Threats and pressures Submitted None Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Military, paramilitary or police exercises and operations in the freshwater and marine environment Military, paramilitary or police infrastructure, exercises and operations in the freshwater and marine environment (e.g. collisions with vessels, disturbance by sonar from military vessels). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abandonment of terrestrial military or similar exercises (loss of open habitats) Abandonment of terrestrial military or similar exercises (e.g. natural successions on open habitats due to cessation of military activities). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Vandalism or arson Vandalism or arson, including for example larger scale wildfires initiated by arson. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Tree surgery, felling/removal of roadside trees and vegetation for public safety Tree surgery, felling or removal of roadside trees and vegetation on the grounds of public safety (including interventions classified as public safety issue). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Closure or restricted access to site/habitat Closure or restricted access to sites, like fencing of open sites, closure of caves, natural galleries and other types of restricted access to a habitat or site related to protection of private property and human safety. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Intrusive and destructive research and monitoring activities Applied (intrusive) destructive research. Includes for example collection of animals/plants for scientific purposes. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other human intrusions and disturbance not mentioned above Other human intrusions and disturbance not mentioned above (e.g. illegal dumping). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Invasive alien species of Union concern Problems related to invasive alien species of Union concern (under Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014) (e.g. clogging of aquatic habitats by Eichhornia crassipes,predation of adults and chicks/eggs by Myocastor coypus, Nyctereutes procyonoides and Procyon lotor, browsing of understorey habitats by Muntiacus reevesi, competition for food with Procambarus clarkii,hybridisation with Oxyura jamaicensis). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern) Problems related to other 'invasive' alien species (any species introduced in modern period that is established in the wild outside its natural range and whose introduction and/or spread represent a threat or a potential threat to habitats and species, regardless of the invasive population dynamics) other than invasive alien species of Union concern (under Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014), for which code I01 should be used) (e.g. predation of adults and chicks/eggs by Genetta genetta, Neovison vison, Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus, loss of (native) prey species owing to competition with Crassostrea gigas,decline in the quality of native vegetation owing to spread of invasive plant species (e.g. Amorpha fruticosa and Hedychium gardnerianum),overgrowing of alluvial and lowland humid habitats with invasive plants (e.g. Solidago gigantea, S. canadensis, Aster lanceolatus, A. novi-belgii, Fallopia japonica, F. sachaliensis and Impatiens glandulifera)). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures DO NOT USE Other alien species (not invasive) This code should not be used for new entries. It has been restored for technical reason. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Problematic native species Harmful plants, animals, that are originally found within the ecosystem(s) in question, but have become out-of-balance directly or indirectly due to human activities. It includes, for example, problems with feral native animals (e.g. cats, dog); overabundant algae due to loss of native grazing fish; predation of adults, fledglings and chicks/eggs by Mus musculus, native Mustela spp., Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes and domestic/feral Felis catus; interbreeding with feral Columba livia. This pressure should be used if problems with native species cannot be associated with other more specific drivers/pressures (e.g. when problems with native species can be associated with multiple human activities or more precise activities are unknown). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Plant and animal diseases, pathogens and pests Problems related to plant and animal diseases, pathogens and pests (including insect and nematode pests) like plague affecting rodents or diseases such as those caused by Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism) and Trichomonas gallinae (trichomoniasis). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Mixed source pollution to surface and ground waters (limnic and terrestrial) Mixed source pollution to surface and ground waters. Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes. (e.g. river eutrophication can be related to several direct and indirect sources like sewage, agricultural and industrial discharges, diffuse pollution from agriculture, decreased retention of alluvial vegetation due to inadequate management). Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Mixed source marine water pollution (marine and coastal) Mixed source marine water pollution (marine and coastal). Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes (e.g. marine pollution by hydrocarbons can be related to several sources, like industrial discharges, water and land based transport operation, pollution, transport and exploitation accidents). Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Mixed source air pollution, air-borne pollutants Mixed source air pollution, air-borne pollutants. Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes (e.g. source of pollutants for acid rain is usually a mix of emissions from vehicles, power plants etc.). Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Mixed source soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges) Mixed source soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges). Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Mixed source excess energy Mixed source excess energy. Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abstraction from groundwater, surface water or mixed water Abstractions from groundwater, surface water or mixed water should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Drainage Drainage including landfill, land reclamation and drying out should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Development and operation of dams Development and operation of dams should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Modification of hydrological flow Modification of hydrological flow should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category. Includes, for example, modification of flooding regimes or cutting of aquatic and bank vegetation to improve water flow. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Physical alteration of water bodies Physical alteration of water bodies should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category. Includes, for example, removal of sediments, canalisation and water deviation. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abiotic natural processes (e.g. erosion, silting up, drying out, submersion, salinization) Abiotic natural processes (e.g. natural erosion in areas with naturally low vegetation cover). Includes natural abiotic processes only. The abiotic processes resulting from human activities or the abandonment of human activities should be reported under the appropriate pressures, for example, silting up as a result of erosion due to wood transport should be coded as B16 Wood transport. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Natural succession resulting in species composition change (other than by direct changes of agricultural or forestry practices) Changes in a species composition due to natural succession (e.g. primary succession related to natural siltation of lakes or succession after natural disturbances). Includes natural succession only. Spontaneous succession following the abandonment of farming practices is to be coded using appropriate codes under the category A - Agriculture. Spontaneous succession following the abandonment of traditional forest practices is to be coded using respective codes under the category F - Forestry. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Accumulation of organic material Accumulation of organic material. Includes natural processes accumulation of organic material only (e.g. peat formation) . Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Natural processes of eutrophication or acidification Natural processes of eutrophication or acidification (e.g. natural eutrophication of lakes or natural eutrophication due to natural drying out of peatlands in areas with insufficient precipitation rate). Includes natural processes of acidification or eutrophication only. Eutrophication resulting directly or indirectly from human activities should be reported under the appropriate pressures, for example, eutrophication due to the anthropogenic input of nitrogen should be reported under A20 or eutrophication due to drainage of fens or peatlands should be reported under codes that capture drainage, for example A31. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Reduced fecundity / genetic depression (e.g. inbreeding or endogamy) Reduced fecundity and/or genetic depression resulting from e.g. inbreeding or endogamy. This pressure should be used for genetic depression in naturally small and/or isolated populations but also in populations which declined and/or became isolated in the past (excluding recent past) due to anthropogenic pressures. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens) Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens). Includes natural relations (not induced by human activities) like plant pest damages (e.g. infection of seeds, like mildew infection, rust infection etc.), animal pest damages (e.g. damage to the plants reproductive organs by invertebrates, parasites) or native plants hybridization with other plants. Changes in interspecific relationships resulting from human activities should be reported under respective pressures for example I04 or G08. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Absence or reduction of interspecific faunal and floral relations (e.g. pollinators) Absence or reduction of interspecific relations (e.g. lack of pollinators or lack of prey). Includes absence or reduction of interspecific relations due to natural reasons (e.g. lack of prey due to spread of diseases). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Volcanic activity Volcanic activity. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Tidal waves, tsunamis Tidal waves, tsunamis. Includes geologically caused tidal waves/tsunamis. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Earthquake Earthquakes. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Avalanche (snow) Avalanche (snow). Includes avalanches which are not triggered by human activities, such as off piste skiing. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Collapse of terrain, landslide Collapses of terrain, landslides. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Underground collapses (natural processes) Underground collapses (natural processes). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Storm, cyclone Storm, cyclone. Direct impact of storm or cyclone such as loss of clutches/broods of coastal-nesting species during storm surges, at-sea mortality ('wrecks') of seabirds during winter storms, damage to nests during high winds, direct impacts of heavy rain. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Flooding (natural processes) Natural flooding causing e.g. loss of nests of species nesting on the ground or in emergent vegetation along rivers, in marshes and low-lying areas such as floodplains; reduced access to food resources in these areas during prolonged flooding. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Fire (natural) Natural fires (e.g. natural forest fires). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other natural catastrophes Other natural catastrophes. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Temperature changes (e.g. rise of temperature & extremes) due to climate change Periods in which temperatures exceed or go below the normal range of variation. Includes, for example, heat waves, cold spells, oceanic temperature changes, disappearance of glaciers/sea ice. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Droughts and decreases in precipitation due to climate change Periods in which rainfall falls below the normal range of variation. Includes, for example, severe lack of rain, loss of surface water sources. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Increases or changes in precipitation due to climate change Increased precipitation due to climate change. Also includes increased quantity and intensity of storms. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Sea-level and wave exposure changes due to climate change Sea-level and wave exposure changes due to climate change. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Change of habitat location, size, and / or quality due to climate change Change of habitat location, size, and / or quality due to climate change (e.g. changes in pH or ocean acidification). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Desynchronisation of biological / ecological processes due to climate change Desynchronisation of biological / ecological processes due to climate change. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Decline or extinction of related species (e.g. food source / prey, predator / parasite, symbiote, etc.) due to climate change Decline or extinction of related species (e.g. food source / prey, predator / parasite, symbiote, etc.) due to climate change. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Change of species distribution (natural newcomers) due to climate change Change of species distribution (natural newcomers) due to climate change. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other climate related changes in abiotic conditions Other climate related changes in abiotic conditions e.g. water flow changes (limnic, tidal and oceanic) due to climate change. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Unknown pressure Pressure is acting, but not possible to clearly identify. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures No pressures There are no proven pressures. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures No threats There are no predicted threats. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures No information on pressures No data on pressures. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures No information on threats No data on threats. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Threats and pressures from outside the EU territory Threats and pressures from outside the EU territory (for the Article 17 reporting only). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Threats and pressures from outside the Member State Threats and pressures from outside the Member State (for the Article 17 reporting only). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Conversion into agricultural land (excluding drainage and burning) Conversion of natural and semi-natural non-agricultural habitats (e.g. semi-natural forests) and non-agricultural habitats of species targeted by the nature directives into agricultural land (e.g. pastures, meadows, arable fields). This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the agricultural use of originally non-agricultural habitat prevent the latter from being restored (e.g. in case of land use conflicts between agriculture and nature conservation). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Conversion from one type of agricultural land use to another (excluding drainage and burning) Conversion of agricultural habitats into other types of agricultural habitats. This pressure often refers to conversion of semi-natural agricultural habitats (e.g. meadows) into intensive production areas (e.g. sawn grasslands or arable fields) but it also includes more subtle changes, mostly of habitat conditions (e.g. change of crops or a move from spring-sown to autumn/winter-sown cereals causing denser/taller crop structure earlier in the nesting season or earlier harvesting) or other types of conversion (e.g. rice paddies into other types of culture). This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the current agricultural use of a habitat prevent the latter from being restored (e.g. in cases of land use conflicts between agriculture and nature conservation). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Conversion from mixed farming and agroforestry systems to specialised (e.g. single crop) production Large scale changes (affecting the habitat at landscape level or landscape functions like connectivity or nutrient cycling) of agricultural systems from traditional mixed or diversified farming and agroforestry into intensive specialised farming (e.g. single crop). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Changes in terrain and surface of agricultural areas Changes in terrain and surface of agricultural areas due to, for example, restructuring of slopes, terracing, levelling, rock crushing or other changes of terrain to, for example, facilitate the use of machinery or manage runoff of rain water or to prepare new terrains for agricultural production. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Removal of small landscape features for agricultural land parcel consolidation (hedges, stone walls, rushes, open ditches, springs, solitary trees, etc.) Removal of single landscape features or small scale parcel consolidation (e.g. removal of hedges between two existing arable fields, to facilitate use of farm machinery). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abandonment of grassland management (e.g. cessation of grazing or mowing) Abandonment of traditional agricultural practices in grasslands such as cessation of mowing or abandonment of traditional pastoral systems like itinerant grazing in mountain areas. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abandonment of management/use of other agricultural and agroforestry systems (all except grassland) Abandonment of traditional management systems or use of other agricultural systems (excluding grasslands), such as the abandonment of traditional farming, abandonment of mowing, grazing and other traditional uses of fens, mires, heathland or agroforestry habitats. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Mowing or cutting of grasslands Inappropriate techniques or timing of mowing, for example mowing at inappropriate times, mowing with too high a frequency, using machinery or inadequate machinery for mowing of grasslands or leaving dead material after mowing on the ground (mulching). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Intensive grazing or overgrazing by livestock Intensive grazing or overgrazing by livestock in agricultural and agroforestry habitats (e.g. pastures, meadows, pastured forests) where grazing causes damage to vegetation or soil (e.g. trampling, nitrogen input) or where livestock presents a disturbance or a competitor for species targeted by the nature directives. Includes intensive grazing in other habitats in agricultural landscapes (riparian areas, bogs, scrubs and forests) where grazing causes damage to vegetation or habitats. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Extensive grazing or undergrazing by livestock Insufficient grazing or undergrazing that causes, for example, changes in species composition, or extensive grazing in inappropriate habitats like meadows or bogs. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Burning for agriculture Burning as an agricultural practice, for example, to create a pasture, or burning agricultural waste like crop stubble. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Suppression of fire for agriculture Suppression or lack of controlled burning used as a traditional management practice e.g. of heaths in wet and cold regions of Europe. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Reseeding of grasslands and other semi-natural habitats Reseeding of grasslands and other semi-natural habitats. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Livestock farming (without grazing) Other activities, except grazing, related to livestock farming, like animal breeding (e.g. causing point or diffuse pollution), livestock feeding or use of veterinary drugs (e.g. causing increased mortality of scavengers like vultures as a consequence of 'incidental poisoning' following the consumption of livestock carcasses treated with veterinary drugs). Includes abandonment of traditional processes related to livestock (e.g. closure of traditional livestock carcass dumps causing loss of food resources for vultures). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Tillage practices (e.g. ploughing) in agriculture Inappropriate techniques or timing of tillage, for example, ploughing at inappropriate times, using inadequate machinery for ploughing or the inappropriate use of tillage (e.g. tillage in grasslands). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other soil management practices in agriculture Inappropriate use of soil management practices in agriculture or inappropriate techniques/timing of soil management other than tillage. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Harvesting of crops and cutting of croplands Inappropriate techniques and timing of harvesting, for example, use of machinery for harvesting, use of inadequate machinery for harvesting (e.g. more efficient machinery may reduce the amount of unharvested/spilt grain available as food) or inappropriate harvesting periods (e.g. harvesting too early in season, harvesting during the night). Includes the cutting of vegetation along the edges of fields. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Irrigation of agricultural land Input of water into semi-natural or extensive agricultural habitats (e.g. irrigation of olive orchards) possibly leading to changes in species composition or increased production. Includes the installation of irrigation infrastructure. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Application of natural fertilisers on agricultural land Use, application, treatment and stocking of natural fertilisers (e.g. manure, slurry) for agricultural production. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land Use, application, treatment and stocking of synthetic fertilisers for agricultural production. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture (e.g. pesticides, fungicides, growth retardants, hormones, seed coatings etc.). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Use of physical plant protection in agriculture Use of physical plant protection in agriculture (e.g. weed picking or netting/cages for fruit ). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Use of other pest control methods in agriculture (excluding tillage) Use of other pest control methods in agriculture (e.g. biocontrol) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Waste management practices in agriculture Management of waste in agriculture (e.g. temporary holding of solutions like manure storage ponds/lagoons or deposition of waste). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Agricultural activities generating point source pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure addresses point source water pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. point pollution from an animal farm should be reported as A14 Livestock farming (without grazing)). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Agricultural activities generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure addresses diffuse water pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to the application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities A20 Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land or A21 Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Agricultural activities generating air pollution This pressure addresses air pollution resulting from agricultural activities and agricultural land use. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Agricultural activities generating marine pollution This pressure addresses point or diffuse source marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities A20 Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land or A21 Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Agricultural activities generating soil pollution This pressure should be used to address the pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities A20 Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land or A21 Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Active abstractions from groundwater, surface water or mixed water for agriculture Abstraction of water for use in agriculture e.g. for irrigation or in large scale animal breeding. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Drainage for use as agricultural land Activities like water abstraction, hydrological modifications, canalisation aimed at draining natural or semi-natural habitats for the use as agricultural land (e.g. drainage of wetlands for agriculture). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Development and operation of dams for agriculture Development and operation of dams for agriculture (e.g. for irrigation). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Modification of hydrological flow or physical alteration of water bodies for agriculture (excluding development and operation of dams) Activities modifying physical structure or hydrological functioning of water bodies triggered by agricultural production (e.g. altering of flooding regimes, altering regimes of rivers to keep sufficient water supply for irrigation, cleaning irrigation canals, canalisation of rivers and cutting of the oxbow lakes). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Introduction and spread of new crops (including GMOs) Introduction and/or spread of new crops (e.g. crops producing pollen toxic for pollinators) and GMOs. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Agricultural crops for renewable energy production Conversion of agricultural or non-agricultural habitats into areas of agricultural production of renewable energy stocks, and other pressures arising from the agricultural production of energy crops. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Agriculture activities not referred to above Other agricultural activities not mentioned above. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Conversion to forest from other land uses, or afforestation (excluding drainage) Increase in forest area, including planting of forests on grassland or heathland, or converting shrubs into forest. This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the current forestry use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevents the latter from being restored (e.g. in cases of land use conflicts between forestry and nature conservation for the restoration of some heathlands and peats, which were in the past afforested and are currently being managed and replanted as forests). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Conversion to other types of forests including monocultures Conversion of forest habitats into another type of forest habitat, often conversion from extensive forests into production forests (e.g. conversion to monocultures) but also other types of conversion (e.g. conversion from coppice to high forest or changes of tree species composition). Includes deliberate changes. Passive abandonment of traditional forest management should be reported as B04. This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the current forestry use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevent the latter from being restored (e.g. in case of land use conflicts between forestry and nature conservation). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Replanting with or introducing non-native or non-typical species (including new species and GMOs) Replanting with non-native (including new tree species and genetically modified organisms) or non-typical species (i.e. native species which do not naturally occur as a part of a specific forest type or within a specific region) after forest exploitation or planting non-native or non-typical species in existing forests. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abandonment of traditional forest management Abandonment of traditional management and maintenance of secondary forest habitats such as some oak and oak-hornbeam forests, chestnut forests or lichen-pine forests. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Logging without replanting or natural regrowth Decline in forest area due to non-replanting or absence of natural regrowth after forest exploitation. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Logging (excluding clear cutting) of individual trees Logging (of individual trees) causing damage to e.g. standing trees, forest undergrowth or soil and springs. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Removal of dead and dying trees, including debris Removal of dead and dying trees (e.g. to prevent forestry pests) and removal of fallen wood (e.g. for firewood collection, fire prevention or enabling access by machinery). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Removal of old trees (excluding dead or dying trees) Targeted removal of old trees (e.g. to preserve the forest structure or to improve regeneration). Includes logging of mature trees (trees with a high potential to become old) in forests with a diverse age structure. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Clear-cutting, removal of all trees Forest clearance (small to large scale removal of all trees) causing damage to forest habitat or habitats of species targeted by the nature directives, to soil or springs or other physical features. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Illegal logging Illegal logging e.g. organised illegal timber extraction. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Cork extraction and forest exploitation excluding logging. Forest exploitation activities (e.g. cork extraction), excluding timber logging. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Thinning of tree layer Removal of trees (including logging) of a certain tree layer(s) (upper or lower) in order to favour selected trees or to promote natural regeneration. Includes damage to soil, springs, forest habitats and undergrowth due to thinning. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Burning for forestry Burning as a forestry practice (e.g. burning waste after exploitation). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Suppression of fire for forestry Suppression of forest management practices using controlled burning and fire. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Forest management reducing old growth forests. Shortening of logging rotations or other activities like thinning aimed at earlier logging. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Wood transport Construction and maintenance of logging roads and tracks (closed to public circulation), wood transport within forest (damaging forest undergrowth, soil and springs) and poor management of wood transport (e.g. leaving the felled wood in piles in forests during summer or damage to soil). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Tillage practices in forestry and other soil management practices in forestry Using tillage or other soil management practices in forestry (e.g. preparation of soil for forest replanting). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Application of natural fertilisers Use, application, treatment and stocking of natural fertilisers (e.g. manure, slurry) in forestry. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils Use, application, treatment and stocking of synthetic fertilisers in forestry. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Use of plant protection chemicals in forestry Use of plant protection chemicals in forestry (e.g. pesticides, fungicides, pheromones or repulsives). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning Use of physical or mechanical plant protection in forestry (e.g. exclosure fencing, protective cages/sleeves around trees/saplings, cutting weeds, mulching). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Use of other pest control methods in forestry Use of other pest control methods in forestry (e.g. biocontrol). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Forestry activities generating pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure addresses diffuse water pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities B19, Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils or B21 Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Forestry activities generating air pollution This pressure addresses air pollution resulting from forestry activities. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Forestry activities generating marine pollution This pressure addresses marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. marine pollution due to the application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities B19 Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils or B21 Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Forestry activities generating soil pollution This pressure addresses soil pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. soil pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities B19 Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils or B21 Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning) . Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Modification of hydrological conditions, or physical alteration of water bodies and drainage for forestry (including dams) Activities modifying the physical structure or hydrological functioning of water bodies triggered by forestry production and exploitation, and activities aimed at drying out the land to facilitate forestry production or exploitation (e.g. altering of flooding regimes, canalisation of rivers, cutting of the oxbow lakes, building draining canals). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Forests for renewable energy production Conversion of forest or non-forest habitats into short rotation coppices (e.g. coppices of willow, poplar or eucalyptus) or converting or maintaining existing forest as short rotation coppices/forests (e.g. chestnut forests) for biomass production and other pressures from forestry biomass production. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other forestry activities, excluding those relating to agro-forestry Other forestry activities not mentioned above (e.g. example pruning). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Extraction of minerals (e.g. rock, metal ores, gravel, sand, shell) Extraction of rocks, gravel, sand, metal ores, loam, clay and shells from quarries, inland water bodies (lakes, river beds) and sea. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Extraction of salt Extraction of salt from quarries and saltpans. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure Exploration of, development of infrastructure for and extracting petroleum and other liquid hydrocarbons (e.g. deep sea natural gas drilling or hydraulic fracturing on land). Includes oil spills that occur at the drill site. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Coal mining Coal mining including both open cast and underground mining. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Peat extraction Extraction of peat (e.g. cutting of peat and mechanical removal of peat). Includes drainage associated with peat extraction. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Dumping/depositing of inert materials from terrestrial extraction Dumping/depositing of inert materials from terrestrial extraction. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Dumping/depositing of dredged materials from marine extraction Dumping/depositing of dredged materials from marine extraction. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abandonment or conversion of saltpans Abandonment or conversion of saltpans (e.g. for aquaculture or rice fields). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Geotechnical surveying Geotechnical surveying for oil and gas exploration and exploration of mines (e.g. seismic marine surveys or surveys to evaluate potential for hydraulic fracturing). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Extraction activities generating point source pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure should be used to address the point source pollution to surface and ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. point source pollution from coal mines or at oil and gas exploitation sites should be reported under the respective codes C04 Coal mining or C03 Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Extraction activities generating diffuse pollution to ground or surface waters This pressure should be used to address the diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution related to coal mining or oil and gas exploitation should be reported under the respective codes C04 Coal mining or C03 Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Extraction activities generating marine pollution This pressure should be used to address marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. marine pollution related to oil and gas exploitation should be reported under C03 Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Extraction activities generating noise, light or other forms of pollution This pressure should be used to address the noise, light pollution or pollution by other forms of energy resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. sound wave pollution from marine seismic surveys should be reported as C09 Geotechnical surveying). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abstraction of surface and ground water for resource extraction Abstraction of water for processing the exploited materials. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Mining and extraction activities not referred to above Other mining and extraction activities not mentioned above (e.g. closure of mines). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure Renewable energy (wind, wave and tidal power) generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. building wind turbines or tidal barrages, collision of birds with wind turbines, damage to coastal habitats or disturbance of marine mammals due to operation of tidal or wave barrages). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Hydropower (dams, weirs, run-off-the-river), including infrastructure Hydropower generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. building dams or weirs, changes of hydrological functioning rivers or chemical and thermal properties of water due to operation of dams and weirs). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Solar power, including infrastructure Renewable energy (solar power) generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. building solar farms). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Geothermal power generation (including infrastructure) Renewable energy (geothermal power) generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. exploitation drills, geothermal wells, managing waste heat, managing pollution from geothermal waters, accidents). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Development and operation of energy production plants (including bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants) Development and operation of energy production plants (e.g. bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Transmission of electricity and communications (cables) Construction, operation and maintenance of power lines and communication infrastructure (e.g. collisions or electrocution of wildlife with phone and power lines). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Oil and gas pipelines Construction and operation of oil and gas pipelines in both the marine and terrestrial environment (e.g. negative impact of explosions, air pollution). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Energy production and transmission activities generating pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure should be used to address the pollution to surface and ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. pollution from oil pipelines or from geothermal waters should be reported under D07 Oil and gas pipelines or D04 Geothermal power generation (including infrastructure)). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Energy production and transmission activities generating air pollution This pressure should be used to address the air pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. pollution from fossil energy plants should be reported as D05 Development and operation of energy production plants (including bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants)). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Energy production and transmission activities generating marine pollution This pressure should be used to address the marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. pollution from oil pipelines or from geothermal waters should be reported under D07 Oil and gas pipelines or D04 Geothermal power generation (including infrastructure)). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Energy production and transmission activities generating noise pollution This pressure should be used to address the noise pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. noise pollution from wind, wave or tidal turbines should be reported under D01 Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure)). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Energy production and transmission activities generating light, heat or other forms pollution This pressure should be used to address the light, heat or other forms pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. heat pollution from cooling waters should be reported under D05 Development and operation of energy production plants (including bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants)). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abstraction of surface and ground water for energy production (excluding hydropower) Surface water abstraction for energy production (e.g. for cooling in electricity production). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Energy production and transmission activities not referred to above Other energy production and transmission related activities not mentioned above. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Roads, paths, railroads and related infrastructure (e.g. bridges, viaducts, tunnels) Construction and operation (e.g. collisions, traffic, noise, light, fencing associated with roads, use of salt for snow cleaning etc.) of road and related infrastructure and related pressures such as animal mortality, habitat fragmentation, improved access to sites via roads and paths. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations Operation and use of marine and inland water transport corridors, as well as pressures linked to transport activities on these freshwater and ocean waterways (e.g. disturbance from shipping at feeding/nesting areas, death or injury by collision, wakes from cargo ship traffic, oil spills from tankers, increased risk of colonisation of islands by invasive species). Includes the anchorage of ships and vessels (industrial, commercial). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Shipping lanes, ferry lanes and anchorage infrastructure (e.g. canalisation, dredging) Maintenance and construction of marine and inland water shipping lanes, transport corridors or coastal infrastructure for anchorage of ships and vessels (industrial, commercial) including hydrological and morphological modifications for transport (e.g. canalisation, water deviation, barriers and locks, dredging and desilting of waterways for navigational purposes). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Flight paths of planes, helicopter and other non-leisure aircrafts Transport activities on the flight paths of the aircraft including near airports (e.g. birds collisions with (commercial) aircraft at/near airports). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Land, water and air transport activities generating pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure should be used to address the pollution to surface or ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. leaks and spills from commercial freshwater vessels should be reported under E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Land, water and air transport activities generating air pollution This pressure should be used to address air pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. emissions from particular transportation methods like road transportation vehicles, aircrafts, container ships or ferries should be reported under respective codes E01 Roads, paths, railroads and related infrastructure (e.g. bridges, viaducts, tunnels), E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations or E04 Flight paths of planes, helicopter and other non-leisure aircrafts). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Land, water and air transport activities generating marine pollution This pressure should be used to address marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. oil spills from tankers or fuel oil leaks and discharges from ships and ferries should be reported under E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Land, water and air transport activities generating noise, light and other forms of pollution This pressure should be used to address noise, light and other forms of pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. noise from shipping should be reported under E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Land, water and air transport activities not referred to above Other land, water and air transport activities not mentioned above. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Conversion from other land uses to housing, settlement or recreational areas (excluding drainage and modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions) Conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats to housing, settlement or recreational areas. Includes development of dispersed housing. This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period,it also refers to instances where continuing the current land use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevent the latter from being restored. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Construction or modification (e.g. of housing and settlements) in existing urban or recreational areas Construction in existing urban or recreational areas, reconstruction of existing buildings and structures, and the demolition of buildings and human structures. This pressure can include e.g. demolishment of structures important for nesting or sheltering of birds and bats, negative impact of isolation or other reconstruction works to nesting birds or bats. Includes deliberate closure of roofs (to prevent bats or birds). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Conversion from other land uses to commercial / industrial areas (excluding drainage and modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions) Conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats to commercial or industrial areas (e.g. building the industrial parks or warehouse zones) or construction of solitary buildings not dedicated to housing and recreation (like solitary buildings for agricultural or forestry use). This pressure relates not only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but refers to instances where continuing the current land use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevent the latter from being restored. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Construction or modification of commercial / industrial infrastructure in existing commercial / industrial areas Construction in existing commercial or industrial areas, reconstruction of existing buildings and other industrial infrastructure and demolition of buildings and industrial structures. Includes reconstructions and demolishment of solitary buildings not dedicated for housing and recreation (like solitary buildings for agricultural or forestry use). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Creation or development of sports, tourism and leisure infrastructure (outside the urban or recreational areas) Creation and development of sport and leisure structures outside the urban or recreational areas (e.g. building the ski lifts, cable cars, motocross circuits). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Development and maintenance of beach areas for tourism and recreation incl. beach nourishment and beach cleaning Activities connected with development and maintenance of recreational coastal areas and beach resorts such as levelling of dunes morphology, beach cleaning (also with mechanical vehicles), beach nourishment, human trampling and overuse, construction of buildings connected to the seaside bathing establishments, marine/beach litter deposition. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Sports, tourism and leisure activities Sport, tourism and leisure activities outside the urban and recreational zones (e.g. outdoor sports, leisure aircrafts, drones, human trampling, wildlife watching). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions for development, use and protection of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure and areas (including sea defences or coastal protection works and infrastructures) Activities modifying coastline or estuary and coastal conditions triggered by urban development such as development and protection of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure and areas. Includes activities like building sea defences and coastal protection infrastructure or maintenance of existing coastal structures (e.g. repairs to existing sea defences, harbour walls). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Deposition and treatment of waste/garbage from household/recreational facilities Management, including deposition and treatment (e.g. dumps, landfills, incineration and other methods of physical or biological processing) of waste from urban and recreational areas (e.g. household waste, other urban waste like waste from hospitals or from urban green areas, food waste from recreational areas). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Deposition and treatment of waste/garbage from commercial and industrial facilities. Management, including deposition and treatment (e.g. dumps, landfills, incineration recycling and other methods of physical or chemical processing) of waste from industrial production processes. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Pollution to surface or ground water due to urban run-offs Pollution from rain and storm water running from urbanised areas carrying pollutants from roads and parking plots as well as fertilizers and pesticides used for urban vegetation. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Discharge of urban waste water (excluding storm overflows and/or urban run-offs) generating pollution to surface or ground water Discharges of urban waste water (sewage) into surface and ground waters as well as discharges from non-manufacturing commercial areas which can largely be assimilated as urban waste water. Includes also activities related to household waste water treatment. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Plants, contaminated or abandoned industrial sites generating pollution to surface or ground water Discharges of industrial waste water into surface and ground waters as well as diffuse pollution from contaminated or abandoned industrial sites. Includes also activities related to industrial waste water treatment. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other residential and recreational activities and structures generating point pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure should be used to address the point pollution to surface and ground waters originating from urban and recreational areas which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other industrial and commercial activities and structures generating point pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure should be used to address the point pollution to surface and ground waters originating from industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources like from production sites together with solid waste treatment and disposal processes). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other residential and recreational activities and structures generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure should be used to address the diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters originating from urban and recreational areas which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other industrial and commercial activities and structures generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters This pressure should be used to address the diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters originating from industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources like from production sites together with solid waste treatment and disposal processes). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Residential and recreational activities and structures generating air pollution Different activities related to residential and recreational areas generating air pollution (e.g. heating). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Industrial and commercial activities and structures generating air pollution Industrial activities (i.e. industrial production and processing) generating air pollution (e.g. industrial production). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Residential or recreational activities and structures generating marine pollution (excl. marine macro- and micro-particular pollution) This pressure should be used to address the marine pollution originating from urban and recreational areas which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating marine pollution (excluding marine macro- and micro-particular pollution) This pressure should be used to address the marine pollution originating from industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources like from production sites together with solid waste treatment and disposal processes). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Residential or recreational activities and structures generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam) Different activities (e.g. urban waste disposal, use of products containing micro-particles) related to residential and recreational areas generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam). Includes micro-residues in benthic habitats. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam) Industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) , storage and transportation of industrial products generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam). Includes micro-residues in benthic habitats. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Residential or recreational activities and structures generating noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution Different activities and structures related to residential and recreational areas that generate noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution Industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures generating noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Drainage, land reclamation and conversion of wetlands, marshes, bogs, etc. to settlement or recreational areas Drainage, land reclamation and conversion of wetlands (e.g. marshes, bogs, fens, alluvial habitats) to prepare land for construction of human settlements or for use as recreational areas. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Drainage, land reclamation or conversion of wetlands, marshes, bogs, etc. to industrial/commercial areas Drainage, land reclamation and conversion of wetlands (e.g. marshes, bogs, fens, alluvial habitats) to prepare land for construction of industrial/commercial areas. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Modification of flooding regimes, flood protection for residential or recreational development Activities modifying physical structure and/or hydrological functioning of water bodies triggered by flood protection of urban and recreational zones (e.g. flood protection dams and reservoirs, river impoundments, canalisation, water deviation, removing bank vegetation). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Construction or development of reservoirs and dams for residential or recreational development Construction, development, use and maintenance of reservoirs and dams for residential or recreational use (e.g. drinking water supply). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Construction or development of reservoirs and dams for industrial or commercial development Construction, development, use and maintenance of reservoirs and dams for industrial or commercial development and use (e.g. for industrial cooling). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other modification of hydrological conditions for residential or recreational development This pressure should be used to address activities related to development and use of housing and recreational areas and structures modifying physical structure and/or hydrological functioning of water bodies which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other modification of hydrological conditions for industrial or commercial development This pressure should be used to address activities related to development and use of industrial areas structures modifying physical structure and/or hydrological functioning of water bodies which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abstraction of ground and surface waters (including marine) for public water supply and recreational use Abstraction from ground and surface waters for public water supply and recreational use (e.g. abstraction of fresh/marine water for swimming pools). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abstraction of ground and surface waters (including marine) for commercial/industrial use (excluding energy) Abstraction from ground and surface waters (including marine) for commercial/industrial use (e.g. for industrial cooling or industrial processing). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Marine fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational) causing reduction of species/prey populations and disturbance of species Professional and recreational marine fishing and shellfish harvesting causing increased mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Marine fish and shellfish processing Activities related to marine fish and shellfish processing like handling the catch, storing, pre-processing and processing, and waste treatment. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Marine fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational) activities causing physical loss and disturbance of seafloor habitats. Professional and recreational marine fishing and shellfish harvesting activities causing physical loss and disturbance of seafloor habitats (e.g. bottom trawling, benthic dredging). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Marine plant harvesting Commercial and non-professional harvesting of wild marine macro- and micro-algae . Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Freshwater fish and shellfish harvesting (professional) Professional freshwater fishing and shellfish harvesting causing increased direct mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Freshwater fish and shellfish harvesting (recreational) Recreational freshwater fishing and shellfish harvesting causing increased direct mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Hunting Hunting causing increased direct mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Management of fishing stocks and game Activities related to management of fishing stocks and game such as stocking or restocking with native fish species (including illegal restocking), management of game population (e.g. control of certain other predators, such as corvids, by gamekeepers), management of game habitat (e.g. burning of heather for Lagopus lagopus), feeding of game, damages due to overabundant game. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Harvesting or collecting of other wild plants and animals (excluding hunting and leisure fishing) Harvesting or collecting of other wild plants and animals (excluding fish, shellfish and game) for example, honey, fruit or wild mushroom collection, reed cutting/harvesting, orchid collection, butterfly collecting, pillaging of floristic stations. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Illegal shooting/killing Illegal shooting, killing or collecting of animal species. This includes, for example, illegal killing of game species, illegal taking of fish, illegal collecting of strictly protected animal species. Also includes hunting, capture or killing using methods and forms referred to in the Article 8 of the Birds Directive (e.g. 'indiscriminate' forms of hunting for birds such as snares) or in Article 15 of the Habitats Directive; or the practice of hunting and fishing activities that do not conform to e.g. quotas or seasonal restrictions. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Illegal harvesting, collecting and taking Illegal harvesting, collecting and taking of plant species (e.g. collecting strictly protected species or illegal taking of other plants species for which harvesting is regulated). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Bycatch and incidental killing (due to fishing and hunting activities) Bycatch and incidental killing due to fishing and hunting activities (e.g. 'accidentally' shooting of a non-target species, because of similarities with a target species, capture/drowning on long-lines and in fishing nets, entanglement in discarded/lost fishing gear). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Poisoning of animals (excluding lead poisoning) Deliberate poisoning of animals including the effect of secondary poisoning. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Use of lead ammunition or fishing weights Poisoning related to the use of lead shots, lead bullet fragments or fishing weights. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Modification of coastal conditions for marine aquaculture Activities modifying coastal conditions triggered by marine aquaculture (e.g. habitat loss and degradation in coastal areas due to development and installation of infrastructure). Includes changes like changes in sedimentation rates due to operation of facilities and use of equipment and tools (e.g. for harvesting). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Marine aquaculture generating marine pollution Marine pollution from marine aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or fertilisers or increased concentrations of organic material). Includes pollution by litter. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Introduction and spread of species (including GMOs) in marine aquaculture Introduction and/or spread of allochthonous species or allochthonous genotypes and of genetically modified organisms in marine aquaculture. It also includes changes in interspecific relations between native wild species induced by marine aquaculture (e.g. changes in sexual behaviour of autochthonous population due to aquaculture, increased food supply for piscivorous species). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abandonment of marine aquaculture Abandonment of marine aquaculture. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other impacts from marine aquaculture, including infrastructure Other impacts from marine aquaculture and development and use of marine aquaculture facilities and infrastructure (e.g. disturbance due to noise and light from construction or operation of aquaculture farms, disturbance from anti-predator devices). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abstraction of water, flow diversion, dams and other modifications of hydrological conditions for freshwater aquaculture Abstraction of water, flow deviation, development and operation of dams and reservoirs and other changes to the physical structure of water bodies or hydrological flow or triggered by freshwater aquaculture. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Freshwater aquaculture generating point source pollution to surface or ground waters Chemical or biological point pollution to surface or ground waters from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or increased concentrations of organic material). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Freshwater aquaculture generating diffuse source pollution to surface or ground waters Chemical or biological diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or increased concentrations of organic material). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Freshwater aquaculture generating marine pollution Chemical or biological marine pollution from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or fertilisers or increased concentrations of organic material). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Introduction and spread of species (including alien species and GMOs) in freshwater aquaculture Introduction and/or spread of allochthonous species or allochthonous genotypes and of genetically modified organisms in freshwater aquaculture. It also includes changes in interspecific relationships between native wild species introduced by aquaculture (e.g. an increase of piscivorous fishes due to aquaculture practices that would exert added pressure on endangered amphibians, increase in food supply for native fish populations). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Abandonment of freshwater aquaculture Abandonment of freshwater aquaculture. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other impacts from freshwater aquaculture, including infrastructure Other impacts from freshwater aquaculture and development and use of freshwater aquaculture facilities and infrastructure (e.g. disturbance due to noise and light from construction or operation of aquaculture farms). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Other activities related to extraction and cultivation of biological living resources not referred to above Other activities related to extraction and cultivation of biological living resources not referred to above. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures Military, paramilitary or police exercises and operations on land Military, paramilitary or police infrastructure, exercises and operations on land (excluding military bases in urbanised areas). Includes, for example, munitions testing, restricted access to military training areas, military manoeuvres). Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Threats and pressures