AQD - Analytical Techniques* Submitted None Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements employing the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state. In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution or directly in solid samples (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Capillary electrophoresis (CE) Capillary electrophoresis (CE) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Continous flow analysis (CFA) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Chemiluminescence Luminescence is the phenomenon whereby matter emits light of a specific wavelength without emitting heat and returns to a ground state from an excited state after having absorbed external energy from an electromagnetic wave, heat, friction, electric field, or chemical reaction (Fig. 1). When the source of the energy absorbed is a chemical reaction, this phenomenon is called chemiluminescence Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Conditional time averaged gradient The COTAG system determines the exchange of ammonia by means of the aerodynamic flux-gradient method Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy is a subset of the analytical technique known as atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). Used in the measurement of trace amounts of volatile heavy metals such as mercury, cold vapour AFS makes use of the unique characteristic of mercury that allows vapour measurement at room temperature. Free mercury atoms in a carrier gas are excited by a collimated ultraviolet light source at a wavelength of 253.7 nanometres. The excited atoms re-radiate their absorbed energy (fluoresce) at this same wavelength. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescense (ED-XRF) Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) is one of two general types of X-ray Fluorescence techniques used for elemental analysis applications. In EDXRF spectrometers, all of the elements in the sample are excited simultaneously, and an energy dispersive detector in combination with a multi-channel analyzer is used to simultaneously collect the fluorescence radiation emitted from the sample and then separate the different energies of the characteristic radiation from each of the different sample elements. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* FIAS-Furnace coupling technique (FI-FU) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Flow injection analysis (FIA) Flow injection analysis (FIA) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Flame ionization detection (FID) A flame ionization detector (FID) is a type of gas detector used in gas chromatography. The detection of organic compounds is most effectively done with flame ionization. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Gas chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector Gas chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* GC-FID Gas chromatography (GC) + flame ionisation (GC-FID) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* GC-FID type Gas chromatography (GC) + flame ionisation (FID) + ECD (GC-FID-ECD) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* GC-FID type Gas chromatography + flame ionisation detection GC-FID after solvent or thermal desorption Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* GC-FID type Gas chromatography (separation from methane), flame ionization detection (GC (sep methane)-FID) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Gas chromatograph with high-resolution mass spectrometry Gas chromatograph with high-resolution mass spectrometry Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Gas chromatography + mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings. Additionally, it can identify trace elements in materials that were previously thought to have disintegrated beyond identification. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* GC-MS type Gas chromatography + mass spectrometry GC-MS after solvent or thermal desorption Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* GC-NPD Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen Phosphorous Detector GC-NPD Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Gas chromatography followed by photo ionization detection (GC-PID) Gas chromatography followed by photo ionization detection (GC-PID) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) (also known as Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ET-AAS)) is a type of spectrometry that uses a graphite-coated furnace to vaporize the sample. Briefly, the technique is based on the fact that free atoms will absorb light at frequencies or wavelengths characteristic of the element of interest (hence the name atomic absorption spectrometry). Within certain limits, the amount of light absorbed can be linearly correlated to the concentration of analyte present. Free atoms of most elements can be produced from samples by the application of high temperatures. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite_furnace_atomic_absorption Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Griess-Saltzman reaction Analysis of NO2 based on the Griess-Saltzman reaction Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Hydride generation electrothermal - atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-ET-AAS) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* High performance liquid chromatography - fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) High-performance liquid chromatography (sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), HPLC, is a chromatographic technique used to separate a mixture of compounds in analytical chemistry and biochemistry with the purpose of identifying, quantifying and purifying the individual components of the mixture. HPLC-FLD is done with fluorescence detection. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* High performance liquid chromatography HPLC with UV detection (HPLC-UV) High-performance liquid chromatography (sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), HPLC, is a chromatographic technique used to separate a mixture of compounds in analytical chemistry and biochemistry with the purpose of identifying, quantifying and purifying the individual components of the mixture. HPLC-FLD is done with UV detection. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* High-resolution gas chromatograph with mass spectrometry High-resolution gas chromatograph with mass spectrometry Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Ion chromatography Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their charge. It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids. The solution to be injected is usually called a sample, and the individually separated components are called analytes. It is often used in protein purification, water analysis, and quality control. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* High performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) High performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS, or alternatively LC-MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry. LC-MS is a powerful technique used for many applications which has very high sensitivity and selectivity. Generally its application is oriented towards the general detection and potential identification of chemicals in the presence of other chemicals (in a complex mixture). The limitations of LC-MS in urine analysis drug screening is that it often fails to distinguish between specific metabolites, in particular with hydrocodone and its metabolites. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* High resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-AAS) When a continuum radiation source is used for AAS measurement it is indispensable to work with a high-resolution monochromator. The resolution has to be equal to or better than the half width of an atomic absorption line (about 2 pm) in order to avoid losses of sensitivity and linearity of the calibration graph. These spectrometers use a compact double monochromator with a prism pre-monochromator and an echelle grating monochromator for high resolution. A linear charge coupled device (CCD) array with 200 pixels is used as the detector. The second monochromator does not have an exit slit; hence the spectral environment at both sides of the analytical line becomes visible at high resolution. As typically only 3–5 pixels are used to measure the atomic absorption, the other pixels are available for correction purposes. One of these corrections is that for lamp flicker noise, which is independent of wavelength, resulting in measurements with very low noise level; other corrections are those for background absorption, as will be discussed later. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), is an analytical technique used for the detection of trace metals. It is a type of emission spectroscopy that uses the inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths characteristic of a particular element.[1][2] The intensity of this emission is indicative of the concentration of the element within the sample. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometryscopy (ICP-MS) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry which is capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at concentrations as low as one part in 1012 (part per trillion). This is achieved by ionizing the sample with inductively coupled plasma and then using a mass spectrometer to separate and quantify those ions. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Isotope dilution Isotope dilution analysis is a technique to increase the precision and accuracy of chemical analysis. The isotopic composition of the sample will be slightly changed. Then, by measuring each isotope, the amount of a single element/pollutant in the original sample can be calculated. In a typical gas chromatography analysis, isotopic dilution can decrease the error of injection from 5% to 1%. It can also be used in mass spectrometry (commonly referred to as isotopic dilution mass spectrometry or IDMS), in which the isotopic ratio can be determined with precision typically better than 0.25%. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Isotope-ratio mass spectometry Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a spectroscopic analysis method used to determine the ratio of different isotopes within a sample. IRMS can help establish the sample's isotope fingerprint, which gives it applications in evaluating the authenticity and geographical origin of products and materials. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Optical methods Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* pH-meter Electrode Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Selective ion conductivity The extracted samples are analyzed for ammonium on the high sensitivity AMFIA (AMmonia Flow Injection Analysis) system, which is an automated system developed at ECN, Petten, NL (Wyers et al. 1993). AMFIA is based on the selective dialysis of ammonia across a membrane at high pH with subsequent analysis of conductivity. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength. It is more specific than the general term electromagnetic spectroscopy in that spectrophotometry deals with visible light, near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared, but does not cover time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is a photometer that can measure intensity as a function of the light source wavelength. Important features of spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth and linear range of absorption or reflectance measurement. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Specifique Electrodes Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Thermo-optical EC/OC measurement Thermal-optical analysis is currently under consideration by the European standardization body (CEN) as the reference method to quantitatively determine organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in ambient air. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Thermal-optical carbon analysis Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Wavelength Dispersive X-ray fluorescense (WD-XRF) Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) is one of two general types of X-ray Fluorescence instrumentation used for elemental analysis applications. In WDXRF spectrometers, all of the elements in the sample are excited simultaneously. The different energies of the characteristic radiation emitted from the sample are diffracted into different directions by an analyzing crystal or monochrometer (similar to the action of a prism dispersing different colors of visible light into different directions). By placing the detector at a certain angle, the intensity of X-rays with a certain wavelength can be measured. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis and chemical analysis, particularly in the investigation of metals, glass, ceramics and building materials, and for research in geochemistry, forensic science and archaeology. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry (ZeemanAAS) Analysis of Pb, As, Cd & Ni - reference method EN14902 Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* colorimetry Colorimetric or colourimetric determination of concentration. Example: Colorimetric with p-rosaniline for SO2 Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Conductimetry Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* COULOMETRY Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Gravimetric analysis Gravimetric analysis describes a set of methods in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte based on the mass of a solid. A simple example is the measurement of solids suspended in air sample: A known volume of air is filtered, and the collected solids are weighed Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* nephelometry Nephelometry is a light scattering method to detect particles in liquid samples. The principle is to measure forwarded scattered light when a laser beam passes through a sample and the light is deflected by the particles. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Other, please specify Other, please specify Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Photometry Photometry is the science of the measurement of light, in terms of its perceived brightness to the human eye.[1] It is distinct from radiometry, which is the science of measurement of radiant energy (including light) in terms of absolute power; rather, in photometry, the radiant power at each wavelength is weighted by a luminosity function (a.k.a. visual sensitivity function) that models human brightness sensitivity. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Potentiometry Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Reflectometry Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Spectrometry Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Titration Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown concentration of an identified analyte. Because volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis. Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Volumetry Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques* Denuder for Long-Term Atmospheric sampling Valid Data Dictionary Vocabularies Eionet Data Dictionary AQD - Analytical Techniques*