecoqii], [Crucianella latifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Pyrenean calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.63
definition: Calcareous screes of the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Oro-Cantabrian calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.64
definition: Basiphile screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Iberian calciphile fern screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.65
definition: Fern-dominated chaotic boulder fields of the altimontane, subalpine and oro-mediterranean zones of calcareous Iberian mountains, in particular, of the Cordillera Cantabrica.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Southern Iberian calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.66
definition: Screes of the calcareous Baetic mountains of southern and southeastern Iberia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Central Mediterranean calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.67
definition: Calcareous screes of the Italian peninsula, of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and their associated islands.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Eastern Mediterranean limestone screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.68
definition: Limestone screes of high mountains of southern Albania, mainland Greece, the Peloponnese, the Aegean, with [Drypis spinosa], [Ranunculus brevifolius], [Senecio thapsoides], [Aethionema saxatile]. They can contain synanthropic species like [Geranium robertianum ssp. purpureum], [Centranthus calcitrapa], [Mercurialis annua], [Theligonum cynocrambe] and [Thlaspi perfoliatum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Eastern Mediterranean serpentine screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.69
definition: Serpentine screes of high mountains of southern Albania and mainland Greece, less widespread than the limestone screes of unit H2.68, restricted to serpentines of the northern Pindus and of Mount Olympus.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Cyprian screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6A
definition: Limestone and ophiolite screes of Cyprus, in particular, limestone and ophiolite screes of the Troodos range, limestone screes of the Kyrenia range, flysch, sandstone and conglomerate screes of the Kythrean formation. Endemic plants include [Alyssum troodi], of Troodos serpentine substrates, [Hedysarum cyprium] and [Salvia veneris] of the Kythrean formation.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Illyrian montane calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6B
definition: Calcareous screes of the alpine, subalpine and, locally, montane levels of the Dinarides, the Pelagonides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures
narrower: Illyrian fern screes
narrower: Illyrian butterbur screes
narrower: Illyrian drypis screes
narrower: Illyrian candytuft screes
narrower: Illyrian toadflax screes
narrower: Illyrian mouse-ear screes
narrower: Illyrian geranium screes
narrower: Pelagonide toadflax-valerian screes

Illyrian fern screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6B1
definition: [Dryopteris villarii]-dominated formations of calcareous screes of the east Adriatic mountains, widespread in the Dinarides and Pelagonides, with [Doronicum columnae], [Ligusticum dinaricum], [Scrophularia bosniaca].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane calcareous screes

Illyrian butterbur screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6B2
definition: [Petasites paradoxus]-dominated formations of the foot and grooves of calcareous scree slopes of the Dinarides and Pelagonides.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane calcareous screes

Illyrian drypis screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6B3
definition: Screes of the Dinarides and northern Hellenides dominated by [Drypis spinosa ssp. linnaena], of more sub-Mediterranean affinities than the communities of units 61.511 and 61.512, with [Cardamine carnosa].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane calcareous screes

Illyrian candytuft screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6B4
definition: Wind-exposed, snow-free calcareous screes of the Dinarides, with [Bunium alpinum], [Iberis pruitii], [Thymus acicularis], [Degenia velebitica].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane calcareous screes

Illyrian toadflax screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6B5
definition: High-altitude calcareous screes of the Dinarides, in particular of the Prenj in Herzegovina and the Durmitor in Montenegro, with [Moehringia ciliata], [Papaver kerneri], [Poa minor].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane calcareous screes

Illyrian mouse-ear screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6B6
definition: Calcareous screes of the Dinara and Velebit, with [Cerastium dinaricum], [Euphorbia capitulata], [Thlaspi dinaricum], [Rumex scutatus], [Valeria montana], [Achillea clavennae], [Arabis scopoliana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane calcareous screes

Illyrian geranium screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6B7
definition: Calcareous screes of the Piva basin of Montenegro, with [Corydalis ochroleuca], [Moehringia muscosa], [Geranium macrorrhizum], [Saxifraga rotundifolia].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane calcareous screes

Pelagonide toadflax-valerian screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6B8
definition: Calcareous screes of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania, in particular, of the Korab range, with [Valeriana bertisceae], [Sedum magellense], [Lamium bifidum], [Hieracium bifidum], [Ranunculus seguieri].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Illyrian montane calcareous screes

Illyrian sub-Mediterranean screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6C
definition: Thermophile calcareous screes of the upper mesomediterranean and supra-Mediterranean [Orno-Quercetum ilicis] and [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] levels of the Triestine Karst, Istria, Balkan Peninsula, including the Dalmatian coast, Montenegro and Albania. Typical species: [Dianthus petraeus], [Corydalis ochroleuca], [Peltaria alliacea], [Drypis spinosa ssp. jacquiniana], [Malcolmia serbica], [Galium corrudifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Geranium robertianum].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Illyrian montane serpentine screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6D
definition: Serpentine screes of the montane level of the Dinarides of Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia) with abundant [Achnatherum calamagrostis], harbouring the endemics [Halacsya sendtneri], [Scrophularia tristis], [Alyssum markgrafii], [Linaria rubioides], [Stachys chrysophaea]. The shrub [Cotinus coggygria] often grows in such sites.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Illyrian [Achnatherum calamagrostis] screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6E
definition: [Achnatherum calamagrostis] screes of the Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Montenegro, Serbia) and in particular, of the Piva basin, southeastern representatives of the peri-Alpine [Stipion calamagrostidis] screes of unit H2.611.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Anatolian calcareous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6F
definition: Screes of the mountains and steppe hills of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions of Anatolia.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
editorial note: Physis habitat from which the description is taken includes this EUNIS habitat
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Eastern Carpathian calcareous thermophilous screes
type: Concept
notation: H2.6G
definition: Screes of the Eastern Carpathians, typified by the presence of numerous Mediterranean thermophilous species and those belonging to the Dacio-Balkanic floristic element. Characteristic species: [Achnatherum calamagrostis], [Parietaria officinalis], [Lamium garganicum ssp. laevigatum], [Galium album ssp. album], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops
type: Concept
notation: H3
definition: Unvegetated, sparsely vegetated, and bryophyte- or lichen-vegetated cliffs, rock faces and rock pavements, not presently adjacent to the sea, and not resulting from recent volcanic activity. Parts of seacliffs free from the influence of wave or wind transported marine salt are included. Rock accumulations resulting from depositional processes are excluded and listed under H2 or H5.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats
narrower: Acid siliceous inland cliffs
narrower: H3.2
narrower: H3.3
narrower: H3.4
narrower: H3.5
narrower: H3.6

Acid siliceous inland cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.1
definition: Dry non-calcareous inland cliffs. Specific plant associations colonize montane and Mediterranean cliffs. Most of the subdivisions refer to them. Northern lowland cliffs usually support fragments of other less specialized communities.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops
narrower: Middle European montane siliceous cliffs
narrower: Oro-Iberian siliceous cliffs
narrower: Southwestern Alpine siliceous cliffs
narrower: Cyrno-Sardinian montane and alpine cliffs
narrower: Helleno-Carpatho-Balkanic [Silene] siliceous cliffs
narrower: Peri-Pyrenean montane siliceous cliffs
narrower: H3.17
narrower: H3.18
narrower: H3.19
narrower: H3.1A
narrower: H3.1B
narrower: H3.1C

Middle European montane siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.11
definition: Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the northwestern, northern, eastern and central Alps, the Pyrenees, the western Carpathians, the middle European Hercynian ranges, the Jura. Vegetation of alliances [Androsacion vandelii], [Asplenion septentrionalis] and [Hypno-Polypodion vulgaris], with the most typical species [Acetosella vulgaris], [Aurinia saxatilis], [Polypodium vulgare], [Woodsia ilvensis], [Primula minima], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga bryoides], [Silene acaulis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous inland cliffs
narrower: Middle European high-altitude siliceous cliffs
narrower: Hercynio-Alpine montane and collinar siliceous cliffs
narrower: Hercynio-Alpine serpentine cliffs
narrower: Carpathian montane siliceous cliffs

Middle European high-altitude siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.111
definition: Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the northwestern, northern, eastern and central Alps, with outliers in the Dinarides, of the Massif Central and of the Pyrenees.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European montane siliceous cliffs

Hercynio-Alpine montane and collinar siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.112
definition: Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the montane level of the middle European Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Alps and their periphery, of Atlantic regions of the European continent and the British Isles, with [Saxifraga sponhemica], [Biscutella laevigata], [Asplenium septentrionale], [Asplenium adiantum-nigrum], [Asplenium billotii], [Asplenium foreziense].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European montane siliceous cliffs

Hercynio-Alpine serpentine cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.113
definition: Serpentine cliff and rock communities of the middle European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, of northern Styria, Low-Austria and the Burgenland, with [Asplenium adulterinum], [Asplenium cuneifolium], [Asplenium x alternifolium], [Cheilanthes marantae].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European montane siliceous cliffs

Carpathian montane siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.114
definition: Siliceous cliff communities of Alpine affinities of the Carpathians, formed principally by bryophytes and ferns.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Middle European montane siliceous cliffs

Oro-Iberian siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.12
definition: Siliceous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of Iberian mountains.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous inland cliffs
narrower: Ibero-Carpetanian siliceous cliffs
narrower: Nevadan siliceous cliffs

Ibero-Carpetanian siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.121
definition: Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Cordillera Cantabrica, the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central and the Leonese mountains, with [Hieracium pallidum ssp. graniticum], [Murbeckiella boryi ssp. boryi], [Murbeckiella boryi ssp. herminii], [Saxifraga willkommiana], [Spergula viscosa ssp. pourretii].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian siliceous cliffs

Nevadan siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.122
definition: Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Sierra Nevada, with [Saxifraga nevadensis], [Sedum brevifolium], [Centranthus nevadensis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Oro-Iberian siliceous cliffs

Southwestern Alpine siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.13
definition: Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Maritime, Ligurian and Cottian Alps, with [Saxifraga pedemontana].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous inland cliffs

Cyrno-Sardinian montane and alpine cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.14
definition: Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the mountains of Corsica and Sardinia, distributed from the supra-Mediterranean to the alpine level, with [Potentilla crassinervia], [Armeria leucocephala], [Silene requienii], [Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cervicornis]. Supra-Mediterranean and montane communities have [Amelanchier ovalis ssp. rhamnoides], cryomediterranean, subalpine and alpine communities have [Festuca sardoa], [Phyteuma serratum], [Helechryssum frigidum], [Aquilegia bernardii], [Leucanthemum corsicum], [Scabiosa corsica], upper alpine communities are characterized by the presence of [Draba dubia], [Asplenium viride], [Draba loiseleurii], [Erigeron paolii] and the absence of thermophile species.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous inland cliffs

Helleno-Carpatho-Balkanic [Silene] siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.15
definition: Siliceous cliff communities rich in Dacio-Balkanic endemics of the subalpine level of the eastern Carpathian system and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, including the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides and the Rhodopides, of relict character.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous inland cliffs
narrower: Southern Carpathian campion siliceous cliffs
narrower: Carpatho-Balkano-Rhodopide campion siliceous cliffs
narrower: Pelagonide campion siliceous cliffs

Southern Carpathian campion siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.151
definition: Endemic siliceous cliff communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Southern Carpathians.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Carpatho-Balkanic [Silene] siliceous cliffs

Carpatho-Balkano-Rhodopide campion siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.152
definition: Siliceous cliff communities of the Paring mountains in the Southern Carpathians, of the Balkan Range and of the Rhodopides, in particular, of the Rila and the Pirin, with [Silene lerchenfeldiana], [Potentilla haynaldiana], [Saxifraga juniperifolia ssp. juniperifolia] ([Saxifraga pseudosancta]), [Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cymosa], [Rhodiola rosea] ([Sedum rosea]), [Dianthus henteri], [Minuartia bulgarica], [Haberlea rhodopensis], [Symphyandra wanneri], [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Carex laevis]), [Juncus trifidus], [Sesleria coerulans], [Festuca airoides], [Poa nemoralis], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Cystopteris fragilis].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Carpatho-Balkanic [Silene] siliceous cliffs

Pelagonide campion siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.153
definition: Siliceous cliff communities of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece.
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Helleno-Carpatho-Balkanic [Silene] siliceous cliffs

Peri-Pyrenean montane siliceous cliffs
type: Concept
notation: H3.16
definition: Montane siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Cévennes, the eastern and central Pyrenees and the Catalonian hills, with [Asarina procumbens] ([Antirrhinum asarina]), [Sedum hirsutum], [Centaurea pectinata], [Sempervivum arvernense], [Dianthus graniticus], [Saxifraga clusii], [Saxifraga hypnoides].
status: valid
status modified: 2014-01-31
accepted date: 2014-01-31
in scheme: EUNIS habitats
broader: Acid siliceous inland cliffs